1.
John Gardner (British writer)
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Gardner, an ex-Royal Marine commando, worked for a period as an Anglican priest, but he lost his faith and left the church after a short time. After a battle with alcohol addiction he wrote his first book, Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond films. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007, John Edmund Gardner was born on 20 November 1926 in Seaton Delaval, a small village in Northumberland. His parents were Cyril Gardner, a London-born Anglican priest who had been ordained in Wallsend in 1921, and Lena Henderson, a local girl, during the Second World War he joined the Home Guard, despite being only 13 at the time. Gardner subsequently served in the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm, before transferring to the Royal Marines 42 Commando for service in the Middle, Gardner considered himself the worst commando in the world and, despite being a small-arms expert. Also knew a lot about explosives, he admitted that I bent an aeroplane I was learning to fly, after the war he went up to St Johns College, Cambridge, to study theology and was subsequently ordained as an Anglican priest in 1953. He realised that he had lost his faith and made an error in his career, he admitted that during one sermon. He was released from the church in 1958 and took up a position as a critic with the Stratford-upon-Avon Herald. It was whilst at the Herald—aged 33—that Gardner realised he was an alcoholic and he overcame his addiction and produced his first book as part of his therapy, the autobiographical Spin the Bottle, published in 1964. Critic and scholar John Sutherland says that of all the books Gardner published, the book appeared at the height of the fictional spy mania and, as a send-up of the whole business, was an immediate success. Upon reviewing the novel in The New York Times, Anthony Boucher wrote, the book was made into a film of the same name by MGM and another seven light-hearted novels and two short stories about the cowardly Oakes appeared over the next eleven years. In the mid-1970s Gardner also wrote the first of three using the character of Professor Moriarty from the Sherlock Holmes series, the last of which was published posthumously. The third of series, titled simply Moriarty, was delayed due to a dispute with the publisher. Erik Lee Preminger bought the rights to the first of the trilogy - The Return of Moriarty -. Edgar Bronfman Jr. for Sagittarius Entertainment and Nat Cohen, for EMI Productions were to produce, donald Sutherland was to portray Moriarty. Funding however fell through shortly before filming was to begin, in 1979 Glidrose Publications approached Gardner and asked him to revive Ian Flemings James Bond series of novels. Between 1981 and 1996, Gardner wrote fourteen James Bond novels, Gardner stated that he wanted to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them. Even though Gardner kept the ages the same, he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years
2.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
3.
Jonathan Cape
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Jonathan Cape was a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960. Cape and his business partner Wren Howard set up the house in 1921. They established a reputation for quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firms editor. Capes list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C, day Lewis, to childrens authors such as Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence. After Capes death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses, in 1987 it was taken over by Random House in 1987. Its name continues as one of Random Houses British imprints, Herbert Jonathan Cape was born in London on 15 November 1879, the youngest of the seven children of Jonathan Cape, a clerk from Ireby in what is now Cumbria, and his wife Caroline, née Page. He received a basic schooling and in his teens he was taken on by Hatchards bookshop in Piccadilly as an errand-boy. In 1904 he joined the house of Duckworth as London traveller. In 1914, on the outbreak of the Great War, he took over the charge of the business when the proprietor. In December of that year Cape joined the army, serving for the rest of the war, Cape returned to Duckworth in 1918. In 1920 he was appointed manager of the Medici Society, known mainly for publishing prints of paintings, while in this post he met George Wren Howard,14 years his junior, who was learning the publishing trade at the Medici Society. Capes biographer Rupert Hart-Davis writes, Cape quickly saw that Howard had a sense of design in book production, as well as a good business head. After some months they decided there was no future for them where they were. Howard was able to raise money from his family, Cape, with no such option, raised his share of the starting capital by selling cheap paperback reprints of novels by Elinor Glyn. Duckworth held the rights to her books, but did not wish to issue cut-price editions, Cape negotiated the rights in early 1920, with just enough starting capital, the firm of Jonathan Cape began trading on 1 January 1921 at 11 Gower Street, Bloomsbury. Cape and Howard recruited Edward Garnett as their editor and reader, Garnett, described by The Times as the prince of publishers readers, remained with the firm until his death in 1937. Hart-Davis credits Garnetts literary judgment and Howards production with gaining the firm an outstanding reputation for quality during the two decades. The firms first publication was regarded as a gamble, Cape published a new two-volume edition, at the high price of nine guineas
4.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
5.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
6.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
7.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
8.
Novel
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A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically published as a book. The genre has also described as possessing, a continuous. This view sees the novels origins in Classical Greece and Rome, medieval, early modern romance, the latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative, Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel, a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo, a novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. Most European languages use the word romance for extended narratives, fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion, historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity. Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byrons Don Juan, Alexander Pushkins Yevgeniy Onegin, vikram Seths The Golden Gate, composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations, on the other hand, verse epics, including the Odyssey and Aeneid, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of Individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, conduct and gallantry spread with novels, the novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella, short story, and flash fiction. However, in the 17th century critics saw the romance as of epic length, the length of a novel can still be important because most literary awards use length as a criterion in the ranking system. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in Song Dynasty China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional novels by the Ming dynasty, parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufails Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy, in this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Epic poetry exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel back into the field of verse epics. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homers works to a wider public, longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, Daphnis and Chloe. Romance or chivalric romance is a type of narrative in prose or verse popular in the circles of High Medieval. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love
9.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine
10.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
11.
Ian Fleming Publications
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Ian Fleming Publications is the production company formerly known as both Glidrose Productions Limited and Glidrose Publications Limited, named after its founders John Gliddon and Norman Rose. In 1952, author Ian Fleming bought it after completing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, he assigned most of his rights in Casino Royale, in 1956 Ian Fleming hired literary agent Peter Janson-Smith to handle the foreign translation rights in the James Bond novels. He was the consultant and chairman of Ian Fleming Publications until 2001. Today, the Fleming family-owed Ian Fleming Publications administers all Flemings literary works, after Flemings death in 1964, the estate either commissioned or permitted new Bond works to be published. In 1968, Kingsley Amis published Colonel Sun, under the pseudonym Robert Markham, the company changed its name from Glidrose Productions to Glidrose Publications. Soon thereafter, in 1973, Glidrose sanctioned James Bond, The Authorized Biography of 007 by John Pearson, in 1977 and again in 1979, Eon Productions authorized Christopher Wood to write novelisations of his scripts for the Bond films The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. In 1981 the James Bond book series was revived, with new novels written by John Gardner, after writing 14 Bond books, John Gardner retired in 1996, and Raymond Benson, controversially at first, the first American to write a James Bond novel, replaced him. Benson stopped writing Bond books in 2002, on what would have been Flemings 100th birthday—28 May 2008—the novel Devil May Care, appeared. Its author, Sebastian Faulks, was true to Bonds original character and background, next, Ian Fleming Publications commissioned Jeffery Deaver to write Carte Blanche, which was published in May 2011. In April 2012, the announced that William Boyd would write the next Bond novel and Jonathan Cape in the UK and HarperCollins in Canada. Anthony Horowitzs Trigger Mortis appeared in September 2015, between 2005 and 2008, Ian Fleming Publications has supported the publication of Charlie Higsons five Young Bond novels telling the adventures of a teenage James Bond in the 1930s. In 2005 the company launched another series of Bond-related spin-off books, The Moneypenny Diaries by Samantha Weinberg, Young Bond returned in 2013 with Shoot to Kill by Steve Cole. Casino Royale — first American paperback title, You Asked For It Live and Let Die Moonraker — first American paperback title, Too Hot to Handle Diamonds Are Forever From Russia, with Love Dr. The book was written to celebrate Ian Flemings centenary and was released on Flemings birthday,28 May 2008. Devil May Care - May 2008 The novel by Jeffery Deaver, Carte Blanche, Carte Blanche - May 2011 On 11 April 2012 it was announced that William Boyd would write the next James Bond novel, entitled Solo, set at the end of the 1960s. The novel was released in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2013, D. Mascott, it was the first James Bond related book not written by Ian Fleming to be published after Flemings death. To this day, Ian Fleming Publications has never disclosed or confirmed the authors identity, James Bond, The Authorized Biography of 007 — first book copyrighted under the Glidrose Publications name. Charlie Higsons novels, part of a series called Young Bond, are prequels to Flemings series, Shoot to Kill - November 2014 Heads You Die - May 2016 The Moneypenny Diaries is a trilogy chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny
12.
G. P. Putnam's Sons
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G. P. Putnams Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group, the company began as Wiley & Putnam with the 1838 partnership between George Palmer Putnam and John Wiley, whose father had founded his own company in 1807. In 1841, Putnam went to London where he set up a branch office, in 1848, he returned to New York, where he dissolved the partnership with John Wiley and established G. Putnam Broadway, publishing a variety of works including quality illustrated books. Wiley began John Wiley, which is still an independent publisher to the present day, Putnam & Co. started Putnam’s Magazine with Charles Frederick Briggs as its editor. On George Palmer Putnam’s death in 1872, his sons George H. John and Irving inherited the business, son George H. Putnam became president of the firm, a position he held for the next fifty-two years. In 1874, the company established its own printing and manufacturing office, set up by John Putnam. On the death of George H. Putnam in 1930, the various Putnam heirs voted to merge the firm with Minton, George Palmer Putnams grandson, George P. Putnam, left the firm at that time. Melville Minton, the partner and sales manager of Minton Balch & Co. became acting president, in 1936, Putnam acquired the publisher Coward-McCann, and ran it as an imprint into the 1980s. Upon Melville Mintons death, his son Walter J. Minton took command of Putnams and brought the company to its lofty heights as one of the countrys most respected, in 1965, G. P. Putnams Sons acquired Berkley Books, a mass market paperback publishing house. Ten years later, Putnam Publishing Group and Berkley Publishing Group were sold to MCA, in 1982, Putnam acquired the respected childrens book publisher, Grosset & Dunlap, from Filmways. In 1996, the company was bought by the Penguin Group, the new owners merged Putnam/Berkley with Penguin USA to form Penguin Putnam Inc. who uses the name to publish the G. P. Putnams Sons Books for Young Readers, in 2013, Penguin merged with Bertelsmanns Random House, forming Penguin Random House. Some of the authors associated with G. P. Putnams Sons. Notes Bibliography About Putnam at Penguin Group
13.
Casino Royale (novel)
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Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming. The story concerns the British secret agent James Bond, gambling at the casino in Royale-les-Eaux to bankrupt Le Chiffre, the treasurer of a French union and a member of the Russian secret service. Bond is supported in his endeavours by Vesper Lynd, a member of his own service, as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA, Fleming wrote the draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica while awaiting his marriage. He was initially unsure whether the work was suitable for publication, but was assured by his friend, the novelist William Plomer, since publication Casino Royale has appeared as a comic strip in a British national newspaper, The Daily Express. As part of Bonds cover as a rich Jamaican playboy, M also assigns as his companion Vesper Lynd, the CIA and the French Deuxième Bureau also send agents as observers. The game soon turns into a confrontation between Le Chiffre and Bond, Le Chiffre wins the first round, cleaning Bond out of his funds. As Bond contemplates the prospect of reporting his failure to M, the CIA agent, Felix Leiter, gives him an envelope of money, with the compliments of the USA. The game continues, despite the attempts of one of Le Chiffres minders to kill Bond, Bond eventually wins, taking from Le Chiffre eighty million francs belonging to SMERSH. Desperate to recover the money, Le Chiffre kidnaps Lynd and tortures Bond, during the torture session, a SMERSH assassin enters and kills Le Chiffre as punishment for losing the money. The agent does not kill Bond, saying that he has no orders to do so, Lynd visits Bond every day as he recuperates in hospital, and he gradually realises that he loves her, he even contemplates leaving the Secret Service to settle down with her. When he is released from hospital they spend time together at a quiet guest house, one day they see a mysterious man named Gettler tracking their movements, which greatly distresses Lynd. The following morning, Bond finds that she has committed suicide and she leaves behind a note explaining that she had been working as an unwilling double agent for the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Bond informs his service of Lynds duplicity, coldly telling his contact, Ian Fleming, born in 1908, was a son of Valentine Fleming, a wealthy banker and MP who died in action on the Western Front in May 1917. Fleming joined the organisation full-time in August 1939, with the codename 17F, early in 1939 he began an affair with Ann ONeill, who was married to the 3rd Baron ONeill. In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit and his friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye. The name of the house and estate has many possible sources, Fleming mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye and Carson McCullers 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye, which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the US Navy. Upon Flemings demobilisation in May 1945, he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, in this role he oversaw the papers worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to two months holiday every winter in Jamaica
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Baltic Sea
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The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. The Baltic Sea is connected by waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal. Traffic history Historically, the Kingdom of Denmark collected Sound Dues from ships at the border between the ocean and the land-locked Baltic Sea and they were collected in the Øresund at Kronborg castle near Helsingør, in the Great Belt at Nyborg. In the Little Belt, the site of intake was moved to Fredericia, the narrowest part of Little Belt is the Middelfart Sund near Middelfart. Oceanography Geographers widely agree that the physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill. The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö, it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. By this definition, the Danish Straits are part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg, another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of Øresund. Its also the border between the shallow southern Øresund and notably deeper water, hydrography and biology Drogden Sill sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill, and a limit to the Belt Sea. The shallow sills are obstacles to the flow of salt water from the Kattegat into the basins around Bornholm. The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic Sea are well oxygenated and have a rich biology, the remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen and in species. While Tacitus called it Mare Suebicum after the Germanic people called the Suebi, the origin of the latter name is speculative. Adam of Bremen himself compared the sea with a belt, stating that it is so named because it stretches through the land as a belt and he might also have been influenced by the name of a legendary island mentioned in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia with reference to accounts of Pytheas and it is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Baltia also might be derived from belt and mean near belt of sea, meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel meaning white, fair. This root and its meaning were retained in both Lithuanian and Latvian. On this basis, a related hypothesis holds that the name originated from this Indo-European root via a Baltic language such as Lithuanian, yet another explanation is that the name originally meant enclosed sea, bay as opposed to open sea. Some Swedish historians believe the name derives from the god Balder of Nordic mythology, in the Middle Ages the sea was known by variety of names
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East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
16.
M (James Bond)
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M is a fictional character in Ian Flemings James Bond book and film series, the character is the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service—also known as MI6—and is Bonds superior. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence, M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. Fleming based much of Ms character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, after Flemings death, Godfrey complained He turned me into that unsavoury character, M. A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as M, the tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial C with green ink. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled a plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. A naval theme runs throughout Flemings description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist and Bond scholar Ben Macintyre as every inch the naval martinet. Macintyre also notes that in his study of Flemings work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described Ms voice, being, angry, brutal, cold, curt, dry, gruff, stern, testy. Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to Ms background. In On Her Majestys Secret Service it is revealed that Ms pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 in cash or gilt-edged securities. Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier, as a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as Infuriator and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a bad mood. In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun, M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, in Gardners final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. Continuation Bond author Raymond Bensons 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervys retirement, the book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley. M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, Dr. No, in Dr. No, M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7, Lee had originally said MI6, earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator. Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was the incarnation of Flemings crusty admiral. Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only, later films referred to Lees tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6s Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough. Featured in The likeness of Lee was used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of James Bond 007, after Lees death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy
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Honeypots in espionage fiction
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In espionage terminology, honeypot and honey trap are terms for recruitment involving sexual seduction. See Love, honeypots, and recruitment for real-world examples, in Super Troopers Captain John OHagen refers to the honeypot when Foster falls for, and is presumably betrayed by, female officer Ursula Hanson. In The Interview Dave Skylark accuses CIA Agent Lacey of being a honeypot when she recruits him to assassinate Kim Jong-un and she is later tracked and murdered in retaliation. Traffic features a same-sex honeypot trap In an episode of Life on Mars, Sam Tyler arrests the henchman of a local Mr. Big, the M*A*S*H episode Are you now, Margaret. From September 24,1979 In Bad Boys 2, Martin Lawrences character refers to his sister as a honeypot for the DEA, in Alias, Laura Bristow, the mother of the central character Sydney Bristow was a honeypot. In Battlestar Galactica, a copy of Sharon Boomer Valerii, pretending to be the real Valerii, staged a rescue of the stranded Helo on occupied Caprica. The rescue mission was a ruse to get Helo to fall in love with Valerii. In the Tom Clancy novel Rainbow Six, Kirk McLean is used as a trap in order to recruit subjects for testing the Shiva virus. In the game Star Wars, Knights of the Old Republic and its revealed that the murder victim was a Sith woman sent to seduce the Republic agent and gain information. In Metal Gear Solid 3, Snake Eater, EVA is a honeypot as well as a double agent, in the television series Archer, the Honeypot is a commonly referred to style of espionage. In The Recruit, Bridget Moynahan seduces Colin Farrell in a bar as part of her CIA training, after successfully leading him out of the bar, she utters Op completed, and says her operation was to prevent him from completing his. In the television series Criminal Minds, Emily Prentiss is a honeypot who seduces former IRA terrorist Ian Doyle, in the television series Strike Back, a honey pot agent is ordered to sleep with Sgt. John Porter in order to boost his confidence, in the novel Casino Royale and its 2006 film adaptation, Vesper Lynd is a double agent—for SMERSH in the novel, and Quantum in the film. In From Russia, with Love, SMERSH uses Tatiana Romanova in an attempt to lure James Bond to his death, in the film adaptation, Romanova is instead used by SPECTRE. In both Live and Let Die and its adaptation, Solitaire transfers her allegiance from Mr. Big to Bond
18.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
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Secret Intelligence Service
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The Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence agency of the British government. The SIS Chief is held accountable to the Foreign Secretary, SIS is bound by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience during the First World War when it was known by many names, the existence of the SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994. It forms a part of the UKs intelligence machinery alongside GCHQ, MI5, in late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its then 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within the UK and his remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure. Since 1995, the SIS headquarters have been at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the River Thames, the service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities and this specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914 and its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink and this usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity. The services performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself, most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia. After the war, resources were reduced but during the 1920s. In August 1919, Cumming created the new passport control department, the post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity. Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office, the debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. In the immediate post-war years under Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, an economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband. A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives, Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would organise the Home Defence Scheme resistance organisation in the UK, with the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction. Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies, the extensive double-cross system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit
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Stasi
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It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies to have ever existed. The Stasi was headquartered in East Berlin, with a complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg. The Stasi motto was Schild und Schwert der Partei, referring to the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Erich Mielke was its longest-serving chief, in power for thirty-two of the GDRs forty years of existence. Its Main Directorate for Reconnaissance was responsible for espionage and for conducting covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf, this gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. Numerous Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990, the Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950. Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising, but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber thereafter. Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, in 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political, the most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann, in 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers that they enjoyed in the Soviet Union. The Ministry for State Security also included the following entities, Administration 12 was responsible for the surveillance of mail, Administration 2000 was responsible for the reliability of National Peoples Army personnel. Administration 2000 operated a secret, unofficial network of informants within the NVA, Administration for Security of Heavy Industry and Research and Main Administration for Security of the Economy, protection against sabotage or espionage. Division of Garbage Analysis, was responsible for analyzing garbage for any suspect western foods and/or materials, Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, the armed force at disposal of the ministry, named for the founder of the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The members of regiment, who served at least three years, were responsible for protecting high government and party buildings and personnel. The regiment was composed of six motorized rifle battalions, one artillery battalion and its equipment included PSZH-IV armored personnel carriers,120 mm mortars,85 mm and 100 mm antitank guns, ZU-23 antiaircraft guns, and helicopters. A Swiss source reported in 1986 that the troops of the Ministry of State Security also had commando units similar to the Soviet Unions Spetsnaz GRU forces. These East German units were said to wear the uniform of the airborne troops and they also wore the sleeve stripe of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment. Main Administration for Struggle Against Suspicious Persons was charged with the surveillance of foreigners—particularly from the West—legally traveling or residing within the country and this included the diplomatic community, tourists, and official guests
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Main Intelligence Directorate
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Main Intelligence Agency, abbreviated GRU, is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The official full name is Main Intelligence Agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and it is also known as GRU GSh. The GRU is Russias largest foreign intelligence agency, in 1997 it deployed six times as many agents in foreign countries as the SVR, the successor of the KGBs foreign operations directorate. It also commanded 25,000 Spetsnaz troops in 1997, in January 1810 The Expedition for Secret Affairs under the War Ministry was formed. Two years later it was renamed the Special Bureau, in 1815 the bureau became the First Department under the General Chief of Staff. In 1836 the intelligence functions were transferred to the Second Department under the General Chief of Staff, after many name changes through the years, in April 1906 the Military intelligence was carried out by the Fifth Department under the General Chief of Staff of the War Ministry. In November 5,1918 the Imperial Military intelligence was replaced by the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet Union, in May 1992 the GRU was dissolved and became part of the new Russian Ministry of Defense. In 2006 the GRU moved to a new Headquarters complex at Khoroshovskoye Shosse, in April 2009, President Dmitry Medvedev fired then-GRU head Valentin Korabelnikov, who had helmed the GRU since 1997, reportedly over Korabelnikovs objections to proposed reforms. In 2010 GRU changed its name to Main Directorate of the Russian General Chief of Staff, the GRU gathers human intelligence through military attaches and foreign agents. It also maintains significant signals intelligence and imagery reconnaissance and satellite imagery capabilities, GRU Space Intelligence Directorate has put more than 130 SIGINT satellites into orbit. GRU and KGB SIGINT network employed about 350,000 specialists, the American leaders will be easily assassinated using the suitcase bombs, according to Lunev. GRU is one of the instructors of terrorists worldwide according to Lunev. Terrorist Shamil Basayev reportedly worked for this organization, US Congressman Curt Weldon supported claims by Lunev but noted that Lunev had exaggerated things according to the FBI. This spy network was managed from Armenia by GRU Colonel Anatoly Sinitsin, a few days later the arrested officers were handed over to Russia through the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. GRU special forces soldiers have appeared in Aleppo and Homs. GRU officials have also visited Qamishli, near the border with Turkey, since the mid-1970s the GRU has maintained a satellite communications interception post near Andreyevka, located approximately fifty miles from Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai. Dmitry Kozak and Vladislav Surkov, members of the Vladimir Putin administration, two Chechen former warlords Said-Magomed Kakiev and Sulim Yamadayev are commanders of Special Battalions Vostok and Zapad that are controlled by the GRU. The battalions each included close to a thousand fighters until their disbandment in 2008, approximately 300 commandos, intelligence officers and other GRU personnel died during the fighting in Chechnya
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Turncoat
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A turncoat is a person who shifts allegiance from one loyalty or ideal to another, betraying or deserting an original cause by switching to the opposing side or party. In political and social history, this is distinct from being a traitor, as the switch takes place under the following circumstances, In groups. When the goal that formerly motivated and benefited the person becomes either no longer feasible or too costly even if success is achieved, from a military perspective, opposing armies generally wear uniforms of contrasting colors to prevent incidents of Friendly fire. Thus the term indicates that an individual has changed sides. For example, in the English Civil War during the 17th century, even in a modern historical context turncoat is often synonymous with the term renegade, a term of religious origins having its origins in the Latin word renegare. Historical currents of great magnitude have periodically caught masses of people, along with their leaders, in such a dire situation new perspectives on past actions are laid bare and the question of personal treason becomes muddled. The first written use of the meaning was by J. Foxe in Actes & Monumentes in 1570, One who changes his principles or party, a renegade. Cited 1571* Turncoat could also have a more literal origin, according to the Rotuli Chartarum 1199–1216 two barons changed fealty from William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, to King John. In other words, they turned their coats from one lord to another, a mass-shift in allegiance by a population may take place during military occupation, after a nation has been defeated in war or after a major social upheaval, such as a revolution. Following the initial traumatic times many of the citizens of the area in question quickly embrace the cause of the victors to benefit from the new system and this shift of allegiance is often done without much knowledge about the new order that is replacing the former one. In the face of fear and insecurity, the motive for a turncoat to draw away from former allegiances may be mere survival. Often the leaders are the first to change loyalties, for they have had access to privileged information and are aware of the hopelessness of the situation for their former cause. As time goes by, along with the embracing of life under the new circumstances comes a need of burying and rewriting the past by concealing evidence, the fear of the past coming to upset the newly found stability is always present in the mind of the turncoat. The past is rewritten and whitewashed to cover former deeds, when successful, this activity results in the distortion and falsification of historical events. Even after the death of a turncoat his family and friends may wish to keep secrets from the past out of the light. There is a fear of loss of prestige as well as a wish to honor the memory of a member from the part of those who have experienced the positive side of the person. In certain countries, individuals and organizations have actively investigated the past to bring turncoats to justice to face their responsibilities, there were many turncoats in, The English Civil War during the 17th century. The siege of Corfe Castle was won by Oliver Cromwells soldiers when they turned their coats inside out to match the colours of the Royal army, during the revolution of the British American colonies when U. S
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KGB
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The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. Formed in 1954, as a successor of such preceding agencies as the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB. It was the government agency of union-republican jurisdiction, acting as internal security, intelligence. Similar agencies were constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of ministries, state committees. The KGB was a service and was governed by army laws and regulations. While most of the KGB archives remain classified, two documentary sources are available. After the dissolution of the USSR, the KGB was split into the Federal Security Service, after breaking away from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s with Russian help, the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB. A1983 Time magazine article reported that the KGB was the worlds most effective information-gathering organization, at best, the compromised spy was either returned to the Soviet Union or was declared persona non grata and expelled by the government of the target country. The illegal resident spied, unprotected by diplomatic immunity, and worked independently of Soviet diplomatic, in its early history, the KGB valued illegal spies more than legal spies, because illegal spies infiltrated their targets with greater ease. The KGB classified its spies as agents and controllers, the false-identity or legend assumed by a USSR-born illegal spy was elaborate, using the life of either a live double or a dead double. In the 1980s, the glasnost liberalisation of Soviet society provoked KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov to lead the August 1991 Soviet coup détat attempt to depose President Mikhail Gorbachev, the thwarted coup détat ended the KGB on 6 November 1991. The KGBs successors are the police agency FSB and the espionage agency SVR. The GRU recruited the ideological agent Julian Wadleigh, who became a State Department diplomat in 1936, the NKVDs first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934. Throughout, the Communist Party USA and its General Secretary Earl Browder, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, moreover, when Whittaker Chambers, formerly Alger Hisss courier, approached the Roosevelt Government—to identify the Soviet spies Duggan, White, and others—he was ignored. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus Fuchs was the agent of the Rosenberg spy ring. In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated the top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, by recruiting Theodore Hall, the KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare and the crisis in the CPUSA hampered recruitment, the last major illegal resident, Rudolf Abel, was betrayed by his assistant, Reino Häyhänen, in 1957. One notable KGB success occurred in 1967, with the recruitment of US Navy Chief Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker
24.
Icebreaker (novel)
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Icebreaker, first published in 1983, was the third novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Flemings secret agent, James Bond. Bond reluctantly finds himself recruited into a mission involving an equally dangerous and treacherous alliance of agents from the United States. The team, dubbed Icebreaker, waste no time double-crossing each other, ostensibly their job is to root out the leader of the murderous National Socialist Action Army, Count Konrad von Glöda. The Count used to be known as Arne Tudeer, a one-time Nazi SS officer who now perceives himself as the new Adolf Hitler, the National Socialist Action Army is essentially a new wave of fascism as a means to wipe out communist leaders and supporters around the world. The novel is full of double-crosses and even triple-crosses, where the agents, the American agent, for instance, first appears to be a good guy then later is in cahoots with Glöda, and then still even later is a good guy once again. Things become even more complicated when the Israeli agent, Rivke, is revealed to be the daughter of Glöda/Tudeer and her allegiance, the Russian agent also double-crosses Bond in the hope of capturing him for KGB interrogation. Bond gets several weeks of driving training from Erik Carlsson as preparation for this Arctic assignment, James Bond M Paula Vacker, is a frequent love interest of James Bond that he visits while he is in Helsinki. During the course of the novel, her loyalty to him is questioned, initially appearing totally innocent, then in league with von Glöda, Brad Tirpitz, is a member of the Icebreaker team and an agent from the CIA. Buchtman, however, turns out to be an alias of Brad Tirpitz, kolya Mosolov, is a KGB agent who is a member of the Icebreaker team. He is discovered to have planned the entire Icebreaker team in coordination with von Glöda, the two have a deal in which Mosolov would betray his country and sell arms to von Glöda in exchange for the capture of secret agent 007. Mosolov being not only an agent of the KGB, but also an agent working within Department V, Mosolov believes that von Glöda will not succeed and is merely going along with the deal for the time being in order to capture Bond for the Soviets. Rivke Ingber, is a member of the Icebreaker team and an agent working for the Mossad and she is discovered to actually be Anni Tudeer, the daughter of Count von Glöda. Rivke plays both sides, initially acting like she is disgusted with her fathers past, but later actually being discovered to be in league with him, Count Konrad von Glöda, is the mastermind behind the National Socialist Action Army and self-declared Führer. His real name is Aarne Tudeer, a low-level SS officer wanted by the Allies for crimes during the Second World War and he attempts to bring back fascism by targeting communist leaders and supporters around the world. Gardner reveals that his publisher originally rejected the title Icebreaker, only to back to it after rejecting turkey after turkey in terms of alternate titles. Icebreaker was released in Finland under a title Tehtävä Suomessa, James Bond and his book strikes me as deficient in many of the basic requirements. Every time I try to enter into his latest conspiracy we bump heads and its one thing to accept an improbable plot and quite another to accept an improbable style. Im willing to suspend my disbelief, but not my affection for the English language
25.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
26.
Capital punishment
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Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, etymologically, the term capital in this context alluded to execution by beheading. Fifty-six countries retain capital punishment,103 countries have abolished it de jure for all crimes, six have abolished it for ordinary crimes. Capital punishment is a matter of controversy in various countries and states. In the European Union, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment, also, the Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, prohibits the use of the death penalty by its members. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007,2008,2010,2012 and 2014, non-binding resolutions calling for a moratorium on executions. Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the population live in countries where executions take place, such as China, India. Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime, in most countries that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, defection or as part of military justice. In many countries use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty, in militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history, most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment, usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice. The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included a formal apology, a blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of a system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour, acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished. However, in practice, it is difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Elaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included peace settlements often done in a religious context, compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, the person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals
27.
Kingsley Amis
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Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, according to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century. He is the father of British novelist Martin Amis, in 2008, The Times ranked Kingsley Amis thirteenth on their list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, south London, the son of William Robert Amis and he was raised in Norbury – in his later estimation not really a place, its an expression on a map really I should say I came from Norbury station. He was educated at the City of London School on a scholarship, after his first year, and in April 1941 was admitted to St. Johns College, Oxford, also on a scholarship, where he read English. It was there that he met Philip Larkin, with whom he formed the most important friendship of his life, while at Oxford, in June 1941, Amis joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. After only a year, in July 1942, he was called up for national service, after serving in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War, Amis returned to Oxford in October 1945 to complete his degree. Although he worked hard and earned in 1947 a first in English, in 1946 he met Hilary Bardwell, they married in 1948 after she became pregnant with their first child, Philip. Amis initially arranged for her to have an abortion, but changed his mind. He became a lecturer in English at the University of Wales, Two other children followed, Martin in August 1949 and Sally in January 1954. Days after Sallys birth, Amiss first novel Lucky Jim was published to acclaim, critics saw it as having caught the flavour of Britain in the 1950s. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction and Amis was associated with the writers labelled the Angry Young Men. Lucky Jim was one of the first British campus novels, setting a precedent for later generations of such as Malcolm Bradbury, David Lodge, Tom Sharpe. As a poet, Amis was associated with The Movement, on returning to Britain, he fell into a rut, and he began looking for another post, after thirteen years at Swansea, Amis became a fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He regretted the move within a year, finding Cambridge an academic and social disappointment and resigned in 1963, intent on moving to Majorca, in 1963, Hilary discovered Amiss love affair with novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard. Hilary and Amis separated in August, and he went to live with Howard and he divorced Hilary in 1965 and married Howard the same year. In 1968 he moved with Howard to Lemmons, a house in Barnet and she and Amis divorced in 1983. In his last years, Amis shared a house with his first wife Hilary and her husband, Alastair Boyd
28.
Colonel Sun
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Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym Robert Markham. Colonel Sun is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Flemings 1964 death, before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study The James Bond Dossier and the humorous The Book of Bond. Colonel Sun centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, during the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him, Amis drew upon a holiday he had taken in the Greek islands to create a realistic Greek setting and characters. He emphasised political intrigue in the more than Fleming had done in the canonical Bond novels. Despite keeping a format and structure similar to Flemings Bond novels, Colonel Sun was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper in 1968 and adapted as a comic strip in the same newspaper in 1969–1970. Chapter 19 was adapted for the scene in Spectre. Kidnappers violently take the Secret Service chief M from his house and almost capture James Bond, intent on rescuing M, Bond follows the clues to Vrakonisi, one of the Aegean Islands. In the process, Bond discovers the complex military-political plans of Colonel Sun of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Sun had been sent to sabotage a Middle East détente conference which the Soviet Union is hosting. He intends to attack the conference venue and use M and Bonds bodies to blame Great Britain for the disaster, Bond meets Soviet agents in Athens and they realise that not only is a third country behind the kidnap, but that there is a traitor in the organisation. An attack on the Soviet headquarters kills all the agents except Ariadne Alexandrou, as he is dying, the Soviet leader encourages Bond and Ariadne to work together to prevent an international incident. Ariadne persuades Litsas, a former Second World War resistance fighter and friend of her father, to help them by telling him about the involvement in the plot of former Nazi. Trying to find M and Colonel Sun, Bond is nearly captured by the Russians, Sun tortures him brutally, until one of the girls at the house is ordered by Sun to caress Bond fondly. In the process she cuts one of Bonds hands free and provides him with a knife and she tells Sun that Bond is dead, when examined Bond stabs Sun. He then frees other captives who help Bond stop Von Richter, however Sun survives the stab wound and kills several of the other escapees. Bond tracks down Sun and kills him in the confrontation, the Soviets thank Bond for saving their conference, offering him a medal for his work, which he politely turns down. The main character of the novel is James Bond, continuation Bond author Raymond Benson described Amiss Bond as a humourless interpretation of the character that Fleming used in his earlier novels. Benson describes this personality as a continuation of the Bond developed in the final three Fleming novels
29.
Pseudonym
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A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, the term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον, literally false name, from ψεῦδος, lie, falsehood and ὄνομα, name. A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the name of another person and this may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a front name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship, sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name, in many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a persons new legal name. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam, likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland and he adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations to hide their identity, a pen name, or nom de plume, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, the Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books, anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell, emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot, Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used pen names. A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter ODonnell and Christopher Wood. A pen name may be used if a real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, in some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name
30.
Robert Markham
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Robert Markham is a pseudonym used by author Kingsley Amis to publish Colonel Sun in March 1968. The book was the first continuation James Bond novel following the death of Bonds creator, following the death of Ian Fleming on 12 August 1964, the rights to the Bond novels were held by Glidrose Publications. -Col. For the pseudonym, Peter Fleming - Ian Flemings brother - initially suggested George Glidrose, jonathan Cape rejected this name, claiming that it had no selling or publicity power. Despite this, Amiss involvement as author was not a secret, American editions of the book identified Amis as the author. Amis had unhappily visited Mexico in January 1968, from this experience grew the idea for another Bond story. According to the New York Times Book Review, Mr. Amis never moves about by air, en route, he remembered that Bond loved trains and found himself plotting an assassination on a train. Then as his train moved on, there occurred the inevitable sentence, the plot would centre around tensions between British Honduras and Guatemala over rival claims to Mexico. A syndicated Associated Press story also implied that Amis may kill Bond off for good, according to the article, a bazooka-wielding bartender would blast Bond on a train in Mexico. Amis was inconsistent if this would result in a novel or a short story, the 1970 Associated Press story claimed it would be Amiss next book. However, in a 1968 letter to Robert Conquest, Amis clearly states that it would only be a short story. Amis also approached Glidrose with an idea for a Bond short story that would have featured a 70-year-old Bond coming out of retirement for one final mission, but permission was not granted
31.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
32.
James Bond (literary character)
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Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics, Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections, although the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. The Bond character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond has a number of traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food and drink. There have also other authors who wrote one book each, Kingsley Amis, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd. Additionally, a series of novels based on Bonds youth—Young Bond—was written by Charlie Higson, as spin-offs from the literary works, there was a television adaptation of the first novel, Casino Royale, in which Bond was played as an American agent. A comic strip also ran in the Daily Express newspaper. There have been 26 Bond films, seven actors have played Bond in these films, the central figure in Ian Flemings work was the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Service. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris and he finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels, the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously. Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped, sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov. Distinct similarities between the protagonist in The Life Line, Mark Chalmers and James Bond have been highlighted by spy writer, Nigel West. On another occasion Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, after Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke. In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bonds cover name while on missions, Bonds number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligences key achievements of World War I, the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael
33.
Live and Let Die (novel)
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Live and Let Die is the second novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series of stories, and is set in London, the US and Jamaica. It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 5 April 1954, Fleming wrote the novel at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica before his first book, Casino Royale, was published, much of the background came from Flemings travel in the US and knowledge of Jamaica. Bond becomes involved in the US through Mr Bigs smuggling of 17th-century gold coins from British territories in the Caribbean, as with Casino Royale, Live and Let Die was broadly well received by the critics. The initial print run of 7,500 copies quickly sold out, US sales, when the novel was released there a year later, were much slower. Major plot elements from the novel were incorporated into the Bond films For Your Eyes Only in 1981. The British Secret Service agent James Bond is sent by his superior, M, to New York City to investigate Mr Big, real name Buonaparte Ignace Gallia. These gold coins have been turning up in Harlem and Florida and are suspected of being part of a treasure that was buried in Jamaica by the pirate Sir Henry Morgan, in New York Bond meets up with his counterpart in the CIA, Felix Leiter. The two visit some of Mr Bigs nightclubs in Harlem, but are captured, Bond is interrogated by Mr Big, who uses his fortune-telling employee, Solitaire, to determine if Bond is telling the truth. Solitaire lies to Mr Big, supporting Bonds cover story, Mr Big decides to release Bond and Leiter, and has his henchman Tee-Hee Johnson break one of Bonds fingers. On leaving, Bond kills Tee-Hee and several more of Mr Bigs men, while Leiter is released with minimal physical harm by a gang member, sympathetic because of a shared appreciation of jazz. Solitaire later leaves Mr Big and contacts Bond, the travel by train to St. Petersburg, Florida. While Bond and Leiter are scouting one of Mr Bigs warehouses used for storing exotic fish, Bond finds him in their safe house with a note pinned to his chest He disagreed with something that ate him. Bond then investigates the warehouse himself and discovers that Mr Big is smuggling gold coins by hiding them in the bottom of tanks holding poisonous tropical fish, which he is bringing into the US. He is attacked in the warehouse by the Robber, another of Mr Bigs men, during the resultant gunfight, Bond outwits the Robber and causes him to fall into the shark tank. Bond continues his mission in Jamaica, where he meets a fisherman, Quarrel, and John Strangways. Quarrel gives Bond training in scuba diving in the local waters, Bond swims through shark- and barracuda-infested waters to Mr Bigs island and manages to plant a limpet mine on the hull of his yacht before being captured once again by Mr Big. Bond and Solitaire are saved when the mine explodes seconds before they are dragged over the reef. Between January and March 1952 the journalist Ian Fleming wrote Casino Royale, his first novel, Fleming conducted research for Live and Let Die, and completed the novel before Casino Royale was published in January 1953, four months before his second book was published
34.
Moonraker (novel)
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Moonraker is the third novel by the British author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond. It was published by Jonathan Cape on 5 April 1955 and featured a design conceived by Fleming. The plot is derived from a Fleming screenplay that was too short for a novel so he added the bridge passage between Bond and the industrialist Hugo Drax. In the latter half of the novel, the premise of Bond seconded to Draxs staff as the businessman builds the Moonraker, a prototype missile designed to defend England. Unknown to Bond, Drax is German, a now working for the Soviets, his plan is to build the rocket, arm it with a nuclear warhead. Uniquely for a Bond novel, Moonraker is set entirely in Britain, Moonraker, like Flemings previous novels, was well received by critics. Moonraker plays on a number of 1950s fears, including attack by rockets, Soviet communism, the re-emergence of Nazism, Fleming examines Englishness, and the novel shows the virtues and strength of England. Adaptations include a broadcast on South African radio in 1956 starring Bob Holness, the British Secret Service agent James Bond is asked by his superior, M, to join him at Ms club, Blades. A club member, the multi-millionaire businessman Sir Hugo Drax, is winning considerable money playing bridge, M suspects Drax is cheating, and while claiming indifference, is concerned as to why a multi-millionaire and national hero would cheat. Bond confirms Draxs deception and manages to turn the tables—aided by a pack of stacked cards—and wins £15,000, Drax is the product of a mysterious background, purportedly unknown even to himself. After extensive rehabilitation in an hospital, he returned home to become a wealthy industrialist. Because the rockets engine could withstand heat, the Moonraker was able to use these powerful fuels. All the rocket scientists working on the project are German, at his post on the complex, Bond meets Gala Brand, a beautiful police Special Branch officer working undercover as Draxs personal assistant. Bond also uncovers clues concerning his predecessors death, concluding that the man may have killed for witnessing a submarine off the coast. Draxs henchman Krebs is caught by Bond snooping through his room, later, an attempted assassination by triggering a landslide nearly kills Bond and Brand, as they swim beneath the Dover cliffs. Drax takes Brand to London, where she discovers the truth about the Moonraker by comparing her own launch trajectory figures with those in a notebook picked from Draxs pocket. She is captured by Krebs, and finds herself captive in a secret radio homing station—intended to serve as a beacon for the missiles guidance system—in the heart of London. While she is being taken back to the Moonraker facility by Drax, Bond gives chase, but is also captured by Drax and Krebs
35.
Diamonds Are Forever (novel)
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Diamonds Are Forever is the fourth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond. Fleming wrote the story at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, inspired by a Sunday Times article on diamond smuggling, the book was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1956. The story centres on Bonds investigation of a diamond-smuggling ring originating in the mines of Sierra Leone, along the way Bond meets and falls in love with one of the members of the smuggling gang, Tiffany Case. Much of Flemings background research formed the basis for his non-fiction 1957 book The Diamond Smugglers, Diamonds Are Forever deals with international travel, marriage and the transitory nature of life. As with Flemings previous novels, Diamonds Are Forever received broadly positive reviews at the time of publication, the story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper, first in an abridged, multi-part form and then as a comic strip. In 1971 it was adapted into the seventh Bond film in the series and was the last Eon Productions film to star Sean Connery as Bond, the British Secret Service agent James Bond is sent on an assignment by his superior, M. Acting on information received from Special Branch, M tasks Bond with infiltrating a smuggling ring transporting diamonds from mines in the Crown colony of Sierra Leone to the United States, Bond must infiltrate the smugglers pipeline to uncover those responsible. Bond discovers that the ring is operated by the Spangled Mob and he follows the trail from London to New York. To earn his fee for carrying the diamonds he is instructed by a member, Shady Tree. There Bond meets Felix Leiter, a former CIA agent working at Pinkertons as a detective investigating crooked horse racing. Leiter bribes the jockey to ensure the failure of the plot to rig the race, when he goes to make the payment, he witnesses two homosexual thugs, Wint and Kidd, attack the jockey. Bond calls Tree to enquire further about the payment of his fee and is told to go to the Tiara Hotel in Las Vegas, the Tiara is owned by Seraffimo Spang and operates as the headquarters of the Spangled Mob. Spang also owns an old Western ghost town, named Spectreville, at the hotel Bond finally receives payment through a rigged blackjack game where the dealer is Tiffany. After winning the money he is owed he disobeys his orders from Tree by continuing to gamble in the casino, Spang suspects that Bond may be a plant and has him captured and tortured at Spectreville. With Tiffanys help he escapes from Spectreville aboard a railway push-car with Seraffimo Spang in pursuit aboard an old Western train, Bond changes the points and re-routes the train onto a dead-end, and shoots Spang before the resulting crash. Assisted by Leiter, Bond and Tiffany go via California to New York, where they board the RMS Queen Elizabeth to travel to London, Wint and Kidd observe their embarkation and follow them on board. They kidnap Tiffany, planning to kill her and throw her overboard, Bond rescues her and kills both gangsters, he makes it look like a murder-suicide. Tiffany subsequently informs Bond of the details of the pipeline, the story begins in Africa where a dentist bribes miners to smuggle diamonds in their mouths, he extracts the gems during routine appointments
36.
From Russia, with Love (novel)
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From Russia, with Love is the fifth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond. Fleming wrote the story in early 1956 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, the novel was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 8 April 1957. The story centres on a plot by SMERSH, the Soviet counter-intelligence agency, as bait, the Russians use a beautiful cipher clerk and the Spektor, a Soviet decoding machine. Much of the takes place in Istanbul and on the Orient Express. The book was inspired by Flemings visit to Turkey on behalf of The Sunday Times to report on an Interpol conference, from Russia, with Love deals with the East–West tensions of the Cold War, and the decline of British power and influence in the post-Second World War era. From Russia, with Love received broadly positive reviews at the time of publication, the story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper, first in an abridged, multi-part form and then as a comic strip. In 1963 it was adapted into the film in the Bond series. SMERSH, the Soviet counterintelligence agency, plans to commit an act of terrorism in the intelligence field. For this, it targets the British secret service agent James Bond. Due in part to his role in the defeat of the SMERSH agents Le Chiffre, Mr Big and Hugo Drax, Bond has been listed as an enemy of the Soviet state and a death warrant has been issued for him. His death is planned to precipitate a major sex scandal, which run in the world press for months. Bonds killer is to be the SMERSH executioner Red Grant, a psychopath whose homicidal urges coincide with the full moon, kronsteen, SMERSHs chess-playing master planner, and Colonel Rosa Klebb, the head of Operations and Executions, devise the operation. As an added lure for Bond, Romanova will provide the British with a Spektor and she is not told the details of the plan. The offer of defection is received by MI6 in London, ostensibly from Romanova, but is conditional that Bond collects her and the Spektor from Istanbul. MI6 is unsure of Romanovas motive, but the prize of the Spektor is too tempting to ignore, Bonds superior, M, once there, Bond forms a comradeship with Darko Kerim, head of the British services station in Turkey. Bond meets Romanova and they plan their route out of Turkey with the Spektor and he and Kerim believe her story and the three board the Orient Express. Bond and Kerim quickly discover three Russian MGB agents on board, travelling incognito, at Trieste a fellow MI6 agent, Captain Nash, introduces himself and Bond presumes he has been sent by M as added protection for the rest of the trip. Romanova is suspicious of Nash, but Bond reassures her that the man is from his own service, after dinner, at which Nash has drugged Romanova, they rest, Bond wakes up to find a gun pointing at him and Nash reveals himself to be the killer Grant
37.
Dr. No (novel)
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No is the sixth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his British Secret Service agent James Bond. Fleming wrote the novel in early 1957 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica and it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 31 March 1958. The novel centres on Bonds investigation into the disappearance in Jamaica of two fellow MI6 operatives and he establishes that they had been investigating Doctor No, a Chinese operator of a guano mine on the fictional Caribbean island of Crab Key. Bond travels to the island and meets Honeychile Rider and later Doctor No, the novel began as a 1956 screenplay for the producer Henry Morgenthau III for a proposed television show entitled Commander Jamaica. When those plans foundered, Fleming adapted the ideas as the basis for a novel, the books eponymous villain was influenced by Sax Rohmers Fu Manchu stories. No was the first of Flemings novels to face widespread negative criticism in Britain, Paul Johnson of the New Statesman dismissed the book as one of Sex, Snobbery, when released on the American market it was received more favourably. No was serialised in The Daily Express, first in a story form. The story was adapted in 1962 as the first film in the Bond series, with Sean Connery in the role, in 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a version. After recovering from tetrodotoxin poisoning inflicted by the SMERSH agent Rosa Klebb the MI6 agent James Bond is sent by his superior, M, while there he is instructed to investigate the disappearance of Commander John Strangways, the head of MI6s Station J in Kingston, and his secretary. Bond is briefed that Strangways had been investigating the activities of Doctor Julius No, the island has a colony of roseate spoonbills at one end while local rumour is that a vicious dragon also lives there. The spoonbills are protected by the American National Audubon Society, two of whose representatives died when their plane crashed on Nos airstrip. With the help of an old friend, Quarrel, Bond surreptitiously visits Crab Key to establish whether there is a connection between No and the disappearance of the MI6 personnel, Bond and Quarrel meet Honeychile Rider, who is there to collect valuable shells. Bond and Rider are captured by Nos men after Quarrel is burned to death by the doctors dragon—a flamethrowing armoured swamp buggy designed to keep away trespassers. Bond discovers that No is working with the Russians and has built an underground facility from which he can sabotage US test missiles launched from Cape Canaveral. No had previously been a member of a Chinese tong, but after he stole an amount of money from their treasury. The tongs leaders had Nos hands cut off as a warning to others, because Nos heart was on the right side of his body, the bullet missed it and he survived. Interested in the ability of the body to withstand and survive pain. Bond is kept under observation as he suffers electric shocks, burns, Bonds ordeal ends in a fight with a captive giant squid, which he defeats by using improvised weapons
38.
Goldfinger (novel)
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Goldfinger is the seventh novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 23 March 1959. Goldfinger originally bore the title The Richest Man in the World and was written in January and February 1958. As well as establishing the background to the operation, Bond uncovers a much larger plot. Fleming developed the James Bond character more in Goldfinger than in the six novels, presenting him as a more complex individual. The Saint George theme is echoed by the fact that it is a British agent sorting out an American problem, upon learning of the use of his name, Goldfinger threatened to sue over the use of the name, before the matter was settled out of court. Fleming had based the character on American gold tycoon Charles W. Engelhard. Most recently, Goldfinger was adapted for BBC Radio with Toby Stephens as Bond, Fleming structured the novel in three sections—Happenstance, Coincidence and Enemy action—which was how Goldfinger described Bonds three seemingly coincidental meetings with him. Bond quickly realises that Goldfinger is indeed cheating with the aid of his assistant, Jill Masterton. Bond blackmails Goldfinger into admitting it and paying back DuPonts lost money, Bond visits the Bank of England for a briefing with Colonel Smithers on the methods of gold smuggling. Coincidence Bond contrives to meet and have a round of golf with Goldfinger, Goldfinger attempts to win the match by cheating. He is subsequently invited back to Goldfingers mansion near Reculver where he narrowly escapes being caught on camera looking over the house, Goldfinger introduces Bond to his factotum, a Korean named Oddjob. Issued by MI6 with an Aston Martin DB Mark III, Bond trails Goldfinger as he takes his vintage Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost via air ferry to Switzerland, driven by Oddjob. Bond manages to trace Goldfinger to a warehouse in Geneva where he finds that the armour of Goldfingers car is actually white-gold, cast into panels at his Kent refinery. When the car reaches Goldfingers factory in Switzerland, he recasts the gold from the panels into aircraft seats and fits them to the Mecca Charter Airline. The gold is sold in India at a vast profit. Bond foils an attempt on Goldfinger by Jill Mastertons sister, Tilly, to avenge Jills death at Goldfingers hands, he had painted her body with gold paint. Bond and Tilly attempt to escape when the alarm is raised, Enemy action Bond is tortured by Oddjob when he refuses to confess his role in trailing Goldfinger. In a desperate attempt to survive being cut in two by a saw, Bond offers to work for Goldfinger, a ruse that Goldfinger initially refuses
39.
For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)
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For Your Eyes Only is a collection of short stories by the British author Ian Fleming, featuring the fictional British Secret Service agent Commander James Bond. It was first published by Jonathan Cape on 11 April 1960 and it marked a change of format for Fleming, who had previously written James Bond stories only as full-length novels. The collection contains five stories, From a View to a Kill, For Your Eyes Only, Quantum of Solace, Risico. Four of the stories were adaptations of plots for a series that was never filmed, while the fifth Fleming had written previously. Fleming undertook some minor experiments with the format, including a story written as an homage to W. Somerset Maugham, an author he greatly admired. Elements from the stories have been used in a number of the Eon Productions James Bond film series, including the 1981 film, For Your Eyes Only, the film used some elements and characters from the short stories For Your Eyes Only and Risico. From a View to a Kill also gave part of its title to the fourteenth Bond film, plot elements from The Hildebrand Rarity were used in the sixteenth Bond film, Licence to Kill, and the twenty-fourth Bond film Spectre references the title. Quantum of Solace was used as the title for the twenty-second Bond film, Bond investigates the murder of a motorcycle dispatch-rider and the theft of his top-secret documents by a motorcycle-riding assassin. The rider was en route from SHAPE, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, then located in Versailles, to his base, Station F, since Bond is already in Paris, his superior, M, sends him to assist in the investigation in any way he can. Bond disguises himself as a dispatch-rider and follows the journey to Station F as the previous rider, as expected. Bond, however, is ready and kills the assassin and he then uncovers the assassins hidden base of operations. They are killed by two Cuban hitmen at the direction of their leader, Major Gonzales, all three work for von Hammerstein, the Havelocks turn out to be close friends of M, who served as the grooms best man during their wedding in 1925. When Bond arrives on the scene, he finds the Havelocks daughter, Judy, Judy kills von Hammerstein by shooting him in the back with an arrow from 100 yards away at the exact moment that he dives into a lake. A shoot-out then occurs between Bond and Gonzales and the two Cuban gunmen, Bond kills all of them and returns to Canada with Judy, who has been wounded during the gunfight. After completing a mission in the Bahamas, Bond is in Nassau, when the other guests have left, Bond remarks that, if he ever marries, he imagines it would be nice to marry an air hostess. The Governor then tells Bond the story of a relationship between a civil servant Philip Masters and air hostess Rhoda Llewellyn. After meeting aboard a flight to London, the married and went to live in Bermuda. As a result, Masters work deteriorated, and he suffered a nervous breakdown, after recovering, he was given a break from Bermuda by the Governor and sent on an assignment to Washington
40.
Thunderball (novel)
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Thunderball is the ninth book in Ian Flemings James Bond series, and the eighth full-length James Bond novel. It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 27 March 1961, the story centres on the theft of two atomic bombs by the crime syndicate SPECTRE and the subsequent attempted blackmail of the Western powers for their return. James Bond, Secret Service operative 007, travels to the Bahamas to work with his friend Felix Leiter, seconded back into the CIA for the investigation. Thunderball also introduces SPECTREs leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld, in the first of three appearances in Bond novels, with On Her Majestys Secret Service and You Only Live Twice being the others. Thunderball has been adapted four times, once in a comic strip format for the Daily Express newspaper, twice for the cinema and once for the radio. The Daily Express strip was cut short on the order of its owner, Lord Beaverbrook, on screen, Thunderball was released in 1965 as the fourth film in the Eon Productions series, with Sean Connery as James Bond. The second adaptation, Never Say Never Again, was released as an independent production in 1983 also starring Connery as Bond and was produced by Kevin McClory, BBC Radio 4 aired an adaptation in December 2016, directed by Martin Jarvis. It starred Toby Stephens as Bond and Tom Conti as Largo, Thunderball begins with a meeting between Bond and his superior, M, during which the agent is told that his latest physical assessment is poor because of excessive drinking and smoking. M sends Bond on a treatment at the Shrublands health clinic to improve his health. At the clinic Bond encounters Count Lippe, a member of the Red Lightning Tong criminal organisation from Macau, when Bond learns of the Tong connection, Lippe tries to kill him by tampering with a spinal traction machine. Bond, however, is saved by nurse Patricia Fearing and later retaliates against Lippe by trapping him in a bath, resulting in the Counts second-degree burns. SPECTRE is headed by criminal mastermind Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Count Lippe was dispatched to Shrublands to oversee Giuseppe Petacchi of the Italian Air Force, at the Boscombe Down Airfield, a bomber squadron base. Although Lippe was successful, Blofeld considered him unreliable, because of his clash with Bond and, as a consequence. Acting as a NATO observer of Royal Air Force procedure, Petacchi is in SPECTREs pay to hijack the bomber in mid-flight by killing its crew and flying it to the Bahamas. Once there, Petacchi is killed and the plane, with bombs, are taken by Emilio Largo on board the cruiser yacht Disco Volante, the Americans and the British launch Operation Thunderball to foil SPECTRE and recover the two atomic bombs. On a hunch, M assigns Bond to the Bahamas to investigate, there, Bond meets Felix Leiter, seconded to the CIA from his usual role at Pinkertons because of the Thunderball crisis. While in Nassau, Bond meets Dominetta Domino Vitali, Largos mistress and she is living on board the Disco Volante and believes Largo is on a treasure hunt, although Largo makes her stay ashore while he and his partners hunt hidden treasure. After seducing her, Bond informs her that Largo killed her brother, Domino re-boards the Disco Volante with a Geiger counter to ascertain if the yacht is where the two nuclear bombs are hidden
41.
The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)
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The Spy Who Loved Me is the ninth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published by Jonathan Cape on 16 April 1962. Bond himself does not appear until two thirds of the way through the book, Fleming wrote a prologue to the novel giving Michel credit as a co-author. Broccoli, rather than any aspects of the plots, however, the character of Jaws is loosely based on one of the characters in the book and a British paperback edition was published after his death. A heavily adapted version of The Spy Who Loved Me appeared in the Daily Express newspaper in daily strip format in 1967–1968. In 1977 the title was used for the film in the Eon Productions series. It was the third to star Roger Moore as Bond and used no plot elements from the novel, Fleming structured the novel in three sections—Me, Them and Him to describe the phases of the story. Their physical relationship ended that night and Viv was subsequently rejected when Mallaby sent her a letter from Oxford University saying he was engaged to someone else by his parents. Vivs second love affair was with her German boss, Kurt Rainer and she informed Rainer and he paid for her to go to Switzerland to have an abortion, telling her that their affair was over. Two mobsters, Sluggsy Morant and Sol Horror Horowitz, both of work for Sanguinetti, arrive and say they are there to look over the motel for insurance purposes. The two have been hired by Sanguinetti to burn down the motel so that Sanguinetti can make a profit on the insurance, the blame for the fire would fall on Viv, who was to perish in the incident. The mobsters are cruel to Viv and, when she says she not want to dance with them, they attack her, holding her down. They are about to continue the attack with rape when the door buzzer stops them, Him British secret service agent James Bond appears at the door asking for a room, having had a flat tyre while passing. Bond quickly realises that Horror and Sluggsy are mobsters and that Viv is in danger, pressuring the two men, he eventually gets the gangsters to agree to provide him a room. That night Sluggsy and Horror set fire to the motel and attempt to kill Bond, a gun battle ensues and, during their escape, Horror and Sluggsys car crashes into a lake. Bond and Michel retire to bed, but Sluggsy is still alive and makes an attempt to kill them. As Viv finishes reading the note, a police detachment arrives. Viv reflects on this as she motors off at the end of the book, continuing her tour of America, continuation Bond author Raymond Benson sees Vivienne Michel as the best realised female characterisation undertaken by Fleming, partly because the story is told in the first person narrative. Academic Jeremy Black notes that Michel is the closest Fleming gets to kitchen sink realism in the Bond canon, she has been a victim of life in the past, but is wilful and tough, too
42.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)
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On Her Majestys Secret Service is the tenth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 1 April 1963. The initial and secondary print runs sold out, with over 60,000 books sold in the first month, Fleming wrote the book in Jamaica whilst the first film in the Eon Productions series of films, Dr. No, was being filmed nearby. On Her Majestys Secret Service is the book in what is known as the Blofeld trilogy. The story centres on Bonds ongoing search to find Ernst Stavro Blofeld after the Thunderball incident, after meeting him and discovering his latest plans, Bond attacks the centre where he is based, although Blofeld escapes in the confusion. Bond meets and falls in love with Contessa Teresa Tracy di Vicenzo during the story, the pair marry at the end of the story but Blofeld kills Bonds wife, hours after the ceremony. Fleming made a number of revelations about Bonds character within the book, on Her Majestys Secret Service received broadly good reviews in the British and American press. The novel was adapted to run as a story in Playboy in 1963. In 1969 the novel was adapted as the film in the Eon Productions James Bond film series and was the only film to star George Lazenby as Bond. In 2014 On Her Majestys Secret Service was adapted as a play on BBC Radio, for more than a year, James Bond, British Secret Service operative 007, has been involved in Operation Bedlam, trailing the private criminal organisation SPECTRE and its leader, Ernst Stavro Blofeld. The organisation had hijacked two nuclear devices and subsequently blackmailed the western world, as described in Thunderball, convinced SPECTRE no longer exists, Bond is frustrated by MI6s insistence that he continue the search and his inability to find Blofeld. He composes a letter of resignation for his superior, M, the following day Bond follows her and interrupts her attempted suicide, but they are captured by professional henchmen. They are taken to the offices of Marc-Ange Draco, head of the Unione Corse, Tracy is the daughter and only child of Draco who believes the only way to save his daughter from further suicide attempts is for Bond to marry her. To facilitate this, he offers Bond a dowry of £1 million, Bond refuses the offer, afterwards Draco uses his contacts to inform Bond that Blofeld is somewhere in Switzerland. On a visit to the College of Arms, Bond finds that the motto of Sir Thomas Bond is The World Is Not Enough. Blofeld has undergone plastic surgery partly to remove his earlobes, but also to himself from the police. Bond learns Blofeld has been curing a group of young British and Irish women of their livestock, believing himself discovered, Bond escapes by ski from Piz Gloria, chased by SPECTRE operatives, a number of whom he kills in the process. Afterward, in a state of exhaustion, he encounters Tracy. She is in the town at the base of the mountain after being told by her father that Bond may be in the vicinity, Bond is too weak to take on Blofelds henchmen alone and she helps him escape to the airport
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You Only Live Twice (novel)
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You Only Live Twice is the eleventh novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series of stories. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1964, the book holds the distinction of being the last novel by Fleming to be published in his lifetime, with subsequent works being published posthumously. You Only Live Twice is the chapter in what is known as the Blofeld Trilogy. The story starts eight months after the murder of Tracy Bond, James Bond is drinking and gambling heavily and making mistakes on his assignments when, as a last resort, he is sent to Japan on a semi-diplomatic mission. Whilst there he is challenged by the Head of the Japanese Secret Service to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, Bond realises that Shatterhand is Ernst Stavro Blofeld and sets out on a revenge mission to kill him and his wife, Irma Bunt. The novel deals on a level with the change in Bond from a depressed man in mourning, to a man of action bent on revenge. Through the mouths of his characters, Fleming also examines the decline of post-World War II British power and influence, notably in relation to the United States. The book was popular with the public, with pre-orders in the UK totalling 62,000, critics were more muted in their reactions, the story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper and Playboy magazine, and also adapted for comic strip format in the Daily Express. In 1967, it was released as the entry in the Eon Productions James Bond film series. The novel has also adapted as a radio play and broadcast on the BBC. After the wedding-day murder of his wife, Tracy, Bond begins to let his slide, drinking and gambling heavily, making mistakes. In exchange, the Secret Service will allow the Japanese access to one of their own information sources, Bond is introduced to Tanaka—and to the Japanese lifestyle—by an Australian intelligence officer, Dikko Henderson. When Bond raises the purpose of his mission with Tanaka, it transpires that the Japanese have already penetrated the British information source and Bond has nothing left to bargain with. Instead, Tanaka asks Bond to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, after examining photos of Shatterhand and his wife, Bond discovers that Shatterhand and his wife are Tracys murderers, Ernst Stavro Blofeld and Irma Bunt. Bond gladly takes the mission, keeping his knowledge of Blofelds identity a secret so that he can exact revenge for his wifes death. Made up and trained by Tanaka, and aided by former Japanese film star Kissy Suzuki, Bond attempts to live, Tanaka renames Bond Taro Todoroki for the mission. After surviving a near execution, Bond exacts revenge on Blofeld in a duel, Blofeld armed with a sword, Bond eventually kills Blofeld by strangling him, then blows up the castle. Upon escaping, he suffers an injury, leaving him an amnesiac living as a Japanese fisherman with Kissy, while the rest of the world believes him dead
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The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)
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The Man with the Golden Gun is the twelfth novel of Ian Flemings James Bond series. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the UK on 1 April 1965, the novel was not as detailed or polished as the others in the series, leading to poor but polite reviews. Despite that, the book was a best-seller, the story centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond, who had been posted missing, presumed dead, after his last mission in Japan. Bond returns to England via the Soviet Union, where he had been brainwashed to attempt to assassinate his superior, after being cured by the MI6 doctors, Bond is sent to the Caribbean to find and kill Francisco Scaramanga, the titular Man with the Golden Gun. Much of the contained in the previous novels was missing. Publishers Jonathan Cape passed the manuscript to Kingsley Amis for his thoughts and advice on the story, the novel was serialised in 1965, firstly in the Daily Express and then in Playboy, in 1966 a daily comic strip adaptation was also published in the Daily Express. In 1974 the book was adapted as the ninth film in the Eon Productions James Bond series, with Roger Moore playing Bond and Flemings cousin, Christopher Lee. A year after James Bonds final confrontation with Ernst Stavro Blofeld, while on a mission in Japan, Bonds identity is confirmed, but during his debriefing interview with M, Bond tries to kill him with a cyanide pistol, the attempt fails. The Service learns that after destroying Blofelds castle in Japan, Bond suffered a head injury, having lived as a Japanese fisherman for several months, Bond travelled into the Soviet Union to learn his true identity. While there, he was brainwashed and assigned to kill M upon returning to England, now de-programmed, Bond is given a chance to re-prove his worth as a member of the 00 section following the assassination attempt. M sends Bond to Jamaica and gives him the impossible mission of killing Francisco Pistols Scaramanga. Scaramanga is known as The Man with the Golden Gun because his weapon of choice is a gold-plated Colt.45 revolver, Bond locates Scaramanga in a Jamaican bordello and manages to become his temporary personal assistant under the name Mark Hazard. He learns that Scaramanga is involved in a development on the island with a group of investors that consists of a syndicate of American gangsters. However, they learn that Scaramanga plans to eliminate Bond when the weekend is over, Bonds true identity is confirmed by a KGB agent and Scaramanga makes new plans to entertain the gangsters and the KGB agent by killing Bond while they are riding a sight-seeing train to a marina. However, Bond manages to turn the tables on Scaramanga and, with the help of Leiter, wounded, Scaramanga escapes into the swamps, where Bond pursues him. Scaramanga lulls Bond off-guard and shoots him with a golden derringer hidden in his palm, Bond is hit but returns fire and shoots Scaramanga several times, killing him at last. As Bond recuperates in hospital, he receives word from M that he is being considered for a knighthood, Bond turns down the offer, reflecting that any sort of public recognition would interfere with his duties in the Secret Service. The central character of the novel is James Bond, in The Man with the Golden Gun, he appears with a different personality from the previous stories and is robot-like, according to author of the continuation Bond novels, Raymond Benson
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Octopussy and The Living Daylights
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Octopussy and The Living Daylights is the fourteenth and final James Bond book written by Ian Fleming in the Bond series. The book is a collection of stories published posthumously in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 23 June 1966. The book originally contained just two stories, Octopussy and The Living Daylights, with subsequent editions also carrying firstly The Property of a Lady, the stories were first published in different publications, with Octopussy first serialised in the Daily Express in October 1965. The two original stories, Octopussy and The Living Daylights, were adapted for publication in comic strip format in the Daily Express in 1966–1967. Elements from the stories have also used in the Eon Productions Bond films. The Living Daylights, released in 1987, was the fifteenth Bond film produced by Eon, secret Service operative James Bond, code name 007, is assigned to apprehend a hero of the Second World War implicated in a murder involving a cache of Nazi gold. Bond appears only briefly in this story, which is mostly in flashback from the perspective of Major Dexter Smythe. Smythe had remained in Europe after the war, found the gold with the help of a mountain guide, Bond was put on the case after the guides body fell out of a glacier and he recognized the man as a ski instructor from his youth. Bond chooses not to take Smythe into custody immediately, but leaves him to contemplate his options - suicide or a court martial, as Smythe hunts for scorpion fish to feed his pet octopus, he suffers a sting which triggers a fatal heart attack. Deciding to spare Smythes reputation, Bond classifies the death as an accidental drowning, an unusually morose James Bond is assigned sniper duty to help British agent 272 escape from East Berlin. Bonds duty is to safeguard his crossing into West Berlin by eliminating a top KGB assassin codenamed Trigger who has been dispatched to kill him. Bond takes up a position on the edge of the border, in a hotel overlooking the no mans land of broken. On each of three nights, he sees a female orchestra arrive for rehearsal and leave, taking notice of a beautiful blonde cellist. Once 272 starts to cross the border, Bond sees Trigger get in position to kill him and he adjusts his aim at the last moment and shoots her rifle instead of killing her, allowing 272 to reach safety. Afterward, Bond admits to his spotter that he did not try for a shot only because Trigger had been a woman. He muses that even though 272 is safe, the mission will be considered a failure because he did not kill Trigger, and he hopes that M will fire him for it. Bond suspects that the Resident Director of the KGB in London will attend the auction and underbid for the item, Bond attends the auction, spots the man, and leaves to make arrangements for his expulsion from London as persona non grata. Once the mission is completed, with Bond deliberately not killing the assassin, raymond Benson considered Octopussy to be a morality tale, with greed bringing repercussions years later to the main protagonist, Dexter Smythe
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Licence Renewed
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Licence Renewed, first published in 1981, is the first novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Flemings secret agent, James Bond. It was the first proper James Bond novel since Kingsley Amiss Colonel Sun in 1968, carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by Richard Marek, a G. P. Putnams Sons imprint. The release of Licence Renewed successfully relaunched the Bond literary franchise, in that time frame Gardner also wrote two novelizations. In 1979 Glidrose Publications approached Gardner and asked him to revive Ian Flemings James Bond series of novels, when hired to begin a new series of James Bond novels, author John Gardner was tasked with updating James Bond and his allies and transporting them into the 1980s. Most of all I wanted him to have operational know-how, the reality of correct tradecraft, updating the time frame to the 1980s, Gardners series picks up the career of James Bond some years after the Fleming novels ended. Due to the frame change Gardners series suggests that Flemings stories took place in the 1960s and 70s. The novel was initially titled Meltdown during the manuscript stage, when Licence Renewed begins, M reminds Bond that the 00 section has in fact been abolished, however, M retains Bond as a troubleshooter, telling him Youll always be 007 to me. Bond is assigned to investigate one Dr. Anton Murik, a brilliant nuclear physicist who is thought to have been having meetings with a terrorist named Franco, Franco is identified and tracked by MI5 to a village in Scotland called Murcaldy. Since Murcaldy is outside of MI6s jurisdiction, the Director-General of MI5, relying on information that MI5 did not have, M changes Bonds assignment to instead infiltrate Muriks Scottish castle and gain Muriks confidence. Bond makes contact with Murik at Ascot Racecourse where he feigns a coincidental meeting, mentioning to Murik that he is a looking for work. Later, Bond joins Murik in Scotland at Muriks behest and is hired to kill Franco, Muriks plan is to hijack six nuclear power plants around the world simultaneously with the aid of bands of terrorists supplied by Franco. To ensure that Murik can never be associated with this deal, ultimately terrorists do take over six nuclear power plants, but are prevented from starting a meltdown when they are given an abort code by Bond, believing him to be Murik. Murik is eventually defeated by Bond and Lavender before his demands are met, Murik is a brilliant nuclear physicist who had been kicked out of the Atomic Energy Commission for his radical beliefs on the safety of nuclear power. Mary Jane Mashkin, Muriks mistress who attempts to more than friends with James Bond to see if Bond was lying to Murik about being a mercenary looking for work. Lavender Peacock, Dr. Anton Muriks ward, unbeknownst to her, she is the true heir to the Murik family fortune. Caber, Muriks personal bodyguard and the Champion of Murcaldy and he especially dislikes Bond for beating him in a wrestling match in which Bond cheated to ensure victory. Franco Oliveiro Quesocriado, an international terrorist leader wanted in most European countries as well as some in the Middle East and he aids Murik by supplying willing terrorists for his meltdown operation and additionally accepts the task of assassinating Muriks ward, Lavender. In Licence Renewed Bond drives a Saab 900 Turbo, for some editions of the book, the car is shown as black or red on the book cover, however, in the book the cars colour is not mentioned
