1.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
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Femme fatale
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A femme fatale is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. She is an archetype of literature and art, in American early 20th century film, femme fatale characters were referred to as vamps, an allusion to their role as sexual vampires. The phrase is French for fatal woman, a femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, and sexual allure. In some situations, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm and she may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape, a younger version of a femme fatale is called a fille fatale, or fatal girl. Femmes fatale are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, the femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myth of many cultures. Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Mohini, Lilith, the Sirens, historical examples from Classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the Biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel and Salome. An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji, the femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited Biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, along with them, there rose the gothic novel, The Monk featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject. Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, another enduring icon of glamour, seduction, and moral turpitude is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, 1876–1917. While working as a dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. Although she may have been innocent, she was accused of German espionage and was put to death by a French firing squad, after her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books. Other considerably famous femmes fatales are Isabella of France, Hedda Gabler of Kristiania, Marie Antoinette of Austria, one traditional view portrays the femme fatale as a sexual vampire, her charms leech the virility and independence of lovers, leaving them shells of themselves. Rudyard Kipling took inspiration from a vampire painted by Philip Burne-Jones, the poem inspired the 1913 eponymous film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, sometimes cited as the first vamp movie. Like much of Kiplings verse it became popular, and its refrain. Describing a seduced man, became the title of the popular 1915 film A Fool There Was that made Theda Bara a star, the poem was used in the publicity for the film. On this account, in the American slang of the era the femme fatale was called a vamp, from the American film-audience perspective, the femme fatale often appeared foreign, usually either of indeterminate Eastern European or Asian ancestry
3.
Theda Bara
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Theda Bara was an American silent film and stage actress. Bara was one of the most popular actresses of the silent era and her femme fatale roles earned her the nickname The Vamp. Bara made more than 40 films between 1914 and 1926, but most were lost in the 1937 Fox vault fire, after her marriage to Charles Brabin in 1921, she made two more feature films and retired from acting in 1926 having never appeared in a sound film. She died of cancer on April 7,1955, at the age of 69. She was born Theodosia Burr Goodman in the Avondale section of Cincinnati and her father was Bernard Goodman, a prosperous Jewish tailor born in Poland. Her mother, Pauline Louise Françoise, was born in Switzerland, Bernard and Pauline married in 1882. She had two siblings, Marque and Esther, who became a film actress as Lori Bara. She was named after the daughter of US Vice President Aaron Burr, Bara attended Walnut Hills High School graduating in 1903. After attending the University of Cincinnati for two years, she worked mainly in theater productions, but did explore other projects, after moving to New York City in 1908, she made her Broadway debut in The Devil. Most of Baras early films were shot around the East Coast, primarily at the Fox Studios in Fort Lee, Bara lived with her family in New York City during this time. The rise of Hollywood as the center of the American film industry forced her to relocate to Los Angeles to film the epic Cleopatra, no known prints of Cleopatra exist today, but numerous photographs of Bara in costume as the Queen of the Nile have survived. Between 1915 and 1919, Bara was Fox studios biggest star and her final Fox film was The Lure of Ambition. In 1920, she turned briefly to the stage, appearing on Broadway in The Blue Flame, Baras fame drew large crowds to the theater, but her acting was savaged by critics. Her career suffered without Fox studios support, and she did not make another film until The Unchastened Woman for Chadwick Pictures Corporation. Bara retired after making one more film, the short comedy Madame Mystery, made for Hal Roach and directed by Stan Laurel. At the height of her fame, Bara earned $4,000 per week and she was one of the most popular movie stars, ranking behind only Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford. Baras best-known roles were as the vamp, although she attempted to avoid typecasting by playing wholesome heroines in films such as Under Two Flags and she also appeared as Juliet in a version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Although Bara took her seriously, she was too successful as an exotic wanton woman to develop a more versatile career
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Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
5.
Academy of the Holy Angels
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The school operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The Academy of the Holy Angels draws students from North Jersey, Rockland County, New York, as of the 2013-14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 572 students and 49.8 classroom teachers for a Student–teacher ratio of 11.5,1. The Academy of the Holy Angels is a member of the National Catholic Educational Association, the vision of a new global community based on gospel values permeates life at the Academy, impelling each young woman to embrace generous leadership. The Academy of the Holy Angels is the oldest private school in Bergen County, in 1890 it was incorporated as Holy Angels, Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies and Preparatory School for Little Girls. Its motto was then and remains now Vitae Via Virtus, the Holy Angels Board voted to change the name of the school to the Academy of the Holy Angels in 1934 when Sister M. Angeline Hughes was Principal. The school accepted an offer for the schools location in Fort Lee. The school had operated a school in addition to the high school for decades. The grammar school was discontinued completely in 1964 prior to the move from Fort Lee, building commenced and the school relocated to its current location in Demarest in 1965. Furthermore, the Corporation for National Service selected the Academy of the Holy Angels as a National Service-Learning Leader School, Holy Angels is one of two Catholic high schools nationwide to receive this honor. Equipped with a pen and with a screen that can function as a notebook, students are able to use these tablets for all such as History. In addition, AHA is currently using Turnitin, a website that scans finished papers and assignments for plagiarism, Holy Angels is a top-performing Bergen County school in Fine Arts. In 2014, AHA was the only Bergen County Catholic High School to receive Gold, in 2015 a student was awarded the National Scholastic American Visions Award in Drawing & Illustration. In recent years, students have also been the recipients of the Pentel Art Award, the Papermill Playhouse Award for Best Graphic Design, a special portfolio course, Studio I Honors, is also offered to art-track students. AHA facilities include four art studios and a lab for digital media, winter and Spring Art Shows are held annually to feature artists. The school also has a chapter of the National Art Honor Society, Art Club. The Academy of the Holy Angels provides a range of clubs and organizations that students can join based on their own interests, there are two cycles that alternate, and students can, therefore, choose two in-school activities to participate in. Prior to realignment in 2010, the competed in the North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League. The Academy of the Holy Angels has a rivalry with fellow Catholic school
6.
Fort Lee, New Jersey
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Fort Lee is a borough at the eastern border of Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, situated atop the Hudson Palisades. The borough is the terminus of the George Washington Bridge and is located across the Hudson River from the Manhattan borough of New York City. Named for the site of an early American Revolutionary War military encampment, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.888 square miles, including 2.541 square miles of land and 0.347 square miles of water. The borough is situated atop the escarpment of the Hudson Palisades on the peninsula between the Hackensack and Hudson rivers, the borough is bisected by the confluence of roads at GWB Plaza leading to the George Washington Bridge. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Coytesville, Palisade, the borough borders Cliffside Park, Edgewater, Englewood, Englewood Cliffs, Leonia, Palisades Park, Ridgefield. and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan. It was during Washingtons retreat in November 1776 that Thomas Paine composed his pamphlet, The American Crisis and these events are recalled at Monument Park and Fort Lee Historic Park. Fort Lee was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 29,1904, with the creation of Fort Lee, Ridgefield Township became defunct and was dissolved as of March 29,1904. The Fort Lee Police Department was formed under borough ordinance on August 9,1904, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. With the offshoot businesses that sprang up to service, the film studios, however, just as the development of Fort Lee production facilities were gaining strength, Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911. Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. At the time, Thomas Edison owned almost all the relevant to motion picture production. Television and film in New Jersey remains an important industry, since 2000, the Fort Lee Film Commission has been charged with celebrating the history of film in Fort Lee, as well as attracting film and television production companies to the borough. In 1957, market researcher James Vicary claimed that quickly flashing messages on a screen, in Fort Lee, had influenced people to purchase more food. Vicary coined the term subliminal advertising and formed the Subliminal Projection Company based on a six-week test, Vicary claimed that during the presentation of the movie Picnic he used a tachistoscope to project the words Drink Coca-Cola and Hungry. Eat popcorn for 1/3000 of a second at five-second intervals, Vicary asserted that during the test, sales of popcorn and Coke in that New Jersey theater increased 57. 8% and 18. 1% respectively. In 1962, Vicary admitted to lying about the experiment and falsifying the results, an identical experiment conducted by Henry Link showed no increase in cola or popcorn sales
7.
Winter Garden Theatre
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The Winter Garden Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 1634 Broadway between 50th and 51st Streets in midtown Manhattan. The structure was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt in 1896 to be the American Horse Exchange, in 1911 the Shuberts leased the building and architect William Albert Swasey redesigned the building as a theatre. The fourth New York City venue to be christened the Winter Garden, it opened on March 10,1911, the show starred Al Jolson and launched him on his highly successful singing and acting career. He played the Winter Garden many times after that, the Winter Garden was completely remodeled in 1922 by Herbert J. Krapp. The large stage is wider than those in most Broadway houses, the theatres longest tenant was Cats, which opened on October 7,1982 and ran 7,485 performances spanning nearly eighteen years. The auditorium was gutted to accommodate the shows setting, and, after the shows closing, architect Francesca Russo supervised its restoration. In its early days, the theatre frequently hosted series of revues presented under the umbrella titles The Passing Show, Artists and Models, and The Greenwich Village Follies. It served as a Warner Bros. movie house from 1928 to 1933 and a United Artists cinema in 1945, due to the size of its auditorium, stage, and backstage facilities, it is a house favored for large musical productions. In 1974 Liza Minnelli appeared at the Winter Garden in a run that would win her a Tony Award for that year. A live album of the concert was released that year, in 2002, under an agreement between the Shubert Organization, which owns the theatre, and General Motors, it was renamed the Cadillac Winter Garden Theatre. At the beginning of 2007, the sponsorship ended and the venue returned to its original name
8.
Ziegfeld Follies
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The Ziegfeld Follies was a series of elaborate theatrical revue productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. They became a program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, the Ziegfeld Follies were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld, reportedly at the suggestion of his then-wife, the shows producers were turn-of-the-twentieth-century producing titans Klaw & Erlanger. The Follies were a series of revues, something between later Broadway shows and the more elaborate high class Vaudeville variety show. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris, during the Follies era, many of the top entertainers, including W. C. They usually wore elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon, the Tableau vivants were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915. After Ziegfelds death his widow, Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. The name was used by other promoters in New York City, Philadelphia. Featuring numbers by Ray Bolger, Dennis Morgan, Virginia Bruce, and Harriet Hoctor, the MGM blockbusters show-stopper was the Irving Berlin-composed, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, which, by itself, cost more to produce than one of Ziegfelds entire stage shows. In 1941 MGM released Ziegfeld Girl, starring Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, James Stewart, celebrated numbers from Ziegfeld Revues were recreated, including the famed Wedding Cake set which had been used for Metros earlier film, The Great Ziegfeld. According to modern sources, Turners character was modeled after Ziegfeld Girl Lillian Lorraine, Brice appeared in the Follies for more than ten years. The 1964 musical, Funny Girl, starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, the 1968 Columbia film of the musical also starred Barbra Streisand as Brice and Walter Pidgeon as Florenz Ziegfeld. Esthers Follies The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies Alfred Cheney Johnston The Passing Show Joseph Urban Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld on Musicals101. com Ziegfeld Follies at Internet Broadway Database
9.
William A. Brady
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William Aloysius Brady was an American theatre actor, producer and sports promoter. Brady was born to a newspaperman in 1863 and his father kidnapped him from San Francisco and brought him to New York City, where his father worked as a writer while William was forced to sell newspapers on street corners. Upon his fathers death when William was 15, he hitchhiked his way back to San Francisco and he made his start on the stage in San Francisco, California with a company headed by Joseph R. Grismer and Phoebe Davies shortly after his return. As a callboy in The White Slave, he filled in a role for an ill actor, and started his career. After a failed attempt to produce a version of She by H. Rider Haggard, he was able to secure the rights to After Dark, successfully bringing the play to New York. While Brady was sued for his efforts, as Augustin Daly claimed plagiarism, Brady inadvertently became a boxing promoter during this time. He cast James J. Jeffries in After Dark, and later introduced the man into the boxing circuit, Brady would be the only person to manage two undisputed heavyweight champions, in Jeffries and James J. Corbett. Brady produced The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight in 1897, although Corbett ultimately lost, the match ran for over an hour and a half, and the documentary lasted that long, the longest film ever released at the time. In 1898 Brady and Grismer produced the hugely successful Charlotte Blair Parker play, Way Down East, the two remained partners until Grismers retirement sometime around 1909. Brady ran a successful operation for thirty years, having met actresses like Grace George and having, at one point. Bradys success continued until the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which wiped out his entire savings and he was able to secure the funds to produce Street Scene, which was written by Elmer Rice, won the Pulitzer Prize, and netted Brady a half a million dollars. His total theatrical output included over 260 plays, including a version of Uncle Toms Cabin that was used as images for a book in 1904. William A. Brady died at age 86 of a heart ailment and he is interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York. His first wife was Rose Marie Rene and with her was the father of actress Mary Rose Brady and his second wife was the well known Broadway actress Grace George who bore him a son, William A. Brady, Jr. who married the actress Katherine Alexander. His grandchildren are Donald Crane and Barbara Brady He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998, alias Jimmy Valentine What Happened to Jones The Beloved Adventuress American Heritage, William A. Brady. Billy Altman, Laughters Gentle Soul, The Life of Robert Benchley, William A. Brady, Showman, My Life Story. New York, E. P. Dutton,1937, Uncle Toms Cabin, or, Life Among the Lowly. New York, R. F. Fenno & Company,1904, William A. Brady at the Internet Movie Database
10.
Owen Moore
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Owen Moore was an Irish actor in American films, appearing in more than 279 movies spanning from 1908 to 1937. S. Anchoria and was inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896, settled around Toledo, Ohio, Moore and his siblings went on to careers in motion pictures in Hollywood. While working at D. W. Griffiths Biograph Studios, Moore met a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith whom he married on January 7,1911 and their marriage was kept secret at first because of the strong opposition of her mother. However, Gladys Moore would soon overshadow her husband under her stage name, in 1912, he signed on with Victor Studios, co-starring in a number of their films with studio owner/actress Florence Lawrence. Mary Pickford left Biograph Studios to join the Independent Moving Pictures to replace their major star, Pickford’s Canadian friend, carl Laemmle, the owner of IMP who soon merged IMP into Universal Studios, agreed to sign her husband as part of the deal. This humiliation, together with his wifes meteoric rise to fame, drastically affected Moore and alcohol became a problem led to violent behavior. In 1916, Pickford met actor Douglas Fairbanks, Pickford filed for a divorce from Moore, Pickford and Fairbanks married just days later in 1920. He also appeared in films for his own company as well as Goldwyn. Moore married a second time to another silent film actress, Katherine Perry, with the advent of sound film, Moores career declined and he became basically a supporting actor for newer stars. He competed, as the lead, with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Sr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong. His last film appearance was as a director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born starring Janet Gaynor. After years of fighting alcoholism, Owen Moore died in Beverly Hills, California from an attack and was interred in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles. For his contribution to the picture industry, Owen Moore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6727 Hollywood Boulevard. Owen Moore at the Internet Movie Database Owen Moore at Find a Grave Menefee, David Sweet Memories ISBN1469966956
11.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film)
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1920 horror silent film, produced by Famous Players-Lasky and released through Paramount/Artcraft. The film is based upon Robert Louis Stevensons novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the film was directed by John S. Robertson and co-starred Nita Naldi. The scenario was by Clara Beranger and the film is now in the public domain and this story of split personality has Dr. Jekyll a kind and charitable man who believes that everyone has two sides, one good and one evil. Using a potion, his personalities are split, creating havoc, henry Jekyll is a doctor of medicine, but he is also an idealist, philanthropist. When he is not treating the poor in his free clinic, Sir George Carew, the father of his fiancée, Millicent, is piqued by Dr. Jekyll. No man could be as good as he looks, Carew says, isnt it by serving others that one develops oneself. Man has two - as he has two hands, because I use my right hand, should I never use my left. Your really strong man fears nothing and it is the weak one who is afraid of experience. A man cannot destroy the savage in him by denying its impulses, the only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. With your youth, you should live - as I have lived, what will you have at my age. And thus the seed is sown, and Jekyll begins his experiments, as he observes, Wouldnt it be marvellous if the two natures in man could be separated - housed in different bodies. Think what it would mean to yield to every evil impulse, finally, Jekyll develops a potion that turns him into a hideously evil creature that he calls Edward Hyde. Jekyll thus begins to live his double life, Hyde sets up a room in one of the seediest parts of London. He brings in a girl from the hall, Gina, to live with him there and frequents opium dens, dance halls. Although Jekyll has developed a potion that will return him to his original appearance and character as Dr. Jekyll, each time he takes the potion to become Edward Hyde. He not only more evil, he becomes more evil. Millicent Carew is worried about the absence of her fiancé, so Sir George goes to call on Jekyll to see what is the matter. Although Jekyll is not home when he calls, Sir George encounters Hyde in the street just as he knocks a small boy to the ground injuring him, to make recompense for his actions, he goes and gets a check which he returns to the boys father
12.
John Barrymore
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John Barrymore was an American actor on stage, screen and radio. After a success as Hamlet in London in 1925, Barrymore left the stage for 14 years, in the silent film era, he was well received in such pictures as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Sherlock Holmes and The Sea Beast. During this period, he gained his nickname, the Great Profile and his stage-trained voice proved an asset when sound films were introduced, and three of his works, Grand Hotel, Twentieth Century and Midnight have been inducted into the National Film Registry. Barrymores personal life has been the subject of attention before. He struggled with alcohol abuse from the age of 14, was married and divorced four times, Much of his later work involved self-parody and the portrayal of drunken has-beens. His obituary in The Washington Post observed that with the passing of the years – and as his life became more public – he became, despite his genius in the theater. Barrymore was born John Sidney Blyth in Philadelphia, and was known by family, although the Barrymore family bible puts his date of birth as February 15,1882, his birth certificate shows February 14. He was the youngest of three children and his siblings were Lionel, and Ethel. Barrymores mother, Georgie Drew Barrymore, was born into a prominent theatrical family, Barrymores maternal grandparents were Louisa Lane Drew, a well-known 19th-century American actress and the manager of the Arch Street Theatre, and John Drew, also an actor whose specialty was comedy. Barrymores maternal uncles were two more thespians, John Drew, Jr. and Sidney, Much of Barrymores early life was unsettled. In October 1882, the family toured in the US for a season with Polish actress Helena Modjeska, the following year his parents toured again with Modjeska but left the children behind. Modjeska was influential in the family, and she insisted that all three children be baptized into the Catholic Church, in 1884 the family traveled to London as part of Augustin Dalys theatrical company, returning to the US two years later. As a child, Barrymore was sometimes badly behaved, and he was sent away to schools in an attempt to instill discipline, the strategy was not always successful, and he attended elementary schools in four states. He was sent first to the annex of the Convent of Notre Dame in Philadelphia. I wanted to be an artist and he was expelled from the school in 1891 and was sent to Seton Hall Preparatory School in New Jersey, where Lionel was already studying. Barrymore was unhappy at Seton and was withdrawn, after which he attended several public schools in New York. In 1892, his grandmother Louisa Drews business began to suffer, the loss of their mothers income prompted both Ethel and Lionel to seek work as professional actors. Barrymores father was absent from the family home while on tour, and when he returned he would spend time at The Lambs
13.
Eleonora Duse
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Eleonora Duse was an Italian actress, often known simply as Duse. She is regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time, Duse was the subject of the 1947 biographical film Eleonora Duse. Duse was born in Vigevano, Lombardy, and began acting as a child, both her father and her grandfather were actors, and she joined the troupe at age four. Due to poverty, she initially worked continually, traveling from city to city with whichever troupe her family was currently engaged and she came to fame in Italian versions of roles made famous by Sarah Bernhardt. While she made her career and fame performing in the theatrical warhorses of her day, she is remembered more for her association with the plays of Gabriele dAnnunzio. In regard to her character, it is important to note that reading was a lifelong passion. In 1879, while in Naples, she met journalist Martino Cafiero, however, less than a year later, while she was in mid-pregnancy, he left her. The baby did not survive birth, and shortly thereafter Cafiero died as well, Duse then joined Cesare Rossis theater company, and met actor Teobaldo Checchi. By 1885, the couple had one daughter, Enrichetta, but divorced after Duse became involved with another actor, by this time, her career was in full swing and her popularity began to climb. She travelled on tour to South America, and upon her return a year later she formed her own company, between 1887 and 1894 she had an affair with the Italian poet Arrigo Boito, perhaps best remembered as Verdis librettist. Their relationship was carried out in a clandestine manner, presumably because of Boitos many aristocratic friends. In later years the two remained on good terms until his death in 1918, in 1895 she met Gabriele dAnnunzio, who was five years her junior, and the two became involved romantically as well as collaborating professionally. Gabriele dAnnunzio wrote four plays for her, in contrast to her relations with Boito, her association with dAnnunzio was widely recognized. When dAnnunzio gave the lead for the premiere of the play La Città morta to Sarah Bernhardt instead of Duse, there was a furious fight, in contrast to Bernhardts outgoing personality, which thrived on publicity, Duse was introverted and private, rarely giving interviews. She found public appearances to be a distraction, and once remarked to a journalist that away from the stage, Bernhardt and Duse were unspoken rivals for many years. Comparisons of Duse to Bernhardt with regard to their acting talent were common and those who thought Duse the greater artist included George Bernard Shaw, who saw both actresses in London within the span of a few days, in the same play. Shaw gave his nod to Duse and defended his choice in an adamant oratory quoted by biographer Frances Winwar, ellen Terry, a famous British actress of the era who knew both well, observed How futile it is to make comparisons. Better far to thank heaven for both these women, in 1896, Duse completed a triumphant tour of the United States, in Washington President Grover Cleveland and his wife attended every performance
14.
Photoplay
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Photoplay is a dated term for a motion picture that can also refer to a type of novel popular during the silent era of Hollywood. Photoplay was one of the first American film fan magazines and it was founded in 1911 in Chicago, the same year that J. Stuart Blackton founded Motion Picture Story, a magazine also directed at fans. For most of its run, Photoplay was published by Macfadden Publications, Photoplay began as a short-fiction magazine concerned mostly with the plots and characters of films at the time and was used as a promotional tool for those films. In 1915, Julian Johnson and James R. Quirk became the editors, by 1918 the circulation exceeded 200,000, with the popularity of the magazine fueled by the publics increasing interest in the private lives of celebrities. Photoplay reached its apex in the 1920s and 1930s and was considered influential within the motion picture industry. The magazine was renowned for its portraits of film stars on the cover by such artists as Earl Christy. Macfadden Publications purchased the magazine in 1934, with the advancement of color photography, the magazine began using photographs of the stars instead by 1937. The magazine was edited by Quirk until 1932, later editors include Kathyrn Dougherty, Ruth Waterbury and it also featured the health and beauty advice of Sylvia of Hollywood, arguably the first fitness guru to the stars. Beginning in 1920, Photoplay gave out what is considered the first significant annual movie award, the worth of its dramatic message. By 1939 the Medal of Honor had declined in importance and the award was discontinued that year. From 1944 to 1968, Photoplay awarded a Gold Medal for film of the based on polling done by George Gallups Audience Research Inc. through the 1950s. It also awarded Most Popular Male Star and Most Popular Female Star based on an actor and actress popularity, the awards were based on polling through the 1950s, and then on a vote by the readers, similar to the Gold Medal. Most popular television stars were named in the 1960s. In 1948, the Photoplay Awards were broadcast on television as part of The Steve Allen Plymouth Show. Photoplay merged with another fan magazine, Movie Mirror, in 1941, and with TV-Radio Mirror in 1977, the magazine ceased publication in 1980 and its staff were moved to Us magazine. A British version of Photoplay debuted in 1950, featuring a mix of American and British films and stars. Original Photoplay interview with Greta Garbo - as told by her to Ruth Biery
15.
Blood and Sand (1922 film)
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Blood and Sand is a 1922 American silent drama film produced by Paramount Pictures, directed by Fred Niblo and starring Rudolph Valentino, Lila Lee and Nita Naldi. It was based on the 1909 Spanish novel Sangre y arena by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Juan Gallardo, a village boy born into poverty, grows up to become one of the greatest matadors in Spain. He marries a friend from his childhood, the beautiful and virtuous Carmen, but after he achieves fame and fortune he finds himself drawn to Doña Sol, a wealthy, seductive widow. They embark on an affair with rather sadomasochistic overtones, but Juan, feeling guilty over his betrayal of Carmen. Furious at being rejected, she exposes their affair to Carmen and Juans mother, growing more and more miserable and dissipated, Juan becomes reckless in the arena. He is eventually killed in a bullfight but does manage to reconcile with Carmen moments before he dies, ruiz The film was produced by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation and Paramount Pictures, and distributed by Paramount. June Mathis, who has credited as discovering Valentino, adapted the novel for the screen. Dorothy Arzner worked as the films editor, arnzer, who would later become one of the first female film directors, used stock footage of bullfights filmed in Madrid interspersed with close-ups of Valentino. Her work on the film helped to solidify her reputation of being an editor as her techniques also saved Paramount money. She would later say that working on the film was the first waymark to my claim to a recognition as an individual. Blood and Sand premiered at the Rialto Theater in Los Angeles on August 22,1922, the film was a box office hit and was one of the top-grossing films of 1922. The film, along with The Sheik and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, in my judgement it is the best thing he has done, said Mary Pickford of Valentinos performance, and one of Mr. Niblos finest pictures. It is one of the few pictures I have been able to sit through twice, an earlier version of Blood and Sand was released in 1916, and filmed by Blasco Ibáñez himself, with the help of Max André. This earlier version was restored in 1998 by the Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, Blood and Sand has also been remade twice, a 1941 version was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and stars Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, and Rita Hayworth. The 1989 Spanish remake was directed by Javier Elorrieta and stars Chris Rydell, Sharon Stone, the film was the source of legendary football player Johnny Blood McNallys nickname - he started playing professional under an alias to protect his remaining college eligibility. He and a friend passed a theater where Blood and Sand was playing, suddenly, McNally exclaimed to his friend, Thats it. Blood and Sand was parodied by Stan Laurel in Mud and Sand, in the film, Laurel portrays a character named Rhubarb Vaselino. Will Rogers also parodied Blood and Sand in the Hal Roach short film Big Moments From Little Pictures, the film gave its name to a popular Prohibition-era cocktail, the Blood and Sand
16.
Famous Players-Lasky
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Famous Players-Lasky, under the direction of Zukor, is perhaps best known for its vertical integration of the film industry and block booking practices. In September 1927, Famous Players-Lasky was reorganized under the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation now owns the Famous Players trademark. The former Famous Players-Lasky Movie Ranch at Lasky Mesa in the Simi Hills is now within the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve, the Astoria studio was designated a national historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The district encompasses six contributing buildings, in 1920, film-production companies Famous Players Films and Jesse L. Lasky Feature Plays signed a distribution deal with William Wadsworth Hodkinsons Paramount Pictures Corporation. Accordingly, less than a year into their contracts the two men began looking for a way to buy Hodkinson out of Paramount and to incorporate the three companies. In late 1915 Zukor began buying as much Paramount stock as possible, including stocks belonging to Hiram Abrams, a member of the Paramount board of directors. On July 13,1916, at Paramount Corporations annual board meeting, Hodkinson found himself ousted from the presidency and replaced by Abrams, who won the seat by a single vote. After accepting the presidency, Abrams announced to the board, On behalf of Adolph Zukor, however, on December 29,1917, all of the subsidiaries were incorporated into one entity called the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation. However, Zukor was not satisfied simply with consolidation, the cost of producing films was rising – screenplays cost more to purchase and the rise of the star system meant that celebrities were demanding higher salaries. Zukor needed to increase revenue, and he would do so over the ten years by integrating film production, distribution and exhibition into one corporation. In 1919, Famous Players-Lasky faced a boycott from the First National Exhibitions Circuit, the Circuit disagreed with the Corporations distribution practices, which required theaters to purchase large blocks of feature films, often sight-unseen. Selective Bookings in which exhibitors were allowed to purchase a single film, the Circuits protest of these practices and boycott of Famous Players-Lasky films put the Corporation in desperate need of its own theaters. In 1919, Zukor began directing the purchase of theater chains across the nation, in order to weaken First National, Zukor also sent Lynch and Black to acquire theaters held by First National members, often employing heavy-handed tactics. By the mid-1920s, the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation was one of the largest theater owners in the world, with a controlling interest in the Rialto, Rivoli and Criterion theater chains. However, in 1921 the corporation hit a stumbling block when Zukors practice of block booking films. In addition to block-booking charges, the case also accused Famous Players-Lasky of using theater acquisition to intimidate film exhibitors into agreeing to unwanted block booking deals, the theater owner reportedly withstood threats and goon-squad intimidation that recalled the tactics of the former Edison Trust. After reviewing a massive 17,000 pages of testimony and 15,000 pages of exhibits the FTC concluded in early 1927 that block booking was an unfair trade practice. On July 9,1927, it ordered the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation to cease and desist block booking practices, the three respondents- Adolph Zukor, Jesse Lasky and the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation- were given 60 days to comply with the ruling
17.
Rudolph Valentino
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He was an early pop icon, a sex symbol of the 1920s, who was known as the Latin lover or simply as Valentino. He had applied for American citizenship shortly before his death at age 31. Valentino was born Rodolfo Pietro Filiberto Raffaello Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Apulia and his mother, Marie Berta Gabrielle, was French, born in Lure in Franche-Comté. His father, Giovanni Antonio Giuseppe Fedele Guglielmi di Valentina dAntonguella, was Italian, Valentino had an older brother, Alberto, a younger sister, Maria, and an older sister, Beatrice, who had died in infancy. As a child, Rodolfo was indulged because of his exceptional looks and his mother coddled him, while his father disapproved of him. He did poorly in school and was enrolled in agricultural school at Genoa. After living in Paris in 1912, he returned to Italy. Unable to secure employment, he departed for the United States in 1913 and he was processed at Ellis Island at age 18 on December 23,1913. Arriving in New York City, Valentino soon ran out of money and he supported himself with odd jobs such as bussing tables in restaurants and gardening. Eventually, he work as a taxi dancer at Maxims Restaurant-Cabaret. Among the other dancers at Maxims were several displaced members of European nobility, Valentino eventually befriended Chilean heiress Blanca de Saulles, who was unhappily married to prominent businessman John de Saulles, with whom she had a son. Following the divorce, John de Saulles reportedly used his connections to have Valentino arrested, along with a Mrs. Thyme. The evidence was flimsy at best, and after a few days in jail, following the well publicized trial and subsequent scandal, Valentino could not find employment. Shortly after the trial, Blanca de Saulles fatally shot her ex-husband during a dispute over their son. Fearful of being called in as a witness in another trial, Valentino left town. In 1917, Valentino joined a company that traveled to Utah. He then joined an Al Jolson production of Robinson Crusoe, Jr. which was travelling to Los Angeles, by fall, he was in San Francisco with a bit part in a theatrical production of Nobody Home. While in town, Valentino met actor Norman Kerry, who convinced him to try a career in cinema, Valentino and Kerry moved back to Los Angeles and became roommates at the Alexandria Hotel
18.
Natacha Rambova
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Natacha Rambova was an American film costume and set designer, best known for her marriage to Rudolph Valentino. Although they shared interests such as art, poetry and spiritualism, his colleagues felt that she exercised too much control over his work. In later life, she continued her spiritualist activities, as well as studying Egyptology, Rambova was born Winifred Kimball Shaughnessy in Salt Lake City. Her father, Michael Shaughnessy, was an Irish Catholic who fought for the Union during the American Civil War and her mother, Winifred Kimball, was a granddaughter of Mormon leader Heber C. Winifred was four times married, settling eventually on millionaire perfume mogul Richard Hudnut, Rambova was adopted by her stepfather, making her legal name Winifred Hudnut. A rebellious teenager, Rambova was sent to a strict British boarding-school and her family had encouraged her to study ballet purely as a social grace, and were appalled when she chose it as her career. Although too tall to be a ballerina, she was given leading parts by Kosloff. Rambova’s mother was outraged at this affair with a married man. But when Rambova fled abroad, her mother relented and agreed to her continuing to perform with the company, when Kosloff was hired by Cecil B. DeMille as a performer and costume designer for Hollywood films, Rambova carried out much of the work as well as the historical research. Kosloff would then steal her sketches and claim credit for them as his own, both professionally and personally, her partnership with Kosloff was tempestuous. He was a controlling and abusive man with other lovers. When Kosloff started work for film producer Alla Nazimova at Metro Pictures Corporation. Nazimova requested some alterations, and was most impressed when Rambova was able to make these changes immediately in her own hand, so she offered Rambova a position on her production staff as an art director and costume designer, enabling her to leave Kosloff at last. Rambovas first film for Nazimova was Billions, followed by Uncharted Seas, on which she first met Rudolph Valentino, and they then had to pretend to separate until Valentino’s divorce was final, and they married on May 13,1922 in Mexicali, Mexico. But the law required a year to pass before remarriage, and Valentino was jailed for bigamy, however, their honeymoon at her adopted father’s romantic mountain hideaway at Johnsburg, NY, was an experience they would both treasure. They legally remarried on March 14,1923, both Rambova and Valentino were Spiritualists, and they visited psychics and took part in séances and automatic writing. Valentino wrote a book of poetry Daydreams with many poems about Rambova and she too wrote a book about the time she spent with him, claiming to be in contact with him in the afterlife via psychics
19.
Pin-up model
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A pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures see wide appeal as popular culture. Pin-ups are intended for display, i. e. meant to be pinned-up on a wall. Pin-up models may be glamour models, fashion models, or actors and these pictures are also sometimes known as cheesecake photos. The term pin-up may refer to drawings, paintings, and other illustrations as well as photographs, the term was first attested to in English in 1941, however, the practice is documented back at least to the 1890s. The pin-up images could be cut out of magazines or newspapers, such pictures often appear on wall or desk calendars. Posters of pin-ups were mass-produced and became popular from the mid 20th century, examples include James Dean and Jim Morrison. In the late 19th century, burlesque performers and actresses sometimes used photographic advertisement as business cards to promote themselves, understanding the power of photographic advertisements to promote their shows, burlesque women self-constructed their identity to make themselves visible. Being recognized not only within the theater itself but also challenged the conventions of womens place. Being sexually fantasized, famous actresses in early 20th-century film were drawn and photographed and put on posters to be sold for personal entertainment. Among the celebrities who were considered sex symbols, one of the most popular early pin-up girls was Betty Grable, in Europe, prior to the First World War, the likes of Fernande Barrey, were arguably the worlds first pinups as is known in the modern sense. Miss Barrey displayed ample cleavage and full frontal nudity and her pictures were cherished by soldiers on both sides of the First World War conflict. Other pin-ups were artwork depicting idealized versions of what some thought a beautiful or attractive woman should look like. An early example of the type was the Gibson girl. Because the New Woman was symbolic of her new ideas about her sex, unlike the photographed actresses and dancers generations earlier, fantasy gave artists the freedom to draw women in many different ways. The 1932 Esquire mens magazine featured many drawings and girlie cartoons but was most famous for its Vargas girls, prior to World War II they were praised for their beauty and less focus was on their sexuality. However, during the war, the drawings transformed into women playing dress-up in military drag and drawn in seductive manners, like that of a child playing with a doll. Among the other artists specializing in the field were Earle K. Bergey, Enoch Bolles, Gil Elvgren, George Petty, Rolf Armstrong, Duane Bryers. Notable contemporary pin-up artists include Paul John Ballard, Elias Chatzoudis, Armando Huerta, Cris Delara, another is popular pin-up artist Olivia De Berardinis who is most famous for her pin-up art of Bettie Page and her pieces in Playboy
20.
Alberto Vargas
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Joaquin Alberto Vargas y Chávez was a noted Peruvian painter of pin-up girls. He is often considered one of the most famous of the pin-up artists, numerous Vargas paintings have sold and continue to sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. Born in Arequipa, Peru, he was the son of noted Peruvian photographer Max T. Vargas, Alberto Vargas moved to the United States in 1916 after studying art in Europe, Zurich, and Geneva prior to World War I. While he was in Europe he came upon the French magazine La Vie Parisienne, with a cover by Raphael Kirchner and his early career in New York included work as an artist for the Ziegfeld Follies and for many Hollywood studios. Ziegfeld hung his painting of Olive Thomas at the theater, Vargas most famous piece of film work was for the poster of the 1933 film The Sin of Nora Moran, which shows a near-naked Zita Johann in a pose of desperation. The poster is frequently named one of the greatest movie ever made. He became widely noted in the 1940s as the creator of iconic World War-II era pin-ups for Esquire magazine known as Varga Girls, between 1940 and 1946 Vargas produced 180 paintings for the magazine. The nose art of many American and Allied World War II aircraft was inspired and adapted from these Esquire pin-ups, as well as those of George Petty, the Feds objected, most especially, to the cartoons and the pin-up art of Alberto Vargas. Esquire prevailed in the case went to the Supreme Court. A legal dispute with Esquire over the use of the name Varga resulted in a judgement against Vargas and he struggled financially until 1959 when Playboy magazine began to use his work. Over the next 16 years he produced 152 paintings for the magazine and his career flourished and he had major exhibitions of his work all over the world. Vargas artistic work, paintings and color drawings, were featured in some issues of Playboy magazine in the 1960s and 1970s. The death of his wife Anna Mae in 1974 left him devastated, Anna Mae had been his model and business manager, his muse in every way. He died of a stroke on 30 December 1982, at the age of 86, many of Vargas works from his period with Esquire are now held by the Spencer Museum of Art at the University of Kansas. It was given those works in 1980 along with a body of other art from the magazine. At the December 2003 Christies auction of Playboy archives, the 1967 Vargas painting Trick or Treat sold for $71,600 and his work was typically a combination of watercolor and airbrush. His mastery of the airbrush is acknowledged by the founding of the Vargas Award, awarded annually by Airbrush Action Magazine, despite always using figure models, he often portrayed elegantly dressed, semi-nude to nude women of idealized proportions. Vargas artistic trait would be slender fingers and toes, with nails often painted red, Vargas is widely regarded as one of the finest artists in his genre
21.
Bust (sculpture)
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A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a persons head and neck, and a variable portion of the chest and shoulders. The piece is supported by a plinth. These forms recreate the likeness of an individual and these may be of any medium used for sculpture, such as marble, bronze, terracotta or wood. A parallel term, aust, is a representation of the part of an animal or mythical creature. Sculptural portrait heads from classical antiquity are sometimes displayed as busts, however, these are often fragments from full-body statues, or were created to be inserted into an existing body, these portrait heads are not included in this article. Herma Portraiture Livius. org, Bust gallery of famous ancient Greeks Oxford definition Dictionary. com definition
22.
Satyr
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In Greek mythology, a satyr is one of a troop of ithyphallic male companions of Dionysus with goat-like features and often permanent erection. Early artistic representations sometimes include horse-like legs, but in 6th-century BC black-figure pottery human legs are the most common, in Roman Mythology there is a concept similar to satyrs, with goat-like features, the faun, being half-man, half-goat, who roamed the woods and mountains. In myths they are associated with pipe-playing. Greek-speaking Romans often used the Greek term saturos when referring to the Latin faunus, the satyrs chief was Silenus, a minor deity associated with fertility. These characters can be found in the complete remaining satyr play, Cyclops, by Euripides. The satyr play was a short, lighthearted tailpiece performed after each trilogy of tragedies in Athenian festivals honoring Dionysus, there is not enough evidence to determine whether the satyr play regularly drew on the same myths as those dramatized in the tragedies that preceded. The groundbreaking tragic playwright Aeschylus is said to have especially loved for his satyr plays. Mature satyrs are depicted in Roman art with goats horns. As Dionysiac creatures they are lovers of wine and women, because of their love of wine, they are often represented holding wine cups, and they appear often in the decorations on wine cups. Attic painted vases depict mature satyrs as being built with flat noses, large pointed ears, long curly hair. Satyrs often carry the thyrsus, the rod of Dionysus tipped with a pine cone, in earlier Greek art, Silenos appear as old and ugly, but in later art, especially in Hellenistic art, he is softened into a more youthful and graceful aspect. This transformation or humanization of the Satyr appears throughout late Greek art, another example of this shift occurs in the portrayal of Medusa and in that of the Amazon, characters who are traditionally depicted as barbaric and uncivilized. A humanized Satyr is depicted in a work of Praxiteles known as the Resting Satyr, Praxiteles gives a new direction to the satyr in art. Although not mentioned by Homer, in a fragment of Hesiods works satyrs are called brothers of the nymphs and Kuretes. In the Dionysus cult, male followers are known as satyrs, in Attica there was a species of drama dealing with the legends of gods and heroes, and the chorus was composed of satyrs and sileni. In the Athenian satyr plays of the 5th century BC, the chorus commented on the action and this satyric drama burlesqued the serious events of the mythic past with lewd pantomime and subversive mockery. One complete satyr play from the 5th century survives, the Cyclops of Euripides, the Satyr and the Traveller, one of Aesops Fables, features the satyr as the benevolent host for a traveler in the forest in winter. The satyr is bewildered by the claim to be able to blow hot and cold with the same breath, first to warm his hands, then to cool his porridge
23.
The Ten Commandments (1923 film)
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The Ten Commandments is a 1923 American silent religious, epic film and produced and directed by Cecil B. Lauded for its immense and stupendous scenes, use of Technicolor process 2, and parting of the Red Sea sequence and it is the first in DeMilles biblical trilogy, followed by The King of Kings and The Sign of the Cross. Despite its epic scale, the Moses story takes up only about the first third of the film, after that, the story changes to a modern setting involving living by the lessons of the commandments. The film shows his unchecked immorality to be momentarily gainful, a thoughtful contrast is made between the carpenter brother and his mother. The mother reads the story of Moses and emphasizes strict obedience, the carpenter, however, reads from the New Testament story of Jesuss healing of lepers. His emphasis is on a loving and forgiving God, the film also shows the mothers strict lawful morality to be flawed in comparison to her sons version. Danny becomes a corrupt contractor who builds a church with shoddy concrete, pocketing the money saved, one day, his mother comes to visit him at his work site, but the walls are becoming unstable due to the shaking of heavy trucks on nearby roads. One of the walls collapses on top of the mother, killing her, in her dying breath, she tells Danny that it is her fault for teaching him to fear God, when she should have taught him love. This sends Danny on a spiral as he attempts to right his wrongs and clear his conscience. To make money, he steals pearls from his mistress, and he attempts to flee to Mexico on a motorboat, but rough weather sends him off course and he crashes into a rocky island, where he is presumably killed. Throughout the film, the motif of the tablets of the commandments appears in the sets. The idea for the film was based upon the submission to a contest in which the public suggested ideas for DeMilles next film. The winner was F. C. Nelson of Lansing, Michigan, production on the film started on May 21,1923 and ended on August 16,1923. Jeanie MacPherson, the screenwriter, first thought to interpret the Commandments in episodic form. Both she and DeMille eventually decided on an unusual two-part screenplay, a biblical prologue, there is Mrs. McTavish, the mother, who keeps the Commandments the wrong way. She is a representative of orthodoxy, yet withal she is a fine, clean, there is a girl, Mary Leigh, who doesnt bother about the Ten Commandments at all. She is a kid, but she has spent so much time working that she hasnt learned the Ten Commandments. Dan McTavish knows the Ten Commandments, but defies them, john McTavish is a garden variety of human being, which believes the Ten Commandments as unchanging, immutable laws of the universe
24.
Cecil B. DeMille
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Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
25.
Cobra (1925 film)
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Cobra is a 1925 American silent film starring Rudolph Valentino and Nita Naldi. It is the adaptation of the play Cobra written by Martin Brown. Valentino plays Count Rodrigo Torriani, an Italian noble, a charming libertine, his weakness is women – the cobras referred to in the title of the film. Roridgo accepts an invitation from friend Jack Dorning to come to New York City to work as an antiques expert, while the job is rewarding, Rodrigo finds the temptation from the women surrounding him, including Dornings secretary Mary Drake and wife Elise challenging. When Jack is away, Elise reveals to Rodrigo that she is still in love with him, the two arrange to meet at a hotel. However, at the last minute, Rodrigo remembers he cannot betray his friend and it turns out to be a wise decision, the hotel burns to the ground in the middle of the night, killing Elise. Rodrigo desperately wants a relationship with Mary, however, after Elises death, he turns Marys attentions toward Jack and decides to leave New York. The film ends with Rodrigo gazing out at the sea and the Statue of Liberty as he sets sail back to Europe, the production of Cobra was marred by bickering and soaring production costs. Eventually Cobra was released in late 1925, a few weeks after what proved to be Valentinos comeback feature, Cobra has survived and has been made available to the public, on both VHS and DVD, by independent film dealers and major movie distributors
26.
United Artists
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United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
27.
Myrna Loy
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Myrna Loy was an American film, television and stage actress. Trained as a dancer, Loy devoted herself fully to a career following a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in roles, often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent. During World War II, Loy served as assistant to the director of military and she was later appointed a member-at-large of the U. S. While the height of her popularity was during the 1930s and 40s, she continued to pursue stage, television. Loy was born in Helena, Montana, the daughter of Adelle Mae and rancher David Franklin Williams and she had a younger brother, David Williams. Loys paternal grandparents were Welsh, and her grandparents were Scottish and Swedish. Her first name was derived from a stop near Broken Bow, Nebraska. Her father was also a banker and real estate developer and the youngest man elected to the Montana state legislature. Her mother studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, during the winter of 1912, Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia, and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla, California. Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California, and during one of her husbands visits, among the properties he bought was land he later sold at a considerable profit to Charlie Chaplin so the filmmaker could construct his studio there. Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently, he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana. Loys father died on November 7,1918, of Spanish influenza, and Loys mother was able to realize her dream to permanently relocate her family to California. Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles, California, when her teachers objected to her participating in theatrical arts, her mother enrolled her in Venice High School, and at 15, she began appearing in local stage productions. In 1921, Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner for the central figure Inspiration in his sculpture group Fountain of Education. Completed in 1922, the group was erected in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades. Fountain of Education can be seen in the scenes of the 1978 film Grease. Loy left school at the age of 18 to help with the familys finances and she obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre, where she performed in elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as prologues for the feature film
28.
Dorothy Gish
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Dorothy Elizabeth Gish was an American actress of the screen and stage, as well as a director and writer. Dorothy and her sister Lillian Gish were major movie stars of the silent era, Dorothy also had great success on the stage, and was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Dorothy Gish was noted as a comedian, and many of her films were comedies. Gish was born in Dayton, Ohio and she had an older sister, Lillian. The Gish sisters mother, Mary Robinson McConnell Gish, supported the family after her husband, James Leigh Gish, when they were old enough, Dorothy and Lillian were brought into their mothers act, and they also modeled. In 1912, their friend, actress Mary Pickford, introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffiths An Unseen Enemy, Dorothy would go on to star in over 100 short films and features, many of them with Lillian. As the “little disturber”, a singer, her performance was the comic highlight of the film. They were directed by young Griffith protégés such as Donald Crisp, James Kirkwood and these films were wildly popular with the public and the critics. She specialised in pantomime and light comedy, while her sister appeared in tragic roles, almost all of these films are now considered to be lost films. Today my objection to playing comedy is that it is so often misunderstood by the audiences, both in the theater and in the picture houses. In the eyes of so many persons comedy is not only the absence of studied effect and acting, but it is not considered an art. ”When the film converted to talking pictures, Dorothy made one, Wolves. George Cukor directed her in Young Love, and the comedy found success with New York audiences as well as those on the road. A London production followed with equal success, in 1939, both Dorothy and Lillian Gish found the role of a lifetime. “Dorothy and I went to see the New York production of Life With Father, starring Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney, Pickford did not make the film version, but the Gish sisters took the two road companies on extensive tours. Television in the 1950s offered many actors the opportunity to appear in plays broadcast live, Dorothy ventured into the new medium, appearing on NBC’s Lux Video Theatre on the night of November 24,1955, in a production of Miss Susie Slagle’s. The play had been a film in 1945 with her sister, Lillian, “The truth is, that she did not know what she really wanted to do, ” wrote her sister, Lillian, in her autobiography. “She had always had trouble making decisions and assuming responsibilities, In some ways she had never grown up and she was such a witty and enchanting child that we enjoyed indulging her
29.
Clothes Make the Pirate
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Clothes Make the Pirate is a 1925 American silent film starring Leon Errol and Dorothy Gish. The film was written by Marion Fairfax from the novel by Holman Francis Day and it is a lost film, with only a one-minute trailer surviving. The film is a comedy that centers on a disgruntled 18th century Bostonian, played by Errol and he is mistaken for the real pirate, Dixie Bull whom Errol, of course, bumps into later in the film. More importantly, Errol slays the villain and puts his foot upon the pirates head and this is more than enough and he heads back home to his unappreciated wife, played by Dorothy Gish. Leon Errol as Tremble-at-Evil Tidd Dorothy Gish as Betsy Tidd Nita Naldi as Madame De La Tour George F, variety Magazine gave the film a poor review, stating that the children would like it. However other reviews, such as that in the Los Angeles Times of 10 Jan 1926 gave the film, as a satire, clothes Make the Pirate at the Internet Movie Database Movie trailer at Internet Archive
30.
Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
31.
The Mountain Eagle
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The Mountain Eagle is a 1927 British silent film, and Alfred Hitchcocks second as director, following The Pleasure Garden. The film, a melodrama set in Kentucky, is about a widower who jealously competes with his crippled son. The film was produced at the Emelka Film studios in Munich, Germany in autumn of 1925, with exterior scenes shot in the village of Obergurgl in the State of Tyrol. Production was plagued with problems, including the destruction of a village roof, due to producing the film in Germany, Hitchcock had more directorial freedom than he would have had in England, and he was influenced by German cinematic style and technique. The film was received and criticised for its lack of realism. Six surviving stills of The Mountain Eagle are reproduced in François Truffauts book, in 2012, a set of 24 still photographs were found in an archive of one of Hitchcocks close friends. The film is set in Kentucky, where J. P. Pettigrews wife had died giving birth to their son Edward, pettigrew loathes John Fear o God Fulton who was also in love with Pettigrews wife. Pettigrew later witnesses his now-grown son making love to schoolteacher Beatrice and he attempts to take her in his arms, but Beatrice rejects his advances. Pettigrews son Edward sees this and flees the village, pettigrew is incensed at both Beatrices rejection and the loss of his son, and thus attempts to have Beatrice arrested as a wanton harlot. John forestalls Pettigrews plan by marrying Beatrice and taking her to his cabin where they fall in love, pettigrew seeks revenge by having John thrown in prison for murdering his son. A year later, John breaks out of prison and attempts to flee with Beatrice, however, Beatrice falls ill and John must return to the village for a doctor. There he finds that Edward has reappeared, johns affairs are now cleared up and he is legally free from the charge of murder. Pettigrew is subsequently shot and no longer a threat to John. Six surviving stills are reproduced in François Truffauts book, more stills have recently been found to exist, many of which are reproduced in Dan Auilers book. A lobby card for the film was found in a box of broken frames at a market in Rowley. In 2012, a set of 24 still photographs were found in an archive of one of Hitchcocks close friends, although these images gave clues to the film and its story, they were taken on the set rather than being stills from the film itself. They were auctioned off in Los Angeles for $6,000, Hitchcocks notebooks were also found, documenting his journey to Obergurgl, by train, horse and cart, and by foot. Both The Pleasure Garden and The Mountain Eagle were produced in co-operation with Emelka Film Studios in Munich, bad weather during the shooting was a constant source of trouble, and Hitchcock and the crew had an uneasy relationship with the locals
32.
The Pleasure Garden (film)
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The Pleasure Garden is a 1925 British silent film directed by Alfred Hitchcock in his directorial debut. Based on a novel by Oliver Sandys, the film is about two girls at the Pleasure Garden Theatre in London and their troubled relationships. Jill, a dancer, arrives in London with a letter of introduction to Mr. Hamilton. The letter and all her money are stolen from her handbag as she waits to see him, Patsy, a chorus girl at the Pleasure Garden, sees her difficulty and offers to take her to her own lodgings and to try to get her a job. Next morning Jill is successful in getting a part in the show and her fiance, Hugh, arrives with a colleague called Levet. Hugh and Patsy become very close while Jill is being pursued by a number of rich men, not long after this, Hugh is sent to Africa by his company. Jill moves out of the lodgings she shares with Patsy and becomes involved with the Prince. As she becomes more successful and used to the rich and famous lifestyle she also becomes more dismissive of Patsy, shunning her, as Patsy laments the loss of her friend, she is comforted by Levet who convinces her to enter into marriage with him. The couple honeymoon in Italy before he leaves to join Hugh in Africa, after some time Patsy finally receives a letter from her husband in which he says he has been sick for weeks. Patsy is determined to go to care of him and asks Jill to lend her the fare. Jill refuses as she is preparing for her marriage to the Prince and has no money to spare, Patsy is able to borrow the fare from her landlords Mr and Mrs Sidey. When she arrives at her husbands bungalow, she finds that he is having an affair with a local woman, Levet tries to drive the woman away but when she refuses to leave him, follows her into the sea and drowns her. Meanwhile, Patsy has found that Hugh really is very ill with a fever, Hugh has since discovered from a newspaper that Jill is to marry the Prince and he and Patsy soon realize that they love each other. Levet finds them together and accuses Hugh of making advances to his wife, Patsy agrees to follow Levet back to his bungalow in order to save Hugh. During the night, Levet is stricken with guilt and paranoia over the murder of his mistress, Hugh becomes convinced that the ghost of his mistress will not stop haunting him until he murders Patsy too. Levet corners Patsy with a sword but he is dead before he can kill her. He and Patsy find consolation with each other and return to London, parts of the movie scenes were filmed in Lierna, Lake Como. Virginia Valli as Patsy Brand Carmelita Geraghty as Jill Cheyne Miles Mander as Levet John Stuart as Hugh Fielding Ferdinand Martini as Mr. Sidey Florence Helminger as Mrs. Sidey Georg H and she was at the height of her career then – glamorous, famous, and very popular
33.
For Whom the Bell Tolls
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For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia, the novel is regarded as one of Hemingways best works, along with The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea, and A Farewell to Arms. Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba, Key West, Florida, in Cuba, he lived in the Hotel Ambos-Mundos where he worked on the manuscript. The novel was finished in July 1940 and published in October and it is based on Hemingways experiences during the Spanish Civil War and features an American protagonist, named Robert Jordan, who fights with Spanish soldiers for the Republicans. The characters in the novel include those who are fictional, those based on real people but fictionalized. Set in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range between Madrid and Segovia, the takes place during four days and three nights. For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book of the Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, published on 21 October 1940, the first edition print run was 75,000 copies priced at $2.75. The poem is found in anthologies and literature textbooks. Furthermore, the title and epigraph can be interpreted as a reference to the themes of death within the novel, the novel graphically describes the brutality of the civil war in Spain during this time. It is told primarily through the thoughts and experiences of the protagonist and it draws on Hemingways own experiences in the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance. Jordan is an American who has lived in Spain during the pre-war period, on his mission, Jordan meets the rebel Anselmo who brings him to the hidden guerrilla camp and initially acts as an intermediary between Jordan and the other guerrilla fighters. In the camp, Jordan encounters María, a young Spanish woman whose life had been shattered by her parents execution, Pablos wife, Pilar, usurps Pablos leadership and pledges the allegiance of the guerrillas to Jordans mission. Although he disposes of the detonators and exploder by throwing them down a gorge into the river, Pablo regrets abandoning his comrades and returns to assist in the operation. However, the enemy, apprised of the offensive, has prepared to ambush it in force. Regardless of this, Jordan understands that he must still demolish the bridge in an attempt to prevent Fascist reinforcements from overwhelming his allies and this improvised plan is considerably more dangerous because the men must increase their proximity to the explosion. While Pablo, Pilar, and Maria create a distraction for Jordan and Anselmo, while escaping, Jordan is maimed when a tank shoots his horse out from under him. Knowing he would slow his comrades down, he bids goodbye to María
34.
Mae Murray
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Mae Murray was an American actress, dancer, film producer, and screenwriter. Murray rose to fame during the silent film era and was known as The Girl with the Bee-Stung Lips and she was born Marie Adrienne Koenig in New York City, the second-oldest child of Joseph and Mary Koenig. Her maternal grandparents had emigrated from France while her paternal grandparents had emigrated from Germany and she had two brothers, William Robert and Howard Joseph. The family eventually moved to an apartment in the Lower East Side, in May 1896, Joseph Koenig, Murrays father, died from acute gastritis due to his alcoholism. To support the family, Mary Koenig took a job as a housekeeper for Harry Payne Whitney and she first began acting on the Broadway stage in 1906 with dancer Vernon Castle. In 1908, she joined the line of the Ziegfeld Follies. Murray became a star of the circuit in both the United States and Europe, performing with Clifton Webb, Rudolph Valentino, and John Gilbert as some of her many dance partners. Murray made her motion picture debut in To Have and to Hold in 1916 and she became a major star for Universal, starring with Rudolph Valentino in The Delicious Little Devil and Big Little Person in 1919. At the height of her popularity, Murray formed her own company with her director. Critics were sometimes less than thrilled with her over-the-top costumes and exaggerated emoting, in 1925, Murray, Leonard, and Stahl produced films at Tiffany Pictures, with Souls for Sables, starring Claire Windsor and Eugene OBrien, as the first film made by Tiffany. For a brief period of time, Murray wrote a column for newspaper scion William Randolph Hearst. At her career peak in the early 1920s, Murray, along with other notable Hollywood personalities as Cecil B. DeMille, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart, Jesse L, four decades later, Murray herself received aid from that organization. In the early 1920s, Murray was painted by the well known Hollywood portrait painter Theodore Lukits and this work titled Symphony in Jade and Gold depicted Murray in the nude, gazing in a mirror. It was exhibited at the Pacific Asia Museum in 1999 and two other venues as part of the exhibition Theodore Lukits, An American Orientalist, Murray appeared in the title role in the Erich von Stroheim directed film The Merry Widow, opposite John Gilbert. When silent films gave way to talkies, Murray made a debut in the new medium in Peacock Alley. In 1931, she was cast with newcomer Irene Dunne, leading man Lowell Sherman, the film was critically panned at the time of release and Murray made only one more film, High Stakes also with Sherman. The couple married on June 27,1926, and Mdivani became her manager, Murray took her husbands advice and walked out of her contract with MGM, making a powerful foe of studio boss Louis B
35.
Uta Hagen
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Uta Thyra Hagen was a German American actress and theatre practitioner. She originated the role of Martha in the 1962 Broadway premiere of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. by Edward Albee. Because Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist, in part because of her association with Paul Robeson, her film opportunities dwindled and she twice won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1999. Her most substantial contributions to theatre pedagogy were a series of exercises that built on the work of Konstantin Stanislavski. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981, born in Göttingen, Germany, daughter of Thyra A. and Oskar Frank Leonard Hagen, Hagen and her family emigrated to the United States in 1924, when her father received a position at Cornell University. She was raised in Madison, Wisconsin and she appeared in productions of the University of Wisconsin High School and in summer stock productions of the Wisconsin Players. She studied acting briefly at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1936, after spending one semester at the University of Wisconsin, where her father was the head of the department of art history, she left for New York City in 1937. Her first professional role was as Ophelia opposite Eva Le Gallienne in the role of Hamlet in Dennis. Hagen was cast, early on, as Ophelia by the actress-manager Eva Le Gallienne, from there, Hagen went on to play the leading ingenue role of Nina in a Broadway production of Anton Chekhovs The Seagull which featured Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. It was 1938, Hagen was just 18 and this experience left an indelible mark on the young actress, as she later reflected, My next job was Nina in The Seagull, with the Lunts, on Broadway. They were an influence on my life. She admired their passion for the theatre, and their discipline and it was a 24-hour-a-day affair, and I never forgot it—never. The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson hailed her Nina as grace and she took over the role of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire for the national tour, which was directed not by Elia Kazan who had directed the Broadway production but by Harold Clurman. Hagen had had an experience when she first worked with Clurman in 1947. She played Blanche opposite at least four different Stanley Kowalskis, including Anthony Quinn, through interviews with her and contemporary criticism, the report is that Hagens Blanche refocused the audiences sympathies with Blanche rather than with Stanley. Primarily noted for roles, Hagen won her first Tony Award in 1951 for her performance as the self-sacrificing wife Georgie in Clifford Odets The Country Girl. She won again in 1963 for originating the role of the I-wear-the-pants-in-this-family-because-somebodys-got-to Martha in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, in 1981 she was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame and in 1999 received a Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award. Although she appeared in movies, because of the Hollywood blacklist she had more limited output in film and on television
36.
Carol Channing
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Carol Elaine Channing is an American actress, singer, dancer, comedian, and voice artist. Notable for starring in Broadway and film musicals, her characters typically radiate a fervent expressiveness and an easily identifiable voice, whether singing or for comedic effect. She began as a Broadway musical actress, starring in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in 1949, and Hello, Dolly. in 1964 and she revived both roles several times throughout her career, most recently playing Dolly in 1995. Channing was nominated for her first Tony Award in 1956 for The Vamp followed by a nomination in 1961 for Show Girl and she received her fourth Tony Award nomination for the musical Lorelei in 1974. As a film actress, she won the Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Muzzy in Thoroughly Modern Millie, other film appearances include The First Traveling Saleslady and Skidoo. On television, she appeared as an entertainer on variety shows and she had a standout performance as The White Queen in the TV production of Alice in Wonderland, and had the first of many TV specials in 1966, An Evening with Carol Channing. Channing was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981 and she continues to perform and make appearances, singing songs from her repertoire and sharing stories with fans, cabaret style. She released an autobiography, titled Just Lucky I Guess, in 2002, and Larger Than Life, a documentary film about her career, was released in 2012. Channing was born in Seattle, Washington, on January 31,1921, the child of George and Adelaide Channing Her mother was of German-Jewish descent. Her father was born George Christian Stucker but changed his surname before his daughters birth, a city editor at the Seattle Star, he took a job in San Francisco and the family moved when Channing was two weeks old. He became a Christian Science practitioner, editor, and teacher, Channing attended Aptos Junior High School and Lowell High School San Francisco, graduating in 1938. She won the Crusaders Oratorical Contest and a trip to Hawaii with her mother in June 1937. When she was 16, she left home to attend Bennington College in Vermont, and her mother told her for the first time that her fathers mother was African American and his father was German-American. Her mother felt that the time was right to tell her since now that she was going off to college and would be on her own, Channing writes, I know its true the moment I sing and dance. Its one of the strains in show business. My father was a dignified man and as white as I am. My grandparents were Nordic German, so apparently I took after them and she majored in drama at Bennington, and during an interview in 1994 admitted that she first wanted to perform on stage as a singer when she was in the fourth grade. She recalls being emotionally drawn to the stage after seeing Ethel Waters perform and she has stated that in the fourth grade she ran for and was elected class secretary, I stood up in class and campaigned by kidding the teachers
37.
Omnibus (U.S. TV series)
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Omnibus is an American, commercially sponsored, educational television series. Omnibus was created by the Ford Foundation, which sought to increase the level of the American public. The show was conceived by James Webb Young who hired Robert Saudek as producer, Saudek believed that Omnibus could raise the level of American taste with educational entertainment. The show was broadcast live, primarily on Sunday afternoons at 4, 00pm EST, Omnibus originally aired on CBS, and later on Sunday evenings on ABC. The show was never commercially viable on its own, and sources of funding dwindled after the Ford Foundation ended its sponsorship in 1957. That year, the moved to NBC, where it was irregularly scheduled until 1961. The shows first season had an audience of 4 million. ABC aired a brief revival of the series in 1981, the series won more than 65 awards, including eight Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards. The series is held at The Library of Congress and Global ImageWorks, the Bernstein Omnibus programs were released in a 4-DVD set for Region 1 and Region 2 in 2010. The show, hosted by Alistair Cooke in his American television debut, featured programming about science, the arts. A heavily abridged version of Shakespeares King Lear starring Orson Welles, Leonard Bernstein and Jonathan Winters made their first television appearances in the series. Bernstein gave his first televised music lectures on the program, hans Conried was featured in the 1958 episode What Makes Opera Grand. An analysis by Leonard Bernstein showing the effect of music in opera. Conreid played Marcello in a dramatization of Act III of Puccinis La Bohème. The program demonstrated the effect of the music in La Bohème by having actors speak portions of the libretto in English, followed by opera singers singing the same lines in the original Italian
38.
Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York)
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Calvary Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in Maspeth and Woodside, Queens, in New York City, New York, United States. With about 3 million burials, it has the largest number of interments of any cemetery in the United States and it covers 365 acres and is owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and managed by the Trustees of St. Patricks Cathedral. Calvary Cemetery is divided into four sections, spread across the neighborhoods of Maspeth, the oldest, First Calvary, is also called Old Calvary. The Second, Third and Fourth sections are all considered part of New Calvary, First Calvary Cemetery is located between the Long Island Expressway and Review Avenue. The cemeterys offices are located here, at 49–02 Laurel Hill Boulevard, Second Calvary Cemetery is located on the west side of 58th Street between Queens Boulevard and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway. Third Calvary Cemetery is located on the west side of 58th Street between the Long Island Expressway and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, Fourth Calvary Cemetery is located on the west side of 58th Street between the Long Island Expressway and 55th Avenue. In 1817, the Trustees of Old St. Patricks Cathedral on Mott Street realized that their original cemetery on Mulberry Street was almost full. On October 29,1845 Old St. Patricks Cathedral trustees had purchased 71 acres of land from John McMenoy and John McNolte in Maspeth, the cemetery was consecrated by Archbishop John Hughes in August 1848. The cemetery was named after Mount Calvary, where Jesus Christ was crucified according to the New Testament, Calvary was accessible by ferryboat from 23rd Street and the East River. It cost an adult seven dollars to be buried there, burial of children under age seven cost three dollars, children aged seven to fourteen cost five dollars. As development in the East Village expanded, bodies buried in that neighborhood were transferred to Queens, in 1854, ferry service opened by 10th Street and the East River. The first Calvary Cemetery burial occurred on July 31,1848, the name of the deceased was Esther Ennis, who reportedly “died of a broken heart. ”By 1852 there were 50 burials a day, half of them poor Irish under seven years of age. In the early 20th century, influenza and tuberculosis epidemics caused a shortage of gravediggers, the entire number of interments from the cemeterys opening in August 1848 until January 1898, was 644,761. From January 1898 until 1907 there were about 200,000 interments, the original division of the cemetery, now known as First Calvary or Old Calvary, was filled by 1867. The Archdiocese of New York expanded the area of the cemetery, adding more sections, the cemetery was used in the film The Godfather for the funeral of Don Corleone and the Ben Stiller comedy, Zoolander. Now the Cemetery accepts only immediate interments, plots cannot be purchased in advance, the chapel was designed by Raymond F. Almirall. The Calvary Monument is located in a park, Calvary Veterans Park which is wholly contained within the cemetery. The monument honors the 69th Regiment, there is no signage from the main entrance directing one to the monument which is located at 40. 7308°N73. 9297°W /40.7308, -73.9297
39.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
40.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
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Experience (1921 film)
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Experience is a 1921 American silent morality drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The allegorical film was directed by George Fitzmaurice and starred Richard Barthelmess and it was based on George V. Hobarts successful 1914 Broadway play of the same name. It was the debut of Lilyan Tashman. Experience is presumed to be a lost film, the plot of Experience was summarized in the August 1921 issue of Photoplay magazine. Senior as Opportunity Joseph W. Smiley as Chance Fred Hadley as Tout Harry J
