1.
Richard Nixon
–
Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
2.
Birthplace of Richard Nixon
–
The Richard Nixon Birthplace is where Richard Nixon was born and lived from 1913 to 1922. It is located at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, Orange County, the California Bungalow style residence was built by his father, Francis A. Nixon, on the family ranch in Yorba Linda. He built it in 1913, from a mail order home building kit. The house sits in its location, now on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. It is open to the public as a house museum. The bungalow is a California Historical Landmark, a National Historic Landmark, and on the National Register of Historic Places
3.
United States Senate election in California, 1950
–
The 1950 United States Senate election in California followed a campaign characterized by accusations and name-calling. Republican Richard Nixon defeated Democrat Helen Gahagan Douglas, after Democratic incumbent Sheridan Downey withdrew during the election campaign. Douglas and Nixon each gave up their seats to run against Downey. Both Douglas and Nixon announced their candidacies in late 1949, in March 1950 Downey withdrew from a vicious primary battle with Douglas by announcing his retirement, after which Los Angeles Daily News publisher Manchester Boddy joined the race. Boddy attacked Douglas as a leftist and was the first to compare her to New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio, Boddy, Nixon, and Douglas each entered both party primaries, a practice known as cross-filing. In the Republican primary, Nixon was challenged only by cross-filers, Nixon won the Republican primary and Douglas the Democratic contest, with each also finishing third in the other partys contest. The contentious Democratic race left the party divided, and Democrats were slow to rally to Douglas—some even endorsed Nixon. The Korean War broke out only days after the primaries, Nixons attacks were far more effective, and he won the November 7 general election by almost 20 percentage points, carrying 53 of Californias 58 counties and all metropolitan areas. Though Nixon was later criticized for his tactics in the campaign, he defended his actions, other reasons for the result have been suggested, ranging from tepid support for Douglas from President Truman and his administration to the reluctance of voters in 1950 to elect a woman. The campaign gave rise to two memorable political nicknames, both coined by Boddy or making their first appearance in his newspaper, the Pink Lady for Douglas, California Senator Sheridan Downey was first elected in 1938. An attorney, he ran unsuccessfully in 1934 for Lieutenant Governor of California as Upton Sinclairs running mate, as a senator, however, his positions gradually moved to the right, and he began to favor corporate interests. Manchester Boddy, the editor and publisher of the Los Angeles Daily News, was born on a farm in Washington state. He had little newspaper experience when, in 1926, he was given the opportunity to purchase the Daily News by a bankruptcy court, but built it into a small but thriving periodical. He shared his views with his readers through his column, Thinking and Living, both Helen Douglas and Richard Nixon entered electoral politics in the mid-1940s. Douglas, a New Deal Democrat, was an actress and opera singer. She represented the 14th congressional district beginning in 1945, Nixon grew up in a working-class family in Whittier. In the 1940s, California experienced an influx of migrants. Party registration in 1950 was 58. 4% Democratic and 37. 1% Republican, however, other than Downey, most major California officeholders were Republican, including Governor Earl Warren and Senator William Knowland
4.
Checkers speech
–
The Checkers speech or Fund speech was an address made on September 23,1952, by the Republican candidate for vice president of the United States, California Senator Richard Nixon. Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. Nixon, as he related in his address, came from a family of moderate means, after his successful 1950 Senate campaign, Nixons backers continued to raise money to finance his political activities. These contributions went to him for travel costs, postage for political mailings which he did not have franked. Such a fund was not illegal at the time, but as Nixon had made a point of attacking government corruption, the press became aware of the fund in September 1952, two months after Nixons selection as General Dwight D. Eisenhowers running mate. Within a few days, the story grew until the controversy threatened Nixons place on the ticket, Nixons speech was seen or heard by about 60 million Americans, including the largest television audience to that time, and led to an outpouring of public support. A huge majority of the millions of telegrams and phone calls received by the RNC and he was retained on the ticket, which then swept to victory weeks later in November 1952. The Checkers speech was an example of a politician using television to appeal directly to the electorate. Checkers speech has come more generally to any emotional speech by a politician. In 1950, California Congressman Richard Nixon was elected to the Senate, with the six-year term secured, Nixon campaign officials discussed how to further his career. Campaign manager Murray Chotiner and campaign chairman Bernie Brennan proposed a campaign for the next six years. Nixons Southern California campaign treasurer Dana Smith suggested what became known as the Fund, to be administered by himself, payment of airmail and long-distance phone charges above his allowance. To send out to the people, defraying expenses of his Christmas cards to the people who worked in his campaign or contributed financially. Paying for getting out material for radio broadcasts and television programs, as a senator, Nixon received an annual salary of $12,500. Contributors were drawn only from his supporters, and contributions were limited to $1,000. Nixon was not to be informed of the names of contributors, however, by October 30,1951, some $16,000 had been raised, of which Nixon had spent approximately $12,000, principally from contributors in the Los Angeles area. The senators Christmas card expense for 1950 and 1951 totaled $4,237.54, despite the initial fundraising success, only $2,200 could be raised from November 1951 to July 1952, and an engraving bill was unpaid pending a hoped-for contribution of $500. In 1952, the Republicans chose Dwight D, a disgruntled Warren supporter from Pasadena leaked the Fund story to several reporters
5.
Kitchen Debate
–
The Kitchen Debate was a series of impromptu exchanges between then U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24,1959, for the exhibition, an entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. It was filled with labor-saving and recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market, the debate was recorded on color videotape and Nixon made reference to this fact, it was subsequently rebroadcast in both countries. In 1959, the Soviets and Americans had agreed to hold exhibits in each others countries as an exchange to promote understanding. The Soviet exhibit in New York opened in June 1959, Nixon took Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev on a tour of the exhibit. S. He satirically asked if there was a machine that puts food into the mouth, Nixon responded by saying at least the competition was technological, rather than military. Both men agreed that the United States and the Soviet Union should seek areas of agreement, at the end, Khrushchev stated that everything he had said in their debate should be translated into English and broadcast in the US. Nixon responded Certainly it will, and everything I say is to be translated into Russian, to this proposal, Khrushchev shook hands vigorously. They were using the technological innovations set up in the exhibit to compete with one another, Nixon argued that the Americans built to take advantage of new techniques, while Khrushchev argued that the Soviets built for future generations. Khrushchev states, We havent quite reached 42 years, but in another 7 years, well be at the level of America, future Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev is reported to have been present and acting to obstruct photos of the event by Safire. The Kitchen Debate was the first high-level meeting between Soviet and U. S. leaders since the Geneva Summit in 1955, in the US, three major television networks broadcast the kitchen debate on July 25. The American networks, however, had felt that delay would cause the news to lose its immediacy, two days later, on July 27, the debate was broadcast on Moscow television, albeit late at night and with Nixons remarks only partially translated. The newspaper also declared that public opinion seemed divided after the debates, because of the informal nature of the exchange, Nixon gained popularity, improving upon the lukewarm reception he previously had with the U. S. public. Khrushchev claimed that following his confrontation with Nixon he did all he could to bring about Nixons defeat in his 1960 presidential campaign, the trip raised Nixons profile as a public statesman, greatly improving his chances for receiving the Republican presidential nomination the following year. A more complete version of the text is available, the Loss of Early Video Recordings – Article about the missing Kitchen Debate videotape
6.
United States presidential election, 1960
–
The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,1960. The Republican Party nominated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, while the Democratic Party nominated John F. Kennedy, the incumbent President, Republican Dwight D. This was the first presidential election in which voters in Alaska and Hawaii were able to participate, Kennedy received 112,827 more votes than Nixon nationwide and although Nixon won the popular vote contest in more individual states, Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory. The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, which can be explained by a number of factors. Kennedy benefited from the recession of 1957–58, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party. Furthermore, the new votes that Kennedy, the first Roman Catholic president, Kennedys campaigning skills decisively outmatched Nixons. In the end, Nixons emphasis on his experience carried little weight, Kennedy used his large, well-funded campaign organization to win the nomination, secure endorsements, and, with the aid of the last of the big-city bosses, get out the vote in the big cities. Kennedy relied on running mate Lyndon B. Johnson to hold the South, following the election, Nixon unsuccessfully ran for governor of California in 1962, before making a successful campaign for the presidency in 1968, winning re-election by a landslide in 1972. He was later the first United States President to resign, following the Watergate Scandal and this election also features the last time the state of Ohio was on the losing end of the presidential election. From 1964 onward, the candidate who won Ohio won the election nationwide, several other candidates sought support in their home state or region as favorite son candidates without any realistic chance of winning the nomination. Symington, Stevenson, and Johnson all declined to campaign in the presidential primaries, realizing that this was a strategy touted by his opponents to keep the public from taking him seriously, Kennedy stated frankly, Im not running for vice-president, Im running for president. The next step was the primaries, Kennedys Roman Catholic religion was an issue. Kennedy first challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey in the Wisconsin primary, Kennedys attractive sisters, brothers, and wife Jacqueline combed the state looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store. The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia, humphreys campaign was low on funds and could not compete for advertising and other get-out-the-vote drives with Kennedys well-financed and well-organized campaign. In the end, Kennedy defeated Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, West Virginia showed that Kennedy, a Catholic, could win in a heavily Protestant state. Although Kennedy had only competed in nine primaries, Kennedys rivals, Johnson and Symington. Following the primaries, Kennedy traveled around the nation speaking to state delegations, as the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win. The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, in the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers when Lyndon B
7.
California gubernatorial election, 1962
–
The California gubernatorial election,1962 was held on November 6,1962. The Democratic incumbent, Pat Brown, ran for re-election against former Vice President Richard Nixon, in his concession speech, Nixon accused the media of favoring his opponent Brown, stating that it was his last press conference and You wont have Dick Nixon to kick around any more. Six years later, Nixon was elected President of the United States, edmund G. Brown Sr. was a relatively popular Democratic governor in California who was first elected in 1958. The state voted for Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, and Nixon carried the state over John F. Kennedy in the 1960 Presidential election. In 1962, with popular incumbent Senator Thomas Kuchel a shoo-in for re-election and they turned to former Vice President Richard Nixon, the biggest name at the time in the California Republican Party. However, the conservative Joe Shell challenged Nixon in the primary, in a bitter and expensive campaign, Brown and Nixon campaigned with great zeal and effort. Nixon had a lead in the early on, but Brown chipped away at his lead. Still, come day, Nixon was favored to win a relatively close election. But Brown not only won, but by a surprising 5%, a stunned and frustrated Nixon announced he was retiring from politics
8.
Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference
–
The so-called last press conference of Richard Nixon took place on November 7,1962, following his loss to Democratic incumbent Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. At the time, California had been considered a reliably Republican stronghold, following World War II, all of the states governors and U. S. Senators had been Republican, until Pat Brown was elected Governor of California, senator in 1958, bucking the trend. Eisenhower, with Nixon as his presidential running mate, had carried California in both 1952 and 1956, and Nixon defeated John F. Kennedy there in the 1960 presidential election. In a hard campaign, early polling showed Nixon winning by a significant margin. The polls showed Brown—who made a point of not beginning to campaign until late in the season—closing the margin in the days before the election, Brown won the election, and the 5% margin stunned Nixon and political pundits nationwide. As election results came in on Tuesday, November 6, Election Day, Nixon and his staff monitored results at a suite in the Beverly Hilton Hotel, Nixons press secretary Herbert G. Klein held a news conference at 2,30 a. m. As the night progressed, the returns showed a tide of votes for Brown. By 10 a. m. on Wednesday morning, Nixon sent a telegram to Brown that read Congratulations on your re-election as Governor. I wish you the best in your great honor and opportunity which you now have to lead the first state in the nation, Klein appeared before the press and started his press conference with the announcement that Nixon would not speak to the media. 10 minutes into Kleins press conference, an aide notified him that Nixon would indeed speak to the media, a tired-looking Nixon spoke with a quavering voice, delivering what was described as a 15-minute monologue. Nixon began his remarks stating that now all the members of the press are so delighted that I have lost. Nixon insisted that the press had attacked him since 1948 following the Alger Hiss case and he accused the press of printing articles supporting their favored candidates, stating that they should give. The shaft to future candidates, but should have one lonely reporter on the campaign who will report what the candidate says now, Nixon reserved praise for Carl Greenberg of The Los Angeles Times who he felt wrote every word I said. Also praised was Edwin Tetlow of The Daily Telegraph of London, having seen Nixons remarks, Brown was quoted as stating Thats something Nixons going to regret all his life. The press is never going to let him forget it, the panelists discussing Nixons demise were Murray Chotiner and Gerald Ford, who regretted Nixons departure from politics. Jerry Voorhis, whom Nixon had defeated in a 1946 congressional run, Alger Hiss discussed his bitterness at how Nixon had used him to advance his own career at Hisss expense. While the program was on the air, angry callers clogged the ABC switchboard with complaints, many criticizing the decision to include Hiss, ultimately, ABC received 80,000 letters and telegrams, almost all of which were critical of the networks special and its choice of panelists
9.
Presidency of Richard Nixon
–
He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford, who had become vice president nine months earlier, following Spiro Agnews resignation from office. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, four years later, in 1972, Nixon won reelection in a landslide victory over George McGovern. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched the Great Society, a set of domestic programs financed, in contrast, Nixon advocated a New Federalism domestic program model, one in which certain powers would devolve back to the states. Nixons primary focus while in office was on foreign affairs, Nixon pursued a detente with the Peoples Republic of China, taking advantage of the Sino-Soviet split and significantly altering the nature of the Cold War. Nixons many accomplishments as president were however, largely overshadowed by the scandals that enveloped his administration, regarding his lasting legacy, historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term, Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20,1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2,4, which reads, They shall beat their swords into plowshares, in his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. Nixon made fifteen international trips during his presidency and his first was an eight-day European visit starting in Brussels on February 23,1969. He met with Britain’s Prime Minister Harold Wilson in London and Frances President Charles de Gaulle in Paris and he also stopped in Bonn, Berlin and Rome and met with Pope Paul VI in Vatican City. He also made groundbreaking trips to several Eastern European Communist nations, including, Romania, Yugoslavia, even those who hated Nixons presidency occasionally praise his work in China. The extent to which his visit had any consequences of note, however. Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China, Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. On July 15,1971, it was announced by Beijing. The secrecy allowed both sets of time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact. In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China, Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One, Nixon made a point of shaking Zhous hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva
10.
United States presidential election, 1968
–
The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5,1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, won the election over the Democratic nominee, analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. The 1968 Democratic National Convention was a scene of violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters as the Democrats split into multiple factions, Richard Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nations cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War. A year later, he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters, Nixon won the popular vote by a narrow margin of 0.7 percentage points, but won easily in the Electoral College, 301–191. The election also featured a third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. He carried five states in the Deep South and ran well in some ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North. This was the first election after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and it was the last election in which New York had the most votes in the electoral college. After the 1970 census, California gained the most electoral votes and has remained the most populous state since then, in the election of 1964, incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the largest popular vote landslide in U. S. Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater, despite making significant achievements, his popular support would be short-lived. At the same time, the country endured large-scale race riots in the streets of its cities, along with a generational revolt of young people. The most important reason for the decline of President Johnsons popularity was the Vietnam War. By late 1967, over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam, draftees made up 42 percent of the military in Vietnam, but suffered 58% of the casualties as nearly 1000 Americans a month were killed and many more were injured. Though a U. S. military victory, Tet led many Americans to ponder whether the war was winnable or worth it, in addition, voters felt they could not trust their governments assessment and reporting of the war effort. The Pentagon called for sending several hundred thousand soldiers to Vietnam. The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Vice President Hubert Humphrey Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York Senator Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota Senator George McGovern from South Dakota President Lyndon B. As a result, it was assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term. Despite growing opposition to Johnsons policies in Vietnam, it appeared that no prominent Democratic candidate would run against a president of his own party. Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York, a critic of Johnsons policies with a large base of support
11.
Richard Nixon presidential campaign, 1968
–
Nixon won nine of the thirteen state primaries held that season, although due to the population of his state, Governor Reagan won the popular vote while carrying only California. In the general election, Nixon emphasized law and order, positioning himself as the champion of what he called the silent majority, Johnson that a halt in bombing of Vietnam had been negotiated. He was the first Vice President elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1946, representing Californias 12th congressional district from 1947 until his election to the Senate in 1950. As a member of Congress, he gained a reputation as a firm anti-Communist, in 1952, he was selected by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican nominee for president, as his vice presidential nominee. Elected together with Eisenhower, he served as Vice President during the height of the Cold War, in office, he traveled the world on goodwill tours, promoting pro-American policies, he was re-elected with Eisenhower in 1956. At the end of Eisenhowers second term in 1960, Nixon ran unopposed for the Republican nomination and he lost a close race to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, which many credited in part to his unhealthy appearance during the first televised debate. Nixon ran for Governor of California against incumbent Pat Brown, and was defeated handily, in September, the New York Post published an article claiming that campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses. On January 7,1967, Nixon held a meeting with his closest advisers to discuss a potential campaign. He asked the attendees not to discuss the meeting with anyone, the next month, during an interview with the Saturday Evening Post, Nixon flatly denied he was running for president. Nevertheless, polls suggested that he was the front-runner for the nomination, the Gallup poll from February 1967 showed Nixon leading Governor George Romney, his closest rival, 52% to 40%. During the spring and summer, Nixon traveled to Eastern Europe and he returned in August to conduct meetings with his advisers to formulate a solid campaign strategy. Two days later, his manager, Gaylord Parkinson, left his position to care for his ailing wife. Political commentators speculated that the built an element of instability for the campaign. The position was temporarily filled by former Governor Henry Bellmon of Oklahoma. The next week, five members were fired after private investigators determined that information had been leaked to the campaigns of potential primary rivals Governors Rockefeller. By mid-September 1967, the Nixon campaign had organized headquarters in four states deemed critical to the Republican primaries, Nixon hoped the moves would increase his delegate strength and demonstrate his ability to win. He notified the media that his decision on whether to run for president would be formally announced anytime between early December and February, meanwhile, Nixon and his staff discussed handling the topic of the Vietnam War. They advised him to soften his stance on the war, observers noted that this move potentially hurt Nixon by straying from his reputation as a foreign policy expert
12.
First inauguration of Richard Nixon
–
The first inauguration of Richard Nixon as the 37th President of the United States was held on January 20,1969, at the east portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Richard Nixon as President, chief Justice Earl Warren administered the presidential oath of office to Nixon, and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen administered the vice presidential oath to Agnew. In the orderly transfer of power, we celebrate the unity that keeps us free, each moment in history is a fleeting time, precious and unique. But some stand out as moments of beginning, in which courses are set that shape decades or centuries and this can be such a moment. Forces now are converging that make possible, for the first time, the spiraling pace of change allows us to contemplate, within our own lifetime, advances that once would have taken centuries. In throwing wide the horizons of space, we have discovered new horizons on earth, for the first time, because the people of the world want peace, and the leaders of the world are afraid of war, the times are on the side of peace. Eight years from now America will celebrate its 200th anniversary as a nation, within the lifetime of most people now living, mankind will celebrate that great new year which comes only once in a thousand years--the beginning of the third millennium. What kind of nation we will be, what kind of world we live in, whether we shape the future in the image of our hopes, is ours to determine by our actions. The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker and this honor now beckons America--the chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment and this is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call, the second third of this century has been a time of proud achievement. We have made strides in science and industry and agriculture. We have shared our wealth more broadly than ever and we have learned at last to manage a modern economy to assure its continued growth. We have given freedom new reach, and we have begun to make its promise real for black as well as for white and we see the hope of tomorrow in the youth of today. We can be proud that they are educated, more committed. No people has ever been so close to the achievement of a just and abundant society, because our strengths are so great, we can afford to appraise our weaknesses with candor and to approach them with hope. Standing in this place a third of a century ago, Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a Nation ravaged by depression. He could say in surveying the Nations troubles, They concern, thank God and our crisis today is the reverse
13.
Nixon Doctrine
–
The Nixon Doctrine was put forth during a press conference in Guam on July 25,1969 by US President Richard Nixon and later formalized in his speech on Vietnamization on November 3,1969. This doctrine meant that each nation was in charge of its own security in general. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies, the Nixon Doctrine implied the intentions of Nixon shifting the direction on international policies in Asia, especially aiming for Vietnamization of the Vietnam War. When Richard Nixon became President in 1969, the US had been engaged in combat in Vietnam for almost four years and it had so far resulted in the loss of more than 30,000 American and countless Vietnamese lives. By 1969, US public opinion had moved decisively in favour of an end to the Vietnam War, because Nixon campaigned for Peace with Honor in relation to Vietnam during the 1968 presidential campaign, ending the Vietnam War became an important policy goal for Nixon. During a stopover at Guam in middle of an international tour, in Nixons own words, First, the United States will keep all of its treaty commitments. Second, we provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security. Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall furnish military, but we shall look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense. As a consequence of this shift, direct sales of weaponry to nations no longer under the umbrella of previous US security guarantees dramatically increased as US guarantees were withdrawn. In South Korea,20,000 of the 61,000 US troops stationed there were withdrawn by June 1971, the US turned to Saudi Arabia and Iran as twin pillars of regional stability. Oil price increases in 1970 and 1971 would allow funding both states with military expansion. The United States would maintain its small naval force of three ships in the Gulf, stationed since World War II in Bahrain, but would take on no other formal security commitments. A key shortcoming of the original Nixon Doctrine, Ladwig argues, was its reliance on pro-Western autocrats who proved to be a foundation for an enduring regional security structure. In contrast, his neo-Nixon Doctrine would focus on cultivating the major Indian Ocean nations that are democratic, the Nixon Doctrine, A Saga of Misunderstanding. H. Meiertöns, The Doctrines of US Security Policy — An Evaluation under International Law, Cambridge University Press, Richard Nixon, Special Message to the Congress Proposing Reform of the Foreign Assistance Program, September 15,1970. University of California - Santa Barbara, Richard Nixon, Special Message to the Congress Proposing Reform of the Foreign Assistance Program, April 21,1971. University of California - Santa Barbara
14.
Vietnamization
–
Vietnamization of the war was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U. S. S. The name Vietnamization came about accidentally, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird agreed with the point, but not with the language, What we need is a term like Vietnamizing to put the emphasis on the right issues. Nixon had ordered Kissinger to negotiate diplomatic policies with Soviet statesman Anatoly Dobrynin, Nixon also opened high-level contact with China. U. S. relations with the Soviet Union and China were of higher priority than South Vietnam, Nixon said Vietnamization had two components. To achieve the first goal, U. S. helicopters would fly in support, thus, ARVN candidates were enrolled in U. S. helicopter schools to take over the operations. Palmer did not disagree that the first component, given time, Lyndon Johnsons major political interests were domestic, the war interfered with his domestic focus, and he was eager to end the war in a way that he considered politically acceptable. In 1967, Kissinger attended a Pugwash Conference of scientists interested in nuclear disarmament, two participants approached Kissinger and offered a disavowable means of communication between the U. S. and the communist leadership. In particular, Raymond Aubrac, an official of the World Health Organization, knew Ho Chi Minh, after discussing the matter with Assistant Secretary of State William Bundy and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, a message was sent. Ho said he would be willing to if the U. S. bombing of North Vietnam under Operation Rolling Thunder ceased. Mai Van Bo, Hanois diplomatic representative in Paris, was named a point of contact, since Hanoi would not communicate with an American official without a bombing halt, Kissinger served as an intermediary. Johnson made a speech in San Antonio on September 29, offering the possibility of talks and they were rejected, although brought up again in 1967. The departure of Lyndon B Johnson did not end the war, rather, the Tet Offensive was a political and media disaster. Newsman Walter Cronkite announced that he saw a stalemate as the best case scenario for the Tet Offensive, other members of the press added to the call to retrench. President Johnsons popularity plummeted and he announced a halt on March 31. Though he had low expectations, on May 10,1968, under the Nixon administration, Henry Kissinger, Nixons chief adviser, asked the Rand Corporation to provide a list of policy options, prepared by Daniel Ellsberg. On receiving the report, Kissinger and Schelling asked Ellsberg about the apparent absence of a victory option, while Ellsberg eventually did send a withdrawal option, Kissinger would not circulate something that could be perceived as defeat. Nixon directed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to prepare a six-step withdrawal plan, the Commandant of the Marine Corps General Leonard F. Chapman remembered, I felt, and I think that most Marines felt, that the time had come to get out of Vietnam. Leading the ground force withdrawals, Marine redeployments started in mid-1969, in the aftermath of the Tet Offensive, ARVN units were able to take control of areas held by the Viet Cong
15.
Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China
–
U. S. President Richard Nixons 1972 visit to the Peoples Republic of China was an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and China. It marked the first time a U. S. president had visited the PRC, which at that time considered the U. S. one of its foes, and the visit ended 25 years of separation between the two sides. Early in his first term, Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger began sending subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the PRC government. After a series of overtures by both countries, Kissinger flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing, where he met with Premier Zhou Enlai. On July 15,1971, the President announced that he would visit the PRC the following year, occurring from February 21 to 28,1972, the visit allowed the American public to view images of China for the first time in over two decades. Nixon dubbed the visit the week that changed the world, the repercussions of the Nixon visit were vast, and included a significant shift in the Cold War balance, putting the PRC with the U. S. against the Soviet Union. Nixon going to China has since become a metaphor for an unexpected or uncharacteristic action by a politician, improved relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon’s presidency. Many Americans felt concern that communists might dominate schools or labor unions, the reason for opening up China was for the U. S. to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union. Resolving the Vietnam War was an important factor. National Security Council staffer Winston Lord noted, First, an opening to China would give us more flexibility on the world scene generally and we wouldn’t just be dealing with Moscow. We could deal with Eastern Europe, of course, and we could deal with China, secondly, by opening relations with China we would catch Russia’s attention and get more leverage on them through playing this obvious, China card. This effort, in fact, worked dramatically after Kissinger’s secret trip to China, thirdly, Kissinger and Nixon wanted to get help in resolving the Vietnam War. By dealing with Russia and with China we hoped to put pressure on Hanoi to negotiate seriously, at a maximum, we tried to get Russia and China to slow down the provision of aid to North Vietnam somewhat. One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 vice-presidential candidate on the Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance, despite this, in 1972 Nixon became the first U. S. president to visit mainland China while in office. Ulysses S. Grant visited China on a tour after leaving office. Herbert Hoover lived in China briefly in 1899 before becoming President, dwight Eisenhower made a state visit to Taiwan in 1960, during the period when the United States recognized the Republic of China government in Taipei as the sole government of China. In July 1971, President Nixons National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing during a trip to Pakistan, Transcripts of White House meetings and once confidential documents show Nixon began working to open a channel of communication with Beijing from his first day in the White House. From February 21 to 28,1972, U. S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou, almost as soon as the American president arrived in the Chinese capital, Chairman Mao summoned him for a quick meeting
16.
Nixonomics
–
Nixonomics, a portmanteau of the words “Nixon” and “economics”, refers to U. S. President Richard Nixons economic performance. Nixon is first president to have his surname combined with the word economics, Nixon inherited a weak economy from President Lyndon B. Johnson, who follow the advice of his economists. In 1969, a tax bill passed that held several Nixon ideas, including a repeal of the investment tax credit, after a year it was becoming obvious that the plan wasn’t working. Nixon gave his budget plan to congress in 1971 in which he was to use a $11.6 billion deficit, arthur Burns, Nixons appointee to chair the Federal Reserve, shifted away from a tight-money policy because the nation’s unemployment was sharply rising as was inflation. In the early months of 1971, Nixon started criticizing the growing wages in the steel industry, treasury Secretary John Connally announced that the government would need to start taking new measures. Despite this, unemployment had reached 6 percent, in August the government had made a new plan for the economy with rather extreme measures, measures which would later be dubbed “Nixon Shocks”. The plan was announced on August 15,1971 in a televised address. Nixon declared that the window would be closed and that gold would no longer be transferable to US dollars. This created an 8 percent devaluation to the dollar, as compared to other of the major currencies, stimulating American exports. A 90-day freeze on wages and prices and the establishment of the council was also announced. Unfortunately he neglected to inform any allies beforehand, causing more than minor problems between the countries. When 1972 came around, unemployment had continued to rise, with 2 million more Americans out of jobs than in 1969, the administration decided it was time to stimulate the economy with a $25.2 billion budget. In the election year, the supply was expanded by 9 percent. This caused many to accuse Nixon and Burns of making a deal so that Nixon could win the upcoming election, soon in the fall, the economy began to improve. Unemployment was finally dropping and inflation was staying relatively in control, america had temporarily gotten out of the recession. Unfortunately inflation soon increased after the election, when the failed wage and price controls were lifted, other problems took their toll on the American economy. An expanded money supply, the effects of increased deficits and the price of oil all left their mark on the American economy
17.
Nixon shock
–
While Nixon publicly stated his intention to resume direct convertibility of the dollar after reforms to the Bretton Woods system had been implemented, all attempts at reform proved unsuccessful. By 1973, the Bretton Woods system was replaced de facto by a regime based on freely floating fiat currencies that remains in place to the present day. In 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, representatives from 44 nations met to develop a new monetary system that came to be known as the Bretton Woods system. Conference members had hoped that new system would “ensure exchange rate stability, prevent competitive devaluations. It was not until 1958 that the Bretton Woods system became fully operational, countries now settled their international accounts in dollars that could be converted to gold at a fixed exchange rate of $35 per ounce, which was redeemable by the U. S. government. Thus, the United States was committed to backing every dollar overseas with gold, other currencies were fixed to the dollar, and the dollar was pegged to gold. For the first years after World War II the Bretton Woods system worked well, with the Marshall Plan, Japan and Europe were rebuilding from the war, and countries outside the US wanted dollars to spend on American goods—cars, steel, machinery, etc. Because the U. S. owned over half the official gold reserves—574 million ounces at the end of World War II—the system appeared secure. However, from 1950 to 1969, as Germany and Japan recovered, in February 1965 President Charles de Gaulle announced his intention to exchange its U. S. dollar reserves for gold at the official exchange rate. By 1966, non-US central banks held $14 billion, while the United States had only $13.2 billion in gold reserve, of those reserves, only $3.2 billion was able to cover foreign holdings as the rest was covering domestic holdings. By 1971, the supply had increased by 10%. In May 1971, West Germany left the Bretton Woods system, in the following three months, this move strengthened its economy. Simultaneously, the dollar dropped 7. 5% against the Deutsche Mark, other nations began to demand redemption of their dollars for gold. Switzerland redeemed $50 million in July, france acquired $191 million in gold. On August 5,1971, the United States Congress released a report recommending devaluation of the dollar, on August 9,1971, as the dollar dropped in value against European currencies, Switzerland left the Bretton Woods system. The pressure began to intensify on the United States to leave Bretton Woods, at the time, the U. S. also had an unemployment rate of 6. 1% and an inflation rate of 5. 84%. On the afternoon of Friday, August 13,1971, these officials along with twelve other high-ranking White House, Nixon issued Executive Order 11615, imposing a 90-day freeze on wages and prices in order to counter inflation. This was the first time the U. S. government had enacted wage, an import surcharge of 10 percent was set to ensure that American products would not be at a disadvantage because of the expected fluctuation in exchange rates
18.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
–
The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2,1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House, the agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the president and approved by Congress. The current administrator is Scott Pruitt, the EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D. C. regional offices for each of the ten regions. The agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education and it has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments. It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to U. S. states, EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other measures. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs. In 2016, the agency had 15,376 full-time employees, more than half of EPAs employees are engineers, scientists, and environmental protection specialists, other employees include legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists. Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to increasing concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment. Senator James E. Murray introduced a bill, the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959, the 1962 publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In the years following, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment, in the colloquium, some members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 was modeled on RCA, President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1,1970. The law created the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The detailed statement would ultimately be referred to as an impact statement. On July 9,1970, Nixon proposed a reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency. After conducting hearings during that summer, the House and Senate approved the proposal, the agency’s first administrator, William Ruckelshaus, took the oath of office on December 4,1970. In May 2013, Congress renamed the EPA headquarters as the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, the EPA is led by an Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. As of 2017 Scott Pruitt is the 14th administrator, each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agencys programs, except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states
19.
National Environmental Policy Act
–
The National Environmental Policy Act is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the Presidents Council on Environmental Quality. The law was enacted on January 1,1970, as the bill was an early step towards the development of the United States environmental policy, NEPA is referred to as the “environmental Magna Carta”. NEPAs most significant outcome was the requirement that all federal agencies prepare environmental assessments. These reports state the potential effects of proposed federal agency actions. NEPA does not apply to the President, Congress, or the federal courts, NEPA grew out of the increased appreciation and concern for the environment that resulted from the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill. During this time, environmental interest group efforts and the movement resulting from Rachel Carsons 1962 book, Silent Spring, helped to pass the Wilderness, Clean Air, and Clean Water Acts. The act also promotes the CEQ to advise the President in the preparation of a report on the progress of federal agencies in implementing NEPA. It also established the CEQ to advise the president on environmental policy, NEPA establishes this national environmental policy by requiring federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement to accompany reports and recommendations for Congressional funding. This impact statement is known as an EIS, NEPA is an action-forcing piece of legislation, meaning the act itself does not carry any criminal or civil sanctions, and therefore, all enforcement of NEPA must occur through the court system. In practice, a project is required to meet NEPA guidelines when a federal agency provides any portion of financing for the project. However, review of a project by an employee can be viewed as a federal action. NEPA covers a vast array of federal agency actions, but the act does not apply to state action where there is an absence of federal influence or funding. Exemptions and exclusions are also present within NEPAs guidelines, including specific federal projects detailed in legislation, exemptions also apply when compliance with other environmental laws require an impact analysis similar to that mandated by NEPA. Such laws can include but are not limited to the Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The NEPA process is the evaluation of the relevant environmental effects of a project or action mandated by NEPA. This process begins when an agency develops a proposal addressing a need to take action, if it is determined that the proposed action is covered under NEPA, there are three levels of analysis that a federal agency must undertake to comply with the law. A Categorical Exclusion is a list of actions an agency has determined do not individually or cumulatively affect the quality of the human environment. If a proposed action is included in an agencys CatEx, the agency must make sure that no extraordinary circumstances might cause the action to affect the environment
20.
Clean Water Act
–
The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. It is one of the United States first and most influential environmental laws. As with many other major U. S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C. F. R. Subchapters D, N, and O. Technically, the name of the law is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The first FWPCA was enacted in 1948, but took on its form when completely rewritten in 1972 in an act entitled the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amendatory legislation including the Clean Water Act of 1977, the Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination. Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, all waters with a significant nexus to navigable waters are covered under the CWA, however, the phrase significant nexus remains open to judicial interpretation and considerable controversy. The 1972 statute frequently uses the term navigable waters, but also defines the term as waters of the United States, including the territorial seas. Some regulations interpreting the 1972 law have included features such as intermittent streams, playa lakes, prairie potholes, sloughs. The 1972 act introduced the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, which is a system for regulating point sources of pollution. Municipal governments and other government facilities, and some agricultural facilities, point sources may not discharge pollutants to surface waters without a permit from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. This system is managed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in partnership with state environmental agencies, EPA has authorized 46 states to issue permits directly to the discharging facilities. The CWA also allows tribes to issue permits, but no tribes have been authorized by EPA, in the remaining states and territories, the permits are issued by an EPA regional office. In previous legislation, Congress had authorized states to develop quality standards. However, these standards were only to be developed for interstate waters, and this system was not effective and there was no permit system in place to enforce the requirements. In the 1972 CWA Congress added the permit system and a requirement for technology-based effluent limitations, the 1972 CWA created a new requirement for technology-based standards for point source discharges. EPA develops these standards for categories of dischargers, based on the performance of pollution control technologies without regard to the conditions of a receiving water body. The intent of Congress was to create a playing field by establishing a basic national discharge standard for all facilities within a category
21.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
–
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its employees, over 11,000 as of 2015, NOAA research. NOAA plays several roles in society, the benefits of which extend beyond the U. S. economy and into the larger global community. NOAA supplies information to its customers and partners pertaining to the state of the oceans and this is clearly manifest in the production of weather warnings and forecasts through the National Weather Service, but NOAAs information products extend to climate, ecosystems, and commerce as well. A Provider of Environmental Stewardship Services, NOAA is also the steward of U. S. coastal and marine environments. A Leader in Applied Scientific Research, the five fundamental activities are, Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks. Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data, assessing and predicting the changes of these systems over time. Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with important information, managing resources for the betterment of society, economy and environment. NOAA formed a conglomeration of several existing agencies that were among the oldest in the federal government, NOAA was established within the Department of Commerce via the Reorganization Plan No.4 of 1970. In 2007 NOAA celebrated 200 years of service with its ties to the United States Coast, the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps is a uniformed service of men and women who operate NOAA ships and aircraft, and serve in scientific and administrative posts. And in addition more than a dozen staff offices, including the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, the NOAA Central Library and this is done through a collection of national and regional centers,13 river forecast centers, and more than 120 local weather forecast offices. They are charged with issuing weather and river forecasts, advisories, watches and they issue more than 734,000 weather and 850,000 river forecasts, and more than 45,000 severe weather warnings annually. NOAA data is relevant to the issues of global warming. The NWS operates NEXRAD, a network of Doppler weather radars which can detect precipitation. Many of their products are broadcast on NOAA Weather Radio, a network of transmitters that broadcasts weather forecasts, severe weather statements, watches. The National Ocean Service focuses on ensuring that ocean and coastal areas are safe, healthy, in 1960 TIROS-1, NOAAs first owned and operated geostationary satellite was launched. Since 1966 NESDIS has managed polar orbiting satellites and since 1974 it has operated geosynchronous satellites, in 1979 NOAAs first polar-orbiting environmental satellite was launched
22.
War on drugs
–
However, two years prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a war on drugs that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Today, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, oNDCPs view is that drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated. Making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy, one of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain. The report was criticized by organizations that oppose a general legalization of drugs, the first U. S. law that restricted the distribution and use of certain drugs was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. The first local laws came as early as 1860, in 1919, the United States passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, with exceptions for religious and medical use. In 1920, the United States passed the National Prohibition Act, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the United States Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14,1930. In 1933, the prohibition for alcohol was repealed by passage of the 21st Amendment. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt publicly supported the adoption of the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act, the New York Times used the headline Roosevelt Asks Narcotic War Aid. In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed, several scholars have claimed that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry, largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family. These scholars argue that with the invention of the decorticator, hemp became a cheap substitute for the paper pulp that was used in the newspaper industry. These scholars believe that Hearst felt that this was a threat to his extensive timber holdings, however, there were circumstances that contradict these claims. One reason for doubts about those claims is that the new decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production. To produce fiber from hemp was a process if you include harvest, transport. Technological developments decreased the labor with hemp but not sufficient to eliminate this disadvantage, the Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies, the antiwar left and black people. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, did we know we were lying about the drugs. - John Ehrlichman, to Dan Baum for Harpers Magazine in 1994, about President Richard Nixons war on drugs, in 1973, the Drug Enforcement Administration was created to replace the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. The Nixon Administration also repealed the federal 2–10-year mandatory minimum sentences for possession of marijuana and started federal demand reduction programs and drug-treatment programs
23.
United States presidential election, 1972
–
The United States presidential election of 1972, the 47th quadrennial presidential election was held on Tuesday, November 7,1972. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Johnson’s in 1964, but with a larger margin of victory in the popular vote, thus becoming the fourth largest in presidential election history. He received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, the widest margin of any United States presidential election. McGovern only won the votes in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. It was also the first time that Hawaii was carried by a Republican, together with the House and Senate elections of 1972, it was the first electoral event in which people aged 18 to 20 could vote in every state, according to the provisions of the 26th Amendment. It was also the first election in which California had the most votes in the electoral college, furthermore, the presidential term of 1973–1977 is notable for being the only one in American history in which both the original President and Vice President fail to complete the term. Ultimately, the 1973–77 term would see two different Presidents and three different Vice Presidents, as of 2016, this is the last time Minnesota voted for the Republican candidate. Overall, fifteen people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination, mcCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota Henry M. C. The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie, Muskie’s momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called Canuck letter was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. Subsequently, the published an attack on the character of Muskie’s wife Jane, reporting that she drank. Muskie made a defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper’s offices during a snowstorm. Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing. On January 25,1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run and became the first Asian American to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary, once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he’s dead. ”The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of amnesty, abortion, and acid. It became Humphrey’s battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary, alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North. What might have become a campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down, the day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July. In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grassroots support in spite of establishment opposition, McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968
24.
1972 Republican National Convention
–
The 1972 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held from August 21 to August 23,1972, at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Florida. It nominated President Richard M. Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew for reelection, the convention was chaired by then-U. S. House Minority Leader and future Nixon successor Gerald Ford of Michigan and it was the fifth time Nixon had been nominated on the Republican ticket as either its vice-presidential or presidential candidate. San Diego, California, had originally selected as host city for the convention. The RNC did not return to San Diego until 1996, the convention set a new standard, as it was scripted as a media event to an unprecedented degree. The keynote address, by Anne Armstrong of Texas, was the first national convention keynote delivered by a woman, First Lady Pat Nixon became the first Republican First Lady, and the first First Lady in over 25 years, to address a partys national convention. Her speech set the standard for future convention speeches by political spouses, First Ladies Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Laura Bush and Melania Trump, among others, have all followed in this tradition. Nixon easily turned back primary challenges from the right, in the person of U. S, Representative John M. Ashbrook of Ohio and, from the left, Representative Pete McCloskey of California. Representative Manuel Lujan of New Mexico, a staunch Nixon supporter, the final result was that Nixon received 1,347 votes to one for McCloskey and none for Ashbrook. Throughout the precisely scripted convention, delegates chanted Four more years, Spiro Agnew was re-nominated for vice president with 1,345 votes, against one vote for television journalist David Brinkley and two abstentions. The NBC network, for which Brinkley worked, had some Brinkley for Vice President buttons made, the convention was targeted for widespread protests, particularly against the Vietnam War, and the Nixon administration made efforts to suppress it. The monitoring of Lennon later concluded that he was not a dangerous revolutionary, provided by the American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. Four More Years, TVTV Documentary MediaBurn. org, Video Preview
25.
Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
–
The second inauguration of Richard Nixon as President of the United States was held on January 20,1973 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of Richard Nixon as President. Burger administered the Oath of office to the President and the oath of office to the Vice President, Agnew resigned from office 263 days into this term, and was succeeded by Gerald Ford. Nixon resigned 1 year,201 days into the term, and was succeeded by Ford, johnson, whom Nixon replaced in the White House in 1969, died two days after the inauguration. Many of the ceremonies that the Armed Forces Inauguration Committee had planned during the ten days had to be canceled to allow for a state funeral. Many of the men who participated in the inauguration took part in the funeral. During the ceremony, Look With Pride On Our Flag, a dedicated to President Nixon. United States presidential election,1972 Video of Nixons Second Inaugural Address from hulu. com
26.
Paris Peace Accords
–
It ended direct U. S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam. However, the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate, the negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission was replaced by the International Commission of Control, the inclusion of this provision was a victory for the communist side of the negotiations by allowing that the war was not a foreign aggression against South Vietnam. North and South Vietnamese forces were to hold their locations and they were permitted to resupply military materials to the extent necessary to replace items consumed in the course of the truce. Once the ceasefire is in effect, U. S. troops would begin to withdraw, simultaneously, U. S. prisoners of war would be released and allowed to return home. The parties to the agreement agreed to assist in repatriating the remains of the dead, reunification of Vietnam was to be carried out step by step through peaceful means. Shortly thereafter, Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing, a similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference. The North favored a circular table, in all parties, including NLF representatives. The South Vietnamese argued that only a table was acceptable. Bryce Harlow, a former White House staff member in the Eisenhower administration, Harlow and Henry Kissinger separately predicted Johnsons bombing halt. Democratic senator George Smathers informed President Johnson that the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey, Nixon has been told of it. According to presidential historian Robert Dallek, Kissingers advice rested not on knowledge of decision making at the White House. On November 2, Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador, I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss is going to win, and you tell your boss to hold on a while longer. In response, President Johnson ordered the wire-tapping of members of the Nixon campaign, after winning the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon became president of the U. S. in January 1969. He then replaced U. S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. who was replaced by David Bruce. Also that year, the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government to gain government status at the talks. Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms, though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested. On May 8,1972, President Nixon made a concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U. S. would accept a cease-fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal
27.
Endangered Species Act of 1973
–
The U. S. Supreme Court found that the plain intent of Congress in enacting the ESA was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost. The Act is administered by two agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Experimental, nonessential populations of endangered species are treated as threatened species on land, for consultation purposes. The near-extinction of the bison and the disappearance of the passenger pigeon helped drive the call for wildlife conservation starting in the 1900s, the public was introduced to a new concept, extinction. Market hunting for the trade and for the table was one aspect of the problem. The early naturalists also killed birds and other wildlife for study, personal curio collections, while habitat losses continued as communities and farmland grew, the widespread use of pesticides and the introduction of non-native species also affected wildlife. One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane, the species historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. It would be eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild, the Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively little opposition was raised. Whereas the Lacey Act dealt with game management and market commerce species. The predecessor of the ESA was the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, passed by Congress, this act permitted the listing of native U. S. animal species as endangered and for limited protections upon those animals. It also directed federal agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage, other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts, in March,1967 the first list of endangered species was issued under the act. It included 14 mammals,36 birds,6 reptiles and amphibians and 22 fish and it included only vertebrates because the Department of Interiors definition of fish and wildlife was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the species list still were not getting enough protection
28.
Watergate scandal
–
When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
29.
United States v. Nixon
–
United States v. Nixon,418 U. S. Issued on July 24,1974, the ruling was important to the stages of the Watergate scandal. United States v. Nixon is considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any U. S. president to claim executive privilege. Burger wrote the opinion for a court, joined by Justices William O. Douglas, William J. Brennan, Potter Stewart, Byron White, Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun. Burger, Blackmun and Powell were appointed to the Court by Nixon during his first term, associate Justice William Rehnquist, a Nixon appointee, recused himself as he had previously served in the Nixon administration as Assistant Attorney General. The Watergate scandal began during the 1972 Presidential campaign between Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota and President Nixon. On June 17,1972, about five months before the election, five burglars broke into Democratic headquarters located in the Watergate building complex in Washington. In May 1973, Nixons Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, appointed Archibald Cox to the position of special prosecutor, in October 1973, Nixon arranged to have Cox fired in the Saturday Night Massacre. However, public outrage forced Nixon to appoint a new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, in April 1974, Jaworski obtained a subpoena ordering Nixon to release certain tapes and papers related to specific meetings between the President and those indicted by the grand jury. Those tapes and the conversations they revealed were believed to contain damaging evidence involving the indicted men, hoping Jaworski and the public would be satisfied, Nixon turned over edited transcripts of 43 conversations, including portions of twenty conversations demanded by the subpoena. St. Clair, Nixons attorney, then requested Judge John Sirica of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia to quash the subpoena. While arguing before Sirica, St. Sirica denied Nixons motion, both Nixon and Jaworski appealed directly to the Supreme Court which heard arguments on July 8. Nixons attorney argued the matter should not be subject to judicial resolution since the matter was a dispute within the executive branch, also, he claimed Special Prosecutor Jaworski had not proven the requested materials were absolutely necessary for the trial of the seven men. Besides, he claimed Nixon had an executive privilege to protect communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in carrying out their duties. Less than three weeks after oral arguments, the Court issued its decision, the justices struggled to write an opinion that all eight could agree to. The stakes were so high, in that the tapes most likely contained evidence of wrongdoing by the President and his men. All contributed to the opinion and Chief Justice Burger delivered the unanimous decision, the Court rejected Nixons claim to an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances. Nixon was ordered to deliver the materials to the District Court
30.
United States Senate Watergate Committee
–
The Senate Watergate Committee, known officially as the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, was a special committee established by the United States Senate, S. Res. 60, in 1973, to investigate the Watergate scandal, with the power to investigate the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, the public television network PBS broadcast the hearings from gavel to gavel on more than 150 national affiliates. He removed the tape, and thought nothing of it and he returned an hour later and, having discovered that someone had retaped the locks, Wills called the police. Five men were discovered inside the DNC office and arrested, on September 15, a grand jury indicted them, as well as E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, for conspiracy, burglary, and violation of federal wiretapping laws. The five burglars who broke into the office were tried by a jury, Judge John Sirica officiating, while the burglars awaited their arraignment in federal district court, the FBI launched an investigation of the incident. The White House denied any connection to the break-in, and Nixon won reelection in a landslide in November 1972, following confirmation that such a connection did in fact exist, the Senate voted 77-0 in February 1973 to create the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities. The members of the Senate Watergate Committee were, The chief counsel of the Committee was Samuel Dash, the minority counsel was Fred Thompson. The first weeks of the hearings were a national politico-cultural event. Some 319 hours were broadcast overall, and 85% of U. S. households watched some portion of them and it was the introduction to the public for minority counsel Thompson, who would later become an actor, senator, and presidential candidate
31.
Impeachment process against Richard Nixon
–
Nixon refused, but on July 24, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled against him. Two other articles of impeachment were debated but not approved, before the House could vote on the impeachment resolutions, Nixon made public one of the additional conversations, known as the Smoking Gun Tape, which made clear his complicity in the cover-up. With his political support completely eroded, Nixon resigned from office on August 9,1974 and it is widely believed that had Nixon not resigned, his impeachment by the House and removal from office by a trial before the United States Senate would have occurred. Nixon is one of only three U. S. presidents against whom articles of impeachment have been reported to the full House for consideration since the office was established in 1789. The other two–Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998–were both impeached, both were acquitted from all charges following a Senate trial. The impeachment process against Nixon is the only one resulting in the departure from office of its target, on May 9,1972, Representative William Fitts Ryan submitted a resolution, H. Res. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee, the next day, Representative John Conyers introduced a similar resolution, H. Res. On May 18,1972, Conyers introduced his second resolution,989, calling for President Nixons impeachment. The resolutions were referred to the Judiciary Committee, where they did not progress and these actions occurred before the break-in at the Watergate complex. Representative Robert Drinan of Massachusetts on July 31,1973 called to introduce a resolution calling for the impeachment of Nixon, Drinan believed that Nixons secret bombing of Cambodia was illegal, and as such, constituted a high crime and misdemeanor. The resolution was received with enthusiasm by the House Democratic leadership. As the House Majority Leader, Tip ONeill, later stated, Morally, but politically, he damn near blew it. For if Drinans resolution had come up for a vote at the time he filed it, it would have been overwhelmingly defeated - by something like 400 to 20. After that, with most of the already on record as having voted once against impeachment. When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the United States Congress, as the Watergate affair heated up in the summer of 1973, Representative Drinan tried again, introducing H. Res. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee, which at the time did not really want to get involved such a wrenching process. As the Watergate saga unfolded, the American Civil Liberties Union became the first national organization to call for Nixons impeachment, Civil rights attorney Charles Morgan, Jr. was involved in the ACLUs effort to have President Nixon impeached from office, in fact, he led the effort. On October 23,1973, a landslide of resolutions calling for impeachment, impeachment investigations, overall, as the Watergate scandal developed during 1973, Carl Albert, as Speaker of the House, referred some two dozen impeachment resolutions to the House Judiciary Committee for debate and study
32.
Richard Nixon's resignation speech
–
Richard Nixons resignation speech was an address made on August 8,1974, by President of the United States Richard Nixon to the American public. It was delivered in the White House Oval Office, the scandal had cost Nixon much of his political support, and at the time of his resignation he faced almost certain impeachment and removal from office. Nixon was the incumbent president not to complete the four-year term to which they had been elected since the presidency was established in 1789. He was however, the first to do so for an other than dying in office. His resignation remains the one in U. S. On the evening of August 7, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger informed Nixon that his thought he should resign “in the national interest. Nixon agreed to resign, so speechwriter Raymond K. Price wrote the speech for Nixon the same evening, at the Oval Office the next day, the speech was taped and then broadcast. The speech was also broadcast live on public radio, jack Nelson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Nixons speech chose to look ahead, rather than focus on his term. The Times of London article Mr, in his book Nixon, Ruin and Recovery 1973-1990, Stephen Ambrose finds that response from United States media to Nixon’s speech was generally favorable. This book cites provides Roger Mudd of CBS News as an example of someone who disliked the speech, Mudd noted that Nixon re-framed his resignation speech to accent his accomplishments rather than to apologize for the Watergate scandal
33.
Pardon of Richard Nixon
–
It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, the Nixon pardon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move, and claimed a corrupt bargain had been struck between the men, that Fords pardon was granted in exchange for Nixons resignation, elevating Ford to the presidency, Fords first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a deal to Ford. Ford later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he, regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976, an observation with which Ford agreed. On October 17,1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon and he was the first sitting President to testify before the House of Representatives since Abraham Lincoln. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Ted Kennedy said that he had initially opposed to the pardon of Nixon. Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, according to his biographer, Jonathan Aitken, after his resignation, Nixon was a soul in torment. Congress had funded Nixons transition costs, including some salary expenses, with some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7 a. m. — with little to do. His former press secretary, Ron Ziegler, sat with him alone for hours each day, Nixons resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country, Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition, Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes, Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8,1974, he granted Nixon a full, free, and absolute pardon, which ended any possibility of an indictment. In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis, told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Judge John Sirica excused Nixons presence despite the defendants objections, Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixons presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate, with President Nixons resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings against him. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the federal and state level, in a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. He said that the Nixon familys situation is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part and it could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it
34.
The Nixon Interviews
–
The Nixon Interviews were a series of interviews of former U. S. President Richard Nixon conducted by British journalist David Frost, and produced by John Birt. They were recorded and broadcast on television in four programs in 1977, the interviews became the central subject of Peter Morgans play Frost/Nixon in 2006. After his resignation in 1974, Nixon spent more than two years away from public life, in 1977, he granted Frost an exclusive series of interviews. Nixon was already publishing his memoirs at the time, however, in addition, Nixon was going broke. Frosts New York-based talk show had recently cancelled, leaving him consigned to a career based around the stories covered by the proto-reality show Great Escapes. As Frost had agreed to pay Nixon for the interviews, the American news networks were not interested and they refused to distribute the program and Frost was forced to fund the project himself while seeking other investors, who eventually bought air time and syndicated the four programs. Frost recruited James Reston, Jr. and ABC News producer Bob Zelnick to evaluate the Watergate minutiae prior to the interview. Their research allowed Frost to take control of the interview at a key moment, Nixons resulting admissions would support the widespread conclusion that he had obstructed justice. Nixons negotiated fee was $600,000 and a 20% share of any profits, Nixon chief of staff Jack Brennan negotiated the terms of the interview with Frost. Nixons staff saw the interview as an opportunity for the president to restore his reputation with the public. The 12 interviews began on March 23,1977, with three interviews per week over four weeks and they were taped for two hours a day, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, for a total of 28 hours and 45 minutes. The interviews were managed by executive producer Marvin Minoff, who was the president of Frosts David Paradine Productions, and by British current affairs producer John Birt. Recording took place at a home in Monarch Bay, California, owned by Mr. Harold H. Smith and Mrs. Martha Lea Smith. Frost rented the Smith home for $6,000 on a part-time basis, the interviews were broadcast in the US and some other countries in 1977. They were edited into four programs, each 90 minutes long, on Sunday evening May 1,1977, CBSs 60 Minutes broadcast an interview of David Frost by Mike Wallace. This was the network that Frost had scooped. Frost talked about looking forward to Nixons cascade of candor, in part 3, Frost asked Nixon about the legality of the presidents actions. In the context of American national security, Nixon replied, Well, when the president does it, part 5 opened with Frosts blunt question, Why didnt you burn the tapes
35.
Nixon v. General Services Administration
–
In addition, the Act further ordered that government archivists seize these materials. These archivists would preserve the material deemed historic and return to former President Nixon the materials deemed as private, furthermore, this Act stated that material that was preserved could be used in judicial hearings and proceedings. Historically, all papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms while others destroyed them and this case was argued a few years after the Watergate scandal had broken out and the President was compelled to resign in the face of the impeachment process against Richard Nixon. President Nixon also felt that this Act broke the confidentiality promise that the Administrator of General Services gave to Nixon after he resigned from the presidency. Congress was upset as to how President Nixon’s official business records were to be concealed from public review. Therefore, shortly after this confidentiality agreement was announced, Congress decided to introduce a bill that would provide for public access to Richard Nixon’s records. In addition, there is a conflict in this case whether a President’s personal materials are deemed as private even though the public has a level of interest in them. Furthermore, it is whether the government’s seizure of President Nixons materials was actually limited intrusion. The main conflict in case is whether it was constitutional for government archivists to seize President Nixons materials. The past work by government archivists had not harmed the institution of the presidency, the Court determined that Richard Nixon’s privacy rights were still protected under the Act, and that his complaints about his lack of privacy were overstated. Beyond the questions of confidentiality, privilege and privacy, the Court found that the Act does not interfere with President Nixon’s First Amendment rights of association. Finally, the Act did not violate the Bill of Attainder clause of the Constitution because this Act does not convict former President Nixon of a crime and does not expose him to prosecution. The Court commented that Congress was justified in approving the Act because Congress believed Nixon was a President who could serve as an example for future presidents, chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist wrote dissenting opinions. Rehnquist vigorously argued that under the provisions of the Act, all presidential papers could be seized by Congress at any time, Burger asserted that the Administrator was not justified in engaging in such an invasion of privacy with respect to a President’s documents. In addition, Burger contended that the Administrator was also encroaching on President Nixon’s Executive Privilege and that this Act amounted to an unconstitutional Bill of Attainder
36.
Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon
–
On April 22,1994, Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th President of the United States, died after suffering a stroke four days earlier, at the age of 81. His public funeral followed five days later at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in his hometown of Yorba Linda, California. In keeping with his wishes, Nixons funeral was not a full state funeral. Nixon suffered a cerebral vascular accident on April 18 at his home in Park Ridge, New Jersey, after an initial favorable prognosis, Nixon slipped into a deep coma and died four days later. His body was flown to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, Orange County, California, via SAM27000 and his body was transported to the Nixon Library and laid in repose. A public memorial service was held that evening, attended by world dignitaries, Nixons wife, Pat, had died ten months earlier on June 22,1993. Nixon presided over President Johnsons funeral, as Nixon was the U. S. president at that time. Nixon suffered a stroke at his Park Ridge, New Jersey, home while preparing to eat dinner on Monday. An ambulance was called and he was taken to New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center and he was conscious but unable to speak, and his vision was impaired. It was determined that a blood clot resulting from his condition had formed in his left atrium, then broke off. His condition was determined to be stable the following day, as he was alert but unable to speak or move his right arm, Nixons prognosis was hopeful, and he was moved from the intensive care unit into a private room. His condition worsened that Tuesday night, however, complicated by symptoms of cerebral edema, Nixons living will stipulated that he was not to be placed on a ventilator to sustain his life. On Thursday, Nixon sank into a coma and that Friday night, he died at 9,08 PM, April 22,1994. His daughters, Tricia and Julie, were by his side, U. S. President Bill Clinton announced Nixons death in the White House Rose Garden and proclaimed a national day of mourning five days later. Clinton stated that Nixon was a statesman who sought to build a structure of peace. Clinton said that he was grateful to President Nixon for his wise counsel. Tributes also came from former Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, following the news of Nixons death, tributes were placed at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California, the site of his birthplace. The body was transported in a motorcade, by hearse, to the Nixon Library, despite severe rain, police estimated that roughly 50,000 people waited in lines up to 18 hours to walk past the casket and pay their respects
37.
Electoral history of Richard Nixon
–
Electoral history of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, 36th Vice President of the United States, United States Senator and United States Representative from California. Nixon ran unopposed in the 1948 Republican primary,1952 Republican National Convention, Richard Nixon -1,206 United States presidential election,1952 Source, Leip, David. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996,1956 Republican National Convention, Richard Nixon -1,323 United States presidential election,1956, Source, Leip, David. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996, Representative from each of the new states of Alaska and Hawaii. Note, Sullivan / Curtis ran only in Texas, in Washington, Constitution Party ran Curtis for President and B. N. Miller for vice-president, receiving 1,401 votes. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996 and this figure is problematic, see Alabama popular vote above. Byrd was not directly on the ballot, instead, his electoral votes came from unpledged Democratic electors and a faithless elector. Oklahoma faithless elector Henry D. Irwin, though pledged to vote for Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, however, unlike other electors who voted for Byrd and Strom Thurmond as Vice President, Irwin voted for Barry Goldwater as Vice President. In Mississippi, the slate of unpledged Democratic electors won and they cast their 8 votes for Byrd and Thurmond. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996,1972 Republican presidential primaries, Richard Nixon -5,378,704 Unpedged -317,048 John M. Schmitz -38 Abstaining -29 Source, Leip, David. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996, a court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai,30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources do not count these votes for Jenness
38.
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
–
The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and final resting place of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th President of the United States, and his wife Pat Nixon. Located in Yorba Linda, California, the library is one of 14 administered by the National Archives, the facility is now jointly operated by NARA and the Richard Nixon Foundation. Historically, all papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms while others destroyed them, the Watergate scandal and Richard Nixons subsequent resignation from office complicated the issue, however. In September 1974, Richard Nixon made an agreement with the head of the General Services Administration and it applied specifically to materials from the Nixon presidency, directing NARA to take ownership of the materials and process them as quickly as possible. Private materials were to be returned to Nixon, funding to build the Nixon Library came from private sources. The estimated cost to build the institution was $25 million, ground was broken by Julie Nixon Eisenhower, daughter of President and Mrs. Nixon, in December 1988. The original library and birthplace was dedicated on July 19,1990. A crowd of 50,000 gathered for the ceremony, at the dedication, Nixon said, Nothing we have ever seen matches this moment–to be welcomed home again. The museum, housed in a 52, 000-square-foot building, offers a narrative of Nixons life, behind the museum is the birthplace, which was constructed by Nixons father using a homebuilding kit, and restored to appear as it was in the 1910s. President Nixon and Pat Nixon are buried on the grounds, just a few feet from the birthplace, the Nixon Library compound also contains the Katharine B. There is a collection of memorabilia, artifacts, formal clothing. The leaders have been recreated in lightweight bronze over a papier-mâché frame. The U. S. government limousine used by President Nixon throughout his presidency, lieutenant Colonel Gene Boyer, President Nixons chief helicopter pilot, secured the Presidents VH-3A Sea King helicopter, tail number 150617, to be on permanent display on the library grounds. The helicopter was in the fleet from 1961 to 1976, transporting Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford. Boyer flew President Nixon dozens of times to Camp David, over the pyramids in Egypt, in January 2004, the United States Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Nixon Presidential Library. Under this new legislation, over 30,000 presidential gifts as well as millions of records were moved from College Park to Yorba Linda. In April 2006, Weinstein appointed Timothy Naftali director of the Library, on July 11,2007, the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum was officially welcomed into the federal presidential library system
39.
Richard Nixon Foundation
–
The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California. It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States and this move allowed President Nixons White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda. The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors, led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker, the Foundations President and CEO is William Baribault. The Foundation has hosted United States presidents, first ladies and several vice presidents, also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill OReilly, academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin, and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. The library includes Meet the Presidents, in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children, before the National Archives took over its management, the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixons 1974 resignation with whitewashed exhibits. In 2007, the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and, the Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit, because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations. The exhibit opened on March 31,2011, the Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation Youtube Channel
40.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
41.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
.jpg)
