1.
Nokia
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Nokia Corporation, stylised as NOKIA, is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology company, founded in 1865. Nokia is headquartered in Espoo, Uusimaa, in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area, in 2014, Nokia employed 61,656 people across 120 countries, did business in more than 150 countries and reported annual revenues of around €12.73 billion. Nokia is a limited company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. It is the worlds 274th-largest company measured by 2013 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500 and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, the company has had various industries in its 151-year history. It was founded as a mill, and now focuses on large-scale telecommunications infrastructures. Nokias dominance also extended into the industry through its Symbian platform. Nokia eventually entered into a pact with Microsoft in 2011 to exclusively use Microsofts Windows Phone platform on future smartphones and its mobile phone business was eventually bought by Microsoft in an overall deal totaling $7.17 billion. Stephen Elop, Nokias former CEO, and several other joined the new Microsoft Mobile subsidiary of Microsoft as part of the deal. Nokia has a history, dating back to 1865 when Fredrik Idestam. A second pulp mill was created in 1868 near the town of Nokia, in 1871, Idestam together with friend Leo Mechelin formed a shared company and called it Nokia, after the town of the second pulp mill. For the next 90 years, Nokia on its own would be a forest and power industry company, in 1922, Nokia was jointly-owned with a trio partnership with Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works. Nokia Corporation now boasted many industries including rubber, forestry, cable, electricity, in the 1970s, the newly formed conglomerate started entering the networking and radio industry. Nokia also started making military equipment for Finlands defence forces, such as the Sanomalaite M/90 communicator in 1983, in 1979, Nokia went into a joint venture with television maker Salora, to create Mobira, which would lay out the foundation of Nokias future mobile phone division. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone service, the worlds first international cellular network, then in 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone, which can be considered as Nokias first mobile phone. At that time, though, Nokia had no interest at all in mobile phones and it is only due to the Salo, Finland-based Salora-Mobira that the idea was pushed through. In 1987, Finnish Cable Works discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory, nokian Tyres, a tyre producer that was originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit and this allowed Nokia Corporation to solely focus on communications. Jorma Ollila became CEO in 1992, Nokias first fully portable mobile phone was the Mobira Cityman 900 in 1987
2.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
3.
Nokia 6000 series
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The Nokia 6000 series or Classic Business series is range of mobile phones marketed by Nokia. This family of phones is notable for their conservative, unisex designs, the Nokia 6150 is the dual-band version of the Nokia 6110 introduced in early 1998. The Nokia 6151 is a phone from Nokia. In the United States and Canada, It was released in the 4th Quarter of 2006 and it is considered a key player in the 3G collection of the Nokia Cell Phones. The design of the 6151, primarily based on its previous version the Nokia 6080, has conserved a classical appearance, buttons and connectors are kept flush in order to maintain the phones smooth appearance. The phone features a design which allows the phone an easy handling of the phone with only one hand. It is available in black, grey, lime green, orange, the Nokia 6170 is one of the clamshell phone series from Nokia with a compact form and an integrated VGA camera. Nokia has announced its third fully integrated Near Field Communication device, the Nokia 6216 classic is expected to start shipping in the third quarter of 2009. The Nokia 6230 is a phone based on the Series 40 platform. It is also EGPRS capable of speeds up to 220 kbit/s, in addition, it has changeable Xpress-on covers available for purchase. It uses an Extended Li-Ion Battery of 850 mAh, the 6230 accepts MMC memory cards up to 1 GB in capacity on which multimedia files and data can be stored. It operates on either GSM 900/1800/1900 MHz, or GSM 850/1800/1900 MHz for the North American market, cingular Wireless was the primary GSM carrier that offered the Nokia 6230b in the United States. Other companies such as Cincinnati Bell, Simmetry Communications, Viaero Wireless and it is also standard UMS compliant, i. e. no proprietary drivers are required to transfer data to and from the devices memory card. It weighs 99 g and the dimensions are 103 mm ×44 mm ×20 mm,76 cc. Nokia 6230 was nicknamed Matrix during development, the updated version 6230i was nicknamed Matrix 2. The Nokia 6233 phone made by Nokia is the successor to the Nokia 6230i and it is a 3G/GSM/WCDMA mobile phone that runs the Nokia Series 40 3rd Edition UI operating system. The phone is said to be the loudest mobile around as it has two speakers, in comparison to predecessors it has some serious restrictions concerning the user interface, e. g. one can not adjust the brightness or duration of the display backlight. There is also a Music Edition sold in Asia regions that comes bundled with the Nokia Music Stand,512 MB microSD card, the Nokia 6234 is similar to the 6233, but specialized for customers of Vodafone. It can still however be unlocked to other networks, the Nokia 6255i is a mid-range clamshell phone, highlighted by a VGA camera
4.
Comparison of mobile phone standards
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A comparison of mobile phone standards can be done in many ways. Global System for Mobile Communications and IS-95 were the two most prevalent 2G mobile communication technologies in 2007, in 3G, the most prevalent technology was UMTS with CDMA-2000 in close contention. All radio access technologies have to solve the problems, to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users as efficiently as possible. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for user and cell separation, UMTS, IS-95 and CDMA-2000 use CDMA. Time-division multiple access provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices, each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a computer server. Frequency-division multiple access provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies and this is used in GSM to separate cells, which then use TDMA to separate users within the cell. The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the original data. As the codes are pseudorandom and selected in such a way as to cause interference to one another, multiple users can talk at the same time. This causes an added signal noise forcing all users to use more power, orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access uses bundling of multiple small frequency bands that are orthogonal to one another to provide for separation of users. The users are multiplexed in the domain by allocating specific sub-bands to individual users. This is often enhanced by also performing TDMA and changing the allocation periodically so that different users get different sub-bands at different times. For a classic example for understanding the difference of TDMA and CDMA. The room represents the available bandwidth, TDMA, A speaker takes turns talking to a listener, the speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another couple talk. There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, the drawback is that it limits the practical number of discussions in the room. CDMA, any speaker can talk at any time, however uses a different language. Each listener can only understand the language of their partner, as more and more couples talk, the background noise gets louder, but because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix
5.
GSM
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As of 2014 it has become the de facto global standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories. This expanded over time to include communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS. Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation UMTS standards followed by fourth-generation LTE Advanced standards, GSM is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the most common voice codec used, the decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States. In February 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM Technical Specification, the MoU drew-in mobile operators from across Europe to pledge to invest in new GSM networks to an ambitious common date. In 1989, the Groupe Spécial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, in parallel, France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM, the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri made the worlds first GSM call on July 1,1991, calling Kaarina Suonio using a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja. In the following year,1992, saw the sending of the first short messaging service message, work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993 called and DCS1800. Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, in the same year, the GSM Association formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998, in 2000 the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS-compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM, worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia Messaging Service were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational, EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004. By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the cellular network market. In 2005 the first HSDPA-capable network also became operational, the first HSUPA network launched in 2007. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008, GSM is a second-generation standard employing time-division multiple-Access spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. GSM, for the first time, set a standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was also adopted by many countries outside Europe and this allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks that have roaming agreements with each other
6.
General Packet Radio Service
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General Packet Radio Service is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute in response to the earlier CDPD and it is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute. Usage above the cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second, 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology between the second and third generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access channels in, for example, GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet, the GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. This is much faster using the ordinary SMS over GSM. GPRS supports the protocols, Internet Protocol. In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 was not yet popular, in this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically to the mobile equipment and this is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard. When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated, GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss, devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes, Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today, Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service, GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service has concluded, most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service, must be switched manually between one or the other service. A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode feature
7.
Nokia 6070
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The Nokia 6070 is a mobile phone made by Nokia. It operates on GSM tri band frequency 900,1800 and 1900 MHz and it is small in size with dimensions of 105.4 x 44.3 x 18.6 mm and weights 88 grams. It was released in the quarter of 2006. The phone runs using Nokia S40 second edition and this phones features include a VGA camera, FM radio and voice recording. bmp. jpg. gif. png. tiff Tones. nrt. mid. mp3. amr Video. 3gp Themes. nth Applications. Applications which have a size of 130-150kb can be installed via OTA download using GPRS, sometimes, when the phone is using GPRS and the memory is about to become full, the phone crashes and White Screen of Death appears. When accessing the text message inbox whilst receiving a message at the same time, the phone crashes. Several new Nokia phones in the use the same navigation key as in Nokia 6070 to presumably cut cost. Nokia 5070 Nokia 6080 Nokia Europe - Nokia 6070 http, //www. gsmarena. com/nokia_6070-1433. php
8.
Nokia 6230
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The Nokia 6230 is a mobile phone based on the Nokia Series 40 platform. It was announced on 28 October 2003 and released in the first quarter of 2004 and it does not have built in music keys on the side but it is considered to be the third-loudest Nokia phone. Cingular Wireless was the primary GSM carrier that offered the Nokia 6230b in the United States, other companies such as Cincinnati Bell, Simmetry Communications, Viaero Wireless and Telcel also offered this model. It is also EGPRS capable of speeds up to 220 kbit/s, in addition, it has changeable Xpress-on covers available for purchase. It uses an Extended Li-Ion Battery of 850 mAh, the 6230 accepts MMC memory cards up to 4 GB in capacity formatted in FAT32 or FAT16 file systems on which multimedia files and data can be stored. It operates on either GSM 900/1800/1900 MHz, or GSM 850/1800/1900 MHz for the North American market and it was the first non-smartphone with an expandable memory card slot. It is also standard UMS compliant, i. e. no proprietary drivers are required to transfer data to and it weighs 99 g and the dimensions are 103 mm x 44 mm x 20 mm,76 cc. The BL-5C battery that comes standard with it will last about 150–300 hours and this model was available only in GSM 900/1800/1900 MHz, Nokia did not release an 850 MHz version for the North American market. The next model in the 623x series is the 3G GSM/WCDMA Nokia 6233, the graphical user interface was overhauled, and many of the icons featured on the 6230i are the same as those now used uniformly across almost all new Nokia phones. Notably, the icons on the Nokia 6230i are animated. The phone has seven built-in themes, and users can download more, in addition, users may customise the color of the borders, and the battery and signal bars. The operating system run more slowly than on the 6230. Nokia also removed several options from menus, such as, brightness control, and these changes have brought widespread complaints. The phone can automatically lock after a set time, starting from five seconds of no activity, in addition to the auto-lock, users can lock with a keyguard, which prevents unauthorised use of the phone. The code it uses is the security code. If the user gets this code wrong three time, the phone is locked out, whereby no-one can gain access for ten minutes, users can choose to protect their phone by enabling a PIN. When enabled, the phone will prompt users to type the PIN, users can also protect their SIM card, which is standard phone practice. The Nokia 6230i has organizing software, such as, calendar, alarm clock, to-do list, notes, the Wallet is a password protected area where users can store bank card details, tickets, receipts, and personal notes
9.
Nokia 6303 classic
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The Nokia 6303 classic is a mobile telephone handset produced by Nokia in Hungary. The Nokia 6303 classic has been in production since the quarter of 2009. It is the successor to the Nokia 6300, the phone supports MicroSD cards up to 32 GB, meaning that the phone can be used practically as an MP3 player. Using the supplied and freely available Nokia PC Suite, one has the option of converting MP3s to e-AAC for more compression, the 3.5 mm headphone jack means that many standard commercial headsets will fit the phone. Like most other recent Nokia phones, the 6303 classic replaced their old Pop-Port connector for a standard micro-USB connector, the phone allows the user to view the video clips in full-screen landscape mode and set the fast-forward/rewind interval from a few seconds to minutes. Improved audio quality for music playback was also noted for this version, thus making the Nokia 6303 classic a music phone similar to its counterparts. In addition, video clips can replace ringtones so that a motion picture is shown while there is an incoming call. Nokia announced the i version of the 6303 classic phone in February 2010 which was released in March that year, the 3. 2-megapixel camera lacked autofocus and video recording was now done at 240×320 at 8 frames per second. It has been refreshed with a new UI and new graphics, the 6303i classic supports up to 8 GB MicroSD cards, supplied with 2 GB instead of 1 GB. The internal memory has also raised to 55 MB. The battery life has been enhanced to 515 hours of standby and 8 hours talk time and it now comes with 7 inbuilt games instead of four. The 6303i classic has faced negative reviews due to the camera downgrade, both models are available in the market. Although the 6303 classic has smartphone features, it is more user-friendly and it is aimed for users who want a reliable and stylish phone, used mostly for calling and texting
10.
Nokia 6700 classic
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The Nokia 6700 classic is a mobile phone made by Nokia and successor of the 6300. It was announced in January 2009 and arrived on the European market in June that year, the Nokia 6700 classic is a Series 40 6th Edition phone. Supported WCDMA frequencies depend on the region where the device is available and it is a 3G WCDMA phone but also supports quad-band GSM. It has a steel body and a weight of 113 grams. Note that the 6700 classic is quite different from the Nokia 6700 slide, which is based on the higher powered Series 60 operating system
11.
Nokia 6301
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The Nokia 6301, approved by the FCC for the US market in January 2008, is a triband GSM unit. The North American model 6301b is equipped with 850/1800/1900 MHz bands, the European model 6301 is equipped with 900/1800/1900 MHz bands. The 6301 is SMS, MMS1.2 and instant message capable and it has a standard 12 button numeric keypad, a five way navigation key and four additional keys on its face. It has a volume key and a top mounted dedicated power key. The bulk of the area above the keypad is taken up with the 2.0 TFT display,320 x 240 pixels with up to 16.7 Million colors. It is a small device weighing 3.27 oz and is 4.20 x 1.72 x 0.52 in, power is provided by a BL-4C860 mAh Li-ion unit providing up to 3.5 hours of use per charge. While nearly identical in appearance to the Nokia 6300, there are significant differences between the two, unlicensed Mobile Access allows the mobile device to utilise a wireless router to make phone calls. The phone and router are recognized as being similar to a phone and this allows for seamless handoffs between the router and the GSM tower at the point where the device is no longer in range of the router. Wireless connection for data transfer to the service provider means downloading content such as ringtones, games, an FM radio and multi-format music player are included in the build. Stereo output is accomplished through the 2.5 mm Nokia AV port at the bottom of the device or through the Bluetooth A2DP provision, operation of the FM radio requires a wired device be attached to the AV port as it functions as the antenna for the radio. The music player supports Midi, AAC, AAC+, enhanced AAC+, MP3, There is an equalizer to allow for some adjustment of the tonal quality of the sound. A2.0 megepixel CMOS sensor is mated to a fixed focus lens without auxiliary lighting, Maximum resolution is 1600 x 1200. Digital zoom allows for in camera cropping prior to taking the shot, the still image camera has High, Normal and Basic quality settings. Image size choices are 160 x 120,320 x 240,640480,800 x 600,1280 x 960 and 1600 x 1200, available effects are Normal, False color, Grayscale, Sepia, Negative and Solarize. White Balance choices are Auto, Daylight, Tungsten and Fluorescent, video is shot through the same lens as still images. Video resolution choices are 176 x 144 and 128 x 96, video clip length choices are Maximum and Default. Default will produce a suitable for sending via MMS, or roughly less than 300KB. Other menu choices for video mirror those for still images, both still and video images may be saved either to the phone memory or to the storage card
12.
Nokia 6500 classic
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The Nokia 6500 classic is a mobile phone from Nokia announced on May 31,2007. The phone runs the Series 40 platform, the case is made of brushed aluminium. At just 9.5 mm thick, the 6500 classic was Nokias thinnest phone when released in October and it is notable for being Nokias few Series 40 phones with a large internal memory,1 GB. Media related to Nokia 6500 at Wikimedia Commons A detailed review at Mobile Review The stress test of a Nokia 6500 Slide
13.
Nokia 6500 slide
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The Nokia 6500 slide is a mobile phone by Nokia. The phone runs the Series 40 platform, the case is made of brushed stainless steel. It is the Slide version of Nokia 6500 classic. Communications Quad band GSM / GPRS / EDGE, GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 Dual band UMTS, UMTS850, UMTS2100 Media Music player supports MP3, MP4, AAC, eAAC+, and WMA audio formats. Video playback supports QVGA for H.263, MPEG4, and QCIF for H264 formats, video streaming supports H.263 & MPEG4, and H.264 formats
14.
Form factor (mobile phones)
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The form factor of a mobile phone is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components. There are three major form factors – bar phones, flip phones, and sliders – as well as sub-categories of these forms, a bar phone takes the shape of a cuboid, usually with rounded corners and/or edges. The name is derived from the resemblance to a chocolate bar in size. This form factor is used by a variety of manufacturers, such as Nokia. Bar type mobile phones commonly have the screen and keypad on a single face, the Samsung SPH-M620 has a unique bar style, offering different devices on either side of the bar, a phone on one side, and a digital audio player on the other. Sony Ericsson also had a well-known MarsBar phone model CM-H333, brick is a slang term almost always used to refer to large, outdated bar-type phones, typically early mobile phones with large batteries and electronics. Such early mobile phones, such as the Motorola DynaTAC, have been displaced by newer models which offer greater portability thanks to smaller antennas. A slate or touchscreen phone is a subset of the bar form that, like a computer, has few physical buttons, instead relying upon a touchscreen. The first commercially available touchscreen phone was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, the iPhone released in 2007 is largely responsible for the influence and achievement of this design as it is currently conceived. Since mid-2010s almost all come in touchscreen slate form. The phablet or smartlet is a subset of the slate/touchscreen, which in turn is a subset of the bar form, a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet, phablets are a class of mobile device designed to combine or straddle the functions of a smartphone and tablet. Phablets typically have screens that measure between 5.5 and 7, a flip or clamshell phone consists of two or more sections that are connected by hinges, allowing the phone to flip open then fold closed in order to become more compact. When flipped open, the speaker and microphone are placed closer to the operators ear and mouth. When flipped shut, the phone becomes smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use. Motorola was once owner of a trademark for the flip phone. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed StarTAC flip phone, in 2010, Motorola introduced a different kind of flip phone with its Backflip smartphone. When closed, one side is the screen and the other is a physical QWERTY keyboard, the hinge is on a long edge of the phone instead of a short edge, and when flipped out the screen is above the keyboard. Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor, flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis
15.
Candy bar
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A candy bar is a type of sugar confectionery that is in the shape of a bar. Many varieties of candy bars exist, and many are mass-produced, a candy bar frequently, though not necessarily always, includes chocolate. A combination candy bar is one that contains chocolate plus other ingredients, the Goo Goo Cluster was the first mass-produced combination bar. Between World War I and the middle of the 20th century, the earliest recorded candy bar was made in 1847 by Joseph Fry, a Quaker from Bristol, England. During much of the century, British Quakers could not join the military or attend Anglican universities. Chocolate manufacturing expanded in England through the rest of the century, led by such as Yorks Joseph Rowntree and Joseph Terry. Candy bars were made from only cocoa powder and sugar. During the latter part of the century, confectioners began to experiment with other ingredients. Swiss confectioner, Henry Nestle, added milk to his recipe to reduce the bitterness of the cocoa. Rodolphe Lindt, a Swiss confectioner and inventor, began adding cocoa butter as an ingredient in 1879, the addition of cocoa butter allowed the chocolate bar to keep its shape and melt in the mouth. In the United States, immigrants who arrived with candy-making skills drove the development of new candy bars, milton S. Hershey, a Pennsylvania caramel maker, saw a German-manufactured chocolate-making machinery at the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair. He immediately ordered one for his Lancaster factory and produced the first American-made milk chocolate bar, the chocolate bar became popular during World War I, when the U. S. Army commissioned a number of American chocolate makers to produce 40 pounds blocks of chocolate. These were shipped to Army quartermaster bases and distributed to the troops stationed throughout Europe, when the soldiers returned home, they demanded chocolate, and the future of the candy bar was assured. The first combination bar, marketed primarily in the South, was the Goo Goo Cluster, produced by the Standard Candy Company of Nashville and it was made of caramel, marshmallow, and peanuts, covered with milk chocolate. The Clark Bar, roasted peanuts covered with chocolate, became the first nationally-marketed combination bar in the U. S. George Williamson of Williamson Candy Co. named the Oh Henry. After an electrician who visited his store and flirted with the female candy makers, Williamson launched an advertising campaign that included newspaper ads, streetcar signs, and billboards, and the Oh Henry. Bar became one of the brands in the U. S. in the 1920s. In 1926, the published an book,60 New Ways to Serve a Famous Candy, that included recipes for salads, side dishes
16.
Mobile operating system
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A mobile operating system is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, or other mobile devices. This distinction is becoming blurred in some operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses. So-called mobile operating systems, or even only smartphones running them, Mobile operating systems, are now, as of late 2016, the most used kind, with traditional desktop OS, now a minority used kind, see usage share of operating systems. However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority also applies on some days in e. g. the US and UK. By the end of 2016, over 430 million smartphones were sold with 81.7 percent running Android,17.9 percent running iOS,0.3 percent running Windows Mobile and the other OSes cover 0.1 percent. Research has shown that these systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device. Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones,1994 – The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, has a touchscreen, email, and PDA features. 1996 Palm Pilot 1000 personal digital assistant is introduced with the Palm OS mobile operating system, first Windows CE Handheld PC devices are introduced. 1999 – Nokia S40 Platform is introduced officially along with the Nokia 7110,2000 – Symbian becomes the first modern mobile OS on a smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380. 2001 – The Kyocera 6035 is the first smartphone with Palm OS.2002 Microsofts first Windows CE smartphones are introduced,2005 – Nokia introduces Maemo OS on the first Internet tablet N770. 2007 Apple iPhone with iOS is introduced as an iPhone, mobile phone and Internet communicator. Open Handset Alliance formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Samsung, LG,2009 – Palm introduces webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012, webOS devices were discontinued, Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500. November – Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the prior Windows Mobile OS, July – MeeGo, a mobile Linux distribution, combining Maemo and Moblin, is introduced with the Nokia N9, a collaboration of Nokia, Intel, and Linux Foundation. September – Samsung, Intel, and the Linux Foundation announced that their efforts will shift from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012. October – The Mer project was announced, based on a core for building products, composed of Linux, HTML5, QML, and JavaScript. July – Mozilla announced that the formerly named Boot to Gecko was now Firefox OS and had several handset OEMs on board. September – Apple releases iOS6, January – BlackBerry releases their new operating system for smartphones, BlackBerry 10
17.
Series 40
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It was one of the worlds most widely used mobile phone platforms and found in hundreds of millions of devices. Nokia announced on 25 January 2012 that the company has sold over 1.5 billion Series 40 devices, S40 has more features than the Series 30 platform, which is more basic. They are not used for smartphones, in which Nokia primarily uses Windows Phone, in 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokias mobile phones business. As part of a agreement with the company, Microsoft Mobile is allowed to use the Nokia brand on feature phones. However, a July 2014 company memo revealed that Microsoft would end production of Series 40 devices. Series 40 was introduced in 1999 with the release of the Nokia 7110 and it had a 96 ×65 pixel monochrome display and was the first phone to come with a WAP browser. Over the years, the S40 UI evolved from a low resolution UI to a high resolution color UI with an enhanced graphical look, the third generation of Series 40 that became available in 2005 introduced support for devices with resolutions as high as QVGA. It is possible to customize the look-and-feel of the UI via comprehensive themes, in 2012, Nokia Asha mobile phones 200/201/210, 302/306/305/308/310/311,303 and 311 were released and all used Series 40. The final feature phone running Series 40 from Nokia was the Nokia 515 from 2013, basic file management, like in Series 60, is provided in the Applications and Gallery folders and subfolders. Gallery is also the location for files transferred over Bluetooth to be placed. User-installed applications on Series 40 are generally mobile Java applications, Flash Lite applications are also supported, but mostly used for screensavers. The integrated web browser can access most web content through the service providers XHTML/HTML gateway, the latest version of Series 40, called Series 40 6th Edition, introduced a new browser based on the WebKit open source components WebCore and JavaScriptCore. The new browser delivers support for HTML4.01, CSS2, JavaScript 1.5, also, like the higher-end Series 60, Series 40 can run the UC Browser web browser to enhance the users web browsing experience. The latest feature phones from the Asha lineup come with the Nokia Xpress Browser which uses proxy servers to compress, support for SyncML synchronization with external services of the address book, calendar and notes is present. However, with many S40 phones, these synchronization settings must be sent via an OTA text message, Series 40 is an embedded software platform that is open for software development via standard or de facto content and application development technologies. It supports Java MIDlets, i. e. Java MIDP and CLDC technology, which provide location, communication, messaging, media, S40 also supports Flash Lite applications. Nokia X platform Series 30 Series 60 Series 80 Series 90
18.
Central processing unit
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The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets. Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources. Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be rewired to perform different tasks. Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June 30,1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and it was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time, with von Neumanns design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities. This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory. Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices
19.
Megabyte
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The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes MByte is used, the unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 in the International System of Units. Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information and this definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. However, in the computer and information fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to one megabyte as 1048576bytes. However, most standards bodies have deprecated this usage in favor of a set of binary prefixes, less common is a convention that used the megabyte to mean 1000×1024 bytes. The megabyte is commonly used to measure either 10002 bytes or 10242 bytes, the interpretation of using base 1024 originated as a compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 approximates 1000, roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote 10002 bytes and mebibyte to denote 10242 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO, the Mac OS X10.6 file manager is a notable example of this usage in software. Since Snow Leopard, file sizes are reported in decimal units, base 21 MB =1048576 bytes is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as RAM. This definition is synonymous with the binary prefix mebibyte. Mixed 1 MB =1024000 bytes is the used to describe the formatted capacity of the 1.44 MB3. 5inch HD floppy disk. Semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, the capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive. Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size, sector sizes were set as powers of two for convenience in processing. It was an extension to give the capacity of a disk drive in multiples of the sector size, giving a mix of decimal. Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be, a 4 megapixel JPEG image with normal compression. Approximately 1 minute of 128 kbit/s MP3 compressed music,6 seconds of uncompressed CD audio. A typical English book volume in plain text format, the human genome consists of DNA representing 800 MB of data
20.
Secure Digital
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Secure Digital is a non-volatile memory card format developed by the SD Card Association for use in portable devices. The standard was introduced in August 1999 by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba as an improvement over MultiMediaCards, and has become the industry standard. The three companies formed SD-3C, LLC, a company that licenses and enforces intellectual property rights associated with SD memory cards and SD host, the companies also formed the SD Association, a non-profit organization, in January 2000 to promote and create SD Card standards. SDA today has about 1,000 member companies, the SDA uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by SD-3C to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. There are many combinations of factors and device families, although as of 2016. Secure Digital includes four card families available in three different sizes, the four families are the original Standard-Capacity, the High-Capacity, the eXtended-Capacity, and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions with data storage. The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card. The SD cards small footprint is a storage medium for smaller, thinner. The second-generation Secure Digital card was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard standard, which continued to evolve, Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways, Asymmetrical slots in the sides of the SD card prevent inserting it upside down. Most SD cards are 2.1 mm thick, compared to 1.4 mm for MMCs. The SD specification defines a card called Thin SD with a thickness of 1.4 mm, the cards electrical contacts are recessed beneath the surface of the card, protecting them from contact with a users fingers. The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, for a comparison table, see below. While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates. The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other. The Secure Digital High Capacity format, announced in January 2006 and defined in version 2.0 of the SD specification, the SDHC trademark is licensed to ensure compatibility. SDHC cards are physically and electrically identical to standard-capacity SD cards, Version 2.0 also introduces a High-speed bus mode for both SDSC and SDHC cards, which doubles the original Standard Speed clock to produce 25 MB/s. SDHC host devices are required to accept older SD cards, however, older host devices do not recognize SDHC or SDXC memory cards, although some devices can do so through a firmware upgrade
21.
Gigabyte
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The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity. The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either 10003 bytes or 10243 bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 is approximately 1000, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 10003 bytes and gibibyte denote 10243 bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST and this is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are an example of this usage in software. The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte. Since the first disk drive, the IBM350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as 500 GB. The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes. Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example,400 GB might be reported by the operating system as 372 GB, meaning 372 GiB. The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes and this means that a 300 GB hard disk might be indicated variously as 300 GB,279 GB or 279 GiB, depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity
22.
Battery (electricity)
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An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow. It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells. Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones. According to a 2005 estimate, the battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year. Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in 1800. This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid. These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical. Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells
23.
Ampere hour
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The commonly seen milliampere hour is one-thousandth of an ampere hour. The ampere hour is used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating. A milliampere second is a unit of measure used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging and this quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage. The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current, an ampere hour is not a unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered over the discharge interval, generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge, an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power. The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons and it is used in electrochemical calculations. An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2 to 3 ampere hours, automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50 ampere hour battery capacity. Since one ampere hour can produce 0.336 grams of aluminium from aluminium chloride
24.
Lithium-ion battery
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A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, the electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics and they are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle, for example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead–acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles. Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types, handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide, which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate, lithium ion manganese oxide battery and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide offer lower energy density, such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles. NMC in particular is a contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium titanate are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles, the newer lithium–sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio. Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte, an expert notes If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires. Because of these risks, testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, there have been battery-related recalls by some companies, including the 2016 Samsung Note 7 recall for battery fires. This article covers just the topics and general principles of lithium-ion batteries. Nearly all facets have elements that are impacted by currently very active development or research, a cell is a basic electrochemical unit that contains the basic components, such as electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. In the case of cells, this is the single cylindrical, prismatic or pouch unit. In this regard, the simplest battery is a cell with perhaps a small electronic circuit for protection. In many cases, distinguishing between cell and battery is not important, however, this should be done when dealing with specific applications, for example, battery electric vehicles, where battery may indicate a high voltage system of 400 V, and not a single cell. The term module is used as an intermediate topology, with the understanding that a battery pack is made of modules. In electrochemistry, the anode is the electrode where oxidation is taking place in the battery, i. e. electrons get free, however, this happens on opposite electrodes during charge vs. discharge. Historically, for lithium cells, which started as single use discharge cells and this is true on discharge, but with a rechargeable system, the negative electrode chemically becomes the cathode while charging
25.
Camera phone
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A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs. Most camera phones also record video, most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting, lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag. Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a longer exposure time than a bright. Optical zoom and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash, some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card. Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs, some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors, their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras. In the smartphone era, the sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about 2010. Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two, most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter. Some also have a camera button, for quickness and convenience. The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness, indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching. However, the screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate cameras dedicated buttons. Nearly all camera phones use CMOS image sensors, due to reduced power consumption compared to CCD type cameras, which are also used. Some of camera phones even use more expensive Back Side Illuminated CMOS which uses energy lesser than CMOS, although more expensive than CMOS and CCD. The latest generation of cameras also apply distortion, vignetting. Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature, an external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi. They are compatible with most smartphones, images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.0 Lollipop has facility of it. Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera if the phone is asleep. An external flash can be employed, to improve performance, Phones usually store pictures and video in a directory called /DCIM in the internal memory
26.
Pixel
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The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an image, more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable, in color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix and el, the word pixel was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the elements of video images from space probes to the Moon. Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto, McFarland said simply it was in use at the time. The word is a combination of pix, for picture, the word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies. By 1938, pix was being used in reference to pictures by photojournalists. The concept of a picture element dates to the earliest days of television, some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972. In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel, for example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC. A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image, however, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be printed pixels in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera. This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as,2400 pixels per inch,640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution. The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original, the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.3 megapixels. The pixels, or color samples, that form an image may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image
27.
Bluetooth
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Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks. Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, the IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, a manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices, the development of the short-link radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE9202239, issued 1992-07-24, Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund, the specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers, at the time of this proposal he was reading Frans G. Bengtssons historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald Bluetooth. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, the Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes and, Haralds initials. Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band, Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels, each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually performs 800 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels. Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying modulation was the modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2. 0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices, devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate is used to describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, the combination of these modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a BR/EDR radio. Bluetooth is a protocol with a master-slave structure
28.
USB
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It is currently developed by the USB Implementers Forum. USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs, USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial ports and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices. Also, there are 5 modes of USB data transfer, in order of increasing bandwidth, Low Speed, Full Speed, High Speed, SuperSpeed, USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specifications suggests that plugs, unlike other data buses, USB connections are directed, with both upstream and downstream ports emanating from a single host. This applies to power, with only downstream facing ports providing power. Thus, USB cables have different ends, A and B, therefore, in general, each different format requires four different connectors, a plug and receptacle for each of the A and B ends. USB cables have the plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computers or electronic devices, in common practice, the A end is usually the standard format, and the B side varies over standard, mini, and micro. The mini and micro formats also provide for USB On-The-Go with a hermaphroditic AB receptacle, the micro format is the most durable from the point of view of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors have a lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. Likewise, the component of the retention mechanism, parts that provide required gripping force, were also moved into plugs on the cable side. A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994, Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, a team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel, the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. The original USB1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, Microsoft Windows 95, OSR2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, the 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc. s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB, following Apples design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard. The USB2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was ratified by the USB Implementers Forum at the end of 2001.1 specification, the USB3.0 specification was published on 12 November 2008. Its main goals were to increase the transfer rate, decrease power consumption, increase power output. USB3.0 includes a new, higher speed bus called SuperSpeed in parallel with the USB2.0 bus, for this reason, the new version is also called SuperSpeed
29.
Hearing aid
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A hearing aid or deaf aid is a device designed to improve hearing. Hearing aids are classified as medical devices in most countries, small audio amplifiers such as PSAPs or other plain sound reinforcing systems cannot be sold as hearing aids. Earlier devices, such as ear trumpets or ear horns, were passive amplification cones designed to gather sound energy, modern devices are computerised electroacoustic systems that transform environmental sound to make it more intelligible or comfortable, according to audiometrical and cognitive rules. Such sound processing can be considerable, such as highlighting a spatial region, shifting frequencies, cancelling noise and wind, modern hearing aids require configuration to match the hearing loss, physical features, and lifestyle of the wearer. This process is called fitting and is performed by audiologists, the amount of benefit a hearing aid delivers depends in large part on the quality of its fitting. Devices similar to hearing aids include the bone anchored hearing aid, Hearing aids are incapable of truly correcting a hearing loss, they are an aid to make sounds more accessible. Two primary issues minimize the effectiveness of hearing aids, When the primary auditory cortex does not receive regular stimulation, cell loss increases as the degree of hearing loss increases. Damage to the cells of the inner ear results in sensorineural hearing loss. This often manifests as an ability to understand speech. Hearing aids are incapable of truly correcting a hearing loss, they are an aid to make more accessible. Three primary issues minimize the effectiveness of hearing aids, The occlusion effect is a common complaint, though if the aids are worn regularly, most people will become acclimated after a few weeks. If the effect persists, an audiologist or Hearing Instrument Specialist can sometimes further tune the hearing aid, the compression effect, The amplification needed to make quiet sounds audible, if applied to loud sounds would damage the inner ear. Louder sounds are therefore reduced giving a smaller audible volume range, Hearing protection is also provided by an overall cap to the sound pressure. Also of protective value is impulse noise suppression, available in some high-end aids, the initial fitting appointment is rarely sufficient, and multiple follow-up visits are often necessary. Most audiologists or Hearing Instrument Specialists will recommend an up-to-date audiogram at the time of purchase, there are several ways of evaluating how well a hearing aid compensates for hearing loss. One approach is audiometry which measures a subjects hearing levels in laboratory conditions, the threshold of audibility for various sounds and intensities is measured in a variety of conditions. Although audiometric tests may attempt to mimic real-world conditions, the patients own every day experiences may differ, an alternative approach is self-report assessment, where the patient reports their experience with the hearing aid. Real ear measurements are an assessment of the characteristics of hearing aid amplification near the ear drum using a silicone probe tube microphone, there are many types of hearing aids, which vary in size, power and circuitry
30.
Cluj-Napoca
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Cluj-Napoca, commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country. Geographically, it is equidistant from Bucharest, Budapest and Belgrade. Located in the Someșul Mic River valley, the city is considered the capital to the historical province of Transylvania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. Other names for the city include, German, Klausenburg, Hungarian, Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation, Medieval Latin, Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis, and Yiddish, קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg. As of 2011,324,576 inhabitants live within the city limits, the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area exceeds 420,000 residents. The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008, the city spreads out from St. Michaels Church in Unirii Square, built in the 14th century and named after the Archangel Michael, the patron saint of Cluj-Napoca. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres, Cluj-Napoca experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar. Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial, in 2015, Cluj-Napoca was European Youth Capital. On the site of the city was a settlement named Napoca. After the AD106 Roman conquest of the area, the place was known as Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca, the first written mention of the citys current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus. With respect to the name of this camp, it is accepted as a derivation from the Latin term clausa – clusa, meaning closed place, strait. Similar senses are attributed to the Slavic term kluč, meaning a key, the Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of Cluj-Mănăștur. An alternative hypothesis relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, the Hungarian form Kolozsvár, first recorded in 1246 as Kulusuar, underwent various phonetic changes over the years, the variant Koloswar first appears in a document from 1332. Its Saxon name Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form Clausenburg was used, the Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as Cluj or Cluș, the latter being the case in Mihai Eminescus Poesis. In 1974, the communist authorities added -Napoca to the name as a nationalist gesture. The full name is used outside of official contexts. In Yiddish it is known as קלאזין or קלויזענבורג, the nickname treasure city was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade
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Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
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Nokia PC Suite
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Nokia PC Suite is a software package used to establish an interface between Nokia mobile devices and computers that run the Microsoft Windows operating system. It was replaced by Nokia Suite and integrated into the Ovi service suite, Nokia PC Suite can be used to transfer music, photos and applications. It can also be used to send Short Message Service messages or act as a modem to connect the computer to the Internet, a mobile phone can be connected by USB, Bluetooth, or infrared. Some older Nokia phones lack compatibility with later versions of the PC Suite, the official site supplies a table that matches each phone model with the most recent compatible version. The latest version of Nokia PC Suite also contains several integrated applications, including the File Manager, Application Installer, PC Suite users can also access on-device features, as well as Nokia PC Sync functionality. Nokia PC Suite has not been updated for some time, and was replaced by Nokias next generation phone suite software, Nokia Suite, which supported other platforms in addition to Windows. Nokia Suite drops the Lotus Notes client sync support which is present in Nokia PC Suite, the backup feature in PC Suite uses a non-documented binary file format, which can only be used to restore to a phone through the proprietary client. This means that the data can only be accessed by doing a restore to a working phone and it was possible to lose large parts of your contacts address information due to this issue. Nokia PC Suite is unable to add or update maps and voices for the Nokia Maps application and this requires Nokia Map Loader or Nokia Suite, both require Microsoft Windows with the. NET framework installed
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E-AAC
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Not to be confused with MPEG-4 SLS, which is branded HD-AAC. High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding is an audio coding format for data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496-3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC optimized for applications such as streaming audio. HE-AAC version 1 profile uses spectral band replication to enhance the efficiency in the frequency domain. HE-AAC version 2 profile couples SBR with Parametric Stereo to enhance the efficiency of stereo signals. It is a standardized and improved version of the AACplus codec, HE-AAC is used in digital radio standards like DAB+ and Digital Radio Mondiale. The progenitor of HE-AAC was developed by Coding Technologies under the trade name CT-aacPlus, CT-aacPlus combined MPEG-2 AAC LC with the Coding Technologies invented spectral band replication. CT-aacPlus is the used by XM Radio for their satellite radio service. Subsequently, Coding Technologies submitted their SBR to MPEG as a basis of HE-AAC, HE-AAC version 1 was standardized as a profile of MPEG-4 Audio in 2003 by MPEG and published as part of MPEG-4 in document ISO/IEC 14496-3, 2001/Amd 1,2003. The HE-AAC version 2 profile was standardized in 2006 as ISO/IEC 14496-3, a parametric stereo coding tool used in HE-AAC v2 was standardized in 2004 by MPEG and published in document ISO/IEC 14496-3, 2001/Amd 2,2004. HE-AAC version 2 was also standardized under the name Enhanced aacPlus by 3GPP for 3G UMTS multimedia services in September 2004 and it is based on the AAC LC, SBR and Parametric Stereo coding tools defined in the MPEG-4 Audio standard. In addition it includes tools such as error concealment, spline resampler. It was also published by ETSI as TS126401 V6.1.0 in December 2004, prior to the standardization of HE AAC v2 by MPEG, Coding Technologies submitted the combination of HE-AAC v1 coupled with Parametric Stereo under the name Enhanced AAC+. As a result, aacPlus v2 and eAAC+ are now common trade names refer to HE-AAC v2. AAC+ and aacPlus are common names that refer to HE-AAC v1. Testing indicates that material decoded from 64 kbit/s HE-AAC does not yet have similar audio quality to material decoded from MP3 at 128 kbit/s using high quality encoders, the test, taking bitrate distribution and RMSD into account, is a tie between mp3PRO, HE AAC and Ogg Vorbis. Further controlled testing by 3GPP during their revision 6 specification process indicates that HE-AAC, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 AAC LC decoders without SBR support will decode the AAC LC part of the audio, resulting in audio output with only half the sampling frequency, thereby reducing the audio bandwidth. This usually results in the high-end, or treble, portion of the audio signal missing from the audio product, sony supports HE-AAC encoding since SonicStage version 4
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XpressMusic
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XpressMusic is a brand name for a line of Nokia phones that are specially designed for music playback. All of Nokias XpressMusic come with expandable MicroSD memory slots, so these phones can also be used as MP3 players, the XpressMusic range of phones was launched to compete with the Walkman brand series of Sony Ericsson. In September 2009, Nokia announced the X3-00 and X6, the new Xseries will replace the XpressMusic brand which has been applied to 5000 series models. The 2006 lineup consists of just one phone, the 3250 and it has a unique form factor where the bottom part containing the keypad twists, exposing the camera on the side, and dedicated music controls on the reverse. In 2007 Nokia added the almost identical 5200 and 5300 sliders and they later added the 5700, using a twisting keypad like the 3250. The 5200 was the phone that was not branded XpressMusic at all. The 2008 lineup saw the first 3G XpressMusic phones, first the 5610 and later the 5320, the lineup also added support for MicroSDHC, allowing cards larger than 2GiB. The 2009 lineup started with the 5800, one of two new phones to use the new touch-based S60 5th edition, likely designed as a response to the popularity of Apples iPhone. And apart from the 5130, the rest of the lineup are 3G phones running S60
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Thin-film transistor
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A common substrate is glass, because the primary application of TFTs is in liquid-crystal displays. This differs from the transistor, where the semiconductor material typically is the substrate. TFTs can be using a wide variety of semiconductor materials. Other materials which have used as semiconductors in TFTs include compound semiconductors such as cadmium selenide. An application for hafnium oxide is as a high-κ dielectric, TFTs have also been made using organic materials, referred to as organic field-effect transistors or OTFTs. By using transparent semiconductors and transparent electrodes, such as tin oxide. Such transparent TFTs can be used for construction of video display panels, because conventional substrates cannot withstand high annealing temperatures, the deposition process must be completed under relatively low temperatures. Chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition are applied, the first solution-processed TTFTs, based on zinc oxide, were reported in 2003 by researchers at Oregon State University. The Portuguese laboratory CENIMAT at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa has produced the world’s first completely transparent TFT at room temperature, CENIMAT also developed the first paper transistor, which may lead to applications such as magazines and journal pages with moving images. The best known application of transistors is in TFT LCDs. Transistors are embedded within the panel itself, reducing crosstalk between pixels and improving image stability, as of 2008, many color LCD TVs and monitors use this technology. TFT panels are used in digital radiography applications in general radiography. A TFT is used in direct and indirect capture as a base for the image receptor in medical radiography. AMOLED screens also contain a TFT layer, the most beneficial aspect of TFT technology is its use of a separate transistor for each pixel on the display. Because each transistor is small, the amount of charge needed to control it is also small and this allows for very fast re-drawing of the display. This picture does not include the actual light-source, just the TFT-display matrix
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Graphics display resolution
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The graphics display resolution is the width and height dimensions of an electronic visual display device, such as a computer monitor, in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name, a higher display resolution in a display of the same size means that displayed content appears sharper. The favored aspect ratio of mass market display industry products has changed gradually from 4,3, then to 16,10, and then to 16,9, the 4,3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially the era of the cathode ray tube. The 16,10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16,9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. The 4,3 aspect ratio was common in older cathode ray tube displays. The 16,10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4,3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, entertainment industry displays gradually moved from 16,10 to the 16,9 aspect ratio, by about 2007, virtually all mass market entertainment displays were 16,9. In 2011, 1920×1080 was the resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, 3840×2160 emerged on the market in 2013, also in 2013, displays with 2560×1080 appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2. 35–2.40. In 2014,21,9 screens with pixel dimensions of 3440×1440 became available as well, in this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16,9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011, the 16,10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market, one consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward. NHD is a resolution of 640×360 pixels, which is exactly one ninth of a Full HD frame. Pixel doubling nHD frames will form one 720p frame and pixel tripling nHD frames will form one 1080p frame, one drawback of this resolution is that the vertical resolution is not an even multiple of 16, which is a common macroblock size for video codecs. Video frames encoded with 16×16 pixel macroblocks would be padded to 640×368, H.264 codecs have this padding and cropping ability built-in as standard. The same is true for qHD and 1080p but the amount of padding is more for lower resolutions such as nHD. To avoid storing the eight lines of padded pixels, some prefer to encode video at 624×352. When such video streams are encoded from HD frames or played back on HD displays in full screen mode they are scaled by non-integer scale factors. True nHD frames on the hand has integer scale factors
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Nokia 1011
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The Nokia 1011 was the first mass-produced GSM phone. It was sold also as Mobira Cityman 2000, the typenumber refers to the launch date,10 November, in 1992. The black handset measured 195 x 60 x 45 mm and featured a monochrome LCD, the memory could hold 99 phone numbers. It did not yet employ Nokias characteristic ringtone, that was introduced in 1994. The phone operated in the 900 MHz band and still function on GSM 900 networks, at that time the device cost about 2500 DM. The phone was able to send and receive SMS messages, even if Nokia says that its model 2110 phone was the first SMS-enabled GSM phone, Nokia 1011 continued production until 1994, when Nokia 2010 and Nokia 2110 were introduced as a successors
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Nokia 1100
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The Nokia 1100 is a basic GSM mobile phone produced by Nokia. Over 250 million 1100s have been sold since its launch in late 2003, making it the worlds best selling phone handset, the model was discontinued in 2009. The 1100 achieved its popularity despite being made during a time more modern mobile phones with more features were available in the market. It was targeted towards developing countries and users who do not require advanced features beyond making calls and SMS text messages, alarm clock, reminders, the Nokia 1100 was designed at Nokia Design Center in California, and patented for the US by the Bulgarian-American designer Dimitre Mehandjiysky. Nokias one billionth phone sold was a Nokia 1100 purchased in Nigeria in 2005, in early 2009, it was in the news due to a firmware flaw in a batch of phones that were manufactured in a plant in Bochum, Germany. The phone could supposedly be programmed to receive messages directed to a different phone number and this flaw was brought to authorities attention after some phones were sold for over US$32,000. The 1100 features a built-in flashlight, activated by pressing and holding the C key once and it can also be accessed via a menu item. The 1100 and 1101 are only able to play monophonic ringtones and it features Nokias traditional-style navigational keypad, which uses a single button to connect and end calls, bi-directional keys and vibrating alert. The Cingular-branded version features a built-in AOL Instant Messenger client, the 1100 is compatible with Nokias Xpress-On covers. In addition to the light blue, orange or black, there are also dark blue, yellow, red, green and pink versions offered by Nokia. It has been designed for developing countries, its keypad and front face have been designed to be as dustproof as possible. Other features include a 50-message capacity, alarm, stopwatch, calculator,6 profiles, contacts storage, games, there are four distinct variations within the series, the 1100a, 1100b,1101 and the 1108. They differ as follows, The 1100a operates on the GSM-900/1800 network, the 1100b operates on the GSM-850/1900 network. The 1101 replaces the green backlighting with a white backlighting and adds a simple WAP1.1 browser, the 1108 also replaces the green backlighting with a white backlighting. The phones firmware version can be checked by dialling *#0000#, the phone uses a GSM method of activation via a SIM card. The phone is offered for use with a range of mobile phone networks. Nokia List of Nokia products List of best-selling mobile phones Download Nokia 1100 user manual
Media related to Nokia 6300 at Wikimedia Commons