Nonjuring schism
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The Nonjuring schism refers to a split in the established churches of England, Scotland and Ireland, following the deposition and exile of James II and VII in the 1688 Glorious Revolution. As a condition of office, clergy were required to swear allegiance to the ruling monarch; for various reasons, some refused to take the oath to his successors William III and II and Mary II. These individuals were referred to as Non-juring, from the Latin verb iūrō, or jūrō, meaning "to swear an oath".
The Seven Bishops, June 1688; their acquittal was a key factor in the removal of James but five became Non-Jurors out of conscience
Non Juror bishop George Hickes (1642–1715), the driving force behind the schismatic Non Juror church
Lady Elizabeth Hastings, typical of the High Church Tories associated with the Non Jurors, whose influence was far greater than their numbers
Charles Stuart; after his death in 1788, the Scottish Episcopal Church ended the schism by taking the Oath to George III
Charles Edward Stuart
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Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart making him the grandson of James VII and II, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1766 as Charles III. During his lifetime, he was also known as "the Young Pretender" and "the Young Chevalier"; in popular memory, he is known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Portrait by William Mosman
Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in Traquair House, attributed to the circle of Louis Tocqué)
A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield