1.
Clearfield, Utah
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Clearfield is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. The population was 30,112 at the 2010 census, Clearfield is a principal city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties. Clearfield was one of the last communities to be settled in the part of Davis County. Hunters and Native American Warriors knew this land before the first white man settled here and they referred to it as the land of wind and sand. There was no water for those early families until wells could be successfully dug, the only water available at first had to be hauled in large barrels from Kays Creek in East Layton. But the great event that did more to transform the bleak Sand Ridge into a garden spot was the coming of the Davis. This caused a population boom in the area as people plowed up the sagebrush, cactus, and prickly pears. Many Clearfield children went to school in nearby Syracuse by walking several miles a day, in 1907, the new Clearfield Elementary School opened its doors to those same children. The school taught first through eighth grades and operated until 1923 when it was destroyed by fire, the new building later acquired the name Pioneer School. North Davis Junior High School was built and opened its doors in 1939, the building cost approximately $170,000 to build. That first year, there were 18 faculty members and 585 students, throughout the following years, Clearfield was known as a peaceful farming community. However, the addition of defense installations in the changed the agricultural community. Construction began on Hill Field in 1940 and the facility eventually stretched along the border of Clearfield. The base has since provided many jobs for civilians and is one of Utahs major employers, on the southwestern side of Clearfield, the U. S. Navy installed the Clearfield Naval Supply Depot in 1943. The dry climate was ideal for storage, and there was a supply of manpower. Another more modern school, South Clearfield Elementary, was added during 1950 to help keep pace with the growing population, the early winter of 1959 saw the beginnings of Clearfield High School, the first high school in northern Davis County. The Clearfield Naval Supply Depot was eventually phased out by 1962, private firms soon began moving into the large warehouse buildings. The area became known as the Freeport Center and today is a major hub for manufacturing, warehousing
2.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
University of Utah
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The University of Utah is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. As the states flagship university, the university more than 100 undergraduate majors. The university is classified in the highest ranking, R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the Carnegie Classification also considers the university as selective, which is its second most selective admissions category. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utahs only medical school, as of Fall 2015, there are 23,909 undergraduate students and 7,764 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 31,673. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret and it received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. The university ranks among the top 50 U. S. universities by total research expenditures with over $486 million spent in 2014, in addition, the universitys Honors College has been reviewed among 50 leading national Honors Colleges in the U. S. The university has also ranked the 12th most ideologically diverse university in the country. The universitys athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and its football team has received national attention for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl. A Board of Regents was organized by Brigham Young to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley, early classes were held in private homes or wherever space could be found. The university closed in 1853 due to lack of funds and lack of feeder schools, the university moved out of the council house into the Union Academy building in 1876 and into Union Square in 1884. Additional Fort Douglas land has granted to the university over the years. Upon his death in 1900, Dr. John R. Park bequeathed his fortune to the university. One third of the faculty resigned in protest of these dismissals, the controversy was largely resolved when Kingsbury resigned in 1916, but university operations were again interrupted by World War I, and later The Great Depression and World War II. Student enrollment dropped to a low of 3,418 during the last year of World War II, ray Olpin made substantial additions to campus following the war, and enrollment reached 12,000 by the time he retired in 1964. Growth continued in the decades as the university developed into a research center for fields such as computer science. During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the university hosted the Olympic Village, the University of Utah Asia Campus opened as an international branch campus in the Incheon Global Campus in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea in 2014. Three other European and American universities are also participating, the Asia Campus was funded by the South Korean government. Campus takes up 1,534 acres, including the Health Sciences complex, Research Park and it is located on the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley, close to the Wasatch Range and approximately 2 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City
5.
Stanford Graduate School of Business
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The Stanford Graduate School of Business is one of the seven schools of Stanford University. Its faculty members maintain several joint appointments with affiliated research centers, the GSB maintains very close links with the venture capital, finance and technology firms of nearby Silicon Valley. There are 26,309 living alumni, including 17,803 alumni of the MBA program, Stanford Graduate School of Business is renowned to have produced a remarkable number of successful business leaders and entrepreneurs, many among the worlds wealthiest, from its alumni base. In August 2006, the school announced what was then the largest gift ever to a business school – $105 million from Stanford alumnus Phil Knight, MBA62, Founder and Chairman of Nike, Inc. The gift went toward construction of a $375 million campus, called the Knight Management Center, the business school comprises the Knight Management Center and the Schwab Residential Center. In May 2016 the school announced that Jonathan Levin would become the dean of the GSB commencing that September. Stanfords MBA program was ranked 2nd in the United States by U. S. News & World Report in 2016, and 1st in 2015. The school is currently ranked 1st by Forbes, 4th in the Financial Times Global MBA rankings, 13th by The Economist in its Full Time MBA ranking, in the ranking aggregator Poets & Quants Stanfords MBA program was ranked 2nd in the US. In 2016, the schools MBA program was ranked #18 worldwide for social and environmental impact by Corporate Knights magazine, the Stanford Graduate School of Business is the most selective business school in the U. S. It has maintained the highest ratio of applicants to available seats of any school in the U. S. for the last decade. It has also had the lowest acceptance rates of any business school, the school has approximately 400 students per year in its full-time two-year MBA program. It is relatively diverse compared to its peer institutions, the most recent entering class was approximately 42% female, 20% ethnic minorities and 44% international. Current and past students include Fulbright Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Coro, Gardner, Soros, Rhodes, Rotary, approximately 15% of the class entered the MBA program with other graduate or professional degrees, including medical doctors, lawyers, and Ph. Ds. Stanford GSB also offers a PhD in Management degree for those looking to pursue a career in academia, the students at the school have traditionally maintained a policy of grade non-disclosure whereby they do not release grades. Some annual academic distinctions do exist, students graduating in the top ten percent of the class are designated Arjay Miller Scholars, named after the former dean, Arjay Miller. The top student receives the Henry Ford II award at graduation, at the end of the first year five students are also designated Siebel Scholars based on a combination of academics and extracurriculars. The GSB has several student-run organization focused on career paths, affinity groups. Recently the Women in Management organization was featured on leanin. org for its inclusion of men in conversations around gender equity, in June 2006, the School announced a dramatic change to its curriculum model
6.
Pong
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Pong is one of the earliest arcade video games and the first sports arcade video game. It is a tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics. While other arcade games such as Computer Space came before it. The game was manufactured by Atari, which released it in 1972. Allan Alcorn created Pong as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Bushnell based the idea on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality of Alcorns work, Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture the game, soon after its release, several companies began producing games that copied Pongs gameplay, and eventually released new types of games. As a result, Atari encouraged its staff to more innovative games. The company released several sequels that built upon the gameplay by adding new features. During the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a version of Pong exclusively through Sears retail stores. It was also a success and led to numerous copies. The game has been remade on numerous home and portable platforms following its release, Pong has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows and video games, and has been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions. Pong is a sports game that simulates table tennis. Players use the paddles to hit a back and forth. The aim is for player to reach eleven points before the opponent. Pong was the first game developed by Atari, after producing Computer Space, Bushnell decided to form a company to produce more games by licensing ideas to other companies. The first contract was with Bally Manufacturing Corporation for a driving game, soon after the founding, Bushnell hired Allan Alcorn because of his experience with electrical engineering and computer science, Bushnell and Dabney also had previously worked with him at Ampex. Prior to working at Atari, Alcorn had no experience with video games, to acclimate Alcorn to creating games, Bushnell gave him a project secretly meant to be a warm-up exercise. Bushnell told Alcorn that he had a contract with General Electric for a product, in 2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic tennis he had played before, Bushnell played a version on a PDP-1 computer in 1964 while attending college
7.
Consumer Technology Association
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The Consumer Technology Association, formerly Consumer Electronics Association, is a standards and trade organization for the consumer electronics industry in the United States. CTA works to public policy, holds events such as the International CES and SINOCES, conducts market research. CTA is led by Gary Shapiro, the International CES is a major technology trade show held each January in Las Vegas. The CTA-sponsored show typically hosts previews of products and new product announcements, the first CES was held in 1967 in New York City. It was a spinoff from the Chicago Music Show, which then had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics. The event had 17,500 attendees and over 100 exhibitors, from 1978 to 1994, CES was held twice each year, once in January in Las Vegas known as Winter Consumer Electronics Show and once in June in Chicago, known as Summer Consumer Electronics Show. In 1998, the changed to a once-a-year format with Las Vegas as the location. CES is one of the largest and longest trade shows held in Las Vegas, taking up to 18 days to set up, run, SINOCES is a tradeshow held annually in the Chinese city of Qingdao in Shandong. The original organizers of SINOCES appropriated the CES trademark without the permission of CTA, CTA later successfully negotiated for joint sponsorship of the event. SINOCES serves as a platform for both Chinese and American companies to new products into the Chinese market. SINOCES also serves as forum for Chinese electronics companies and their counterparts from overseas, CTA launched The Innovation Movement, a broad based group with more than 200,000 members, in order to spur economic growth and technological innovation. The Innovation Movement is active on issues including trade, immigration, deficit reduction, broadband deployment. CTA believes that spectrum is the oxygen of innovation, CTA supports legislation to allow the FCC to conduct voluntary incentive auctions in order to obtain 500 megahertz of new radio spectrum for wireless broadband internet services. CTA supports making this available for licensed and unlicensed use. In March 2011, CEA and CTIA sent a joint letter to Congress in support of voluntary incentive auctions, in February of the same year, the two groups also released a white paper on freeing up broadcast television spectrum for use by wireless broadband services. On the issue of net neutrality, CTA states, We believe that consumers should have the right to attach devices of their choice to broadband networks as well as have unfettered access to content. CTA believes that the government can most effectively address the net neutrality debate by reallocating spectrum for wireless broadband use and this reallocation would ensure rapid broadband deployment and a competitive, pro-consumer broadband marketplace. CEA supported the FCCs National Broadband Plan in 2010, CEA specifically praised the FCCs efforts to address the spectrum crunch, competition in the market for video devices, and improved internet access for underserved populations
8.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
9.
Atari
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Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972, currently by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA. The original Atari, Inc. founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was a pioneer in arcade games, home game consoles. The companys products, such as Pong and the Atari 2600, in 1984, the original Atari Inc. was split due to its role in the video game crash of 1983, and the arcade division was turned into Atari Games Inc. Atari Games received the rights to use the logo and brand name with appended text Games on arcade games, the Atari Consumer Electronics Division properties were in turn sold to Jack Tramiels Tramel Technology Ltd. which then renamed itself to Atari Corporation. In 1996, Atari Corporation reverse-merged with disk-drive manufacturer JT Storage, in 1998,6 November Hasbro Interactive acquired all Atari Corporation related properties from JTS, creating a new subsidiary, Atari Interactive. After IESAs acquisition of Hasbro Interactive, Infogrames, Inc. intermittently published Atari branded titles for Infogrames Interactive, on October 11,2008, Infogrames completed its acquisition of Atari, Inc. making it a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1971, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney founded a firm, Syzygy Engineering, that designed and built Computer Space. On June 27,1972 Atari, Inc. was incorporated, Bushnell asked Alcorn produce an arcade version of the Magnavox Odysseys Tennis game, which would be named Pong. While Bushnell incorporated Atari in June 1972, Syzygy Company was never formally incorporated, Atari was incorporated in the state of California on June 27,1972. Joe Keenans management of the led to him being promoted president of Atari that same year. In 1976, Bushnell, through Grass Valley, CA firm Cyan Engineering, the result was the Atari Video Computer System, or VCS. The introductory price of $199 included a console, two joysticks, a pair of paddles, and the Combat game cartridge, Bushnell knew he had another potential hit on his hands but bringing the machine to market would be extremely expensive. Looking for outside investors, Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications in 1976 for an estimated $28–32 million, Nolan continued to have disagreements with Warner Management over the direction of the company, the discontinuation of the pinball division, and most important, the notion of discontinuing the 2600. In 1978, Kee Games was disbanded, in December of that year, Nolan Bushnell was fired following an argument with Manny Gerard. E started fighting like cats and dogs, and then the wheels came off that fall. Warner claimed they fired me, recalled Bushnell, development of a successor to the 2600 started as soon as it shipped. The original team estimated the 2600 had a lifespan of three years, it then set forth to build the most powerful machine possible within that time frame. Mid-way into their effort the home computer revolution took off, leading to the addition of a keyboard and features to produce the Atari 800 and its smaller sibling, the new machines had some success when they finally became available in quantity in 1980
10.
Chuck E. Cheese's
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Chuck E. Cheeses is a chain of American family entertainment centers and restaurants. The chain is the brand of CEC Entertainment, Inc. and is headquartered in Irving. The establishment serves pizza and other items, complemented by arcade games, amusement rides. The brand derives its name from its main animatronic character Chuck E. Cheese, Chuck E. Cheeses Pizza Time Theatre in San Jose, California, was the first location to open on May 17,1977. The concept was authored by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, credited with bringing video games such as Pong to the mainstream, the Pizza Time Theatre was the first family restaurant to integrate food, animated entertainment, and an indoor arcade. Following a filing for bankruptcy, the chain was acquired by competitor Showbiz Pizza Place in 1984, forming Showbiz Pizza Time, in 1990, the company began unifying the two brands with the goal of renaming every location to Chuck E. Cheeses Pizza. They redesigned the logo in 1994, dropping Pizza from each stores name, in 1998, Showbiz Pizza Time, Inc. became CEC Entertainment, Inc. and the company operates 590 locations as of 2015. The first location opened in San Jose, California in 1977, and was labeled as the first family restaurant to integrate food, cheap animated entertainment, in 1978, Bushnell purchased the Pizza Time Theatre concept from Ataris then-corporate parent, Warner Communications. Marketing people disliked that and proposed Chuck E, Cheese instead, which is what was used. As the restaurant became successful, he began to franchise. In November 1978, Brock met Aaron Fechter of Creative Engineering, concerned that Fechter’s animatronics would be too strong a competition for Bushnell’s work, Brock requested that Bushnell release him from the co-development agreement, citing misrepresentation. In December 1979, Brock and Fechter formed “Showbiz Pizza Place Inc”, ShowBiz Pizza Place was conceptually identical to Pizza Time Theatre in all aspects except for animation, which would be provided by Creative Engineering. Showbiz Pizza Place opened its first location on March 3,1980, in Kansas City, upon the opening of ShowBiz Pizza Place, Bushnell sued Brock and Topeka Inn Management over breach of contract. Brock immediately issued a counter-suit against Bushnell, citing misrepresentation, the court case began in March 1980, eventually settling out of court with Showbiz agreeing to pay Pizza Time Theatre a portion of its profits over the following decade. During this period, Topeka Inn Management also changed its name to Brock Hotel Corporation and moved its headquarters to Irving, Showbiz then bought the foundering company, recreating itself as Showbiz Pizza Time Inc. 3%. During this period, Creative Engineering began to sever ties with ShowBiz Pizza Time, by 1992, all restaurants assumed the name of Chuck E. Cheese’s Pizza. However, the name was changed to Chuck E. Cheeses by March 17,1995 after a 1994 redesigning of the concept, in 1998, the company renamed itself CEC Entertainment, Inc. Part of this renaming was related to a move from the NASDAQ to the NYSE, in 1999, CEC Entertainment, Inc. bought out competitor Discovery Zone
11.
Atari, Inc.
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Atari, Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. In 1966, Nolan Bushnell saw Spacewar. for the first time at the University of Utah, the resulting game, Computer Space, was released by a coin-op game company, Nutting Associates. For the first time at the University of Utah, Computer Space did not fare well commercially when it was placed in Nuttings customary market, bars. Feeling that the game was too complex for the average customer unfamiliar and unsure with the new technology. Bushnell and Ted Dabney left Nutting to form their own engineering firm, Syzygy Engineering, initially wanting to start Syzygy off with a driving game, Bushnell had concerns that it might be too complicated for the young Alcorns first game. In May 1972, Bushnell had seen a demonstration of the Magnavox Odyssey, according to Alcorn, Bushnell decided to have him produce an arcade version of the Odysseys Tennis game, which would go on to be named Pong. Atari later had to pay Magnavox a licensing fee after the latter sued Atari because of this, when they went to incorporate their firm that June, they soon found that Syzygy already existed in California. Atari was incorporated in the state of California on June 27,1972, by August 1972, the first Pong was completed. It consisted of a black and white television from Walgreens, the game hardware. It was placed in a Sunnyvale tavern by the name of Andy Capps to test its viability. When the game begun malfunctioning a few days later and Alcorn returned to fix the machine, he was met by a lineup of people waiting for the bar to open so they could play the game. On examination, the turned out to be mundane, the coin collector was filled to overflowing with quarters, and when customers tried to jam them in anyway. Though Kees relationship to Atari was discovered in 1974, Joe Keenan did such a job managing the subsidiary that he was promoted to president of Atari that same year. In 1975, Bushnell started an effort to produce a video game console that was capable of playing all four of Ataris then-current games. Development took place at an engineering lab, which initially had serious difficulties trying to produce such a machine. However, in early 1976 the now-famous MOS Technology 6502 was released, the result was the Atari 2600, released in October 1977 as the Video Computer System, one of the most successful consoles in history. Bushnell knew he had another hit on his hands. In 1976 Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications for $28 million and he departed from the division in 1979
12.
Walk of Game
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It noted the most influential game characters of that year. Gamers worldwide cast their votes through paper ballots and online submissions at the Walk of Game website during a voting period. Ballots were held during October in the years 2005 and 2006, the top four games/characters and two lifetime achievers were honored with a permanent 24-by-24-inch customized steel star on Walk of Game. The attraction was deliberately similar to Hollywood, Californias Walk of Fame, as suggested by the similar name, in February 2006, Sony sold the Metreon to The Westfield Group. With the departure of Sony, the Walk of Game was never again updated, in 2012, the area of the Walk of Game was converted to a Target Corporation store. The Walk of Game was removed, along with the walkway which it had occupied
13.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
14.
Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
15.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
16.
Utah State University
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Utah State University is a public doctorate-granting university in Logan, Utah, United States. The coeducational, space-grant, land-grant, research university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, with nearly 18,000 students living on or near campus, USU is the largest public residential campus in Utah. As of Fall 2015, there were 28,622 total students enrolled including 25,259 undergraduate students and 3,363 graduate students of whom 735 were doctoral students. The university has the highest percentage of students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body. Founded in 1888 as Utahs agricultural college, USU focused on agriculture, domestic arts, the university now offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, business, economics, natural resource sciences, as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs. It offers masters and doctoral programs in humanities, social sciences and it received its current name in 1957. A professor from the university has been named Utahs sole Carnegie Professor of the year 14 of the last 20 years, USU has nine colleges and offers a total of 176 bachelors degrees,97 masters degrees, and 38 doctoral degrees. USUs main campus is located in Logan with regional campuses in Brigham City, Tooele, in 2010, the College of Eastern Utah, located in Price, Utah joined the USU system becoming Utah State University College of Eastern Utah. Throughout Utah, USU operates more than 20 distance education centers, Regional campuses, USU Eastern, and distance education centers provide degrees to more than 40% of the students enrolled. In total, USU has more than 220,000 alumni in all 50 states, USUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Utah State Aggies. They are a member of the Mountain West Conference, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act into effect in July of the following year. Meanwhile, after visiting a few agricultural schools in his native Denmark. Now there came the question of location, citizens in Logan, Cache County, banded together and successfully lobbied representatives for the honor. The bill to establish the Agricultural College of Utah was passed on March 8,1888, in its early years, the college narrowly dodged two major campaigns to consolidate its operations with the University of Utah. Much controversy arose in response to President William J. Kerrs expansion of the scope beyond its agricultural roots. Detractors in Salt Lake City feared that such an expansion would come at the expense of the University of Utah, in 1907, an agreement was struck to instead limit the curricula of the Agricultural College strictly to agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts. This meant closing all departments in Logan, including the music department. The bulk of the restrictions were lifted during the next two decades, with the exception of law and medicine, which have since remained the sole property of the University of Utah
17.
University of Utah College of Engineering
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The College of Engineering at the University of Utah is an academic college of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in engineering and computer science, the College of Engineering at the University of Utah originated from the State School of Mines, established in the 1890s. Dedicated to enhancing Utah’s mining industry, it was among the first engineering programs west of the Mississippi River, the first modern four-year engineering degree at the school was introduced in 1895. Merrill was the first principal and the Merrill Engineering Building was named in his honor, richard Lyman was recruited from Brigham Young Academy to teach the technical engineering curriculum. Lyman organized the first Department of Engineering in 1896, during the past 118 years, the College has awarded nearly 24,000 engineering degrees. Many alumni have achieved recognition in industry, manufacturing, research, education, law, medicine. Many other graduates hold executive positions in companies and educational institutions worldwide, several also actively serve their communities in civic. Today, approximately 3,400 undergraduate and nearly 1,100 graduate students are enrolled in the College, the College has 156 tenure and tenure-track faculty members and $81.5 million in engineering research expenditures, which places it 30th among 206 engineering colleges for research productivity. The University of Utah is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, the College of Engineering is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education. In 2014, the College began offering data center engineering and big data certificate programs, the big data certificate program draws on computer science coursework to provide graduate students and professional computer scientists the skills to process, analyze and manage large, complex data. The Bioengineering Department at the University of Utah offers undergraduate degrees in Biomedical Engineering, the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Utah offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in Chemical Engineering. This Department was recently ranked 5th nationally in research and development funding. Launched in 2013, the program produces well-qualified engineers who are knowledgeable about the development of oil. Civil and environmental engineering careers are ideal for students with vision and analytic skills. As engineers develop in their careers, they will be challenged to new ways to support the needs of business, industry, public agencies. The department and local industry offer paid internships, scholarships and employment opportunities to help defray the cost of tuition, master’s and doctoral degrees are offered to those holding a B. S. degree in engineering or a science-related field. Undergraduates can take selected courses as electives and in preparation for nuclear engineering graduate degree programs. The interdisciplinary program teaches students both hardware and software skills, as well as how to combine the skillsets to become successful computer engineers
18.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
19.
Pi Kappa Alpha
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Pi Kappa Alpha or Pike is a college fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1868. The fraternity has over 225 chapters and colonies across the United States, on March 1,1869, exactly one year after the Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia was formed, the Beta Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha was founded at Davidson College. Theta Chapter, at Rhodes College, took over the responsibilities of Alpha chapter when the Fraternity was in decline in its infancy, john Shaw Foster, a junior founder from Theta Chapter, helped to reestablish Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia. Theta Chapter is the longest continual running chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha since its inception in 1878, after almost a decade of decline, Pi Kappa Alpha was re-founded as part of the Hampden-Sydney Convention, held in a dorm room at Hampden–Sydney College. The four delegates to the Hampden-Sydney Convention are referred to as the Junior Founders, Pi Kappa Alpha was not originally organized as a sectional fraternity, however by constitutional provision it became so in 1889. It remained a fraternity until the New Orleans Convention in 1909 when Pi Kappa Alpha officially declared itself a national organization. Its rituals are based on Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Shield & Diamond is the official quarterly publication of Pi Kappa Alpha. It was first printed in December 1890 by Robert Adger Smythe, the name was changed to Shield & Diamond in 1891. Pike University is the used for all of the fraternitys leadership programs. The program is administered by the professional staff. Founded in 1948 as a 501 tax exempt organization for charitable, events held by the university include International Convention, the Academy, the Chapter Executives Conference, and several regional Leadership Summits. Pike University grants more than $100,000 in scholarships each year, in 1948, Pi Kappa Alpha established and chartered the Pi Kappa Alpha Memorial Foundation as a 501 organization. The foundation grants $350,000 in scholarships and grants to members each year. It also provides funding to the fraternity and its chapters for leadership programs, scholarships, the foundation grants initiation fee scholarships to undergraduates inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa, Order of Omega, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi honoraries. The Pike Foundation also maintains and operates the Memorial Headquarters in Memphis and this facility houses professional staffs, the Harvey T. Newell Library, and the Freeman Hart Museum, the building is a war memorial built in 1988 to recognize the military services of members who died in the line of duty. A Gold Star Memorial was dedicated on August 1,2008, Pi Kappa Alphas move to start a chapter at the historically black Howard University in 2006 was opposed by some students and alumni. In 2014, the leaders of the fraternitys University of Arkansas chapter were asked to resign following an unauthorized Martin Luther King, Jr. Day party that incorporated racist stereotypes
20.
Fraternities and sororities
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Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
21.
Computer science
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Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. An alternate, more succinct definition of science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems and its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory, are highly abstract, other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, the earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623, in 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons and he started developing this machine in 1834, and in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information, when the machine was finished, some hailed it as Babbages dream come true. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as an academic discipline in the 1950s. The worlds first computer science program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. The first computer science program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights and it is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM released the IBM704 and later the IBM709 computers, still, working with the IBM was frustrating if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again. During the late 1950s, the science discipline was very much in its developmental stages. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology, modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base
22.
Spacewar!
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It was written for the newly installed DEC PDP-1 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After its initial creation, Spacewar was expanded further by students and employees of universities in the area, including Dan Edwards. It was also spread to many of the few dozen, primarily academic, installations of the PDP-1 computer, the game features two spaceships, the needle and the wedge, engaged in a dogfight while maneuvering in the gravity well of a star. Both ships are controlled by human players, each ship has limited fuel for maneuvering and a limited number of torpedoes, and the ships follow Newtonian physics, remaining in motion even when the player is not accelerating. Flying near the star to provide a gravity assist was a common tactic, ships are destroyed when hit with a torpedo or colliding with the star. At any time, the player can engage a hyperspace feature to move to a new, random location on the screen, though each use has an increasing chance of destroying the ship instead. The game was controlled with switches on the PDP-1, though Alan Kotok and Bob Saunders built an early gamepad to reduce the difficulty. Spacewar is one of the most important and influential games in the history of video games. It was extremely popular in the programming community in the 1960s and was widely ported to other computer systems at the time. It has also been recreated in more programming languages for PDP-1 emulators. It directly inspired many other games, such as the first commercial arcade games, Galaxy Game and Computer Space. In 2007, Spacewar was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time and we had this brand new PDP-1, Steve Russell told Rolling Stone in a 1972 interview. Somebody had built some little pattern-generating programs which made interesting patterns like a kaleidoscope, here was this display that could do all sorts of good things. So we started talking about it, figuring what would be interesting displays and we decided that probably you could make a two-dimensional maneuvering sort of thing, and decided that naturally the obvious thing to do was spaceships. The ships fire torpedoes, which are not affected by the pull of the star. The ships have a number of torpedoes and a limited supply of fuel. Torpedoes are fired one at a time by flipping a switch on the computer or pressing a button on the control pad. The ships follow Newtonian physics, remaining in motion even when the player is not accelerating, each player controls one of the ships and must attempt to shoot down the other ship while avoiding a collision with the star
23.
Digital Equipment Corporation
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Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a vendor of computer systems, including computers, software. Their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992, DECs headquarters were located in a wool mill in Maynard. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. Some parts of DEC, notably the business and the Hudson. Initially focusing on the end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them. Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970, eventually selling over 600,000 units and cementing DECs position in the industry. Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DECs VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer and these systems were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, at its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the Massachusetts State Government. The rapid rise of the business microcomputer in the late 1980s, DECs last major attempt to find a space in the rapidly changing market was the DEC Alpha 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture. DEC initially started work on Alpha as a way to re-implement their VAX series, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name
24.
Computer graphics
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Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with help from specialized hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science, the phrase was coined in 1960, by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and William Fetter of Boeing. It is often abbreviated as CG, though sometimes referred to as CGI. The overall methodology depends heavily on the sciences of geometry, optics. Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data effectively and meaningfully to the user and it is also used for processing image data received from the physical world. Computer graphic development has had a significant impact on many types of media and has revolutionized animation, movies, advertising, video games, the term computer graphics has been used a broad sense to describe almost everything on computers that is not text or sound. Such imagery is found in and on television, newspapers, weather reports, a well-constructed graph can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In the media such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, thesis, many tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer generated imagery can be categorized into different types, two dimensional, three dimensional, and animated graphics. As technology has improved, 3D computer graphics have become more common, Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Screens could display art since the Lumiere brothers use of mattes to create effects for the earliest films dating from 1895. New kinds of displays were needed to process the wealth of information resulting from such projects, early projects like the Whirlwind and SAGE Projects introduced the CRT as a viable display and interaction interface and introduced the light pen as an input device. Douglas T. Ross of the Whirlwind SAGE system performed an experiment in 1954 in which a small program he wrote captured the movement of his finger. Electronics pioneer Hewlett-Packard went public in 1957 after incorporating the decade prior, and established ties with Stanford University through its founders. This began the transformation of the southern San Francisco Bay Area into the worlds leading computer technology hub - now known as Silicon Valley. The field of computer graphics developed with the emergence of computer graphics hardware, further advances in computing led to greater advancements in interactive computer graphics. In 1959, the TX-2 computer was developed at MITs Lincoln Laboratory, the TX-2 integrated a number of new man-machine interfaces
25.
Tic-tac-toe
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Tic-tac-toe is a paper-and-pencil game for two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game, the following example game is won by the first player, X, Players soon discover that best play from both parties leads to a draw. Hence, tic-tac-toe is most often played by young children. The game can be generalized to an m, n, k-game in which two players alternate placing stones of their own color on an m×n board, with the goal of getting k of their own color in a row. Hararys generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization of tic tac toe and it can also be generalized as a nd game. Tic-tac-toe is the game where n equals 3 and d equals 2, according to Claudia Zaslavskys book Tic Tac Toe, And Other Three-In-A Row Games from Ancient Egypt to the Modern Computer, tic-tac-toe could be traced back to ancient Egypt. Another closely related ancient game is Three Mens Morris which is played on a simple grid. An early variation of tic-tac-toe was played in the Roman Empire and it was called Terni Lapilli and instead of having any number of pieces, each player only had three, thus they had to move them around to empty spaces to keep playing. The games grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome, the different names of the game are more recent. The first print reference to noughts and crosses, the British name, in his novel Can You Forgive Her,1864, Anthony Trollope refers to a clerk playing tit-tat-toe. Tic-tac-toe may also derive from tick-tack, the name of an old version of backgammon first described in 1558, the U. S. renaming of Noughts and crosses as tic-tac-toe occurred in the 20th century. In 1952, OXO, developed by British computer scientist Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge, the computer player could play perfect games of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent. In 1975, tic-tac-toe was also used by MIT students to demonstrate the power of Tinkertoy elements. The Tinkertoy computer, made out of only Tinkertoys, is able to play tic-tac-toe perfectly and it is currently on display at the Museum of Science, Boston. A position is merely a state of the board, while a game usually refers to the way a position is obtained. Naive counting leads to 19,683 possible board layouts, and 362,880 possible games, however, two matters much reduce these numbers, The game ends when three-in-a-row is obtained. If X starts, the number of Xs is always equal to or exactly 1 more than the number of Os. The complete analysis is complicated by the definitions used when setting the conditions
26.
Fox games
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In another variant, Fox and Hounds, the fox merely tries to evade the hounds. There are several versions known, in Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Iceland, Slovakia, Russia, the game Halatafl is known from at least as early as the 14th century, and it is mentioned in Grettis saga. It probably originated in Scandinavia, as a variant of Tafl, in fact, Halatafl is still played in Scandinavia with rules similar to Tafl, see below. Edward IV of England is known to have purchased two foxes and 26 hounds to form two sets of Marelles, believed to be Fox and Hounds, as Fox and Geese, the game was a favorite pastime of Queen Victoria. Halatafl means tail board, in Old Norse, and tail presumably refers to a foxs tail, as in Grettis saga, rävspelet is still played with holes and pegs. There are two fox pegs and 20 sheep pegs, the foxes are placed in the corners on the bottom of the red square, whereas the sheep are placed on the opposite side of the board. When the players have decided who will move first, they move one step in turns, the sheep may only move forward or sideways, while the foxes may move in any direction, even backwards. If a sheep is in front of an empty hole, the fox has to jump over and capture the sheep, the capturing is mandatory, as are repeated jumps if possible. The sheep have won if they manage to fill the paddock, in the English-speaking world a simplified version is known as Fox and Geese. In this version the objective of reaching a location has been removed. It is not mandatory for the fox to capture the opponents pieces, the fox is placed in the middle of the board, and 13 geese are placed on one side of the board. The fox and geese can move to any empty space around them, the fox can jump over geese like in checkers, capturing them. Unlike in Halatafl, capturing is not mandatory, the geese win if they surround the fox so that it cannot move. The fox wins if it captures enough geese so that the remaining geese cannot surround it, the traditional game with 13 geese is not well balanced and gives the advantage to the fox. There are more balanced game variants with 15,17 or 18 geese or two foxes and this version is played on an 8×8 chess/checkerboard. As in draughts, only the dark squares are used, the four hounds are initially placed on the dark squares at one edge of the board, the fox is placed on any dark square on the opposite edge. The objective of the fox is to cross one side of the board to the other, arriving at any one of the hounds original squares. The hounds move like a man, diagonally forward one square
27.
Lagoon (amusement park)
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Lagoon is an privately owned amusement park in Farmington, Utah, United States, located about seventeen miles north of Salt Lake City. Lagoon also offers a full-service RV park, a campground, in 1886, The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad built a resort on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. It was called Lake Park, and was one of several built along the lake throughout the late 1800s. Through the years, the level receded drastically until Lake Park was far from the lake. Simon Bamberger, who was building his Salt Lake & Ogden Railroad line from Salt Lake City to Ogden, Utah, was president of Lake Park. To increase passenger traffic on his line he bought most of the original Lake Park buildings from the D&RGW and moved them about 3 miles east near Farmington and this gave the residents of Salt Lake City a reason to travel over the Bamberger. The resort was named Lagoon for the body of water located on the original forty acres. The original lagoon was used to harvest ice in winter, Bamberger had it enlarged to 9 acres by clearing some swampland, Lagoon opened in Farmington, Utah on 12 July 1896, and included Bowling, Elegant Dancing Pavilion, Fine Music, A Shady Bowery and Good Restaurants. In 1899, Shoot-the-Chutes, the parks first thrill ride, was added, in 1900 guests began swimming and rowing boats in Lagoon Lake. Over time more rides were added, such as the authentic Herschell-Spillman Carousel, in 1953 when the White Roller Coaster caught fire, Robert Freed came down and sprayed the merry-go-round with water to protect its hand-carved figures. One of the most popular today is Lagoons famous wooden roller coaster. Designed by John Miller of Coney Island fame, it was constructed in 1921, Miller gave Lagoons coaster plenty of dips and turns. Its highest height is fifty-seven feet, and the length of track is two thousand five hundred feet, the ride lasts just under two minutes and the coaster train reaches speeds up to 45 mph. It is locally known as the White Roller Coaster due to its white wash paint, in 1927 a 1.5 million U. S. gallon swimming pool with water fit to drink was built north of Lagoon Lake. It was one of the first filtered swimming pools in the west, the 1920s and 1930s were popular years at Lagoon. There was betting and horse racing there in the 1920s, the first Fun House was built in 1929, along with many other midway shows, rides, and games. During the Big Band era Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, the park closed for three seasons during World War II. By 1946 the park was in bad condition and on the brink of permanent closure, the Bamberger family considered razing it
28.
Ogden, Utah
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Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
29.
Litton Industries
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Named after inventor Charles Litton, Sr. Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States, bought by the Northrop Grumman Corporation in 2001. Litton started in 1953 as a company building navigation, communications. They diversified and became a bigger business, with major shipyards. In the early 1990s, Litton Industries split into separate military, the US$2 billion commercial business, which included Littons oilfield services, business and automated assembly line operations, was named Western Atlas, Inc. The early li logo was designed by Robert Miles Runyan, but was modified in 1986 by designer Gregory Thomas after a comprehensive study. For much of the early 1980s and 90s, li SWEDA and li COLE were commonly found on product goods but it was modified to bring emphasis to the parent company, in 1998, Litton Industries bought TASC, Inc. In 2000, TASC sold three stand-alone commercial operations, Adesso Software, WSI Corporation and Emerge, in 2001, Northrop Grumman bought Litton Industries. Official website Northrop Grumman LITTON Industries Alumni - LITTON Industries Alumni group on LinkedIn
30.
Encyclopedia Americana
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Encyclopedia Americana is one of the largest general encyclopedias in the English language. Following the acquisition of Grolier in 2000, the encyclopedia has been produced by Scholastic, the encyclopedia has more than 45,000 articles, most of them more than 500 words and many running to considerable length. The works coverage of American and Canadian geography and history has been a traditional strength, most articles are signed by their contributors. Long available as a 30-volume print set, the Encyclopedia Americana is now marketed as an online encyclopedia requiring a subscription, in March 2008, Scholastic said that print sales remained good but that the company was still deciding on the future of the print edition. The company did not produce an edition in 2007, a change from its previous approach of releasing a revised print edition each year, the most recent print edition of the Encyclopedia Americana was published in 2006. The online version of the Encyclopedia Americana, first introduced in 1997, continues to be updated and this work, like the print set from which it is derived, is designed for high school and first-year college students along with public library users. Grolier Online is not available to individual subscribers, francis Lieber, a German political exile, who came to Boston, Massachusetts in 1827, began publication of Encyclopedia Americana in 1829. The 13 volumes of the first edition were completed in 1833, just before the beginning of the 20th century Richard S. Some of the old material was carried over into the new encyclopedia, the short article method of Brockhaus was continued. Thus in 1902 a new version in 16 volumes that carried some of the old material was published. The magazines editor, Frederick Converse Beach, was editor-in-chief, and was said to be assisted by hundreds of eminent scholars, the relationship with Scientific American was terminated in 1911. From 1907 to 1912, the work was published as The Americana, a major new edition appeared in 1918–20 in 30 volumes, with George Edwin Rines as editor-in-chief. An Annual or Yearbook was also published each year beginning in 1923, the encyclopedia was purchased by Grolier in 1945. Sales during this period were accomplished primarily through mail-order and door-to-door operations, telemarketing and third-party distribution through their Lexicon division added to sales volumes in the 1970s. By the late 1970s, Grolier had moved its operations to Danbury, in 1988 Grolier was purchased by the French media company Hachette, which owned a well-known French-language encyclopedia, the Hachette Encyclopedia. Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the Lagardère Group, a CD-ROM version of the encyclopedia was published in 1995. Although the text and images were stored on separate disks, it was in keeping with current at the time. More importantly, the work had been digitized, allowing for release of a version in 1997
31.
UWink
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UWink, Inc. was a publicly traded digital entertainment company based in Los Angeles, California. The company was founded in 2000 by Nolan Bushnell, the co-founder and former CEO of both Atari and Chuck E. Cheeses, uWinks stock opened at $4.75 on July 31,2007. By December 2012 it was trading at less than one cent, uWink Bistros had a touchscreen video terminal at each table. The interactive kiosks allowed patrons to view ingredients and nutritional information for each entree, patrons could transmit their orders to the kitchen via video screen, without any assistance of wait staff. While waiting for their food, patrons had the option of playing games or viewing movie trailers, music videos, horoscopes, celebrity gossip. Games included challenge games such as Zillionaire as well as games such as Pong-style games that groups could play away from their tables while they were awaiting their orders. Woodland Hills, California, opened on October 16,2006 in Westfield Promenade and it received mixed to favorable reviews. Hollywood and Highland Center in Hollywood, California, opened on June 27,2008, Mountain View, California, opened on September 15,2008, closed April 21,2009, in the Castro Street space formerly occupied by California Roadhouse. On June 11,2007, uWink announced its first franchise locations would be opened in the Miami, Florida area via an agreement with OCC Partners, LLC. Under the Area Development Agreement, up to three franchised uWink restaurants were expected to be built in the Miami-Dade County area over the four years. On June 25,2007, uWink announced its first joint venture with venture capital firm Jefferson Partners to open locations in Canada. Their first bistro was expected to open in Canada by early spring 2008, during February,2009, uWink delisted itself from the NASDAQ. During April,2009, uWink closed its restaurant in Mountain View. UWink blamed the closure on the high rent and general difficulties in the United States economy. Two restaurants in southern California remained open, in January,2010, uWink closed its first restaurant in Woodland Hills, California. On September 12,2010, uWink announced that they were closing all their stores, moving Beyond Pong and Pizza - U. S. News & World Report uWink Bistro Detailed Report - The Stinger Report
32.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
33.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
34.
Mormons
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After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
35.
Tobacco pipe
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A tobacco pipe, often called simply a pipe, is a device specifically made to smoke tobacco. It comprises a chamber for the tobacco from which a hollow stem emerges. Pipes can range from very simple machine-made briar models to highly prized hand-made artisanal implements made by renowned pipemakers, Pipe smoking is the oldest known traditional form of tobacco smoking. Smoking pipes of various types have used since ancient times. Herodotus described Scythians inhaling the fumes of burning leaves in 500 B. C, some Native American cultures smoke tobacco in ceremonial pipes, and have done so since long before the arrival of Europeans. Other American Indian cultures smoke tobacco socially, the tobacco plant is native to South America but spread into North America long before Europeans arrived. Tobacco was introduced to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, typically this is accomplished by connecting a refractory bowl to some sort of stem which extends and cools the smoke mixture drawn through the combusting organic mass. The bowls of tobacco pipes are made of briar wood, meerschaum. Less common are other dense-grained woods such as cherry, olive, maple, mesquite, oak, minerals such as catlinite and soapstone have also been used. Pipe bowls are sometimes decorated by carving, and moulded clay pipes often had simple decoration in the mould, unusual, but still noteworthy pipe materials include gourds, as in the famous calabash pipe, and pyrolytic graphite. Metal and glass are uncommon materials for pipes, but are common for pipes intended for other substances. Because it is molded rather than carved, clay may make up the pipe or just the bowl. Stems and bits of tobacco pipes are made of moldable materials like vulcanite, lucite, Bakelite. Less common are stems made of reeds, bamboo, or hollowed out pieces of wood, expensive pipes once had stems made of amber, though this is rare now. The majority of pipes sold today, whether handmade or machine-made, are fashioned from briar, briar is a particularly well suited wood for pipe making for a number of reasons. The first and most important characteristic is its resistance to fire. The second is its inherent ability to absorb moisture, the burl absorbs water in nature to supply the tree in the dry times and likewise will absorb the moisture that is a byproduct of combustion. Briar is cut from the root burl of the tree heath, briar burls are cut into two types of blocks, ebauchon and plateaux
36.
Woodside, California
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Woodside is a small incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, United States, on the San Francisco Peninsula. It has a system of government. The population of the town was 5,287 at the 2010 census, Woodside is home to many horses and is among the wealthiest communities in the United States. The median household income in the town is $212,917, the Woodside area was originally home to natives belonging to the Ohlone tribe. In 1769, led by Gaspar de Portolá, Spanish explorers searching for San Francisco Bay camped at a site near Woodside, Woodside is located on the Rancho Cañada de Raymundo Mexican Land grant. Woodside is said to be the oldest English-speaking settlement in the part of the San Francisco Peninsula. The first English-speaking settlers arrived in the early 19th century to log the rich stands of redwoods, charles Brown constructed the first sawmill in Woodside on his Mountain Home Ranch around 1838. His adobe house, built in 1839, still stands today, by mid-century, the Woodside area had a dozen mills producing building materials for a booming San Francisco. In 1849, during the California Gold Rush, 20-year-old Mathias Alfred Parkhurst purchased 127 acres of timberland and named it “Woodside, of course, by the late 19th century, Woodside was home to country estates. The Sequoia Redwood trees in Woodside are currently 3 generation growth, the first generation of the Redwood trees were used to build San Francisco original homes. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the returned to Woodside to cut the second growth of redwood so they could be used for the rebuilding of San Francisco. In 1909, the Family, a club, set up camp facilities and rustic buildings in Woodside at the Family Farm. Gatherings at the Family Farm include an annual Farm Play, written, in 1912, the Family pooled funds to build Our Lady of the Wayside Church in Portola Valley, designed by 19-year-old Timothy L. Pflueger, his first commission. The historic building was repaired at a cost of US$600,000 after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Woodside was incorporated in 1956 to prevent urbanization, and it still retains a rural residential character, though it is a short commute to Silicon Valley. Today, Woodside is among the wealthiest small towns in the United States, outside of the business district are the Stillheart Institute educational event center, Skywood Trading Post and the Mountain Terrace event center. Horses are part of the local culture, numerous residents keep horses, and the town government maintains a network of horse trails. Some residents homes are even considered farms, the town is also popular among local cyclists and draws them in large numbers on weekends. The most popular road cycling routes include Old La Honda Road, Kings Mountain Road, Cañada Road, Southgate Drive, Skyline Boulevard, the Tour of California bicycle race includes several roads along and adjacent to CA-84 and Skyline Boulevard
37.
Leonardo DiCaprio
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Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio is an American actor and film producer. He began his career by starring as Josh in Critters 3. He starred in the adaptation of the memoir This Boys Life. Since 2000, DiCaprio has received acclaim for his work in a wide range of film genres. Edgar, the western Django Unchained, and the period drama The Great Gatsby and he also won his first Academy Award and BAFTA Award for his performance in The Revenant. DiCaprio is the founder of his own company, Appian Way Productions. Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11,1974 in Los Angeles and he is the only child of Irmelin, a legal secretary, and George DiCaprio, an underground comics artist and producer/distributor of comic books. DiCaprios father is of Italian and German descent, DiCaprios maternal grandfather, Wilhelm Indenbirken, was German. His maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken, was a Russian-born German citizen, in an interview in Russia, DiCaprio referred to himself as half-Russian and said that two of his grandparents were Russian. DiCaprios parents met while attending college and subsequently moved to Los Angeles, DiCaprio was named Leonardo because his pregnant mother was looking at a Leonardo da Vinci painting in a museum in Italy when he first kicked. His parents separated when he was an old, and he lived mostly with his mother. The two lived in several Los Angeles neighborhoods, such as Echo Park and Los Feliz, while his mother worked several jobs, DiCaprio attended Seeds Elementary School and John Marshall High School a few blocks away, after attending the Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies for four years. However, he dropped out of school following his third year. DiCaprio spent part of his childhood in Germany with his grandparents, Wilhelm. He is conversant in German and Italian, DiCaprios career began with his appearance in several commercials and educational films. In 1990, he got his break on television when he was cast in the series based on the movie Parenthood. After Parenthood, DiCaprio had bit parts on several shows, including The New Lassie and Roseanne, as well as a stint on the soap opera Santa Barbara. His involvement in Parenthood and the daily soap earned him a nomination for the Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor each, released in 1991, the movie went direct-to-video
38.
Computer Space
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Computer Space is a space combat arcade game developed in 1971 as one of the last games created in the early history of video games. Created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney in partnership as Syzygy Engineering, Computer Space is a derivative of the 1962 computer game Spacewar. Possibly the first video game to spread to multiple computer installations and it features a rocket, controlled by the player, engaged in a missile battle with a pair of flying saucers set against a background starfield. The goal is to more hits than the enemy spaceships within a set time period. The game is enclosed in a fiberglass cabinet in one of four colors. The game was designed by Bushnell and Dabney during 1970–71 to be a version of Spacewar. After they built an early proof of concept and founded Syzygy Engineering, working in partnership with Nutting, the pair ran their first location test in August 1971, one month prior to the display of a similar prototype called Galaxy Game, also based on Spacewar. After encouraging initial results, though mixed responses from distributors, Nutting ordered a production run of 1,500 units with the anticipation of a hit game. The game spawned one clone game, Star Trek, and Nutting produced a version of Computer Space in 1973 without involvement from Syzygy before closing in 1976. Syzygy went on to be incorporated as Atari, with their arcade game the successful Pong. Although not as influential as Pong, Computer Spaces release marked the start of the commercial video game industry. One of these games was Spacewar, created in 1962 for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1 minicomputer by Steve Russell and others in the programming community at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The two-player game has the players engage in a dogfight between two spaceships, set against the backdrop of a starfield, with a central star exerting gravitational force upon the ships. The original developers of Spacewar considered ways to monetize the game, the first commercial video game based on Spacewar would not be released until Computer Space in 1971. In Computer Space, the controls a rocket as it attempts to shoot a pair of flying saucers while avoiding enemy fire. The monochrome game has the three ships flying on a plane, set against the backdrop of a starfield. Missiles are fired one at a time, and there is a period between launches. The players rocket follows Newtonian physics, remaining in motion even when the player is not accelerating, the flying saucers stay in place or glide in a zig-zag pattern around the screen in tandem, with one staying a constant distance directly below the other
39.
Pinball
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Pinball is a type of arcade game, in which points are scored by a player manipulating one or more steel balls on a play field inside a glass-covered cabinet called a pinball machine. The primary objective of the game is to score as many points as possible, points are earned when the ball strikes different targets on the play field. A drain is situated at the bottom of the play field, a game ends after all the balls fall into the drain a certain number of times. Secondary objectives are to maximize the time spent playing and to earn bonus games, the origins of pinball are intertwined with the history of many other games. Croquet, golf and paille-maille eventually derived from ground billiards variants, the evolving and specializing outdoor games finally led to indoor versions that could be played on a table, such as billiards, or on the floor of a pub, like bowling and shuffleboard. The tabletop versions of games became the ancestors of modern pinball. Pins took too long to reset when knocked down, so they were fixed to the table. Players could ricochet balls off the pins to achieve the harder scorable holes, a standardized version of the game eventually became known as bagatelle. In 1869, British inventor Montague Redgrave settled in the US and manufactured bagatelle tables in Cincinnati, in 1871 Redgrave was granted US Patent #115,357 for his Improvements in Bagatelle, another name for the spring launcher that was first introduced in Billard japonais. The game also shrank in size to fit atop a bar or counter, the balls became marbles and the wickets became small metal pins. Redgraves popularization of the launcher and innovations in game design are acknowledged as the birth of pinball in its modern form. By the 1930s, manufacturers were producing coin-operated versions of bagatelles, the table was under glass and used M. Redgraves plunger device to propel the ball into the upper playfield. In 1931 David Gottliebs Baffle Ball became the first hit of the coin-operated era, selling for $17.50, the game dispensed five to seven balls for a penny. The game resonated with people wanting cheap entertainment in the Great Depression-era economy, Most drugstores and taverns in the US operated pinball machines, with many locations quickly recovering the cost of the game. Baffle Ball sold over 50,000 units and established Gottlieb as the first major manufacturer of pinball machines, in 1932, Gottlieb distributor Raymond Moloney found it hard to obtain more Baffle Ball units to sell. In his frustration he founded Lion Manufacturing to produce a game of his own design, Ballyhoo, the game became a smash hit. Its larger playfield and ten made it more challenging than Baffle Ball. Moloney eventually changed the name of his company to Bally to reflect the success of this game and these early machines were relatively small, mechanically simple and designed to sit on a counter or bar top
40.
Nutting Associates
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Nutting Associates was an arcade game manufacturer from Mountain View, California, formed in 1965 when Bill Nutting spun off The Knowledge Computer prototype from Edex Corp. Nutting, Richard Ball, and an electronic technician redesigned it to The Computer Quiz coin-operated trivia game and it underwent two redesigns, the third being the first solid state plug-in coin-op game. Ball did a concept, design and marketing brief for a video game. He started to develop Space Command but left Nutting to develop Cointronics Corp. with co-worker Ransom White and their game Lunar Lander was the first audio reward game that in 1969 used the NASA tape The Eagle has landed, as the reward. In August 1971, Nutting hired Nolan Bushnell who had an idea to put a clone of Spacewar. in its own box. Production began by the end of the year on a run of 1,500 Computer Space games, Bushnell proposed to create a sequel/remake of the game but demanded he be given an ownership stake in the company in return. Nutting refused, and Bushnell left to form Atari, when Nutting Associates later failed in 1973, Nutting left the industry and went on to fly relief supplies in Africa. Nutting Associates went out of business in 1976 and their last title was an arcade game called Ricochet. Nuttings brother, David Judd Nutting, also worked in the game industry. He formed Dave Nutting Associates, a firm that produced many of Midways games during the 1970s
41.
Magnavox Odyssey
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The Magnavox Odyssey is the first commercial home video game console. It was developed by a team led by Ralph H. Baer at Sanders Associates and released by Magnavox in the United States in September 1972. The Odyssey consists of a white, black, and brown box which connects to a television set and two rectangular controllers attached by wires. It is capable of displaying three square dots on the screen in black and white, with differing behavior for the dots depending on the game played. The idea for a game console was thought up by Baer in August 1966. The seventh, known as the Brown Box, was shown to several manufacturers before Magnavox agreed to produce it in January 1971, the console spawned the Magnavox Odyssey series of dedicated consoles, as well as the 1978 Magnavox Odyssey². One of the 28 games made for the system, a ping pong game, was an inspiration for Ataris successful Pong arcade game, in turn driving sales of the console. The release of the Odyssey marked the end of the history of video games. The Odyssey consists of a black, white, and brown oblong box connected by wires to two rectangular controllers. The reset button does not reset the game, but instead is used by different games to reset individual elements, the system can be powered by six C batteries, which were included. An optional AC power supply was sold separately, the Odyssey lacks sound capability and can only display monochrome white shapes on a blank black screen. Internally, the Odyssey architecture is composed of digital computing parts, the circuitry is implemented in diode–transistor logic using discrete transistors and diodes, rather than the newly emerging transistor–transistor logic integrated circuits, due to cost concerns. The games themselves do not use cartridges like later consoles, and these cards modify the internal circuitry like a set of switches or jumpers, causing the Odyssey to display different components and react to inputs differently. Multiple games use the cards, with different instructions given to the player to change the style of game. The Odyssey is capable of displaying three square dots and a line on the screen. Two of the dots are controlled by the two players, and the third by the system itself, the main console has two dials, one of which moves the vertical line across the screen, and one which adjusts the speed of the computer-controlled dot. Different games direct the player to adjust the dials to different positions, the games include plastic overlays which stick to the television via static cling, to create visuals for the game. Different games that use the game card can have different overlays, which can change a game with the same controls from, for example
42.
Mendocino, California
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Mendocino is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County, California, United States. Mendocino is located 9.5 miles south of Fort Bragg, the population of the census-designated place was 894 at the 2010 census, up from 824 at the 2000 census. The towns name comes from Cape Mendocino, named by early Spanish navigators in honor of Antonio de Mendoza, despite its small size, the towns scenic location on a headland surrounded by the Pacific Ocean has made it extremely popular as an artist colony and with vacationers. Prior to 1850, a Pomo settlement named Buldam was located near Mendocino on the bank of the Big River. The town was founded in 1850 as a community, and was originally named Meiggsville after Henry Meiggs. The first post office opened in 1858, many of the towns early settlers were New Englanders, as was true with many older Northern California logging towns. Portuguese fishermen from the Azores also settled in the area, as did immigrants from Canton Province in China, mendocinos economy declined after 1940, and it became a somewhat isolated village with a declining population. The revitalization of the began in the late 1950s with the founding of the Mendocino Art Center by artist Bill Zacha. Most of the town was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Mendocino County, California in 1971 as the Mendocino and Headlands Historic District. In addition, the Temple of Kwan Tai on Albion Street, California Historical Landmark #927, Mendocino is located at 39°18′28″N 123°47′58″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 7.4 square miles. Mendocino has a cool summer Maritime Mediterranean climate, summers are characterized by frequent fog and highs mostly in the upper sixties and lows in the fifties. Winters rarely, if ever, see frost or snow, due to proximity to the Pacific Ocean. Mendocino averages about 43 inches of rain per year concentrated mainly in fall, winter, spring and this region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Mendocino has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Mendocino had a population of 894. The population density was 120.5 people per square mile, the racial makeup of Mendocino was 834 White,5 African American,8 Native American,13 Asian,1 Pacific Islander,6 from other races, and 27 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 42 persons, the Census reported that 830 people lived in households,64 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 were institutionalized. There were 29 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 6 same-sex married couples or partnerships,178 households were made up of individuals and 83 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Go (board game)
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Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in ancient China more than 2,500 years ago and it was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholar caste in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan. The modern game of Go as we know it was formalized in Japan in the 15th century CE, despite its relatively simple rules, Go is very complex, even more so than chess, and possesses more possibilities than the total number of atoms in the visible universe. Compared to chess, Go has both a board with more scope for play and longer games, and, on average. The playing pieces are called stones, one player uses the white stones and the other, black. The players take turns placing the stones on the vacant intersections of a board with a 19×19 grid of lines, beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. However, boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard by the time the game had reached Korea in the 5th century CE, the objective of Go—as the translation of its name implies—is to fully surround a larger total area of the board than the opponent. Once placed on the board, stones may not be moved, capture happens when a stone or group of stones is surrounded by opposing stones on all orthogonally-adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move, when a game concludes, the territory is counted along with captured stones and komi to determine the winner. Games may also be terminated by resignation, as of mid-2008, there were well over 40 million Go players worldwide, the overwhelming majority of them living in East Asia. As of December 2015, the International Go Federation has a total of 75 member countries, Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with ones stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations, contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones. A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board, a liberty is an open point bordering the group. An enclosed liberty is called an eye, and a group of stones with two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally alive, such groups cannot be captured, even if surrounded. A group with one eye or no eyes is dead and cannot resist eventual capture, the general strategy is to expand ones territory, attack the opponents weak groups, and always stay mindful of the life status of ones own groups. The liberties of groups are countable, situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponents stones, capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go
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Sunnyvale, California
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Sunnyvale is a city located in Santa Clara County, California. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 140,095, Sunnyvale is the seventh most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area and one of the major cities comprising Silicon Valley. It lies along the historic El Camino Real and Highway 101, Sunnyvale was also the home to Onizuka Air Force Station, often referred to as the Blue Cube due to the color and shape of its windowless main building. The facility, previously known as Sunnyvale Air Force Station, was named for the deceased Space Shuttle Challenger astronaut Ellison Onizuka and it served as an artificial satellite control facility of the United States armed forces until August 2010 and has since been decommissioned and demolished. Library services for the city are provided by the Sunnyvale Public Library, when the Spanish first arrived in the 1770s at the Santa Clara Valley, it was heavily populated by the Ohlone Native Americans. In 1777, Mission Santa Clara was built by Ohlone who converted to Christianity, in 1842, Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas was granted to Francisco Estrada and his wife Inez Castro. Portions of the land given in this grant later developed into the cities of Mountain View, two years later, in 1844, another land grant was provided to Lupe Yñigo, one of the few Native Americans to hold land grants. His land grant was first called Rancho Posolmi, named in honor of a village of the Ohlone that once stood in the area, Rancho Posolmi was later known as Rancho Ynigo. Martin Murphy Jr. came to California with his father as part of the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party in 1844, in 1850, Martin Murphy Jr. bought a piece of Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas for $12,500. Murphy established a farm and ranch named Bay View. Murphy had the first wood frame house in Santa Clara County, the house was demolished in 1961 but was reconstructed in 2008 as the Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum. When he died in 1884, his land was divided among his heirs, in 1860, The San Francisco and San Jose Rail Road was allowed to lay tracks on Bay View and established Murphy Station. Lawrence Station was later established on the edge of Bay View. In the 1870s, county property tax laws, imports and soil degradation caused wheat farming to become uneconomical in Santa Clara County, small fruit orchards replaced the large wheat farms. In 1871, James and Eloise Dawson established the first fruit cannery in the county, fruit agriculture for canning soon became a major industry in the county. The invention of the rail car further increased the viability of an economy based upon fruit. The fruit orchards became so prevalent that in 1886, the San Jose Board of Trade called Santa Clara County the Garden of the World, in the 1880s, Chinese workers made up 48 percent of the farm labor in Santa Clara County. This percentage reduced over time after the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, in the following decade, the 1890s, multitudes of immigrants from Italy, the Azores, Portugal, and Japan arrived to work in the orchards
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Bally Manufacturing
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For the fitness chain, see Bally Total Fitness. It was acquired by Hilton Hotels in 1995 and its brand name is still used by several businesses previously linked to Bally Manufacturing, most notably Bally Technologies. The Bally Manufacturing Corporation was founded by Raymond Moloney on January 10,1932, the company took its name from its first game, Ballyhoo. The company, based in Chicago, quickly became a maker of the games. In the late 1930s, Moloney began making gambling equipment, and had success developing and improving the mechanical slot machines that were the core of the nascent gaming industry. The company made a venture into the music business with their own record label. Ray Moloney died in 1958, and the company floundered briefly, with the financial failure of its parent company, Bally was bought out by a group of investors in 1963. Throughout the 1960s, Bally continued to dominate the slot machine industry, in 1964, Bally introduced the first electromechanical slot machine, called the Money Honey. In the late 1970s, Bally entered the business when New Jersey legalized gambling in Atlantic City. This effort moved forward even though the company was unable to attain a permanent license for the completed casino. During this period, company head William T. ODonnell was forced to resign because of alleged links to organized crime, prior to this, Mr ODonnell strenuously denied any such links. He also denied knowing Chicago mobster, Joseph Dan Testa, even though Australian Police described Testa as a representative of Bally who visited Australia, the company opened the Park Place Casino & Hotel on December 29,1979. Also in the late 1970s, Bally made an entry into the market for home computer games. The Bally Professional Arcade, as the machine was called, had advanced features for the time and these included a palette of 256 colors and the ability to play 4-voice music. The machine also shipped with a cartridge that allowed users to do an amount of programming on the machine themselves. The machines price point was above the Atari 2600, and it had a more limited set of available games. Despite a loyal following, it failed to compete successfully, the health club division, under Bally Total Fitness, grew during the 1980s and 1990s. This expansion quickly took its toll on the finances, and Bally was soon forced to sell off several divisions, including Six Flags
Nolan Bushnell's 67ft boat Charley (Ron Holland design, 1983)
