1.
Viroqua, Wisconsin
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Viroqua is the county seat of Vernon County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,362 at the 2010 census, the city is in the town of Viroqua. The Native American Ho-Chunk inhabited the area now known as Vernon County, the Ho-Chunk, formerly known as the Winnebago, are a Siouan-speaking people who lived in the western Great Lakes region for thousands of years. The Ho-Chunk were removed beginning in the 1820s. There was a rivalry between Viroqua and Springville to be named the county seat of Vernon County. A deed for 40 acres of land was promised by pioneer Moses Decker, the land constituted what became known as the County Addition to the city of Viroqua. Decker was one of the settlers in the area. He arrived in 1847 and laid out the village of Viroqua, earlier settlers arrived in 1844 and built lumber mills on the Kickapoo River. Farmers began arriving in 1846, some of whom were John Graham, the town was originally named “Farwell” after Leonard J. Farwell, second Governor of Wisconsin, but was renamed “Viroqua” in 1854. It is unclear why the name was changed, and the origins of the name are unclear, one story states that Viroqua was the name of the daughter of Black Hawk. She may have been a character from a novel or the name of a Mohawk Indian actress who performed in a theater on the East Coast or in Brantford, Canada. In early 1851, the act authorizing the organization of Bad Axe, Viroqua was awarded the county seat, pending a permanent location to be determined by a vote. In May 1852, residents voted in favor of Viroqua, on June 28,1865, Viroqua was hit by a deadly tornado that left 22 dead. Viroqua is located at 43°33′23″N 90°53′15″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.80 square miles, all land. The city is in the Driftless Region, near the end of the Ocooch Mountains. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,362 people,2,029 households, the population density was 1,147.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,208 housing units at a density of 581.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 1% White,0. 6% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races
2.
Oxford English Dictionary
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The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Primary education
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Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education and secondary education. Primary education usually takes place in a school or elementary school. In some countries, primary education is followed by school, an educational stage which exists in some countries. In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimated that all children at the entry age for primary school would have had to have been attending classes by 2009. This would depend on the duration of the level, as well as how well the schools retain students until the end of the cycle. As of 2010, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone, however, the gender gap for children not in education had also been narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of not in education worldwide had decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent, however it should also be noted that in some regions. According to the United Nations, there are things in the regions that have already been accomplished. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period, other regions in Latin America such as Guatemala and Nicaragua as well as Zambia in Southern Africa broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education. In Australia, students undertake preschool then 13 years of schooling before moving to vocational or higher education, Primary schooling for most children starts after they turn 5 years old. In most states, children can be enrolled earlier at the discretion of individual school principals on the basis of intellectual giftedness, in Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory, ACT and Tasmania students then move through Kindergarten/Preparatory School/Reception and Years 1 to 6 before starting high school. Pre-School/Kindergarten,4 to 5 years old Prep, currently, at the age of 6 children attend from the grade 1 to 4 what is called Ensino Primário, and afterwards from grade 5 to 9 the Ensino Fundamental. At the age of 15 the teenagers go to Ensino Médio, which is equivalent High School in other countries, Primary school is mandatory and consists in nine years called Ensino Fundamental, separated in Ensino Fundamental I and Ensino Fundamental II. Primary school is followed by the three years called Ensino Médio. 1st grade, 15- to 16-year-olds, 2nd grade, 16- to 17-year-olds, 3rd grade, in Canada, primary school usually begins at ages three or four, starting with either Kindergarten or Grade 1 and lasts until age 13 or 14. Many places in Canada have a split between primary and elementary schools, in Nova Scotia elementary school is the most common term. The provincial government of Nova Scotia uses the term Primary instead of Kindergarten, most children are pupils in the Danish Folkeskolen, which has the current grades, Kindergarten, 3–6 years https, //meta. wikimedia. The first three grades of school are called Algkool which can be translated as beginning school and can be confused with primary school
6.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
7.
Secondary education
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Secondary education covers two phases on the ISCED scale. Level 2 or junior secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place six years of primary education and is followed by higher education. In most countries it is compulsory for students between the ages 11 and 16, Compulsory education sometimes extends to age 19. In classical and mediaeval times secondary education was provided by the church for the sons of nobility and to boys preparing for universities, as trade required navigational and scientific skills the church reluctantly expanded the curriculum and widened the intake. As late as 1868, secondary schools were organised to satisfy the needs of different social classes with the labouring classes getting 4yrs, the merchant class 5yrs, only then did it become accepted that girls could be sent to school. The rights to an education were codified after 1945, and countries are still working to achieve the goal of mandatory. It is at this education level, particularly in its first cycle. Within a country these can be implemented in different ways, with different age levels, Level 1 and Level 2, that is primary education and lower secondary together form basic education. Though they may be dated they do provide a set of definitions. The educational aim is to complete provision of education, completing the delivery of basic skills. The end of secondary education often coincides with the end of compulsory education in countries where that exists. There are also vocational schools that last only three years. Secondary schools supply students with primary subjects needed for the work environment in Croatia. People who completed secondary school are classified as medium expertise, there are currently around 90 gymnasiums and some 300 vocational schools in Croatia. The public secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of regional government, the two secondary phases are the Gymnasium followed by Eniaio Lykeio or Unified Lyceum. The third phase is the Post-secondary education consisting of public institutions or universities. Due to historic reasons, the Czech school system is almost the same as the German school system, the school system is free and mandatory until age 15
8.
Tertiary education
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Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage, third level, and post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education. Tertiary education generally culminates in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, Tertiary education includes further education, as well as higher education. Since the 1970s specialized FE colleges called “tertiary colleges” have been set up to courses such as A Levels. An early example of this expanded in September 1982 as part of a reorganization of education in the Halesowen area which also saw three-tier education axed after just 10 years in force. In some areas where schools do not universally offer sixth forms, unlike sixth form colleges, the staff join lecturers rather than teachers unions. Within Australia Tertiary Education refers to continuing studies after a students Higher School Certificate and it also refers to any education a student receives after there final compulsory schooling, which occurs at the age of 17 within Australia. Tertiary Education options include University, TAFE or private colleges, List of countries by tertiary education attainment Education by country List of universities and colleges by country Brick, Jean. Academic Culture, A Students Guide to Studying at University, sydney, N. S. W, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research
9.
Jean-Baptiste de La Salle
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John Baptist de La Salle was a French priest, educational reformer, and founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. He is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church and the saint of teachers. De La Salle dedicated much of his life to the education of children in France, in doing so. He is considered the founder of the first Catholic schools, De La Salle was born to a wealthy family in Rheims, France on April 29, although some say 30, in 1651. He was the oldest child of Louis de La Salle and Nicolle de Moet de Brouillet, nicolles family was a noble one and ran a successful winery business and she was a relative of Claude Moët, founder of Moët & Chandon. La Salle received the tonsure at age eleven and was named canon of Rheims Cathedral when he was sixteen and he was sent to the College des Bons Enfants, where he pursued higher studies and, on July 10,1669, he took the degree of Master of Arts. When De La Salle had completed his classical, literary, and philosophical courses and his mother died on July 19,1671, and on April 9,1672, his father died. This circumstance obliged him to leave Saint-Sulpice on April 19,1672 and he was now twenty-one, the head of the family, and as such had the responsibility of educating his four brothers and two sisters. He completed his studies and was ordained to the priesthood at the age of 26 on April 9,1678. Two years later he received a Doctorate in Theology, De La Salle was a man of refined manners, a cultured mind, and great practical ability, in whom personal prosperity was balanced with kindness and affability. In physical appearance he was of commanding presence, somewhat above the medium height and he had large, penetrating blue eyes and a broad forehead. The Sisters of the Child Jesus were a new religious congregation whose work was the care of the sick, the young priest had helped them in becoming established, and then served as their chaplain and confessor. It was through his work with the Sisters that in 1679, what began as a charitable effort to help Adrian Nyel establish a school for the poor in De La Salles home town gradually became his lifes work. With De La Salles help, a school was soon opened, shortly thereafter, a wealthy woman in Rheims told Nyel that she also would endow a school, but only if La Salle would help. At that time, most children had little hope for social, jean Baptiste de la Salle believed that education gave hope and opportunity for people to lead better lives of dignity and freedom. First, in 1680, he invited them to take their meals in his home, as much to teach them table manners as to inspire and this crossing of social boundaries was one that his relatives found difficult to bear. In 1681, De La Salle realized that he would have to take a further step – he brought the teachers into his own home to live with him, De La Salles relatives were deeply disturbed, his social class was scandalized. When, a later, his family home was lost at auction because of a family lawsuit, De La Salle rented a house into which he
10.
De La Salle Brothers
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The Brothers of the Christian Schools is a Roman Catholic religious teaching congregation, founded in France by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, and now based in Rome. The Brothers use the post-nominal abbreviation F. S. C. to denote their membership of the order, the Lasallian Christian Brothers are not the same order as the Irish Christian Brothers. The central administration of the Brothers operates out of the Generalate in Rome and is made up of the Superior General, a number of Lasallian institutions have been accused of, and have admitted and apologised for, longstanding and serious physical and sexual abuse against their charges. The order was founded by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, a French priest from a wealthy family, in March,1679, La Salle met Adrian Nyel in a chance encounter at the Convent of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus. Nyel asked for De La Salles help in opening schools for the poor boys in Reims. A novitiate and normal school were established in Paris in 1694, La Salle spent his life teaching poor children in parish charity schools, and was canonized as a saint on 15 May 1900. In 1950 Pope Pius XII declared him to be the Special Patron of All Teachers of Youth in the Catholic Church, the order, approved by Pope Benedict XIII in 1725, rapidly spread over France. It was dissolved by a decree of the National Assembly set up after the French revolution in February 1790, since then its members penetrated into nearly every country of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia. As religious, members take the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The Institutes headquarters is in Rome, Italy, the order has five global regions, North America, Asia/Oceania, Europe/Mediterranean, Africa, and Latin America. During the International Year of Literacy/Schooling, UNESCO awarded the NOMA prize to Lasallian Institutions, the order says that its key principles are faith, proclamation of the gospel, respect for all persons, quality education, concern for the poor and social justice. In 2016 the Institute had 4,100 brothers, 75% fewer than in 1965, the decline is due partly to many brothers reaching retirement age, and the small number of new recruits. In the same period the number of students in Lasallian schools increased from about 700,000 to over a million, La Salle initiated a number of innovations in teaching. He recommended dividing up of the children into distinct classes according to their attainments and he also taught pupils to read the vernacular language. In accordance with their statement to provide a human and Christian education. Especially the poor the Brothers principal activity is education, especially of the poor, as of 2016 the Institute conducted educational work in 80 different countries, in both developed and developing nations, with more than 800,000 students enrolled in its educational works. The Guadalupana De La Salle Sisters were founded by Br, juan Fromental Cayroche in the Archdiocese of Mexico. They currently teach in ten countries, the motherhouse is in Mexico City
11.
Reims
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Reims, a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies 129 km east-northeast of Paris. The 2013 census recorded 182,592 inhabitants in the city of Reims proper and its river, the Vesle, is a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by the Gauls, it became a city during the period of the Roman Empire. Reims played a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the site of the crowning of the kings of France. The Cathedral of Reims housed the Holy Ampulla containing the Saint Chrême and it was used for the anointing, the most important part of the coronation of French kings. Reims functions as a subprefecture of the department of Marne, in the region of Grand Est. Although Reims is by far the largest commune in both its region and department, Châlons-en-Champagne is the capital and prefecture of both. Before the Roman conquest of northern Gaul, Reims, founded circa 80 BC as *Durocorteron, at its height in Roman times the city had a population in the range of 30,000 -50,000 or perhaps up to 100,000. Christianity had become established in the city by 260, at which period Saint Sixtus of Reims founded the bishopric of Reims, for centuries the events at the crowning of Clovis I became a symbol used by the monarchy to claim the divine right to rule. Meetings of Pope Stephen II with Pepin the Short, and of Pope Leo III with Charlemagne, took place at Reims, Louis IV gave the city and countship of Reims to the archbishop Artaldus in 940. Louis VII gave the title of duke and peer to William of Champagne, archbishop from 1176 to 1202, by the 10th century Reims had become a centre of intellectual culture. Archbishop Adalberon, seconded by the monk Gerbert, founded schools which taught the liberal arts. Louis XI cruelly suppressed a revolt at Reims, caused in 1461 by the salt tax, during the French Wars of Religion the city sided with the Catholic League, but submitted to Henri IV after the battle of Ivry. In August 1909 Reims hosted the first international meet, the Grande Semaine dAviation de la Champagne. Major aviation personages such as Glenn Curtiss, Louis Blériot and Louis Paulhan participated, hostilities in World War I greatly damaged the city. German bombardment and a subsequent fire in 1914 did severe damage to the cathedral, from the end of World War I to the present day an international effort to restore the cathedral from the ruins has continued. The Palace of Tau, St Jacques Church and the Abbey of St Remi also were protected and restored, the collection of preserved buildings and Roman ruins remains monumentally impressive. During World War II the city suffered additional damage, but in Reims, at 2,41 on the morning of 7 May 1945, General Eisenhower and the Allies received the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht
12.
Champagne
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The primary grapes used in the production of Champagne are black Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier but also white Chardonnay. Champagne appellation law only allows grapes grown according to rules in specifically designated plots within the appellation to be used in the production of champagne. Royalty became associated with Champagne in the 17th, 18th, the leading manufacturers made efforts to associate their Champagnes with nobility and royalty through advertising and packaging, which led to popularity among the emerging middle class. Patricia Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere, the English socialite, was nicknamed Bubbles after her love of champagne, wines from the Champagne region were known before medieval times. The Romans were the first to plant vineyards in this area of north-east France, with the region being cultivated by at least the 5th century, later, churches owned vineyards and monks produced wine for use in the sacrament of Eucharist. French kings were anointed in Reims, and Champagne was served as part of coronation festivities. The Champenois were envious of the reputation of the wines made by their Burgundian neighbours to the south, however, the northerly climate of the region gave the Champenois a unique set of challenges in making red wine. At the far extremes of sustainable viticulture, the grapes would struggle to fully and often would have bracing levels of acidity. The wines would be lighter bodied and thinner than the Burgundy wines they were seeking to outdo, the oldest recorded sparkling wine is Blanquette de Limoux, which was apparently invented by Benedictine Monks in the Abbey of Saint-Hilaire, near Carcassonne in 1531. They achieved this by bottling the wine before the initial fermentation had ended, Merret presented a paper at the Royal Society, in which he detailed what is now called méthode champenoise, in 1662. French glass-makers at this time could not produce bottles of the quality or strength. As early as 1663 the poet Samuel Butler referred to brisk champagne, in France the first sparkling Champagne was created accidentally, the pressure in the bottle led it to be called the devils wine, as bottles exploded or corks popped. In 1844 Adolphe Jaquesson invented the muselet to prevent the corks from blowing out, initial versions were difficult to apply and inconvenient to remove. Even when it was produced as a sparkling wine, Champagne was for a very long time made by the méthode rurale. Champagne did not use the méthode champenoise until the 19th century, the 19th century saw an exponential growth in Champagne production, going from a regional production of 300,000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850. In 2007, Champagne sales hit a record of 338.7 million bottles. In the 19th century Champagne was noticeably sweeter than the Champagnes of today, the trend towards drier Champagne began when Perrier-Jouët decided not to sweeten his 1846 vintage prior to exporting it to London. The designation Brut Champagne was created for the British in 1876 and they include codification of the most suitable growing places, the most suitable grape types, and a lengthy set of requirements specifying most aspects of viticulture
13.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
14.
Concord, Vermont
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Concord is a town in Essex County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,235 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Berlin, NH–VT Micropolitan Statistical Area. Concord was chartered on September 15,1780, to Reuben Jones and others from Rockingham, Concord was first settled by Simon Willard, a fur trader, and two other men. It gets its name from Concord, Massachusetts, Concord is the southernmost town in Essex County. It is bordered to the west by three towns in Caledonia County, Waterford to the southwest, St. Johnsbury at the westernmost point of Concord, the Essex County towns of Victory and Lunenburg are to the north and east, respectively. The southern edge of the borders the Connecticut River, which forms the state boundary with New Hampshire. To the southeast is the town of Dalton in Coos County, New Hampshire, there are no crossings of the Connecticut River from Concord. The town includes the settlement of Concord in the west, North Concord in the north, Miles Pond in the east, East Concord in the southeast, and Concord Corner in the southwest. U. S. Route 2 crosses the town from east to west, connecting Lancaster, New Hampshire, with St. Johnsbury. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 53.5 square miles, of which 51.3 square miles is land and 2.2 square miles. Much of the surface is in the Connecticut River impoundment of Moore Reservoir. Miles Pond, in the part of town, is the next largest water body. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,196 people,467 households, the population density was 23.3 people per square mile. There were 763 housing units at a density of 14.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 24% White,0. 25% Asian,0. 92% from other races,22. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was out with 26. 3% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 97.7 males
15.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
16.
Framingham State University
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Framingham State University is a public university located in Framingham, Massachusetts, United States,20 miles from Boston. It offers undergraduate programs in a range of subjects, including art, biology, and communication arts, and graduate programs, including MBA, MEd, cyrus Peirce was its first principal or president. A second normal school was opened in September 1839 in West Barre followed by Bridgewater State College the next year, growth forced the first normal schools relocation to West Newton in 1843, followed in 1853 by a move to the present site on Bare Hill in Framingham. In 1922, the Framingham Normal School granted its first Bachelor of Science in Education degrees in conjunction with a study program. Ten years later, with degreed teachers becoming the norm, the schools were renamed State Teachers Colleges. The name was changed in 1960 to the State College at Framingham when Bachelor of Arts degrees were added, at present, Masters of Education, Arts, and Science degrees are granted as well. In 2007, the college offering the Masters of Business Administration degree. In October 2010, seven of the state colleges become state universities, the measure was signed into law by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick on July 28,2010. Seven residence halls house over 1,500 students, the Henry Whittemore Library has over 200,000 volumes, wifi, and access to over 70,000 electronic journals. In 2007, the signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment. That year, Massachusetts issued Executive Order No,484, which mandated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption for all state agencies and institutions. Greenhouse gases must be reduced 80% by 2050, in 2010, the school adopted a plan to convert its heating plant to natural gas and to convert its central chilled water plant to electric chillers. Framingham State University was named a Green College by the Princeton Review in 2010 and 2011, FSU was one of 22 schools in Massachusetts to receive the distinction, and one of 311 nationwide. It was named to the list again in 2013, FSU is led by an eleven-member Board of Trustees. The governor appoints nine trustees to five-year terms, renewable once, the FSU Alumni Association elects one for a single five-year term. Finally, the student body elects one student trustee for a one-year term, in addition to five full board meetings each year, which are open to the public, the board also meets in standing committees. The University’s annual budget is $105 million, and the school has 775 full, FSU has offered online courses since 1998. Clubs can be created by groups of students with interest in an area that has not yet explored by another club
17.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
18.
Laboratory school
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Many laboratory schools follow a model of experiential education based on the original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago. Many laboratory schools are still in operation in the United States, each university affiliated school has a unique relationship with a college or university and a different grade configuration. Some lab schools are only for preschool or kindergarten children, some are preschool through fifth or sixth grade, Khan Lab School in Silicon Valley is one of the few laboratory schools not affiliated with a college or university. It is affiliated with Khan Academy, an educational organization. The schools experimentation with abolishing grade levels was featured on Voice of America in 2016, one-way mirrors and speaker/intercom systems allowed a professor to silently observe the classroom, but without being seen by the students or the student-teacher. A modern laboratory school does not need to do anything special with building construction, the standard rooms are instead outfitted with CCTV cameras hidden inside black plastic domes on the ceiling. In either case there is no hiding from students or student-teachers that observation may occur, but they do not know when observation may or may not be occurring. The School at Columbia University – an independent K-8 co-educational school affiliated with Columbia University. K, despite its common moniker, Florida High, FSUS is sponsored by Florida State Universitys College of Education. Khan Lab School – a nonprofit lab school in Mountain View, California, progressive education List of demonstration schools in Thailand International Association of Laboratory Schools
19.
Municipalities of Finland
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The municipalities represent the local level of administration in Finland and act as the fundamental, self-governing administrative units of the country. The entire country is incorporated into municipalities and legally, all municipalities are equal, municipalities have the right to levy a flat percentual income tax, which is between 16 and 22 percent, and they provide two thirds of public services. Municipalities control many community services, such as schools, health care and the water supply and they do not maintain highways, set laws or keep police forces — these tasks are the responsibility of the central government. Municipalities have council-manager government, i. e. they are governed by an elected council, the size of the council is proportional to the population, the extremes being 9 in Sottunga and 85 in Helsinki. A subsection of the council, the executive board, controls the municipal government. Its decisions must be approved by the council, unlike national cabinets, its composition is derived from the composition of the council, not along government-opposition lines. Furthermore, individual decisions are prepared in specialized municipal boards for a meeting, these include e. g. zoning, social assistance. Council, executive board and board membership is responsible position, not a full-time job, municipal managers are civil servants named by the council. The city manager of Helsinki is called ylipormestari/överborgmästare Lord Mayor for historical reasons, there were previously no mayors in Finland, but after a change in law, Tampere was first city to elect a mayor in 2007. The mayor is not, however, currently elected directly, the mayor acts as municipal manager and as a speaker of municipal council. Although municipalities do not have police or legislative powers, local ordinances concerning traffic can be set, municipalities are legal persons and can appear in an administrative court. Likewise, the state of Finland is a legal person. Excluding judicial review of compliance to administrative law, municipalities are independent. Municipalities cooperate in regions of Finland, the municipal tax is a flat income tax that is levied on lower income levels than state taxes, which in contrast are progressive taxes. The lowest tax of 16% is found in Kauniainen, while a 20% tax is the other extreme, municipalities also receive funding directly from the state. Municipalities levy a property tax on property, which is comparatively low and it is higher for summer cottages or other property intended for leisure. Municipalities receive part of the corporate tax yhteisövero income collected from companies having a place of business within their jurisdiction, some functions are funded both by the municipality and the state, e. g. AMK schools. The municipal tax, although in principle a flat tax, is affected by deductions, municipal taxes are collected by the state and paid to the municipalities
20.
French Revolution
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Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, the causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt, Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789, a central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy, in a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution, internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, after the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution, almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor. The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day, the French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies and it became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France, historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution. Over the course of the 18th century, there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the sphere in France. A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV. Starting in the early 18th century saw the appearance of the sphere which was critical in that both sides were active. In France, the emergence of the public sphere outside of the control of the saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France. In the 1750s, during the querelle des bouffons over the question of the quality of Italian vs, in 1782, Louis-Sébastien Mercier wrote, The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV
21.
Departments of France
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In the administrative divisions of France, the department is one of the three levels of government below the national level, between the administrative regions and the commune. There are 96 departments in metropolitan France and 5 overseas departments, each department is administered by an elected body called a departmental council. From 1800 to April 2015, they were called general councils, the departments were created in 1791 as a rational replacement of Ancien Régime provinces with a view to strengthen national unity, the title department is used to mean a part of a larger whole. Almost all of them were named after geographical features rather than after historical or cultural territories which could have their own loyalties. The earliest known suggestion of it is from 1764 in the writings of dArgenson and they have inspired similar divisions in many countries, some of them former French colonies. Most French departments are assigned a number, the Official Geographical Code. Some overseas departments have a three-digit number, the number is used, for example, in the postal code, and was until recently used for all vehicle registration plates. For example, inhabitants of Loiret might refer to their department as the 45 and this reform project has since been abandoned. The first French territorial departments were proposed in 1665 by Marc-René dArgenson to serve as administrative areas purely for the Ponts et Chaussées infrastructure administration, before the French Revolution, France gained territory gradually through the annexation of a mosaic of independent entities. By the close of the Ancien Régime, it was organised into provinces, during the period of the Revolution, these were dissolved, partly in order to weaken old loyalties. Their boundaries served two purposes, Boundaries were chosen to break up Frances historical regions in an attempt to erase cultural differences, Boundaries were set so that every settlement in the country was within a days ride of the capital of the department. This was a security measure, intended to keep the national territory under close control. This measure was directly inspired by the Great Terror, during which the government had lost control of rural areas far from any centre of government. The old nomenclature was carefully avoided in naming the new departments, most were named after an areas principal river or other physical features. Even Paris was in the department of Seine, the number of departments, initially 83, was increased to 130 by 1809 with the territorial gains of the Republic and of the First French Empire. Following Napoleons defeats in 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna returned France to its pre-war size, in 1860, France acquired the County of Nice and Savoy, which led to the creation of three new departments. Two were added from the new Savoyard territory, while the department of Alpes-Maritimes was created from Nice, the 89 departments were given numbers based on their alphabetical order. The department of Bas-Rhin and parts of Meurthe, Moselle, Vosges and Haut-Rhin were ceded to the German Empire in 1871, following Frances defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
22.
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
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The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa is a public higher learning institution in Pisa, Italy. The Scuola Normale, together with the University of Pisa and SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, is a part of the Pisa University System. It is one of the three officially sanctioned special-statute public universities in Italy, being part of the process of Superior Graduate School in Italy, or Scuola Superiore Universitaria. According to the World University Ranking 2016 made by the Times, Normale is considered to be the best university in Italy and one among the best 50 in Europe. The Scuola Normale Superiore was founded in 1810 by Napoleonic decree, as twin institution of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, ces écoles doivent être en effet le type et la règle de toutes les autres. Napoleon I rethought the project of an école normale in 1808, by establishing a hall of residence in Paris to house young students, when, in 1814, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany returned to Tuscany, the project of a Scuola Normale in Pisa ceased. Only at the beginning of the 1840s, in connection with the university reform of 1839-1841, was the project resumed. The question was combined with the proposals of resumption of the activities of the ancient Order of Saint Stephen. There was to be a division into two Faculties, of Arts and Sciences. In 1863, was appointed a new Director of the Scuola Normale, the new regulations, issued by Minister Michele Coppino in 1877, reviewed and simplified the internal study regulations and equalized, from an organizational point of view. The philosopher Giovanni Gentile was placed at the head of the Scuola Normale as commissioner in 1928, the new colleges were later merged in the Collegio Medico-Giuridico, which continued to operate under the jurisdiction of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. During the post-war period, there were practical difficulties, however. The new institution, while committed to the model established by the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, was administered by the University of Pisa. Over time, the Scuola Normale has increasingly opened up to society, the educational programs at the Scuola Normale are divided into two levels, Undergraduate and Doctoral. The undergraduate program corresponds to the 1st-cycle and 2nd-cycle programs provided by Italian universities, the Scuola Normale is located in its original historical building, called Palazzo della Carovana, in Piazza dei Cavalieri, in the medieval centre of Pisa. The Scuola Normale offers classes in humanities and sciences. There are only sixty candidates admitted out of nearly 1000 applicants on average every year, the exam comprises questions covering the entire chosen field of study. The normalisti receive free housing, free lunches and dinners, students live in halls of residence, Collegio Domenico Timpano, Collegio Alessandro dAncona, Collegio Enrico Fermi, Collegio Giosue Carducci and Collegio Alessandro Faedo
23.
University of Chester
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The University of Chester is a public university located in the historic city of Chester, England. The university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Cathedrals Group and it was the UKs first purpose-built teacher training college, which makes it one of the longest established higher education institutions in the country. In 1842, Gladstone opened the original buildings for its first intake of ten male student teachers on the Parkgate Road site, just outside the City Walls. The institution was threatened with closure in the 1930s, but its future was secured by the Bishop of Chester in 1933, from then on, the college continued to grow steadily. By the 1960s, as the UK was massively expanding its higher capacity in reaction to the Robbins Report. These proposals, however, were not followed through, the college continued to expand and women were first admitted in 1961. In 1963, the government renamed teacher training colleges to colleges of education, in 1974, the number of courses was expanded beyond teacher education to include Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees. To reflect its remit, the college was renamed Chester College of Higher Education. In the early 1990s the School of Nursing and Midwifery was established, the college also began to offer a Bachelor of Theology degree, HNDs and more postgraduate courses, such as masters degrees and PhDs. It also embarked on a £10 million campus improvement programme, by 1996, Chester had earned the right to call itself University College Chester. This name, however, was short-lived as the government changed the requirements for university colleges in 1999 to include only those that had their own degree-awarding powers, the college expanded in 2002 through the acquisition of the higher education faculty and campus of Warrington Collegiate Institute. In 2003 Chester was granted its own degree-awarding powers, allowing it to be known as University College Chester once again, due to its long association with the University of Liverpool, Chester continued to award Liverpool degrees until the 2005 intake of students. In 2005, University College Chester was awarded university status. This was followed by the right to award its own degrees in 2007. At the same time, the funding body showcased CWRSs flexible approach to accrediting workplace learning, the university has expanded in recent years, purchasing derelict and unused buildings in and around the city, renovating and repurposing existing sites for education use. The University of Chester has six campuses, the 32-acre Parkgate Road Campus, Chester, is located on Parkgate Road, just north of the City Walls. It has a mixture of Victorian buildings and modern buildings, the Parkgate Road Campus also features a fitness centre, sports hall, swimming pool, science and language laboratories, bar, bookshop and bank. There are a number of significant additions to the institutions estate, the site features a number of green innovations, such as ground source heating
24.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
25.
Edge Hill University
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Edge Hill University is a campus-based public university situated in Ormskirk, Lancashire, England. The institution was opened on 24 January 1885 as Edge Hill College, in 2005, Edge Hill was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers by the Privy Council and became Edge Hill University on 18 May 2006. The university has three faculties, Arts and Sciences, Education and Health and Social Care which teach at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. Edge Hill College was opened on 24 January 1885 on Durning Road, Edge Hill, Liverpool, named after the district in which it was sited, by a group of seven Liverpool businessmen and it was the first non-denominational teacher training college for women in England. By 1892, Edge Hill was one of two colleges in England combining teacher training and degree course study. As student numbers increased, Edge Hill quickly outgrew its surroundings, the main building comprised a main education block, four halls of residence, an Assembly Hall, a library, craft room, gymnasium, lecture theatres, classrooms and a music room. Between 1939 and 1946, the college was evacuated to Bingley, in Yorkshire, the Durning Road premises was destroyed during a bombing raid in the Liverpool Blitz on 17 November 1940 which resulted in the death of 166 people. Edge Hill became a college, admitting its first male students in October 1959. In 1963 the university recorded having 660 students and 59 members of staff, the institution has since expanded further with further developments at Ormskirk and the absorption of the former Sefton School of Health Studies. In 2005, Edge Hill was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers by the Privy Council, on 18 May 2006 the institution became Edge Hill University and in August 2008 the university was granted the power to award research degrees. A Grant of Arms was made to the university in 2007, the coat of arms consists of a shield, a crest, a badge and a motto and contains images and symbols that represent Edge Hills history and values. The colours green and heliotrope are that of the Suffragette movement, the coat of arms contains a sun, symbolising illumination and enlightenment, a quill to represent learning, and peacock feathers meaning beauty, power and knowledge. A lion represents strength, bravery and magnanimity, and a stag suggests wisdom, regeneration, peace, the Universitys motto – In Scientia Opportunitas – translates as In knowledge there is opportunity. The Mace is the symbol of the Universitys authority to award degrees, Edge Hill University commissioned its mace in 2007, from silversmith Clive Burr. Inspired by the University Coat of Arms and the campus architecture, at the head is an 18-carat yellow gold dome enamelled by Jane Short, with a hand engraved inscription of the University motto running around the silver edge. The main body has a hand engraved decoration running around it, Edge Hill University is based on a 160-acre campus in Ormskirk, the administrative centre of West Lancashire. It is midway between Liverpool and the county town of Preston, the Woodlands campus is based in Chorley, central Lancashire, and offers continuing professional development programmes and part-time study. The Tech Hub was opened in 2016 by entrepreneur Sir Robin Saxby and this building opened in 2011 as a central student area, containing retail and catering outlets and IT facilities, as well as providing new accommodation for the Edge Hill Students Union
26.
Moray House School of Education
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The Moray House School of Education is a school within the College of Humanities and Social Science at the University of Edinburgh. It is based in buildings on the Holyrood Campus, located between the Canongate and Holyrood Road. The school offers programmes at all levels of education, including teacher training, Community Education, Digital Education, Physical Education. It is also a centre for educational research, the school has existed in one form or another since the mid-19th century, joining the University of Edinburgh in 1998. The institution currently known as Moray House was originally opened as a school following the Disruption of 1843. Known as The Free Church of Scotland’s Normal and Sessional School, it was located in Whitefield Chapel. In 1848, the moved to its current location in Moray House. In 1907, this merged with its Church of Scotland equivalent. The new teaching building opened at Moray House in 1913, Moray House College of Education was officially formed in 1959. In 1987, Moray House merged with the Dunfermline College of Physical Education based at Cramond, in 1991, the institute was linked with Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, and was retitled Moray House Institute of Education. On 1 August 1998, Moray House Institute of Education merged with the University of Edinburgh becoming its Faculty of Education, following internal restructuring of the University of Edinburgh in 2002, Moray House is now known as the Moray House School of Education. During the nineteenth century, part of the open area to the west of St Johns Street. These made use of the high quality water from the springs, in 1961 Moray House purchased the property of the Aitchison Brewery. This included buildings at the ends of Playhouse and Old Playhouse Closes as well offices, in the 1970s, three specialist teaching buildings were built from designs by architects Gordon and Day. They were St Leonards Land, Chessels Land and St Marys Land, the design of these buildings was representative of 1960s modernist architecture and somewhat out of sympathy with the surrounding areas of the Old Town. The bulk of the buildings wereon land formerly occupied by the Edinburgh and Leith Brewery, Chessels Land was one of three buildings designed by architects Graham and Dey and constructed in the early 1970s, it opened in January 1974. It was unused for a number of years and demolished in 2013 to make way for student accommodation, Chessels Land was designed as a specialist centre for the training of teachers in the Visual Arts, including painting, ceramics, textiles, sculpture, photography and jewellery. Inside the building were sixteen large studios and a large Exhibition Hall, in the original plan for the site the raised patio in front of Chessels Land was planned to connect with a proposed Library and a Theatre fronting onto Holyrood Road
27.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
28.
Bangor University
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Bangor University is a Welsh university in the city of Bangor in the county of Gwynedd in North Wales. It received its Royal Charter in 1885 and was one of the member institutions of the former federal University of Wales. It was officially known for most of its history as the University College of North Wales, from September 2007 it became known as Bangor University, having become independent from the federal University of Wales. In 2012 Bangor was ranked 251st among the top universities. According to the Sunday Times University Guide 2012, it is rated top in Wales for teaching excellence and is among the top 15 universities in the UK in this category. The university was founded as the University College of North Wales on 18 October 1884, with an address by the Earl of Powis. There was then a procession to the college including 3,000 quarrymen, the college was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885. Its students received degrees from the University of London until 1893, during the Second World War paintings from national art galleries were stored in the Prichard-Jones Hall at UCNW to protect them from enemy bombing. They were later moved to mines at Blaenau Ffestiniog. Students from University College, London, were evacuated to continue their studies in an environment at Bangor. During the 1960s the university shared in the expansion of higher education in the UK following the Robbins Report, with a number of new departments. On 22 November 1965, during construction of an extension to the Department of Electronic Engineering in Dean Street, the three-ton counterweight hit the second-floor lecture theatre in the original building about thirty minutes before it would have been occupied by about 80 first-year students. The counterweight went through to the ground floor, Student protests at UCNW in the 1970s focused mainly on calls to expand the role of the Welsh language. The merger of St Marys into UCNW was concluded in 1977, the university occupies a substantial proportion of Bangor and also has some departments in Wrexham. The university was based in an old coaching inn, the Penrhyn Arms Hotel. In 1911 it moved to a larger new building, which is now the old part of the Main Arts Building. This building, designed by Henry Hare, had its foundation laid by King Edward VII on 9 July 1907. The iconic building, which occupies a highly visible position overlooking Bangor, the building became a Grade I listed building in 1949
29.
Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences
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Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences is a university in Vilnius, Lithuania, which specializes in preparing school teachers and other educators. As of March 2013 it had approximately 8,500 students and 528 members of academic staff, after the Nazi Germany ultimatum to Lithuania in March 1939, the Nazis took control of the Klaipėda Region. The institute was moved to Panevėžys, after Lithuania regained portions of the Vilnius Region, the institution was moved to Vilnius in the autumn of 1939. It was renamed to Vilnius Pedagogical Institute, in 1940, due to the Soviet invasion and occupation, teacher training was reformed according to Soviet standards which affected VPI as the number of students increased due to the changes. In October 2011 the university was renamed to Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences
30.
Salatiga
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Salatiga is a city in Central Java, Indonesia and located between the cities of Semarang and Surakarta. It sits at the foot of Mount Merbabu and Mount Telomoyo, Salatiga is thought to be named either after the goddess of Trisala, or after the three wrongs done to the first king of Semarang. In the first explanation, the people of the village celebrate the goddess of Trisala called the village Trisala and in the years to come became Salatri and eventually Salatiga. The second explanation is based on the story of Ki Ageng Pandanaran, the first regent of Semarang, Salah means wrong in both Indonesian and Javanese. Telu is Low Javanese for three, spelled is tiga in both the more refined Middle/High Javanese, hence the name Salatiga from Salah Tiga. The official birth date of Salatiga is 24 July 750 A. D, the scroll Monolith of Plumpungan by King Bhanu, declares May you be happy. All the people and designated village of Hampran a Perdikan village, Çrirastuswasti Prajabyah is the official motto of Salatiga as written in the government seal. On 1 July 1917 the village of Salatiga was designated as a stads gemeente or small town, Salatiga is divided into four districts, Argomulyo, Tingkir, Sidomukti, and Sidorejo. Salatiga is located about 47 km south of Semarang and about 100 km north of Yogyakarta and its elevation is between 450–800 metres. Salatiga has a monsoon climate in the Köppen climate classification with the average rainfall of 2,668 mm per year, the highest temperature in October. As of 2015, Salatiga has a population of 183,815,89,928 of them are males and 93,887 are females, as of 2015, Islam was the most practised religion in Salatiga, followed by Protestantism and Catholicism. Other religions make up less than 1% of the population, Tingkir Terminal is the main bus station in Salatiga, serving intercity buses. It is operated by the Ministry of Transportation of Indonesia, the Tamansari Terminal serves angkot, even though most of the angkot did not stop at the terminal. Schools in Salatiga are normally affiliated with the government, universities, in the past, state-run schools are generally sought after for their quality and subsidised cost however this had changed significantly. Students also generally compete by using final examination grades and written examinations to enter the popular schools. Salatiga has one international English-speaking school at elementary and secondary level, pengambilalihan Kota Salatiga dari Kekuasaan Belanda ke Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945-1950. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016, official website Salatiga historical photo archives
31.
Tropenmuseum
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The Tropenmuseum is an ethnographic museum located in Amsterdam, Netherlands, founded in 1864. The Tropenmuseum is part of the Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, a combination of three museums in the Netherlands. Until March 2014 the museum was owned and operated by the Royal Tropical Institute, the museum had 176,000 visitors in 2009. The museum was founded in order to show Dutch overseas possessions, in 1871 the institute began research to increase profits made off the colonies. This included attempting to develop improved means of producing coffee beans, rotan, the museum came under the influence of ethnologists, who added information on the economy, manners, and customs of the inhabitants. In 1926, they inaugurated the current building in East Amsterdam, at the time, they had 30,000 objects, and a sizable collection of photographs. In the 1960s and 1970s the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs encouraged the museum to expand its scope to more issues such as poverty. In the early 1970s a new wing for children was added and this wing is now called Tropenmuseum Junior. The original building, built in 1926, was designed by J. J. van Nieukerken and it was richly decorated for the time, and took 11 years to build due to World War I and various labor strikes. All of the artwork in the building was created in the first half of the 20th century, in 2003, the museum was listed as a historical building in Amsterdam. The museum houses 175,000 objects,155,000 photographs and 10,000 miscellaneous drawings, paintings and it inherited 15,000 of these from the Ethnographisch Museum Artis. These objects are split up into many collections, the museum houses collections for many geographical areas such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia & North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. They also have several collections in storage that fall outside of their scope and these include collections for China, Japan, Korea, and Europe. The photography collection consists mainly of photographs of the former Dutch Colonies from 1855–1940. In the period 2009-2015 the Tropemmuseum released 50,000 photographs under a Creative Commons licence to the Wikimedia Commons, a theatric collection is housed at the Tropenmuseum as well. The collection houses 5,500 musical instruments as well as other theatrical objects such as masks. It also features 21,000 textile artifacts, a majority of which are from Indonesia and it features interactive exhibits, and draws 30,000 children a year
32.
Beijing Normal University
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Beijing Normal University, colloquially known as 北师大 or Beishida, is a public research university located in Beijing, China, with strong emphasis on basic disciplines of humanities and sciences. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China, the term reflects BNUs heritage as a former unit of the Imperial University of Peking dedicated to training schoolteachers. Professor Qi Dong, a scholar in Developmental Psychology was appointed as the President since July,2012. After the Republic of China was established, the Imperial Capital School of Supreme Teacher Training was renamed Peking Normal College in 1912, the college had its first graduate programs in 1920 and began to recruit female students in 1921. In 1923 it was renamed again as Peking Normal University, the Peking Women’s College of Education merged into Peking Normal University in 1931. When the communists established the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, the capital of Peking was renamed Beijing, during a national initiative of university rearrangement in 1952, Fu Jen Catholic University merged with Beijing Normal University. In 1954, it moved from Hepingmen campus to the established campus at Beitaipingzhuang. The New York Times once described it as one of the most progressive institutions in China, the university was chosen as a Project 211 institution in 1996. During its centennial celebration in 2002, an asteroid discovered in 1996 was named after the university as 8050 Beishida, the university also lays distinct emphasis on educational equality. So far the university has altogether 55 undergraduate degree programs,162 master programs, furthermore, the university has an institute for Proteomics which is the only one established in universities by Ministry of Education. Besides, the university has established a Science Park which covers an area of 6 hectares, the university has an annual research funding in sciences of over RMB100 Million. In 2010,150 projects were funded by the National Natural Science Foundation, the research funding in humanities and social sciences has increased rapidly in the recent five years with RMB150 Million in total, which tops the third place nationally. Since 2002 the annual increase has been over RMB30 Million, as a university strong in basic theory and research, it is fairly fruitful in fund raising for humanities and social sciences. Beijing Normal University is also among the earliest institutions to recruit international students, a most prestigious program is Princeton in Beijing. Regarding international co-operation, the Beijing Normal University is part of a university consortium that offers a Erasmus+ Joint masters degree, the current campus was built in 1954. It is located in northwest downtown Beijing in Haidian district, between the second and third ring roads, and is the closest among all Haidian universities to Tiananmen Square, the campus hosted the U. S. Olympic Team during 2008 Beijing Olympics. S. He was a student studying Mandarin in 1982 as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College. Weidong Li, professor of astronomy, the first Chinese astronomer to discover a supernovae since 1054 A. D. Kirsten Gillibrand, attended as an undergraduate in Dartmouth Colleges FSP program
33.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
34.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
35.
East China Normal University
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East China Normal University is a comprehensive public research university located in Shanghai, China. It was formed in 1951 by the merger of the Great China University founded in 1924, ECNU is now organized into more than 22 schools, colleges, and institutes, located in two campuses throughout Minhang and Putuo. The university comprises 2 affiliated schools across the Shanghai metropolitan area, NYU Shanghai in Pudong, ECNU also maintains a National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station in Tiantong National Forest Park, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. ECNU is often considered to be one of the most prestigious universities in China and is recognized with institutional partnerships worldwide. Sponsored by the national program Project 211 and Project 985, the university is a force in the nations research and innovation. The university also has ties with the China Meteorological Administration, State Oceanic Administration. In 1879, St. Johns College was founded by William Jones Boone and Joseph Schereschewsky, Bishop of Shanghai, in 1905, the College became St. Johns University, and became registered in Washington D. C. in the United States. It was the first institution to grant bachelors degrees in China, in 1924, after a student protest at the Xiamen University in Fujian Province, some academics fled north to Shanghai where they established what became the Great China University. In the 1950s, the Chinese government regrouped the countrys higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet-style system, some of the academics at the Tongji University and Jiaotong University were also transferred to ECNU. In March 1959, ECNU was authenticated as one of the first 16 National Key Universities in China, from 1972 to 1980, it was known as Shanghai Normal University, and in 1980 its original name was resumed. In June 1986, ECNU was selected to be one of the first 33 higher education institutions authorized, by the State Council, in 1996, ECNU passed the prerequisites appraisal and became one of universities sponsored by the major national program Project 211. The University sponsors or supervises publication of more than 20 academic journals and periodicals, the library collection exceeds 4,000,000 volumes. 25 primary or secondary schools are affiliated to the university, the development and transformation of China and the modernized international metropolis of Shanghai brings huge opportunities to the university for its progress. ECNU is working its way up steadfastly toward the goal of establishing itself as an internationally renowned high-level research university, ECNU attaches great importance to the internationalization in its development and enjoys a wide influence and reputation in the world. It has been carrying out academic exchanges with over 150 universities and institutions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, ECNU plays host to a CIEE satellite campus, where 100 American college students study each semester. In 2008, it set up the NOCFL Study and Training Base for International Chinese Teachers, an ENS campus is housed in the ECNU at the Aspiring Researchers Institute and at the Franco-Chinese Advanced Studies Institute. In 2007, the EMLYON Business School opened the official EMLYON Asia Campus in the heart of the ECNU campus, in 2008, the Cornell-ECNU Center for Comparative Culture was jointly funded by Cornell University and ECNU. Chinas first Sino-American university – New York University Shanghai – was co-established by New York University, along with several other Chinese universities, East China Normal University has hosted the United Kingdom government-funded Study China Programme for a number of years
36.
Shanghai
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Shanghai is the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million as of 2014. As one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China, it is a financial centre and transport hub. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the eastern Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, as a major administrative, shipping and trading city, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and recognition of its favourable port location and economic potential. The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War, the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1844 Treaty of Whampoa allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between China and other parts of the world, and became the financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries, and the citys global influence declined. In the 1990s, the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance. The two Chinese characters in the name are 上 and 海, together meaning Upon-the-Sea. The earliest occurrence of this dates from the 11th-century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence. There are disputes as to exactly how the name should be understood, Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪 in Chinese, a contraction of 沪渎, a 4th- or 5th-century Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean. This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today, another alternative name for Shanghai is Shēn or Shēnchéng, from Lord Chunshen, a third-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use Shen in their names, such as Shanghai Shenhua F. C. Huating was another early name for Shanghai. In AD751, during the dynasty, Huating County was established at modern-day Songjiang. Today, Huating appears as the name of a hotel in the city. The city also has various nicknames in English, including Pearl of the Orient, during the Spring and Autumn period, the Shanghai area belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu. During the Warring States period, Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu and he ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of Shen, two important events helped promote Shanghais development in the Ming dynasty
37.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
38.
National Taiwan Normal University
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National Taiwan Normal University, or Shīdà 師大, is an institution of higher education and normal school operating out of three campuses in Taipei, Taiwan. NTNU is widely recognized as one of Taiwans elite higher education institutions, the university enrolls approximately 17,000 students each year. The National Taiwan Normal University opened its doors in the early 20th century during Japanese rule in Taiwan, Taiwans Japanese governors established the school as Taiwan Provincial College. Soon after they gave it the name Taihoku College, the schools purpose was to nurture a native educated class qualified to assist the government in matters of administration. Many buildings on the main campus date from the Japanese colonial period, including the Administration Building. Japanese civil engineers incorporated features of the Neo-Classical, Gothic and Gothic Revival styles often encountered on European university campuses, a room in the Lecture Hall housed the traditional Japanese document that authorizes and formalizes campus construction. In 1946 Chinas Kuomintang government assumed control of Taiwan and redefined the school as Taiwan Provincial Teachers’ College, some school publications still display 1946 as the institutions founding date in reference to this regime change. A number of Taiwans leading authors, poets, artists, educators, musicians, puru, a famous painter and cousin to the last emperor of China, was a professor in the art department from 1950 to 1963. In 1956 the Mandarin Training Center opened its doors as an extension of the college, the school acquired its present name, National Taiwan Normal University, in 1967. By now the school had established itself as a center of learning in arts, literature. As Taiwanese society made its shift from authoritarian rule to democracy in the 1990s, the law gave more schools responsibility for teacher training and set NTNU on its present course as a truly comprehensive university. New departments were created, course offerings and majors were expanded, NTNU occupies three campuses in downtown Taipei, the historic Daan campus, the Gongguan campus, and the Linkou campus. Internationally NTNU is best known for its Mandarin Training Center, a program founded in 1956 for the study of Mandarin Chinese to foreign students, the center also sponsors travel, hosts speech contests, and stages workshops and performances for a variety of East Asian arts. A Mandarin Training Center Alumni Association has been operating since 1998, NTNU nurtures a robust system of partnerships to enable this level of international study. The National Taiwan Normal University consists of seven colleges comprising a number of departments, kuo-En Chang - a computer education scholar, currently the president of the National Taiwan Normal University Hu Qiuyuan - an author, educator and politician. Liang Shih-chiu - the first Chinese scholar to translate the complete works of Shakespeare into Chinese. Li Meishu - Taiwanese artist who built the Zushi Temple, mou Zongsan - Chinese New Confucian philosopher. Puru - artist, calligrapher, and member of the Qing Dynasty ruling Aisin Gioro family, shyr - a law scholar and politician Su Xuelin - Chinese author and writer
39.
National Changhua University of Education
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The National Changhua University of Education is a normal university in Changhua City, Changhua County, Taiwan. NCUE was initially established in August 1971 as Taiwan Provincial College of Education, in 1980, it was renamed to National Taiwan College of Education. In August 1989, it was renamed again to become National Changhua University of Education, list of universities in Taiwan National Changhua University of Education
40.
National Kaohsiung Normal University
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The National Kaohsiung Normal University, founded in 1967, is a public university located in Lingya District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The university has two campuses — Ho-Ping and Yen-Chao, the University currently has five colleges, College of Education, College of Humanities, College of Science, College of Technology, and College of Arts. NKNU has been considered as one of the best universities in Taiwan, National Kaohsiung Normal University, formerly known as Taiwan Provincial Kaohsiung Teachers’ College, was founded in August 1967 by Taiwan Provincial Government. The University’s founding mission was to train teachers for the implementation of the nine-year compulsory education. On July 1,1980, the Institution was renamed National Kaohsiung Teachers’ College, on August 1,1989 it was re-designated as National Kaohsiung Normal University. In 1989, the University initiated the plan to build the campus in Yen-Chao district. The University is notable for the quantity, range and quality of its recreational offerings, there are currently more than 60 intramural student organizations, each with a faculty member as a consultant. The eight-floor multi-purpose Activity Center makes space available for clubs and recreational activities, both on Ho-Ping and Yen-Chao campuses, the University provides men’s and women’s dormitories. Meals are provided on campus and coordinated by a food committee, respectively on each campus, there is also a Medicare Center with physicians, dentists and psychiatrists to provide medical services to faculty and students. NKNU’s Ho-Ping Campus is uniquely situated in a region one of the greatest concentrations’ of cultural facilities. Located in urban Kaohsiung, opposite the Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center, the interweaving of academic buildings and areas for relaxation—green lawns and trees and cultural spots—on the compact campus ensures the enjoyment of the educational resources. The University is particularly proud of its self-maintained lush landscaped gardens, in September 1999, NKNU inaugurated its second campus at Yen-Chao, which is a scenic area of 50 hectares about 30 minutes drive from downtown Kaohsiung. National Kaohsiung Normal University - International Cooperation Section Office of Research and Development Each academic year in Taiwan begins on August 1, first semester classes usually begin in mid-September or late September and ends in mid-Jan. Second semester classes begin in late February of the calendar year. NKNU offers Bachelors degrees, Masters degrees, and Doctorate degrees in many disciplines. K, only excellent universities possessing individual academic features, extraordinary performance and innovative teaching style are qualified to receive the subsidy from Ministry of Education in Taiwan. National Kaohsiung Normal University indicates that it has supported by this program nine years in row. Institution rankings for Taiwan, NKNU, The Top 5 Research Institutions in Taiwan, Top Institutions in Taiwan | Nature Publishing Index Asia-Pacific The CLCT offers a variety of non-credit language courses for international students and overseas Chinese students. The CLCT maintains a teacher to student ratio of 1 to 8, in addition to language courses, the CLCT also offers a variety of cultural workshops, such as Chinese Calligraphy, Chinese food, paper cutting and traditional handicrafts
41.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
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Liberal arts education
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Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a part in education. In modern times, liberal arts education term that can be interpreted in different ways and it can refer to academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences, or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Bachelor of Arts degree, for both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. The four scientific artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the three arts of the humanities – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well as the Trivium. It was in that form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university. During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the parts of the Trivium. In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, the ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century. Some subsections of the arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts, arithmetic, geometry, music. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included, the liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students, in addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus, today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, here, the prefix pro is equivalent to pre. In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts, in most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, the term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium and they aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education in order to form personality with regard to a pupils own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills. Going back to the tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard, universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities, but do not make such activities part of the universitys curriculum
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Taiwan under Japanese rule
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The short-lived Republic of Formosa resistance movement ended to no avail when it was suppressed by Japanese troops. The fall of Tainan ended organized resistance to Japanese occupation, the annexation of Taiwan into the Japanese Empire can be viewed as Japans first steps in implementing their Southern Expansion Doctrine of the late 19th century. Taiwan was Japans first overseas colony, Japanese intentions were to turn the island into a showpiece model colony. As a result, much effort was made to improve the economy, industry and public works. These efforts also served to support the necessities of the war machine of Japanese military aggression in the Asia-Pacific, on 17 March 1945, the Imperial Diet in Tokyo passed a reform bill to grant Formosan inhabitants the right to vote representatives into the House of Representatives. In other words, Formosans were granted rights in the Empire of Japan. Japan formally renounced rights to Taiwan in April 1952, Japan had sought to expand its imperial control over Taiwan since 1592, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi undertook a policy of overseas expansion and extending Japanese influence southward. Several attempts to invade Taiwan were unsuccessful, mainly due to disease, in 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent Harunobu Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an invasion of the island. In November 1871,69 people on board a vessel from the Kingdom of Ryukyu were forced to land near the tip of Taiwan by strong winds. They had a conflict with local Paiwan aborigines and many were killed, in October 1872, Japan sought compensation from the Qing dynasty of China, claiming the Kingdom of Ryukyu was part of Japan. The Japanese refused to leave and asked if the Chinese government would punish those barbarians in Taiwan, the Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines on Taiwan, those directly governed by the Qing, and those unnaturalized raw barbarians. Beyond the reach of Chinese culture, thus could not be directly regulated. They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where a population within a national boundary was not under the influence of the dominant culture of that country. The Japanese nevertheless launched an expedition to Taiwan, with a force of 3,000 soldiers in April 1874, in May 1874, the Qing dynasty began to send in troops to reinforce the island. By the end of the year, the government of Japan decided to withdraw its forces after realizing Japan was still not ready for a war with China, the number of casualties for the Paiwan was about 30, and that for the Japanese was 543. By the 1890s, about 45 percent of Taiwan was under standard Chinese administration while the lightly populated regions of the interior were under aboriginal control
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Retrocession Day
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Japanese rule in Taiwan lasted until the end of World War II. Under the authorisation of Douglas MacArthurs General Order No,1, Chen Yi was escorted by George Kerr to Taiwan to accept the Japanese governments surrender as the Chinese delegate. Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be Taiwan Retrocession Day and organised the island into the Taiwan Province, secretary of State of the United States Dean Acheson said on 5 January 1950, The Chinese have administered Formosa for 4 years. Neither the United States nor any other ally ever questioned that authority, when Formosa was made a province of China nobody raised any lawyers doubts about that. That was regarded as in accordance with the commitments, now, in the opinion of some, the situation is changed. We did not wait for a treaty on Korea and we did not wait for a treaty on the Kuriles. We did not wait for a treaty on the islands over which we have trusteeship, writing in the American Journal of International Law in July 2000, Jonathan I. The Potsdam Declaration in turn included the terms of the Cairo Declaration, which required Japan to return all conquered territories to China, including Taiwan and the Pescadores. Retrocession Day is currently not a public holiday in Taiwan, however, memorial activities are still being held by civilian organisations. The Democratic Progressive Party, which rejects the idea of Taiwan being taken back by China, in 2010, small-scale memorials were held by the Taipei City Government to commemorate the 65th anniversary of Retrocession. However, these areas were under Japanese sovereignty until 1952
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Naga, Camarines Sur
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Naga, officially called City of Naga, or simply Naga City, is an independent component city in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. As of the 2015 census, it has a population of 196,003 and it has a labor force of 60,772 people, with 57,278 employed, and 3,494 are unemployed. Majority of Naga Citys population are 15 years and below, Naga City is the Bicol Regions trade, business, religious, cultural, industrial, commercial, medical, educational and financial center. It was awarded as the Most Competitive Component City in the Philippines also being the Center of Good Governance in the Philippines, Naga City is also known as One of the Seven Golden Cities of the Sun as stated by Nick Joaquin. Moreover, the city is also the seat of the widely venerated Our Lady of Peñafrancia, the image is one of the most popular objects of devotion in the country. Naga is the core of Metro Naga, a designation given the city and 14 municipalities in the area administered by the Metro Naga Development Council. It covers a area of 8,448 hectares and is located around the serpentine and historic Naga River, at the confluence of the Naga. Thus, it has always been a place for trade and as center for schools, church. Included in its territory is Mount Isarog, a protected area in Region V known as Mount Isarog Natural Park. Naga City is located 435 kilometres southeast of Manila, the nations capital, the Naga City is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Under the Köppen climate classification system, Naga features a tropical savanna climate, the weather in the city from March to May is hot and dry with temperature ranging from 24 to 34 °C. From June to October is the season and it is generally rainy. From November to February, the climate is cooler with temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C, the average year-round humidity is 77%. The region of Bicol is closely allied with the called the Kedatuan of Madja-as. The discovery of an ancient tomb preserved among the Bicolanos refers to some of the deities and personages mentioned in the Maragtas examined by anthropologists during the 1920s. In 1573, on his expedition to this region, the conquistador Juan de Salcedo landed in a village. In time, the Spanish city and the village merged into one community and became popularly known as Nueva Cáceres. It had a city government as prescribed by Spanish law, with an ayuntamiento, at the beginning of the 17th century, there were only five other ciudades in the Philippines
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Universidad de Sta. Isabel
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Isabel is a private Catholic Vincentian university owned and run by the Daughters of Charity in Naga, Camarines Sur, Philippines. It was established by six Daughters of Charity sisters who arrived in the Bicol region on April 4,1868 with Bishop of Caceres, Most Rev. Francisco Gainza, the school was opened on April 12,1868. In Sept.18,1875, Colegio de Sta, isabel became the first normal school for women in the Philippines and Southeast Asia under the name Escuela Normal de Maestras of Colegio de Sta. Isabel achieved its university status in August 2001, and was renamed Universidad de Sta, the main campus of the Universidad de Sta. Isabel is campus is located at Elias Angeles St. Bagumbayan Sur, an annex campus is located at Panganiban Drive, Naga City and a satellite campus in Pili, Camarines Sur
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