1.
Creswick, Victoria
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Creswick /ˈkrɛzwɪk/ is a town in west-central Victoria, Australia 18 kilometres north of Ballarat and 129 km northwest of Melbourne, in the Shire of Hepburn. It is 430 metres above sea level, at the 2011 census, Creswick had a population of 3,303. Creswick was named after the Creswick family, the settlers of the region. The area was inhabited by the Dja Dja Wurrung people before white settlement, the pioneer white settlers were Henry, Charles and John Creswick, three brothers who started a large sheep station in 1842. Creswick is a former gold-mining town, established during the Victorian gold rushes in the 1850s, the Post Office opened on 1 September 1854 but was named Creswicks Creek until around 1857. The population reached a peak of 25,000 during the gold rush, today, local industries include forestry, grazing and agriculture. Creswick was the site of the New Australasian Gold Mine disaster on 12 December 1882, the original School of Forestry was established in 1910 by the Department of Forestry. It was the first institution set up in Victoria to train, now the campus is part of The University of Melbourne. The campus is situated in Water Street and houses the School of Forest & Ecosystem Science, Creswick has three primary schools—two government and one Catholic, Creswick Primary School, Creswick North Primary School and St Augustines respectively. The town also has a care facility. John Curtin Aged Care was formerly the townships health care hospital, the Creswick Bazaar is held on the third Saturday and Sunday of the month at the historic railway precinct in Raglan Street. The Bazaar features crafts by local people, the railway station, one of the best restored railway stations in Victoria, was restored by a group of volunteers. The railway goods shed hosts the Bazaar and other community events, the Creswick Market located at, Victoria Street, Creswick. The Creswick Woollen Mills, established in 1947, is the last remaining coloured spinning mill of its kind in Australia, still owned and it produces natural fibre products such as woollen blankets, throws and accessories. The mill is open 7 days a week and operates a self-guided tour, the Creswick Museum is situated at two addresses. The museum in the old Creswick Town Hall is open weekends, the Research Centre, operating out of the former Infant Child Centre, is open Friday and Saturday 11 am to 3. 00pm. Creswick has a range of trails suitable for both mountain biking and trail running. The Annual Brackenbury Mountain Bike Challenge in November attracts participants from across Australia, the town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Central Highlands Football League
2.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
3.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
4.
Editorial cartoonist
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An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context, Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section, although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status. Historically, these are quick, hand-drawn ink drawings, scanned and reproduced in black and white, the introduction of color came later, and more recently the use of digital drawing tools are a popular and efficient way to produce work quickly for newspaper deadlines. Historically, these artists have roots in ancient art forms, such as the painting of Early Man, or the hieroglyphics of Egypt. The rise of comic journalism online, which combines the comic strip format as a means to relay a story in more depth, is very effective in a vertical web format. As visual journalists, they can tell a story in a way, with words. Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, in the United States, there are more than a hundred published editorial cartoonists, from both sides of the Republican-Democrat divide. In India, the most common and popular form of commentary is the pocket cartoon. R. K. Laxman, Sudhir Dar, Mario Miranda, E. P. Unny, Shekhar Gurera, Ajit Ninan are some of the editorial cartoonists. A political cartoonists aim is often to encourage debate, they can also fuel controversy and their work can expose corrupt or abusive regimes, governments or political groups, and therefore often put themselves and their publishers at risk. In 2005, Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard received numerous threats and was attacked in his home by man with an axe. In 2015, the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdos offices were attacked by two Islamist gunmen in reaction to publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, twelve employees were killed, including staff cartoonists Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski. The Cartoonists Rights Network International awards the annual Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award to political cartoonists who show bravery and risk their own safety to publish their work. In 2015, this accolade was awarded to Atena Farghadani of Iran, there is a Pulitzer Prize awarded every year for Americas top editorial cartoonist — as decided by a panel of senior media industry professionals and media academics. Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, The largest organization of political cartoonists, have over 300 members worldwide, national Cartoonists Society, welcomes editorial cartoonists in the United States. Cartoonists Rights Network International, It helps cartoonists who are exiled, jailed or in danger of persecution, attack of the Political Cartoonists, written by J. P. Trostle, was published in 2004 and includes profiles of 150 mainstream American and Canadian cartoonists. And the 3-volume Attitude series includes some of the cartoonists who have appeared in alternative newspapers and online — see Attitude
5.
Scale model
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This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the appearance of an object in miniature. Scale models are used in fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship. While each field may use a model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles. The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler, in general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory. However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered, similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or π terms, in many fields the π terms are well established. For example, in dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe, one method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape, however, if a facility such as this one cant be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. In this case, concessions must be made for reasons to the similitude requirements. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe, possible π terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no tension is involved. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded, finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded. This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model, in general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit
6.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
7.
Harold Cazneaux
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Harold Cazneaux was an Australian pictorialist photographer, a pioneer whose style had an indelible impact on the development of Australian photographic history. In 1916, he was a member of the Pictorialist Sydney Camera Circle. As a regular participator in national and international exhibitions, Cazneaux was unfaltering in his desire to contribute to the discussion about the photography of his times and he created some of the most memorable images of the early twentieth century. Harold Pierce Cazneaux was born on in Wellington, New Zealand on 30 March 1878 and his father Pierce Mott Cazneaux was an English-born photographer and his mother Emily Florence was a colourist and miniature painter from Sydney. In the 1890s the family moved to Adelaide and Harold started to working in his fathers studio and attended H. P. Gills evening classes at the School of Design, Painting and Technical Arts. In 1904 he decided to move to Sydney where he took up a position one of Sydneys oldest photo studios. Clearly he was good at the job as he was appointed the firms manager. At the same time he honed his photographic skills documenting the architecture of old Sydney, in 1909 he held the first one-man exhibition in Australia. In 1914 he won Kodaks Happy Moment competition, and the prize money went to a deposit for his future home. This group pledged to work and to advance pictorial photography and to show our own Australia in terms of sunlight rather than those of greyness and dismal shadows. In 1921 he was elected a member of the London Salon, beyond his photographic oeuvre, Cazneaux was also a prolific writer. As a correspondent for Photograms of the Year for more than twenty years, the use of light was a defining characteristic of Cazneaux’s later work and in 1916 he and others formed the Sydney Camera Circle, establishing the so-called ‘Sunshine School’ of photography. Cazneauxs work was championed for decades by the editor of The Home magazine, the National Library of Australia is the home of the principal archive of Cazneaux prints and negatives, thanks to the generosity of the Cazneaux family. The Art Gallery of New South Wales also has a collection of Cazneaux’s work. An exhibition of his photographs, called Thoroughly modern Sydney, 1920s and 30s glamour and style was held at the Museum of Sydney and it was assembled largely from images he took for the Australian magazine Home, though it also included new prints from previously unpublished negatives. The subject ranged across all that was fashionable and new at that time, covering architecture, art and interior design and he married Winifred, and had five daughters, including Joan and Rainbow, and a son, Harold, who died aged 21 at Tobruk in 1941. The entrepreneur and adventurer Dick Smith is his grandson, Cazneaux lived for much of his life in the Sydney suburb of Roseville. His home, a Federation cottage called Ambleside, is located in Dudley Avenue, one of Cazneauxs most famous images was taken on 1937, of a solitary river red gum tree, near Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia
8.
Lionel Lindsay
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Sir Lionel Arthur Lindsay was an Australian artist. Lionel became a pupil-assistant at the Melbourne Observatory and later studied at the National Gallery School, Melbourne, Lindsay taught himself etching and engraving in the 1890s while a student, immediately prior to his first trip to Spain and England. On his return to Australia he settled in Sydney as a freelance artist and journalist, contributing to The Bulletin and other magazines, in 1907 he held an extremely successful exhibition of etchings in Sydney with the Society of Artists. The two decades after 1907 saw him active with the Society of Artists and in 1921, when the Australian Painter-Etchers Society was formed, Lindsay was its first president. He began to exhibit in London in 1923 and had his most successful exhibition of that period at Colnaghi, colnaghis Galleries and the critic Harold Wright led British interest in Lindsays work and guaranteed his reputation as a major British printmaker and watercolourist. Lindsay became a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and was knighted for his services to Australian art in 1941, in 1942 Lindsay published Addled Art, a vituperative and anti-semitic attack on modernism in art. He was good friends with Ernest Moffitt and published a book on his art, a Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt was the first monograph written on an Australian artist. Lindsay died in Melbourne on 22 May 1961 and his autobiography, Comedy of Life, was published posthumously. Lionel Lindsay, A book of woodcuts, drawn on wood, Lionel Lindsay, Etchings & drypoints of Spain & Australia. Sydney Ure Smith and Leon Gellert, The art of Lionel Lindsay, Lionel Lindsay, Drawing and drawings in Australia. Lionel Lindsay, Comedy of life, an autobiography, 1874-1961, Lionel Lindsay, A Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt. Joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay, joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay. Bernard Smith, Lindsay, Sir Lionel Arthur, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 106–115
9.
Ruby Lindsay
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Ruby Lindsay was an Australian illustrator and painter, sister of Norman Lindsay and Percy Lindsay. Lindsay drew occasionally for The Bulletin and illustrated William Moores Studio Sketches, on 30 September 1909 she married Will Dyson. In 1912, she contributed illustrations to the book Epigrams of Eve by child welfare advocate, after World War I she visited relations in Ireland and died during the Spanish flu influenza epidemic. Ruby is buried in the grave as her husband, Will Dyson, in section D10 of Hendon Cemetery in London NW7. Her name on the headstone is shown as Ruby Lind, bernard Smith, Lindsay, Ruby, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 106–115
10.
Daryl Lindsay
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Sir Ernest Daryl Lindsay was an Australian artist and member of the creative Lindsay family. He was the youngest son in a family born to Anglo-Irish surgeon Robert Charles Alexander and Jane Elizabeth Lindsay, of Creswick, Victoria. Daryl and his brothers Percy, Lionel, and Norman, achieved distinction in the arts, ruby, also an artist, became well known in artistic circles as the wife of the cartoonist/illustrator/journalist Will Dyson. Prior to World War I, Daryl became a jackaroo near Collarenebri, in England he became a medical artist for the Australian Imperial Force. He made many contacts in the art world and studied at the Slade School of Art in London, Daryl had moderate success with his paintings of white flowers - a difficult subject to capture successfully. Returning to Australia he became fascinated with the first tour, 1936–1937, in 1940, he became a curator at the National Gallery of Victoria, rising to director from 1942 to 1956. He also became a member of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board in 1953, on 31 May 1956 he was knighted for services to art. In 1922, in England, he married Joan à Beckett Weigall and he died on Christmas Day 1976, in Mornington, Victoria, six days before his 87th birthday. He was survived by his wife, Daryl Lindsay, Back stage with the Covent Garden Russian ballet. F. Philipp and J. Stewart, In honour of Daryl Lindsay, essays, lindsays work in the National Library of Australia Daryl Lindsay, Papers, 1929-1976, National Library of Australia Australian Dictionary of Biography
11.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
12.
Springwood, New South Wales
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Springwood is a town in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. Springwood is located 72 kilometres west of Sydney in the government area of the City of Blue Mountains. At the 2011 census, Springwood had a population of 8,437 people, Springwood is near the Blue Mountains National Park and the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site. It is 371 metres above sea level and, like most of the towns in the vicinity, is located on a ridge between two gorges. Springwood railway station sits between Valley Heights and Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains railway line, the Springwood area was first occupied by the Oryang-Ora aboriginal clan belonging to the wider Darug aboriginal tribe of the wider Sydney region. Their existence in the dates back to approx 40,000 years of settlement with many rock carvings & art sites in the area. In 1815, Governor Lachlan Macquarie and his wife stopped by what Macquarie called a spring, the place was later named Springwood, Spring from the springs in the area, and wood from the local Mountain Blue Gums of the area. As a town developed, the street was named Macquarie Road. The first railway line was put through the Blue Mountains in 1867, Springwood Station is the second-oldest surviving station in the Blue Mountains. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate as well as having a New South Wales heritage listing, in 1892, James Hunter Lawson built Braemar, a large, single-storey house situated on a sixty-acre property on Macquarie Road. Braemar started as a residence, but later became a convalescent home, a boarding house, a private home again. It was acquired by the Blue Mountains City Council in 1974, restored as a Bicentennial project and it serves as a community gallery and centre, staffed by volunteers. The local library is housed in a new building behind Braemar, christ Church Anglican Church was built on the Great Western Highway from 1888–89, with extensions in the 1960s and 1980s. It was designed by the architect Sir John Sulman, who had a residence at Lawson. Designed in the Victorian Academic Gothic style, the church is the oldest Anglican church building in the Blue Mountains and is heritage-listed, the house originally built as a vicarage, but only used as a private residence known as Southall, is also heritage-listed. The Presbyterian Church building, a sandstone Gothic building located on Macquarie Road, was built in 1895, the Catholic community was originally part of the Penrith parish, but were given their own building in 1892, St Thomas Aquinas Church. The church has since relocated to St Columbas grounds, Winmalee, a small part of Springwood, along with larger parts of the adjacent town of Winmalee and nearby village of Yellow Rock were badly affected by bushfires in October 2013. 193 residential properties were destroyed, and 109 damaged in those localities, Springwoods commercial area centres around Macquarie Road which runs parallel to the Great Western Highway and the railway line
13.
Faulconbridge
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Faulconbridge is a village located in the Blue Mountains 77 km west of Sydney, New South Wales and is 450 metres above sea level. At the 2006 census, Faulconbridge had a population of 4,014 people, the area around Faulconbridge was first explored by Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson in May 1813 while they were camped at Springwood and looking for a route which would take them over the mountains. It was settled in the 1870s after the line had opened the mountains up. One of the earliest residents was the Father of Federation, Sir Henry Parkes and it is said that the original railway platform at Faulconbridge was specifically built to serve his residence, which was known as Faulconbridge House. The town was named after Parkess home, Faulconbridge was the maiden name of Parkess mother, while a small waterfall in the area — Clarinda Falls — was named after his first wife, Clarinda Varney. Parkes is buried in Faulconbridge Cemetery, alongside the grave of his first wife, Varney Parkes, in 1850 became proprietor of Empire Newspaper. On Sir Henrys Parade is Jackson Park, which is home to the Prime Ministers Corridor of Oaks, Jackson was a huge admirer of Henry Parkes and believed that his Corridor of Oaks was a suitable monument to the man most responsible for the federation of Australian states. It is worth noting that every Prime Minister since Gough Whitlam has had their tree destroyed soon after planting, Faulconbridge is well known for having been the home of artist Norman Lindsay. Some streets have been given names from some of the out of Lindsays famous childrens book The Magic Pudding. These include Bill Barnacle Avenue, Watkin Wombat Way and more, the house Norman Lindsay used to live in is at the end of Chapman Parade and has been turned into a gallery owned by the National Trust of Australia. A number of Aboriginal carvings are also to be found on the shelves in the area. The most prominent landmark in the area is the house called Eurama. This substantial stone house with Tudor chimneys was built in 1881 by the stonemason Paddy Ryan, the property was substantial enough, or the owner had enough influence, to even warrant its own platform on the nearby railway line, Numantia. At first it was called Weemala, but the name was changed to Eurama by later owners and it was unused for some time until being restored by a new owner, but was then destroyed by bushfires in 1968. The region was again under threat during the 2013 New South Wales bushfires, there are two commercial areas in Faulconbridge. The second is close to the railway station, Faulconbridge is home to the rare Faulconbridge Mallee Ash. Faulconbridge Blue Mountains Australia Faulconbridge - VisitNSW. com Faulconbridge 2011 Census Eurama Media related to Faulconbridge, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons
14.
William Gullick
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William Applegate Gullick was a publisher and inspector of stamps in New South Wales, Australia. He was a photographer and designed the Coat of arms of New South Wales. William Applegate Gullick was baptised in Edington, Wiltshire in 1858 and he and his family emigrated to Sydney where his mother died in childbirth. His father, a printer, lost all his money after he had married Sarah Dust, Gullick started his printing career working for the trusted printing company of John Sands and Co. This company published directories and also worked on heraldry and this organisation published the directory of deaths. He married Mary Pierce, William and Mary had five children, Gullick was asked to create the coat of arms for New South Wales. The interpretation of the ideas that he had were published in 1907 and he was honoured to have his designs approved by the King, and Gullick expected these emblems of distinction to be prized and guarded jealously. The motto of the arms had originally been devised for Sydney University, Gullick experimented with the early use of colour photography in Australia. The Lumière brothers autochrome process that he used relied on using potato starch dyed to the three key colours of red, blue and green, the photo of his wife and daughters was taken with this process in about 1909 only two years after the process first went on sale. The three basic colours of the Lumière process is thought to be the reason why Gullicks family are wearing different coloured dresses, the photo is at their home in Killara. Intriguingly these are the three colours as basic stamp denominations used across Australia. Gullick is thought to have influenced the nature of the stamp designs. Zoe Gullick helped Gullick as an assistant when he was working on his photography. Gullick died suddenly, and his will indicates that he did not leave his family the money they might have expected and his obituary does list his hobbies which included both coin and stamp collecting and he left a lathe, many woodworking tools and a camera
15.
National Library of Australia
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In 2012–2013, the National Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, and an additional 15,506 metres of manuscript material. In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia, from its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. The present library building was opened in 1968, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden. The foyer is decorated in marble, with windows by Leonard French. In 2012–2013 the Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, the Librarys collections of Australiana have developed into the nations single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers, editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented—whether published in Australia or overseas, approximately 92. 1% of the Librarys collection has been catalogued and is discoverable through the online catalogue. The Library has digitized over 174,000 items from its collection and, the Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson, the Library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts, including dance. The Librarys considerable collections of general overseas and rare materials, as well as world-class Asian. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings, the Library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. The Library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers, williams Collection The Asian Collections are searchable via the National Librarys catalogue. The National Library holds a collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 meters of shelf space, the collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the Pacific. The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have received as part of formed book collections. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin, Sir John Latham, Sir Keith Murdoch, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Monash, Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer, A. D. Hope, Manning Clark, David Williamson, W. M. The Library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations and they include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A. L. P, the Democrats, the R. S. L. Finally, the Library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian, the National Librarys Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, media represented in the collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts
16.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
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The Bulletin
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The Bulletin was an Australian magazine first published in Sydney on 31 January 1880. The publications focus was politics and business, with literary content. The Bulletin was highly influential in Australian culture and politics until after the First World War, and was noted for its nationalist, pro-labour. It was revived as a news magazine in the 1960s. The Bulletin was founded by J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, the original content of The Bulletin consisted of a mix of political comment, sensationalised news, and Australian literature. In the early years, The Bulletin played a significant role in the encouragement and its writers and cartoonists regularly attacked the British, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Jews, and Aborigines. In 1886, editor James Edmond changed The Bulletins nationalist banner from Australia for Australians to Australia for the White Man. An editorial, published in The Bulletin the following year, laid out its reasons for choosing such banners, all white men who come to these shores—with a clean record—and who leave behind them the memory of the class distinctions and the religious differences of the old world. All men who leave the lands of Europe for freedom of speech. Leave their fatherland because they swallow the worm-eaten lie of the divine right of kings to murder peasants, are Australian by instinct—Australian and Republican are synonymous. As The Bulletin evolved, it known as a platform for young and aspiring writers to showcase their short stories. It was just stoical and spitefully humourous, in The Australian Language, Sidney Baker wrote, Perhaps never again will so much of the true nature of a country be caught up in the pages of a single journal. The literary character of The Bulletin continued until 1961, when it was brought by Australian Consolidated Press, merged with the Observer, donald Horne was appointed as chief editor and quickly removed Australia for the White Man from the banner. The magazine was costing ACP more than it made, but they accepted that price for the prestige of publishing Australias oldest magazine, Kerry Packer, in particular, had a personal liking for the magazine and was determined to keep it alive. In the 1980s and 1990s, The Bulletins ageing subscribers were not being replaced, trevor Kennedy convinced publisher Richard Walsh to return to the magazine. Walsh promoted Lyndall Crisp to be its first female editor, later, in December 2002, Kerry Packer anointed Garry Linnell as editor-in-chief. Kerry Packer died in 2005, and in 2007 James Packer sold controlling interest in the Packer media assets to the equity firm CVC Asia Pacific. On 24 January 2008, ACP Magazines announced that it was shuttering The Bulletin
18.
Gaius Petronius
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This article is about the Roman prefect Petronius. For other uses of the name, see Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Gaius Petronius or Publius Petronius was the second and then fourth Prefect of Roman Aegyptus. Petronius led a campaign into present-day central Sudan against the Kingdom of Kush at Meroe, failing to acquire permanent gains, he razed the city of Napata to the ground and retreated to the north. Before the Romans had even tried anything, the Nubians attacked the Thebaid, and they enslaved inhabitants and pulled down Augustus’ statues. The prefect of Egypt, Petronius led 10,000 infantry against 30,000 Nubians and he then sacked the seat of the Nubian queen – queen Candace known from Nubian inscriptions. He enslaved the inhabitants and set up a Roman garrison nearby, however, after the change in imperial policy later in Octavian Augustus, the Romans gave up their ambitions to conquer Meroe. They instead treated it as a client state, Strabo talks about the Nubian ambassadors making a treaty with Augustus. Indeed, Strabo describes a war with the Romans in the 1st century BC, after the initial victories of Kandake Amanirenas against Roman Egypt, the Kushites of northern Nubia were defeated and Napata sacked. Remarkably, the destruction of the capital of Napata was not a blow to the Kushites. Indeed, it seems that Gaius Petronius attack might have had a influence on the kingdom. Just three years later, in 22 BC, a large Kushite force moved northward with intention of attacking Qasr Ibrim, alerted to the advance, Petronius again marched south and managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and bolster its defences before the invading Kushites arrived. By the end of the campaign after other years of fighting, however. The Kushites succeeded in negotiating a treaty on favourable terms. The empire of Kush, Napata and Meroe, Publius Petronius, Augustan Prefect of Egypt. Roman Egypt Napata Kingdom of Kush
19.
Satyricon
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The Satyricon, or Satyricon liber, is a Latin work of fiction believed to have been written by Gaius Petronius, though the manuscript tradition identifies the author as a certain Titus Petronius. The Satyricon is an example of Menippean satire, which is different from the formal verse satire of Juvenal or Horace. The work contains a mixture of prose and verse, serious and comic elements, as with the Metamorphoses of Apuleius, classical scholars often describe it as a Roman novel, without necessarily implying continuity with the modern literary form. The surviving portions of the text detail the misadventures of the narrator, Encolpius, and his lover, throughout the novel, Encolpius has a difficult time keeping his lover faithful to him as he is constantly being enticed away by others. Encolpiuss friend Ascyltus is another major character and it is one of the two most extensive witnesses to the Roman novel. Satyricon is also regarded as evidence for the reconstruction of how lower classes lived during the early Roman Empire. A handsome sixteen-year-old boy, pretending to be a servant to Encolpius, an ex-gladiator and friend of Encolpius, rival for the ownership of Giton. An extremely vulgar and wealthy freedman, an aged, impoverished and lecherous poet of the sort rich men are said to hate. A barber, the servant of Eumolpus. Circes servant, also in love with Encolpius, the work is narrated by its central figure, Encolpius, a teacher of rhetoric to wealthy Roman boys. The surviving sections of the novel begin with Encolpius traveling with a companion and former lover named Asciltos, Encolpiuss slave boy, Giton, is at his owners lodging when the story begins. His adversary in this debate is Agamemnon, a sophist, who shifts the blame from the teachers to the parents, Encolpius discovers that his companion Asciltos has left and breaks away from Agamemnon when a group of students arrive. Encolpius locates Asciltos and then Giton, who claims that Asciltos made an attempt on him. After some conflict, the three go to the market, where they are involved in a dispute over stolen property, returning to their lodgings, they are confronted by Quartilla, a devotee of Priapus, who condemns their attempts to pry into the cults secrets. The companions are overpowered by Quartilla and her maids, who overpower and sexually torture them, then provide them with dinner and engage them in further sexual activity. An orgy ensues and the ends with Encolpius and Quartilla exchanging kisses while they spy through a keyhole at Giton having sex with a virgin girl. This section of the Satyricon, regarded by such as Conte and Rankin as emblematic of Menippean satire. After preliminaries in the baths and halls, the guests join their host, extravagant courses are served while Trimalchio flaunts his wealth and his pretence of learning
20.
Victoria and Albert Museum
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The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001, the V&A covers 12.5 acres and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum owns the worlds largest collection of sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea, the East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world, New 17th- and 18th-century European galleries were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original Aston Webb interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815, at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection, by February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House, this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting, in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of High Art at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis, the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of art education through the museum collections. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum had effectively come into existence when a director was appointed. The laying of the stone of the Aston Webb building on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from the South Kensington Museum to the Victoria, the exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, A Grand Design, first toured in North America from 1997, returning to London in 1999
21.
The Magic Pudding
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The Magic Pudding, Being The Adventures of Bunyip Bluegum and his friends Bill Barnacle and Sam Sawnoff is an Australian childrens book written and illustrated by Norman Lindsay. It is a fantasy, and a classic of Australian childrens literature. The story is set in Australia with humans mixing with anthropomorphic animals and it tells of a magic pudding which, no matter how often it is eaten, always reforms in order to be eaten again. It is owned by three companions who must defend it against Pudding Thieves who want it for themselves, the book is divided into four slices instead of chapters. There are many short songs interspersed throughout the text, varying from stories told in rhyme to descriptions of a mood or behaviour. Wanting to see the world, Bunyip Bluegum the koala sets out on his travels, at about lunchtime, feeling more than slightly peckish, he meets Bill Barnacle the sailor and Sam Sawnoff the penguin who are eating a pudding. The pudding is a one which, no matter how much one eats it. He is called Albert, has arms and legs and is a bad-tempered, ill-mannered so-and-so into the bargain. His only pleasure is being eaten and on his insistence, Bill and they then set off on the road together, Bill explaining to Bunyip how he and Sam were once shipwrecked with a ships cook on an iceberg where the cook created the pudding which they now own. Later on they encounter the Pudding Thieves, a possum and a wombat and these nasty varmints are scum of the earth, barely fit to own the air that fills their lungs. Bill and Sam bravely defend their pudding while Bunyip sits on Albert so that he cannot escape while they are not looking. Later that night sitting round the fire, Bill and Sam, grateful for his contributions of the day, invite Bunyip to join them, later the next day, through some well-thought-out trickery, the Pudding Thieves make a successful grab for the Pudding. Upset and outraged, Bill and Sam fall into despair and it is up to Bunyip to get them to pull themselves together and set off to rescue their Pudding. In the course of tracking down the Pudding Thieves they encounter some rather pathetic and unsavoury members of society, bunyips cleverness lures the robbers into a trap from where Bill and Sams fists do the rest and they retrieve their pudding. When doing so they pull it over their heads and tie it up leaving them defenceless as the thieves take their pudding, an elderly dog, market gardener Benjamin Brandysnap, comes along and frees the Pudding Owners. The bag had been stolen from his stable, and he joins the Pudding Owners to get revenge on the Pudding Thieves, another clever plan by Bunyip lures them into another trap where the Thieves are given yet another battering and the Pudding retrieved. The next day the travellers come to the town of Tooraloo where they are approached by men dressed in suits and top hats. They turn out to be the Pudding Thieves up to yet another attempt at getting the Pudding and the subsequent fight brings along the Mayor, in the argument that follows, the bad-tempered Pudding pinches the Mayor who orders his arrest
