Normal school

A normal school is an institution created to train high school graduates to be teachers by educating them in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. Most such schools, where they still exist, are now denominated "teacher-training colleges" or "teachers' colleges" and may be organized as part of a comprehensive university. Normal schools in the United States and Canada trained teachers for primary schools, while in continental Europe, the equivalent colleges educated teachers for primary, secondary and tertiary schools.^[1]

In 1685, St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the École Normale, in Reims, Champagne, France. The term "normal" herein refers to the goal of these institutions to instill and reinforce particular norms within students. "Norms" included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum.

The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, the first state-supported normal school was established by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on the northeast corner of the historic Lexington Battle Green; it evolved into Framingham State University; the first modern teacher training school in China was established by educator Sheng Xuanhuai in 1895 as the normal school of the Nanyang Public School (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University) in Shanghai during the Qing dynasty.^[2]

Many comprehensive public or state-supported universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles in the United States and Beijing Normal University in China, were established and operated as normal schools before expanding their faculties and organizing as research universities; some of these universities, particularly in Asia, retain the word "Normal" in their name to recognize their historical purpose. In Canada, most normal schools were eventually assimilated into a university as its faculty of education, offering a one or two-year Bachelor of Education degree; such a degree requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study.

Etymology[edit]

Look up normal school in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The term "normal school" originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale;^[3] the French concept of an "école normale" was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building.^{[citation needed]} Although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary.^{[citation needed]}

Europe[edit]

Educating teachers was of great importance in the newly industrialized European economies and their need for a reliable, reproducible and uniform work force; the process of instating such norms within students depended upon the creation of the first uniform, formalized national educational curriculum. Thus, normal schools, as the teacher training schools, were tasked with both developing this new curriculum and developing the techniques through which teachers would instill these ideas, behaviors and values in the minds of their students.^[4]

Germany[edit]

In Germany schools of education only exist in the state of Baden-Württemberg; these schools prepare teachers for Grundschule (primary school) and secondary schools like Hauptschule and Realschule (Mainschool and Realschool). Teachers for the Gymnasium are educated on universities.

Finland[edit]

In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality. Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher.

France and Italy[edit]

In France, a two-tier system developed since the Revolution: primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales, high school teachers at the Écoles normales supérieures. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation [fr] (Graduate School of Teaching and Education). The Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training.

Lithuania[edit]

In Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences (LEU), former Vilnius Pedagogical University (VPU) is the main teachers' training institution, established in 1935.^[5]

Serbia[edit]

In Serbia, the first public normal school was founded in Sombor, Vojvodina, by Avram Mrazović in 1778 to train teachers.^[6] In 2018, the Faculty of Education in Sombor celebrated 240 years since the founding of the first school for the education of Serbian teachers called Norma, it was a teacher training college at the beginning called Norma college before it was closed in 1811 and another school was opened in its place in 1812 in Szentendre under the Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation. The new institution was named Regium Pedagogium Nationis Illiricae or Royal Pedagogium Of The Illyrian-Serbian Nation (also referred to in Latin as Preparandium or Preparadija in Serbian) which eventually was relocated back to Sombor in 1816;^[6] the Normal school - Teachers College is generally considered the first normal school or École normale in Sombor. The term "normal" in this case refers to "the goal of the institution to instill and reinforce particular norms within students". Also, these "norms included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum". For the longest time, this was the only academy for teachers' training in Serbian;^[7] the first woman academician of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Isidora Sekulić, the poet Jovan Dučić, the composers Petar Konjović and Josif Marinković are just some of the alumni of Norma.^[6]

United Kingdom[edit]

In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, and many such colleges adopted the title "College of Higher Education".^[8] A restructuring of higher education in the UK during the 1980s resulted in many of these adopting the status of "university"; the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II. Since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right (e.g. University of Chester, St Mary's University, Twickenham, Edge Hill University) or merged with another university to become its faculty of education (e.g. Moray House).

Following the recommendation in the 1963 Robbins Report into higher education, teacher training colleges were renamed colleges of education. For information about academic divisions devoted to this field outside of the United States and Canada, see Postgraduate Training in Education (disambiguation).

In Wales, there were two colleges which included the word 'Normal' in their name: the first being 'The Normal College, Swansea' where the eminent mathematician John Viriamu Jones was educated and the second was The Normal College, Bangor (founded 1858), which survived until 1996, when it became part of University of Wales Bangor; the latter was one of the last institutions in the UK to retain the word "Normal" in its name.

Asia[edit]

China[edit]

In Mainland China, the "normal school" terminology is still preserved in the official English names of former normal schools established in the late 19th and early 20th century; the Chinese term normal university (Chinese: 师范大学; pinyin: shīfàn dàxué, abbreviated 师大; shīdà) refers to a modern comprehensive university established as a normal school in the early twentieth century. These "normal universities" are usually controlled by the national or provincial government.

In 1895, Qing banking tycoon and educator Sheng Xuanhuai gained approval from the Guangxu Emperor to establish the Nanyang Public School in Shanghai, China;^[2] this comprehensive institution included the first normal school on the Chinese mainland. Since 1949, many former normal schools in China have developed into comprehensive research universities; as of 2012, East China Normal University and Beijing Normal University, both members of the national government's Project 985 program, have been ranked the top two among the mainland Chinese universities that originated as normal schools.^[9]

Malaysia[edit]

In Malaysia, the Ministry of Education runs a total of 27 Institutes of Teacher Education (ITEs), which were formerly known as Teacher Training Colleges; these ITEs function primarily to educated both undergraduate and postgraduate teacher trainees. The ministry bureau responsible for overseeing them is the Teacher Education Division; the ITEs also run in-service teacher training and continuous professional development among qualified teachers.

Philippines[edit]

In Naga City, the Philippines, one can find the oldest normal school for girls in the Far East, the Universidad de Santa Isabel, it is a sectarian school run by the Daughters of Charity. The first secular normal school was founded in 1901 by the Thomasites, the Philippine Normal School, it was converted into a college in 1949 and was elevated to its present university status in 1992 as the Philippine Normal University. In 2009, it was named National Center of Excellence for Teacher Education by virtue of Republic Act 9647. In Iloilo City, the West Visayas State University was originally established as a normal school in 1902; in 1994, it was recognized by the Philippines government as a Center for Teaching Excellence.

Taiwan[edit]

In Taiwan, three universities served as national normal universities historically. Located in Taipei, Changhua, and Kaohsiung, the schools prepared secondary school teachers; these schools' missions have expanded since to make them de facto liberal arts universities. Ten Taiwanese teachers' colleges (Chinese: 師範學院; pinyin: shīfàn xuéyuàn, abbreviated 師院; shīyuàn, "normal colleges") originated as normal schools established by the Japanese. After the end of World War 2 these were reorganized as provincial normal schools by the Kuomintang and then as provincial teachers' colleges. With the arrival of pluralistic democracy in the early 1990s these colleges came under national control, and by the mid-2000s (decade) all had been renamed as "universities of education" (教育大學) or simply "universities" to signify their more comprehensive missions.

Oceania[edit]

New Zealand[edit]

In New Zealand, the term normal school can refer to a primary or intermediate school used for teacher training, such as the Epsom Normal Primary School (in Auckland), Kelburn Normal School, Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School, Papakura Normal School or Tahuna Normal Intermediate School, they were associated with a teachers' training college, such as the Auckland College of Education and the Dunedin College of Education, which became colleges of education that trained secondary as well as primary and intermediate school teachers.

North and South America[edit]

Canada[edit]

Alberta[edit]

The Calgary Normal School in Calgary was initially located at 412 - 7 Street SW in Calgary in what is called the McDougall School founded shortly after Alberta became a province in 1905, its history is part of the founding of the University of Calgary in 1966. Another Normal school was founded at Camrose (also called Rosehaven Normal school) in 1912; the Edmonton Normal School, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada was opened in 1920 in Edmonton, Alberta.

In 1945 all normal schools in Alberta were merged into the University of Alberta's faculty of education.

British Columbia[edit]

In 1901 the first Provincial Normal School in British Columbia was opened in Vancouver. Classes commenced on 9 January 1901. In January 1909, the Provincial Normal school moved into a new facility and its own building located at 11th and Cambie (now part of City Square Mall). In 1915 a second Provincial Normal School opened in Victoria. Trainee teachers from greater Vancouver and the lower Mainland attended the Normal School in Vancouver. Students from Vancouver Island and students outside the Lower Mainland, that is, from the Upper Fraser Valley and communities in the interior of the province – enrolled in the Normal School in Victoria; that school was originally located in Victoria High School and later in its own building which is now part of Camosun College. In 1956 the responsibility for provincial teacher training was transferred to The University of British Columbia.

Manitoba[edit]

Central Normal School was founded in 1882 in Winnipeg. In 1905-06 a new building was constructed at 442 William Avenue, it was one of six Normal Schools in Manitoba, along with Brandon Normal School (1129 Queens Street, Brandon), Dauphin, Manitou, Portage la Prairie, and St. Boniface. Central Normal School moved to a facility in southwest Winnipeg In 1947. In the autumn of 1958, it was renamed the Manitoba Teachers' College, it was moved to the University of Manitoba in 1965, becoming its Faculty of Education.

New Brunswick[edit]

The New Brunswick Teachers' College was a normal school in Fredericton, New Brunswick which granted teaching certificates, it was founded on February 10, 1848 as the Provincial Normal School with Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray as the first principal. The institution changed its name in 1947 to become the New Brunswick Teachers' College, it closed in 1973 and its staff were integrated into the faculties of education at the Université de Moncton and the University of New Brunswick.

Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

The Wesleyan Normal Day School was founded in 1852 by the Wesleyans under the Newfoundland School Society; this institution continued until 1901. In 1910 a normal school was established in St. John's by the Church of England which continued for a number of years. In 1921 the first non-denominational normal school was initiated and was discontinued in 1932, it was reorganized in 1934 as a department of the Memorial University College. Later in 1949, the institution's name was changed to Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Nova Scotia[edit]

The Nova Scotia Teachers College in Truro began in 1855 as the Provincial Nova Scotia Normal School opened in Truro, Nova Scotia; the school was closed in 1997 and the program essentially consolidated with other provincial universities including Acadia University, Mount St. Vincent, St. Francis Xavier, and Sainte-Anne.

Ontario[edit]

Thanks largely in part to the effort of education reformer Egerton Ryerson, the Ontario Normal School system came into being beginning in Toronto in 1847.

The London Normal School was located at 165 Elmwood Avenue in London, Ontario and commenced classes on February 1, 1900. By 1958 the building was no longer adequate and was moved to a new location on Western Rd. In 1973, London Teacher's College (as it was then called) (Elborn) merged with Althouse College to form the Faculty of Education at the University of Western Ontario.^[10]

The North Bay Normal School, a teacher training school, was established in 1909 in North Bay Ontario to meet the needs of teacher education in Ontario's North; the school was renamed North Bay Teachers' College in 1953, and became Nipissing University College's faculty of education in August 1973. After the university received a prestigious award in 2010, the Faculty of Education was renamed the Schulich School of Education. See Nipissing University.

A school of pedagogy was formed in association with Toronto Normal School, offering advanced level courses suitable for high-school teachers. In 1897, the school was moved to Hamilton and renamed Ontario Normal College; the college closed in 1906 and the training was taken over by the faculties of education at the University of Toronto and Queen's University in Kingston.^[11]

The Ottawa Normal School was built in 1874 and opened in 1875, it was located at 195 Elgin Street. It was renamed the Ottawa Teacher's College in 1953, and was subsequently merged into the Faculty of Education of the University of Ottawa in 1974.

The Peterborough Normal School in Peterborough was officially opened on September 15, 1908 and operated until the late 1960s.

The Stratford Normal School was founded at 270 Water Street in 1908 in Stratford, Ontario, its emphasis was primarily for training teachers for rural conditions. Its name was changed to Stratford Teachers' College in 1953 and closed its doors in 1973 having trained close to 14,000 teachers; the site was maintained, and was home to the Stratford Perth Museum for a number of years, being renamed the Discovery Centre. The museum moved to another location, however, and the building is now leased by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and has been named once again the Normal School Building.^[12]

Prince Edward Island[edit]

The Prince Edward Island Normal School has its origin in 1856 on the grounds of Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Saskatchewan[edit]

The Saskatchewan Normal School, also once known as the Regina Normal School, was founded as early as 1890 in Regina moving into its first permanent structure in January, 1914. In 1964 it was transferred to University of Saskatchewan Regina Campus and in 1974 becoming part of the University of Regina. Another normal school was founded in the early 1920s in Moose Jaw and was later transferred into the Regina campus in 1959.

The Saskatoon Normal School in Saskatoon was founded in 1912 and served until 1953, it has now been integrated with the Faculty of Education at University of Saskatchewan.

Jamaica[edit]

Mico University College is the oldest teacher training institute in the English-speaking world outside of Europe, it was founded under Lady Mico Charity in 1834 by Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton "to afford the benefit of education and training to the black and coloured population." Today, it offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in a variety of education and liberal arts disciplines.

Latin America[edit]

Early normal schools in Latin America include several in Mexico, such as the Escuela Normal de Enseñanza Mutua de Oaxaca (1824), the Escuela Normal Mixta de San Luis Potosí (1849), the Normal de Guadalajara (1881), and the Escuela Normal para Profesores de Instrucción Primaria (1887); the Mexican normal school system was nationalized and reorganized by the Secretaría de Educación Pública (Secretariat of Public Education) under José Vasconcelos in 1921.

Perhaps the oldest continually operating normal school in Latin America is the Escuela Normal Superior José Abelardo Núñez, founded in Santiago, Chile, in 1842 as the Escuela de Preceptores de Santiago under the direction of the emininent Argentine educator, writer, and politician Domingo Faustino Sarmiento; the first normal school in the Dominican Republic was founded in 1875 by Puerto Rican educator and activist Eugenio María de Hostos.

In Argentina, normal schools were founded starting in 1852, and still exist today and carry that name. Teachers' training is considered higher education and requires a high school diploma, but normal schools have the particularity of granting five year teacher degrees for primary school or four year degrees for kindergarten, while at the same time hosting secondary, primary school students, and kindergarten and pre-school. Teachers-to-be do intense practical training in the schools annexed to the higher education section; this is the main difference with other teachers' training institutions called Instituto de Formación Docente and with universities that grant teaching degrees.

Other Latin American nations have long traditions of normal schools. In Panama, the Escuela Normal Juan Demóstenes Arosemena was founded in Santiago de Veraguas, Panama in 1938. In Colombia, normal schools were primarily associated with women's religious schools although in modern times have admitted men, thus forming escuelas normales mixtas (mixed normal schools). In Paraguay, they are known as Instituto de Formación Docente.

United States[edit]

1823 - Columbian School in Concord, Vermont[edit]

In 1823, Reverend Samuel Read Hall founded the first normal school in the United States, the Columbian School in Concord, Vermont.^[13][14] Influenced by similar academies in Prussia and elsewhere in Europe, American normal schools were intended to improve the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers. Hall also founded the first normal schools in Massachusetts and New Hampshire;^[14] the school was renamed Concord Academy before closing after seven years.^[15]

1839 - Framingham Normal School, Lexington, Massachusetts[edit]

Sixteen years after Columbian School had been founded in Vermont, the first state-funded normal school was founded in the neighboring state of Massachusetts, thanks largely to the efforts of education reformers such as Horace Mann and James G. Carter.^[16] Shortly after its founding that school moved from its original site of Lexington to Framingham. Today, Framingham State University is recognized as the oldest, continuously operated public normal school in the United States. Anna Brackett attended this University and was a teacher - later to become the first woman principal of a teacher's college.^[17][18]

1849 - State Normal School, New Britain, Connecticut[edit]

The State Normal School in New Britain was founded in 1849, it was the first training school for teachers in the state of Connecticut. The school is now Central Connecticut State University.

1853 - Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan[edit]

The first normal school west of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States was the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University, it was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 1853.^[19]

1854 - Rhode Island State Normal School, Bristol, Rhode Island[edit]

When the college was established in 1854 as the Rhode Island State Normal School, its goal was to provide teacher preparation to young people from Rhode Island. With the dedication of a new building in 1898, the institution began a period of steady growth, evolving first into a teachers' college, the Rhode Island College of Education. In the 1958-59 academic year the college moved to its current Mount Pleasant campus, and in 1959 was renamed Rhode Island College to reflect its new purpose as a comprehensive institution of higher education. With an enrollment predominantly from Rhode Island and nearby Massachusetts and Connecticut, the institution historically has served as a "College of Opportunity" for first-generation college students.

1854 - Salem Normal School, Salem, Massachusetts[edit]

Salem Normal School, now Salem State University, was founded in 1854 as the fourth Normal School in Massachusetts. In 1853, the General Court authorized the founding of a normal school in Essex County. Proposals were received from Salem, Chelsea, Groveland, and North Andover.^[20] Salem was selected due to many factors including the city's historical and commercial significance and need for local teacher education.

Prior to the founding of the normal school, Salem women had few opportunities to receive teacher training and the Salem school system was replete with funding, attendance, and teacher compensation problems, it was assumed that by training women as teachers, they could be hired at a lower salary than male teachers, thus alleviating the city's public school budget and teacher compensation challenges.

The original location was at the corner of Broad and Summer Streets, with the building's dedication held on September 14, 1854. Richard Edwards, a graduate of Bridgewater Normal School (now Bridgewater State University), was the first president of Salem Normal School.^[21]

1855 - New Jersey State Normal School, Trenton, New Jersey[edit]

Founded in 1855, the college was located in Trenton until 1928, when it moved to Ewing Township, where four year baccalaureate degrees began to be offered; the college exists today as The College of New Jersey.

1857 - Illinois State Normal University, Normal, Illinois[edit]

The State of Illinois passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857, and proposals were submitted to locate the new school in Batavia, Bloomington, Peoria, and Washington (in Tazewell County). Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857 and the offer from Bloomington, Illinois, was accepted; the normal school was located near the village of North Bloomington, which later was renamed Normal in honor of the school. The school, originally known as Illinois State Normal University (ISNU), and also known as the Illinois State Teachers College,^[22] is now known as Illinois State University.

1857 - Harris Teachers College, St. Louis, Missouri[edit]

Harris–Stowe State University, now a state university in Missouri, was founded by the St. Louis public school system in 1857 and claims to be the oldest normal school west of the Mississippi River.

The modern university is the result of the merger of the two normal schools in the area, Harris Teachers College, the older of the two institutions and segregated for white people only, and Stowe Teacher's College, which was segregated for black people only following the Brown vs. BOE decision in 1954.

1857 - California State Normal School, San Jose, California[edit]

The first state-run normal school on the West Coast was the Minns Evening Normal School, created in 1857 to train teachers for San Francisco's schools, it was taken over by the State of California in 1862 and became the California State Normal School (now San Jose State University).

1858 - Winona State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota[edit]

The first state-authorized normal college to open west of the Mississippi River was Winona State Normal School, now called Winona State University, which opened in 1858, its creation was one of the first acts of the newly formed Minnesota Legislature.

1861 - Oswego Primary Teachers School, Oswego, New York[edit]

Established as Oswego Normal School, the Oswego State Normal School was founded by Edward Austin Sheldon, and recognized as a state school in 1866 by New York State becoming the Oswego State Normal and Training School; the school was part of the training program Sheldon devised to introduce the Pestalozzi method of education to the schools of the city of Oswego, the first time the method had ever been used in the United States. Sheldon's school became Oswego State Teachers College in 1942, and was upgraded again to a liberal arts college in 1962, becoming known as Oswego State University.

1863 - Kansas State Normal Schools, Kansas[edit]

In 1863, the Kansas Legislature passed an act to establish the Kansas State Normal Schools, starting with the first in Emporia, Kansas, which eventually became Emporia State University Teachers College.^[23] From 1870 through 1876, Leavenworth Normal School operated in Leavenworth, Kansas and from 1874 through 1876 Concordia Normal School operated in Concordia, Kansas, but the "miscellaneous appropriations bill of 1876" caused Leavenworth and Concordia to close and consolidated operations at the Emporia location.^[24] Other normal schools were opened in Kansas including in 1902 the Western Branch of the Kansas Normal in Hays, Kansas, eventually becoming Fort Hays State University.^[25] In 1904, a branch in Pittsburg, Kansas was opened as the Manual Training Auxiliary School, which eventually became Pittsburg State University.^[26]

1864 - Farmington State Normal School, Farmington, Maine[edit]

Established in 1864, Farmington State Normal School was the first public establishment of higher education in the state of Maine. In 1945, the school was renamed "Farmington State Teachers College"; the Farmington State Teachers College was acquired by the University of Maine system in 1968 and is today the University of Maine at Farmington.

1865 - Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers, Baltimore, Maryland[edit]

Established in 1865 by The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People, School #1 opened on January 9, 1865 in the African Baptist Church in Crane's Building on the corner of Calvert and Saratoga streets. In 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Quakers of England and others, the Baltimore Association purchased and renovated the Old Friends Meeting House at the corner of Saratoga and Courtland streets to house the Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers; the school moved to Bowie, MD in 1911, changing its name to the Maryland Normal and Industrial School at Bowie in 1914. Today, this school exists as Bowie State University.

1865 - Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana[edit]

Established by the Indiana General Assembly on December 20, 1865; as the State Normal School, its core mission was to educate elementary and high school teachers. The school awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1908 and the first master's degrees in 1928. In 1929, the Indiana State Normal School was renamed the Indiana State Teachers College, and in 1961, was renamed Indiana State College due to an expanding mission. In 1965, the Indiana General Assembly renamed the college as Indiana State University in recognition of continued growth.

1866 - Maryland State Normal School, Baltimore, Maryland[edit]

While the state created the Maryland State Normal School in the state constitution of 1864, MSNS wouldn't open its doors in Baltimore until January 15, 1865; the school was moved to Towson, Maryland in 1915. In 1935, it was renamed the State Teachers College at Towson, and by 1963 it was changed to a liberal arts school and was renamed Towson State College. In 1976 it was renamed Towson State University and by 1997 it was Towson University.

1867 - Nebraska State Normal School, Peru, Nebraska[edit]

Nebraska State Normal School was chartered on June 20, 1867;^[27][28] the action by the Nebraska legislature^[27] made it the first state-supported college in Nebraska^[28] with the first classes held on October 24, 1867.^[27][28] The name changed to Nebraska State Teachers College at Peru in 1921, and in 1949 it changed to Peru State Teachers College;^[29] the current name of Peru State College was adopted in 1963.^[28]

1868 - Mankato Normal School, Mankato, Minnesota[edit]

Mankato Normal School was the second normal school in Minnesota. Students were usually 17–19 years old when they entered; the student body, which peaked at about 900 in 1920-21, was approximately three-fourths female. In 1921 the school evolved into Minnesota State University, Mankato.

1872 - Florence Normal School, Huntsville, Alabama[edit]

Florence Normal School is one of many state normal schools that developed into four-year state teachers' colleges and eventually into comprehensive state universities. This is the site of the first state-supported normal school established south of the Ohio River and now part of the University of North Alabama.

1873 - State Normal School, Normal, Alabama[edit]

In 1873, the State Normal School and University for the Education of the Colored Teachers and Students, informally called the Huntsville Normal School, was founded at a site which is today part of Huntsville, Alabama. In 1878, the name changed to State Normal and Industrial School. In 1885 the name was changed again, to State Normal and Industrial School of Huntsville. In 1890, the post office of Normal, Alabama was established. In 1896, its name was changed to The State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, and in 1919, the State Agricultural and Mechanical Institute for Negroes. In 1948 it was renamed the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, in 1949 Alabama A&M College, and in 1969 Alabama A&M University.

1876 - Glasgow Normal School and Business College, Glasgow, Kentucky[edit]

In 1876, local businessman A. W. Mell opened a private normal school and business college in the small South Central Kentucky town of Glasgow; the institution changed its name to Southern Normal School and Business College when it moved to the larger city of Bowling Green. In 1906, after the Kentucky General Assembly (state legislature) authorized the creation of state-sponsored normal schools, the Southern Normal School was sold to the state, while the business school was sold privately, becoming Bowling Green Business University and later the Bowling Green College of Commerce; the normal school's facilities and student body became the new Western Kentucky State Normal School, which moved within Bowling Green in 1911 to the former site of Potter College, a women's college that had closed in 1909. Once the normal school was authorized by the state to offer four-year degrees in 1922, it was renamed Western Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College, it changed its name twice more in the next 30 years, first to Western Kentucky State Teachers College in 1930 and Western Kentucky State College in 1948. WKSC merged with Bowling Green Commerce in 1963, with the latter becoming a constituent college of WKSC; the current institutional name of Western Kentucky University was adopted in 1966.

1876 - Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls, Iowa[edit]

Opened as Iowa State Normal School in 1876, the school took over the facilities that the state of Iowa originally built to be home to orphans of its Civil War Veterans; the school changed to Iowa State Teachers College in 1909, then State College of Iowa in 1961 before becoming the University of Northern Iowa in 1967.

1879 - Sam Houston Normal Institute, Huntsville, Texas[edit]

The first normal school in what is now considered the Southwest was opened in 1879 as Sam Houston Normal Institute (now Sam Houston State University).

1884 - Louisiana State Normal School, Natchitoches, Louisiana[edit]

From its founding in 1884 until 1944, Northwestern State University of Louisiana at Natchitoches was the Louisiana State Normal School until 1918, Louisiana State Normal College from 1918 to 1944.

1855 - Millersville Normal School, Millersville, Pennsylvania[edit]

Millersville Normal School was founded in 1855 as the first normal school in Pennsylvania. Over the years it has changed its name a number of times eventually becoming Millersville University of Pennsylvania.

1886 - Winthrop Training School, Rock Hill, South Carolina[edit]

In 1886, the Peabody Education Board of Massachusetts, headed by Robert C. Winthrop, provided $1,500 to form the "Winthrop Training School" for white women teachers; that year the school opened its doors to twenty-one students in Columbia, South Carolina. Nine years later in 1895 it moved to Rock Hill; the school's name had changed in 1893 to "Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina", reflecting its mission to prepare some students for industrial jobs.

The college was segregated until 1964, it became fully coeducational in 1974. Evolving from a training school to a college with a four-year full curriculum, it also developed a graduate division. By 1992 it reflected this development, changing its name to Winthrop University.

1886 - State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frankfort, Kentucky[edit]

Chartered in 1886 as a state-supported school for training black teachers for the black schools of Kentucky, the school opened in 1887 with three teachers and 55 students; the school went through a series of changes of name and purpose, including becoming a land-grant college in 1890, in 1902 it was renamed Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons, in 1926 Kentucky State Industrial College for Colored Persons, in 1938 Kentucky State College for Negroes, in 1952 Kentucky State College, and finally in 1972 it became what it is known today as Kentucky State University.^[30]

1887 - Croatan Normal School, Pembroke, North Carolina[edit]

The school was established March 7, 1887 by the North Carolina General Assembly to train Lumbee Indian teachers. Today, it is The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

1887 - Morehead Normal School, Morehead, Kentucky[edit]

In 1887, Morehead Normal School was founded as a private institution in Morehead, Kentucky, it continued to operate as such until 1922, when it was taken over by the state and became Morehead State Normal School. After name changes to Morehead State Normal School and Teachers College (1926), Morehead State Teachers College (1930), and Morehead State College (1948), it adopted its current name of Morehead State University in 1966.

1887 - State Normal College for Colored Students, Tallahassee, Florida[edit]

Also in 1887, the State Normal College for Colored Students was founded in Tallahassee, Florida; Tallahassee was chosen because it had the state's highest proportion of blacks, having been the center of Florida's slave trade before the Civil War; the founding date reflects the Florida Constitution of 1885, in effect until 1967, which prohibed racial integration in education. In 1891 the legislature changed its name to State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students, and in 1909 to Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. Today it is the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, commonly known as FAMU.

1890 - Colorado State Normal School, Greeley, Colorado[edit]

The Colorado legislature passed the controversial Senate Bill 104 to establish the State Normal School of Colorado,^[31] which Governor Job. A Cooper signed into law on April 1, 1889. Located in Greeley, Colorado, the school opened on October 6, 1890 to train qualified teachers for the state's public schools, with a staff of four instructors and 96 students,^[32] offering certification after completing a two-year course. In 1911, the school's name was changed to Colorado State Teachers College and offered bachelor's degrees after completion of a four-year course. In 1935, the name changed again to Colorado State College of Education, recognizing the graduate program started in 1913. In 1957, the name was shortened to Colorado State College to recognize the further growth of programs and offerings. Finally, in 1970, the name was changed to the current University of Northern Colorado,^[33] with satellite centers in Loveland, Colorado Springs and the Lowry neighborhood of Denver.

1899 - Appalachian State Normal School, Boone, North Carolina[edit]

A normal school founded as Watauga Academy in 1899, the institution was named Appalachian State Normal School in between 1925 and 1929. Today, it is known as Appalachian State University and has evolved into a comprehensive four-year university, including the Reich College of Education. For details, see History of Appalachian State University.

1906 - Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, Richmond, Kentucky[edit]

The same Kentucky law that authorized the state to take over the school now known as Western Kentucky University (see 1876 above) also led to the creation of a second normal school in Richmond. Much like the predecessor to WKU, the Richmond institution, originally known as Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, took over the campus of an earlier institution, though under somewhat different circumstances. The Eastern Normal School was established in 1906 on the former campus of Central University, an institution that had been founded in 1874 but fell into financial difficulty, and consolidated itself with Centre College in 1901; the Normal School went through several name changes in the following decades—first to Eastern Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College (1930), Eastern Kentucky State College (1948), and finally Eastern Kentucky University (1966).^[34]

1910 - Ohio[edit]

The Lowry Normal School Bill of 1910 authorized two new normal schools in Ohio—one in the northwestern part of the state (now Bowling Green State University) and another in the northeastern part (now Kent State University).

1910 - Western State College of Colorado, Gunnison, Colorado[edit]

State Senator A. M. Stevenson,^[35] Colorado, 1885 introduced a bill for a State Normal School; the bill was rejected. The bill revived in 1896. State Representative C. T. Rawalt^[36] succeeded in appropriating 2500 dollars for land in 1901. Gov. James B. Orman approved the bill April 16, 1901. Trustees were elected and plans made in Gunnison, Colorado in the northeast part of town. Grounds were surveyed and fenced, shade trees added, drives laid out, and the lawns seeded. 12 cents remained of the 2500 dollars allotted. In 1903 a bill for 18,000 dollars for maintenance was vetoed by Gov. J. H. Peabody. May 5, 1909, 50,000 dollars was appropriated. October 25, 1910 the cornerstone of North Hall was laid for the State Normal School of Colorado. C. A. Hollingshead^[37] was principal of the two year normal advanced and four year normal elementary (High school).^[38] In 1916 the name was changed to Western State College of Colorado. On August 1, 2012, John Hickenlooper enacted the new name Western State Colorado University, and in 2018 the current name of Western Colorado University was adopted.

1922 - Murray State Normal School, Murray, Kentucky[edit]

A Kentucky law enacted in 1922 authorized the creation of two new state-run normal schools in addition to those already operating in Bowling Green and Richmond (the institutions now known respectively as Western Kentucky University and Eastern Kentucky University). A normal school in Murray was created alongside one in Morehead (now Morehead State University). Unlike the three aforementioned schools, the Murray State Normal School was created from scratch, and had no buildings of its own when it began operation; the first classes were held in 1923 at the then-current campus of Murray High School, but the Normal School soon had its own facilities. The Normal School went through several name changes in the following decades—first to Murray State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Murray State Teachers College (1930), Murray State College (1948), and finally Murray State University (1966).^[39]

Other normal schools in the USA[edit]

• 1861 - Edinboro State Normal School, later Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
• 1862 - Mansfield State Normal School, later Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
• 1862 - California State Normal School, later San José State University in San Jose and the University of California, Los Angeles in Los Angeles
• 1867 - State Normal School of Marshall College, later Marshall University of West Virginia
• 1869 - St. Cloud State Normal School or Third State Normal School, later St. Cloud State University
• 1882 - Normal School at Cheney, later Eastern Washington University
• 1886 - Washington State Normal School at Bellingham or Northwest Normal School or State Normal School at Whatcom, later Western Washington University
• 1887 - Northern Branch of the California State Normal School, later California State University, Chico
• 1889 - State Normal School at Cheney, later Eastern Washington University
• 1889 - State Normal School of Colorado, in Greeley, Colorado later University of Northern Colorado, and in 1911 in Gunnison, Colorado later Western Colorado University
• 1889- Slippery Rock State Normal School, later Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
• 1890 - State Normal School at Valley City, later Valley City State University of North Dakota
• 1891 - State Normal School (Athens, Georgia), later University of Georgia
• 1895 - Duluth State Normal School, later University of Minnesota Duluth
• 1895 - Northern Illinois State Normal School, later Northern Illinois University
• 1895 - Eastern Illinois State Normal School, later Eastern Illinois University
• 1899 - San Francisco State Normal School, later San Francisco State University
• 1923 - Durham State Normal School, later North Carolina Central University

See also[edit]

• École Normale Supérieure
• Female seminary
• List of normal schools by country
• Normal, Alabama
• Normal, Illinois
• Normal Station, Memphis

References[edit]

1. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-12-11.
2. ^ ^{a b} Yu, Tingjie. "Teacher Education in China : Current Situation & Related Issues" (PDF). uta.fi. Institute of Education Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-30.
3. ^ Reginald Edwards (Fall 1991). "Theory, History, and Practice of Education: Fin de siècle and a new beginning". McGill Journal of Education. 26 (3).
4. ^ Brown, H.A. (1919). "The Normal-School Curriculum". The Elementary School Journal. 20 (4): 276–284. doi:10.1086/454743.
5. ^ Media, Fresh. "Pradžia - Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas". www.leu.lt.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "240 GODINA OBRAZOVANJA SRPSKIH UČITELJA U SOMBORU – Ravnoplov". Ravnoplov.rs. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
7. ^ "University of Novi Sad - About Sombor". Uns.ac.rs. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
8. ^ "Memories of Caerleon". University of South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
9. ^ 徐林. "Top 10 normal universities (teachers' colleges) in China - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn.
10. ^ Kymlicka, B. B. (1992). The faculty of education: An interpretation of history and purposes. Archived 2007-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
11. ^ Dundurn (2011), Education and Ontario Family History, Marian Press, p. 102,
12. ^ nurun.com (2013-03-14). "Return to Normal School name in works".
13. ^ Samuel Read Hall Biography at the Old Stone House Museum website Archived 2010-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 2009-07-03
14. ^ ^{a b} "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-20. Retrieved 2013-10-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
15. ^ Vermont, University of. "Center for Rural Studies : University of Vermont".
16. ^ Normal Schools - History of American Education Web Project, Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
17. ^ Kane 1997, p. 199, item #3264 The first teacher training school principal who was a woman was Anna Callender Brackett, who on January 5, 1863, took charge of the St.Louis Normal School, St. Louis, MO.
18. ^ Rogers 2005, p. 73 Anna Brackett was the first woman in the US to be appointed principal of a secondary school, the St. Louis Normal School in 1863.
19. ^ Eastern Michigan University. "A Brief History of EMU". Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
20. ^ Pitman, J. Asbury (February 1930). "The Salem Normal School: Past, Present, and Future". The Elementary School Journal. 30 (6): 417.
21. ^ Maloney, Joan (1990). Salem Normal School 1854-1905: A Tradition of Excellence. Acton, MA: Tapestry Press. pp. 1–27. ISBN 0-924234-31-8.
22. ^ "Ardith V. Davis". Platt County Journal Republic. January 8, 2013. Retrieved 30 Jan 2019.
23. ^ "Emporia State University History".
24. ^ Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume 6. Kansas State Historical Society. pp. 114–116.
25. ^ "History of FHSU - Fort Hays State University". www.fhsu.edu.
26. ^ Vosburgh, Haydan (May 2012). "Emporia State University". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Longfellow, Ernest (1967). The Normal on the Hill. Grand Island, Nebraska: The Augustine Company. pp. 13–14.
28. ^ ^{a b c d} Sullivan, Dan (2017). Nebraska's First College - Shaping the Future Since 1867. Marceline, MO: Omaha World-Herald. pp. 9, 135. ISBN 978-0-692-88708-0.
29. ^ "Archive Records Peru State College (Nebraska State Normal School)" (PDF). History Nebraska (Nebraska State Historical Society). 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
30. ^ "History - Kentucky State University". kysu.edu.
31. ^ Anderson, Mark; Trask, Jay (27 August 2018). University of Northern Colorado. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738580616 – via Google Books.
32. ^ "Learn About the University of Northern Colorado". About UNC.
33. ^ "Institution Names".
34. ^ "About EKU | Eastern Kentucky University | Eastern Kentucky University". www.eku.edu.
35. ^ Photo of Archibald M. Stevenson Retrieved Aug. 20, 2012
36. ^ Representatives, Colorado General Assembly House of (1 January 1901). "House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado" – via Google Books.
37. ^ Charles This ref links to an earlier generation of Hollingshead.
38. ^ Wallace, Betty. History with the Hide Off. Denver: Sage Books, 1963; the Western Slope acquires a college.
39. ^ "The Origin of Murray State University". The Ledger & Times, Murray, Kentucky. December 11, 1970. Retrieved September 19, 2019.

Bibliography[edit]

• Kane, Joseph Nathan (1997). Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries And Inventions in the United States. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. ISBN 0-8242-0930-3.
• Rogers, Dorothy G. (2005). America's First Women Philosophers: Transplanting Hegel, 1860–1925. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-300-6.