By the late 11th century, the Shi'a sub-sect of Ismailism had found many adherents in Persia, although the region was occupied by the Sunni Seljuk Empire. The hostile tendencies of the Abbasid–Seljuk
Alamut was ideal for use as an impregnable stronghold.
According to medieval Western legends, the Old Man of the Mountain (i.e. Hassan-i Sabbah) ordered a fida'i to stab himself and another one to throw himself off the Alamut's walls, convincing Sultan Malikshah's envoy that his men embrace death. 19th-century drawing by Pierre Méjanel, from Les Mystères de la Franc-Maçonnerie (1886) of Léo Taxil.
Nizam al-Mulk, the vizier and the de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire, was assassinated in 1092 by the Nizaris. It was the most prominent and the first of the fifty assassinations performed during Hassan-i Sabbah's leadership.
The Nizari commander Buzurg-Ummid captured Lamasar (now in ruins) and rebuilt it into the biggest Nizari fortress. The Nizari strongholds were built to withstand long sieges (for example, Gerdkuh, a similar fortress resisted a Mongol siege of 17 years).
Malik-Shah I was the third sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached the zenith of its power and influence. During his youth, he spent his time participating in t
Investiture scene of Malik-Shah I, from the 14th-century book Jami' al-tawarikh
Dinar of Malik Shah I, AH 465-485.
Miniature of Malik-Shah I. Jami al-Tawarikh (1317-1425)
Sultan Malikshah ibn Arslan accosted by an old woman Sultan Malikshah detail