1.
Creswick, Victoria
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Creswick /ˈkrɛzwɪk/ is a town in west-central Victoria, Australia 18 kilometres north of Ballarat and 129 km northwest of Melbourne, in the Shire of Hepburn. It is 430 metres above sea level, at the 2011 census, Creswick had a population of 3,303. Creswick was named after the Creswick family, the settlers of the region. The area was inhabited by the Dja Dja Wurrung people before white settlement, the pioneer white settlers were Henry, Charles and John Creswick, three brothers who started a large sheep station in 1842. Creswick is a former gold-mining town, established during the Victorian gold rushes in the 1850s, the Post Office opened on 1 September 1854 but was named Creswicks Creek until around 1857. The population reached a peak of 25,000 during the gold rush, today, local industries include forestry, grazing and agriculture. Creswick was the site of the New Australasian Gold Mine disaster on 12 December 1882, the original School of Forestry was established in 1910 by the Department of Forestry. It was the first institution set up in Victoria to train, now the campus is part of The University of Melbourne. The campus is situated in Water Street and houses the School of Forest & Ecosystem Science, Creswick has three primary schools—two government and one Catholic, Creswick Primary School, Creswick North Primary School and St Augustines respectively. The town also has a care facility. John Curtin Aged Care was formerly the townships health care hospital, the Creswick Bazaar is held on the third Saturday and Sunday of the month at the historic railway precinct in Raglan Street. The Bazaar features crafts by local people, the railway station, one of the best restored railway stations in Victoria, was restored by a group of volunteers. The railway goods shed hosts the Bazaar and other community events, the Creswick Market located at, Victoria Street, Creswick. The Creswick Woollen Mills, established in 1947, is the last remaining coloured spinning mill of its kind in Australia, still owned and it produces natural fibre products such as woollen blankets, throws and accessories. The mill is open 7 days a week and operates a self-guided tour, the Creswick Museum is situated at two addresses. The museum in the old Creswick Town Hall is open weekends, the Research Centre, operating out of the former Infant Child Centre, is open Friday and Saturday 11 am to 3. 00pm. Creswick has a range of trails suitable for both mountain biking and trail running. The Annual Brackenbury Mountain Bike Challenge in November attracts participants from across Australia, the town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Central Highlands Football League
2.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
3.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
4.
Editorial cartoonist
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An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context, Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section, although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status. Historically, these are quick, hand-drawn ink drawings, scanned and reproduced in black and white, the introduction of color came later, and more recently the use of digital drawing tools are a popular and efficient way to produce work quickly for newspaper deadlines. Historically, these artists have roots in ancient art forms, such as the painting of Early Man, or the hieroglyphics of Egypt. The rise of comic journalism online, which combines the comic strip format as a means to relay a story in more depth, is very effective in a vertical web format. As visual journalists, they can tell a story in a way, with words. Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, in the United States, there are more than a hundred published editorial cartoonists, from both sides of the Republican-Democrat divide. In India, the most common and popular form of commentary is the pocket cartoon. R. K. Laxman, Sudhir Dar, Mario Miranda, E. P. Unny, Shekhar Gurera, Ajit Ninan are some of the editorial cartoonists. A political cartoonists aim is often to encourage debate, they can also fuel controversy and their work can expose corrupt or abusive regimes, governments or political groups, and therefore often put themselves and their publishers at risk. In 2005, Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard received numerous threats and was attacked in his home by man with an axe. In 2015, the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdos offices were attacked by two Islamist gunmen in reaction to publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, twelve employees were killed, including staff cartoonists Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski. The Cartoonists Rights Network International awards the annual Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award to political cartoonists who show bravery and risk their own safety to publish their work. In 2015, this accolade was awarded to Atena Farghadani of Iran, there is a Pulitzer Prize awarded every year for Americas top editorial cartoonist — as decided by a panel of senior media industry professionals and media academics. Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, The largest organization of political cartoonists, have over 300 members worldwide, national Cartoonists Society, welcomes editorial cartoonists in the United States. Cartoonists Rights Network International, It helps cartoonists who are exiled, jailed or in danger of persecution, attack of the Political Cartoonists, written by J. P. Trostle, was published in 2004 and includes profiles of 150 mainstream American and Canadian cartoonists. And the 3-volume Attitude series includes some of the cartoonists who have appeared in alternative newspapers and online — see Attitude
5.
Scale model
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This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the appearance of an object in miniature. Scale models are used in fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship. While each field may use a model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles. The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler, in general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory. However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered, similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or π terms, in many fields the π terms are well established. For example, in dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe, one method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape, however, if a facility such as this one cant be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. In this case, concessions must be made for reasons to the similitude requirements. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe, possible π terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no tension is involved. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded, finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded. This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model, in general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit
6.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
7.
Harold Cazneaux
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Harold Cazneaux was an Australian pictorialist photographer, a pioneer whose style had an indelible impact on the development of Australian photographic history. In 1916, he was a member of the Pictorialist Sydney Camera Circle. As a regular participator in national and international exhibitions, Cazneaux was unfaltering in his desire to contribute to the discussion about the photography of his times and he created some of the most memorable images of the early twentieth century. Harold Pierce Cazneaux was born on in Wellington, New Zealand on 30 March 1878 and his father Pierce Mott Cazneaux was an English-born photographer and his mother Emily Florence was a colourist and miniature painter from Sydney. In the 1890s the family moved to Adelaide and Harold started to working in his fathers studio and attended H. P. Gills evening classes at the School of Design, Painting and Technical Arts. In 1904 he decided to move to Sydney where he took up a position one of Sydneys oldest photo studios. Clearly he was good at the job as he was appointed the firms manager. At the same time he honed his photographic skills documenting the architecture of old Sydney, in 1909 he held the first one-man exhibition in Australia. In 1914 he won Kodaks Happy Moment competition, and the prize money went to a deposit for his future home. This group pledged to work and to advance pictorial photography and to show our own Australia in terms of sunlight rather than those of greyness and dismal shadows. In 1921 he was elected a member of the London Salon, beyond his photographic oeuvre, Cazneaux was also a prolific writer. As a correspondent for Photograms of the Year for more than twenty years, the use of light was a defining characteristic of Cazneaux’s later work and in 1916 he and others formed the Sydney Camera Circle, establishing the so-called ‘Sunshine School’ of photography. Cazneauxs work was championed for decades by the editor of The Home magazine, the National Library of Australia is the home of the principal archive of Cazneaux prints and negatives, thanks to the generosity of the Cazneaux family. The Art Gallery of New South Wales also has a collection of Cazneaux’s work. An exhibition of his photographs, called Thoroughly modern Sydney, 1920s and 30s glamour and style was held at the Museum of Sydney and it was assembled largely from images he took for the Australian magazine Home, though it also included new prints from previously unpublished negatives. The subject ranged across all that was fashionable and new at that time, covering architecture, art and interior design and he married Winifred, and had five daughters, including Joan and Rainbow, and a son, Harold, who died aged 21 at Tobruk in 1941. The entrepreneur and adventurer Dick Smith is his grandson, Cazneaux lived for much of his life in the Sydney suburb of Roseville. His home, a Federation cottage called Ambleside, is located in Dudley Avenue, one of Cazneauxs most famous images was taken on 1937, of a solitary river red gum tree, near Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia
8.
Lionel Lindsay
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Sir Lionel Arthur Lindsay was an Australian artist. Lionel became a pupil-assistant at the Melbourne Observatory and later studied at the National Gallery School, Melbourne, Lindsay taught himself etching and engraving in the 1890s while a student, immediately prior to his first trip to Spain and England. On his return to Australia he settled in Sydney as a freelance artist and journalist, contributing to The Bulletin and other magazines, in 1907 he held an extremely successful exhibition of etchings in Sydney with the Society of Artists. The two decades after 1907 saw him active with the Society of Artists and in 1921, when the Australian Painter-Etchers Society was formed, Lindsay was its first president. He began to exhibit in London in 1923 and had his most successful exhibition of that period at Colnaghi, colnaghis Galleries and the critic Harold Wright led British interest in Lindsays work and guaranteed his reputation as a major British printmaker and watercolourist. Lindsay became a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and was knighted for his services to Australian art in 1941, in 1942 Lindsay published Addled Art, a vituperative and anti-semitic attack on modernism in art. He was good friends with Ernest Moffitt and published a book on his art, a Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt was the first monograph written on an Australian artist. Lindsay died in Melbourne on 22 May 1961 and his autobiography, Comedy of Life, was published posthumously. Lionel Lindsay, A book of woodcuts, drawn on wood, Lionel Lindsay, Etchings & drypoints of Spain & Australia. Sydney Ure Smith and Leon Gellert, The art of Lionel Lindsay, Lionel Lindsay, Drawing and drawings in Australia. Lionel Lindsay, Comedy of life, an autobiography, 1874-1961, Lionel Lindsay, A Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt. Joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay, joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay. Bernard Smith, Lindsay, Sir Lionel Arthur, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 106–115
9.
Ruby Lindsay
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Ruby Lindsay was an Australian illustrator and painter, sister of Norman Lindsay and Percy Lindsay. Lindsay drew occasionally for The Bulletin and illustrated William Moores Studio Sketches, on 30 September 1909 she married Will Dyson. In 1912, she contributed illustrations to the book Epigrams of Eve by child welfare advocate, after World War I she visited relations in Ireland and died during the Spanish flu influenza epidemic. Ruby is buried in the grave as her husband, Will Dyson, in section D10 of Hendon Cemetery in London NW7. Her name on the headstone is shown as Ruby Lind, bernard Smith, Lindsay, Ruby, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 106–115
10.
Daryl Lindsay
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Sir Ernest Daryl Lindsay was an Australian artist and member of the creative Lindsay family. He was the youngest son in a family born to Anglo-Irish surgeon Robert Charles Alexander and Jane Elizabeth Lindsay, of Creswick, Victoria. Daryl and his brothers Percy, Lionel, and Norman, achieved distinction in the arts, ruby, also an artist, became well known in artistic circles as the wife of the cartoonist/illustrator/journalist Will Dyson. Prior to World War I, Daryl became a jackaroo near Collarenebri, in England he became a medical artist for the Australian Imperial Force. He made many contacts in the art world and studied at the Slade School of Art in London, Daryl had moderate success with his paintings of white flowers - a difficult subject to capture successfully. Returning to Australia he became fascinated with the first tour, 1936–1937, in 1940, he became a curator at the National Gallery of Victoria, rising to director from 1942 to 1956. He also became a member of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board in 1953, on 31 May 1956 he was knighted for services to art. In 1922, in England, he married Joan à Beckett Weigall and he died on Christmas Day 1976, in Mornington, Victoria, six days before his 87th birthday. He was survived by his wife, Daryl Lindsay, Back stage with the Covent Garden Russian ballet. F. Philipp and J. Stewart, In honour of Daryl Lindsay, essays, lindsays work in the National Library of Australia Daryl Lindsay, Papers, 1929-1976, National Library of Australia Australian Dictionary of Biography
11.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
12.
Springwood, New South Wales
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Springwood is a town in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. Springwood is located 72 kilometres west of Sydney in the government area of the City of Blue Mountains. At the 2011 census, Springwood had a population of 8,437 people, Springwood is near the Blue Mountains National Park and the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site. It is 371 metres above sea level and, like most of the towns in the vicinity, is located on a ridge between two gorges. Springwood railway station sits between Valley Heights and Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains railway line, the Springwood area was first occupied by the Oryang-Ora aboriginal clan belonging to the wider Darug aboriginal tribe of the wider Sydney region. Their existence in the dates back to approx 40,000 years of settlement with many rock carvings & art sites in the area. In 1815, Governor Lachlan Macquarie and his wife stopped by what Macquarie called a spring, the place was later named Springwood, Spring from the springs in the area, and wood from the local Mountain Blue Gums of the area. As a town developed, the street was named Macquarie Road. The first railway line was put through the Blue Mountains in 1867, Springwood Station is the second-oldest surviving station in the Blue Mountains. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate as well as having a New South Wales heritage listing, in 1892, James Hunter Lawson built Braemar, a large, single-storey house situated on a sixty-acre property on Macquarie Road. Braemar started as a residence, but later became a convalescent home, a boarding house, a private home again. It was acquired by the Blue Mountains City Council in 1974, restored as a Bicentennial project and it serves as a community gallery and centre, staffed by volunteers. The local library is housed in a new building behind Braemar, christ Church Anglican Church was built on the Great Western Highway from 1888–89, with extensions in the 1960s and 1980s. It was designed by the architect Sir John Sulman, who had a residence at Lawson. Designed in the Victorian Academic Gothic style, the church is the oldest Anglican church building in the Blue Mountains and is heritage-listed, the house originally built as a vicarage, but only used as a private residence known as Southall, is also heritage-listed. The Presbyterian Church building, a sandstone Gothic building located on Macquarie Road, was built in 1895, the Catholic community was originally part of the Penrith parish, but were given their own building in 1892, St Thomas Aquinas Church. The church has since relocated to St Columbas grounds, Winmalee, a small part of Springwood, along with larger parts of the adjacent town of Winmalee and nearby village of Yellow Rock were badly affected by bushfires in October 2013. 193 residential properties were destroyed, and 109 damaged in those localities, Springwoods commercial area centres around Macquarie Road which runs parallel to the Great Western Highway and the railway line
13.
Faulconbridge
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Faulconbridge is a village located in the Blue Mountains 77 km west of Sydney, New South Wales and is 450 metres above sea level. At the 2006 census, Faulconbridge had a population of 4,014 people, the area around Faulconbridge was first explored by Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson in May 1813 while they were camped at Springwood and looking for a route which would take them over the mountains. It was settled in the 1870s after the line had opened the mountains up. One of the earliest residents was the Father of Federation, Sir Henry Parkes and it is said that the original railway platform at Faulconbridge was specifically built to serve his residence, which was known as Faulconbridge House. The town was named after Parkess home, Faulconbridge was the maiden name of Parkess mother, while a small waterfall in the area — Clarinda Falls — was named after his first wife, Clarinda Varney. Parkes is buried in Faulconbridge Cemetery, alongside the grave of his first wife, Varney Parkes, in 1850 became proprietor of Empire Newspaper. On Sir Henrys Parade is Jackson Park, which is home to the Prime Ministers Corridor of Oaks, Jackson was a huge admirer of Henry Parkes and believed that his Corridor of Oaks was a suitable monument to the man most responsible for the federation of Australian states. It is worth noting that every Prime Minister since Gough Whitlam has had their tree destroyed soon after planting, Faulconbridge is well known for having been the home of artist Norman Lindsay. Some streets have been given names from some of the out of Lindsays famous childrens book The Magic Pudding. These include Bill Barnacle Avenue, Watkin Wombat Way and more, the house Norman Lindsay used to live in is at the end of Chapman Parade and has been turned into a gallery owned by the National Trust of Australia. A number of Aboriginal carvings are also to be found on the shelves in the area. The most prominent landmark in the area is the house called Eurama. This substantial stone house with Tudor chimneys was built in 1881 by the stonemason Paddy Ryan, the property was substantial enough, or the owner had enough influence, to even warrant its own platform on the nearby railway line, Numantia. At first it was called Weemala, but the name was changed to Eurama by later owners and it was unused for some time until being restored by a new owner, but was then destroyed by bushfires in 1968. The region was again under threat during the 2013 New South Wales bushfires, there are two commercial areas in Faulconbridge. The second is close to the railway station, Faulconbridge is home to the rare Faulconbridge Mallee Ash. Faulconbridge Blue Mountains Australia Faulconbridge - VisitNSW. com Faulconbridge 2011 Census Eurama Media related to Faulconbridge, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons
14.
William Gullick
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William Applegate Gullick was a publisher and inspector of stamps in New South Wales, Australia. He was a photographer and designed the Coat of arms of New South Wales. William Applegate Gullick was baptised in Edington, Wiltshire in 1858 and he and his family emigrated to Sydney where his mother died in childbirth. His father, a printer, lost all his money after he had married Sarah Dust, Gullick started his printing career working for the trusted printing company of John Sands and Co. This company published directories and also worked on heraldry and this organisation published the directory of deaths. He married Mary Pierce, William and Mary had five children, Gullick was asked to create the coat of arms for New South Wales. The interpretation of the ideas that he had were published in 1907 and he was honoured to have his designs approved by the King, and Gullick expected these emblems of distinction to be prized and guarded jealously. The motto of the arms had originally been devised for Sydney University, Gullick experimented with the early use of colour photography in Australia. The Lumière brothers autochrome process that he used relied on using potato starch dyed to the three key colours of red, blue and green, the photo of his wife and daughters was taken with this process in about 1909 only two years after the process first went on sale. The three basic colours of the Lumière process is thought to be the reason why Gullicks family are wearing different coloured dresses, the photo is at their home in Killara. Intriguingly these are the three colours as basic stamp denominations used across Australia. Gullick is thought to have influenced the nature of the stamp designs. Zoe Gullick helped Gullick as an assistant when he was working on his photography. Gullick died suddenly, and his will indicates that he did not leave his family the money they might have expected and his obituary does list his hobbies which included both coin and stamp collecting and he left a lathe, many woodworking tools and a camera
15.
National Library of Australia
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In 2012–2013, the National Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, and an additional 15,506 metres of manuscript material. In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia, from its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. The present library building was opened in 1968, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden. The foyer is decorated in marble, with windows by Leonard French. In 2012–2013 the Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, the Librarys collections of Australiana have developed into the nations single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers, editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented—whether published in Australia or overseas, approximately 92. 1% of the Librarys collection has been catalogued and is discoverable through the online catalogue. The Library has digitized over 174,000 items from its collection and, the Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson, the Library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts, including dance. The Librarys considerable collections of general overseas and rare materials, as well as world-class Asian. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings, the Library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. The Library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers, williams Collection The Asian Collections are searchable via the National Librarys catalogue. The National Library holds a collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 meters of shelf space, the collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the Pacific. The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have received as part of formed book collections. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin, Sir John Latham, Sir Keith Murdoch, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Monash, Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer, A. D. Hope, Manning Clark, David Williamson, W. M. The Library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations and they include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A. L. P, the Democrats, the R. S. L. Finally, the Library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian, the National Librarys Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, media represented in the collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts
16.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
17.
The Bulletin
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The Bulletin was an Australian magazine first published in Sydney on 31 January 1880. The publications focus was politics and business, with literary content. The Bulletin was highly influential in Australian culture and politics until after the First World War, and was noted for its nationalist, pro-labour. It was revived as a news magazine in the 1960s. The Bulletin was founded by J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, the original content of The Bulletin consisted of a mix of political comment, sensationalised news, and Australian literature. In the early years, The Bulletin played a significant role in the encouragement and its writers and cartoonists regularly attacked the British, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Jews, and Aborigines. In 1886, editor James Edmond changed The Bulletins nationalist banner from Australia for Australians to Australia for the White Man. An editorial, published in The Bulletin the following year, laid out its reasons for choosing such banners, all white men who come to these shores—with a clean record—and who leave behind them the memory of the class distinctions and the religious differences of the old world. All men who leave the lands of Europe for freedom of speech. Leave their fatherland because they swallow the worm-eaten lie of the divine right of kings to murder peasants, are Australian by instinct—Australian and Republican are synonymous. As The Bulletin evolved, it known as a platform for young and aspiring writers to showcase their short stories. It was just stoical and spitefully humourous, in The Australian Language, Sidney Baker wrote, Perhaps never again will so much of the true nature of a country be caught up in the pages of a single journal. The literary character of The Bulletin continued until 1961, when it was brought by Australian Consolidated Press, merged with the Observer, donald Horne was appointed as chief editor and quickly removed Australia for the White Man from the banner. The magazine was costing ACP more than it made, but they accepted that price for the prestige of publishing Australias oldest magazine, Kerry Packer, in particular, had a personal liking for the magazine and was determined to keep it alive. In the 1980s and 1990s, The Bulletins ageing subscribers were not being replaced, trevor Kennedy convinced publisher Richard Walsh to return to the magazine. Walsh promoted Lyndall Crisp to be its first female editor, later, in December 2002, Kerry Packer anointed Garry Linnell as editor-in-chief. Kerry Packer died in 2005, and in 2007 James Packer sold controlling interest in the Packer media assets to the equity firm CVC Asia Pacific. On 24 January 2008, ACP Magazines announced that it was shuttering The Bulletin
18.
Gaius Petronius
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This article is about the Roman prefect Petronius. For other uses of the name, see Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Gaius Petronius or Publius Petronius was the second and then fourth Prefect of Roman Aegyptus. Petronius led a campaign into present-day central Sudan against the Kingdom of Kush at Meroe, failing to acquire permanent gains, he razed the city of Napata to the ground and retreated to the north. Before the Romans had even tried anything, the Nubians attacked the Thebaid, and they enslaved inhabitants and pulled down Augustus’ statues. The prefect of Egypt, Petronius led 10,000 infantry against 30,000 Nubians and he then sacked the seat of the Nubian queen – queen Candace known from Nubian inscriptions. He enslaved the inhabitants and set up a Roman garrison nearby, however, after the change in imperial policy later in Octavian Augustus, the Romans gave up their ambitions to conquer Meroe. They instead treated it as a client state, Strabo talks about the Nubian ambassadors making a treaty with Augustus. Indeed, Strabo describes a war with the Romans in the 1st century BC, after the initial victories of Kandake Amanirenas against Roman Egypt, the Kushites of northern Nubia were defeated and Napata sacked. Remarkably, the destruction of the capital of Napata was not a blow to the Kushites. Indeed, it seems that Gaius Petronius attack might have had a influence on the kingdom. Just three years later, in 22 BC, a large Kushite force moved northward with intention of attacking Qasr Ibrim, alerted to the advance, Petronius again marched south and managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and bolster its defences before the invading Kushites arrived. By the end of the campaign after other years of fighting, however. The Kushites succeeded in negotiating a treaty on favourable terms. The empire of Kush, Napata and Meroe, Publius Petronius, Augustan Prefect of Egypt. Roman Egypt Napata Kingdom of Kush
19.
Satyricon
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The Satyricon, or Satyricon liber, is a Latin work of fiction believed to have been written by Gaius Petronius, though the manuscript tradition identifies the author as a certain Titus Petronius. The Satyricon is an example of Menippean satire, which is different from the formal verse satire of Juvenal or Horace. The work contains a mixture of prose and verse, serious and comic elements, as with the Metamorphoses of Apuleius, classical scholars often describe it as a Roman novel, without necessarily implying continuity with the modern literary form. The surviving portions of the text detail the misadventures of the narrator, Encolpius, and his lover, throughout the novel, Encolpius has a difficult time keeping his lover faithful to him as he is constantly being enticed away by others. Encolpiuss friend Ascyltus is another major character and it is one of the two most extensive witnesses to the Roman novel. Satyricon is also regarded as evidence for the reconstruction of how lower classes lived during the early Roman Empire. A handsome sixteen-year-old boy, pretending to be a servant to Encolpius, an ex-gladiator and friend of Encolpius, rival for the ownership of Giton. An extremely vulgar and wealthy freedman, an aged, impoverished and lecherous poet of the sort rich men are said to hate. A barber, the servant of Eumolpus. Circes servant, also in love with Encolpius, the work is narrated by its central figure, Encolpius, a teacher of rhetoric to wealthy Roman boys. The surviving sections of the novel begin with Encolpius traveling with a companion and former lover named Asciltos, Encolpiuss slave boy, Giton, is at his owners lodging when the story begins. His adversary in this debate is Agamemnon, a sophist, who shifts the blame from the teachers to the parents, Encolpius discovers that his companion Asciltos has left and breaks away from Agamemnon when a group of students arrive. Encolpius locates Asciltos and then Giton, who claims that Asciltos made an attempt on him. After some conflict, the three go to the market, where they are involved in a dispute over stolen property, returning to their lodgings, they are confronted by Quartilla, a devotee of Priapus, who condemns their attempts to pry into the cults secrets. The companions are overpowered by Quartilla and her maids, who overpower and sexually torture them, then provide them with dinner and engage them in further sexual activity. An orgy ensues and the ends with Encolpius and Quartilla exchanging kisses while they spy through a keyhole at Giton having sex with a virgin girl. This section of the Satyricon, regarded by such as Conte and Rankin as emblematic of Menippean satire. After preliminaries in the baths and halls, the guests join their host, extravagant courses are served while Trimalchio flaunts his wealth and his pretence of learning
20.
Victoria and Albert Museum
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The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001, the V&A covers 12.5 acres and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum owns the worlds largest collection of sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea, the East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world, New 17th- and 18th-century European galleries were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original Aston Webb interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815, at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection, by February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House, this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting, in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of High Art at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis, the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of art education through the museum collections. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum had effectively come into existence when a director was appointed. The laying of the stone of the Aston Webb building on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from the South Kensington Museum to the Victoria, the exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, A Grand Design, first toured in North America from 1997, returning to London in 1999
21.
The Magic Pudding
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The Magic Pudding, Being The Adventures of Bunyip Bluegum and his friends Bill Barnacle and Sam Sawnoff is an Australian childrens book written and illustrated by Norman Lindsay. It is a fantasy, and a classic of Australian childrens literature. The story is set in Australia with humans mixing with anthropomorphic animals and it tells of a magic pudding which, no matter how often it is eaten, always reforms in order to be eaten again. It is owned by three companions who must defend it against Pudding Thieves who want it for themselves, the book is divided into four slices instead of chapters. There are many short songs interspersed throughout the text, varying from stories told in rhyme to descriptions of a mood or behaviour. Wanting to see the world, Bunyip Bluegum the koala sets out on his travels, at about lunchtime, feeling more than slightly peckish, he meets Bill Barnacle the sailor and Sam Sawnoff the penguin who are eating a pudding. The pudding is a one which, no matter how much one eats it. He is called Albert, has arms and legs and is a bad-tempered, ill-mannered so-and-so into the bargain. His only pleasure is being eaten and on his insistence, Bill and they then set off on the road together, Bill explaining to Bunyip how he and Sam were once shipwrecked with a ships cook on an iceberg where the cook created the pudding which they now own. Later on they encounter the Pudding Thieves, a possum and a wombat and these nasty varmints are scum of the earth, barely fit to own the air that fills their lungs. Bill and Sam bravely defend their pudding while Bunyip sits on Albert so that he cannot escape while they are not looking. Later that night sitting round the fire, Bill and Sam, grateful for his contributions of the day, invite Bunyip to join them, later the next day, through some well-thought-out trickery, the Pudding Thieves make a successful grab for the Pudding. Upset and outraged, Bill and Sam fall into despair and it is up to Bunyip to get them to pull themselves together and set off to rescue their Pudding. In the course of tracking down the Pudding Thieves they encounter some rather pathetic and unsavoury members of society, bunyips cleverness lures the robbers into a trap from where Bill and Sams fists do the rest and they retrieve their pudding. When doing so they pull it over their heads and tie it up leaving them defenceless as the thieves take their pudding, an elderly dog, market gardener Benjamin Brandysnap, comes along and frees the Pudding Owners. The bag had been stolen from his stable, and he joins the Pudding Owners to get revenge on the Pudding Thieves, another clever plan by Bunyip lures them into another trap where the Thieves are given yet another battering and the Pudding retrieved. The next day the travellers come to the town of Tooraloo where they are approached by men dressed in suits and top hats. They turn out to be the Pudding Thieves up to yet another attempt at getting the Pudding and the subsequent fight brings along the Mayor, in the argument that follows, the bad-tempered Pudding pinches the Mayor who orders his arrest
22.
Red Scare
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A Red Scare is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker revolution, the Second Red Scare was focused on national and foreign communists infiltrating or subverting U. S. society, the federal government, or both. Political scientist, and former member of the Communist Party Murray B and those on the side of the IWW claim that the press misrepresented legitimate labor strikes as crimes against society, conspiracies against the government, and plots to establish communism. On June 2,1919, in eight cities, eight bombs simultaneously exploded, afterwards, Palmer ordered the U. S. Justice Department to launch the Palmer Raids. Law professor David D. Cole reports that President Wilson’s federal government consistently targeted alien radicals, for their speech or associations, making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological dissidents. S. Constitution via Palmer-authorized “illegal acts” and “wanton violence”, defensively, Palmer then warned that a government-deposing left-wing revolution would begin on 1 May 1920 — May Day, the International Workers’ Day. When it failed to happen, he was ridiculed and lost much credibility, strengthening the legal criticism of Palmer was that fewer than 600 deportations were substantiated with evidence, out of the thousands of resident aliens arrested and deported. In July 1920, Palmer’s once-promising Democratic Party bid for the U. S. presidency failed, wall Street was bombed on September 2,1920, near Federal Hall National Memorial and the JP Morgan Bank. Although both anarchists and Communists were suspected as being responsible for the bombing, ultimately no individuals were indicted for the bombing in which 38 died and 141 were injured, in 1919–20, several states enacted criminal syndicalism laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing social change. The restrictions included free speech limitations, passage of these laws, in turn, provoked aggressive police investigation of the accused persons, their jailing, and deportation for being suspected of being either communist or left-wing. Regardless of ideological gradation, the Red Scare did not distinguish between communism, anarchism, socialism, or social democracy, the second Red Scare occurred after World War II, and was popularly known as McCarthyism after its most famous supporter, Senator Joseph McCarthy. S. Government officials, and the Korean War. S, National Security, that, in turn, connected to fear of the Soviet Union hydrogen-bombing the United States, and fear of the Communist Party of the United States of America. In Canada, the 1946 Kellock–Taschereau Commission investigated espionage after top secret documents concerning RDX, radar, government before, during and after World War II. Other U. S. citizen spies confessed, some with pride, a few of the events during the Red Scare were also due to a power struggle between J. Edgar Hoover and the Central Intelligence Agency. Hoover had instigated and aided some of the investigations of members of the CIA with leftist history and this conflict could also be traced back to the conflict between Hoover and William J. Donovan, going back to the first Red Scare, but especially during World War II. They had differing opinions on the nature of the alliance with the Soviet Union, conflicts over jurisdiction, conflicts of personality, by the 1930s, communism had become an attractive economic ideology among some in the United States, particularly among labor leaders and the intelligentsia. At its zenith in 1939, the CPUSA had some 50,000 members, in 1940, soon after World War II began in Europe, the U. S. With the slogan Communism is Twentieth-Century Americanism, the chairman, Earl Browder, in contrast, the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party opposed U. S. participation in the war and supported labor strikes, even in the war-effort industry
23.
Yellow Peril
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The Yellow Peril is a racist color-metaphor that is integral to the xenophobic theory of colonialism, that the peoples of East Asia are a danger to the Western world. As a form of xenophobia, the Yellow Terror is the white races fear of the tide of colored people from the Orient. In central Europe, the Orientalist and diplomat Max von Brandt advised Kaiser Wilhelm II that Imperial Germany had colonial interests to pursue in China, hence, the Kaiser used the phrase die Gelbe Gefahr to specifically encourage Imperial German interests and justify European colonialism in China. The Kasier justified the Triple Intervention to the Japanese empire with racialist calls-to-arms against non-existent geopolitical dangers of the race against the white race of Western Europe. Politically, the Knackfuss lithograph allowed Kaiser Wilhelm II to believe he prophesied the imminent race war that would decide global hegemony in the 20th century. Hence, by 1882, the pressure of white xenophobia compelled the U. S. government to legislate the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1900, the anti-colonial Boxer Rebellion reinforced the racist stereotypes of Asian people as a Yellow Peril to white people, the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists was a xenophobic martial-arts organization who blamed the problems of China on the presence of Western colonies in China proper. The Boxers sought to save China by killing every Western colonist, in early summer of 1900, Prince Zaiyi allowed the Boxers into Beijing, to kill Western colonists and Chinese Christians, in siege to the foreign legations. Afterwards, Ronglu, Qing Commander-in-Chief, and Yikuang, Prince Qing, in response, Great Britain, the U. S. In the Russian press, Yellow Peril ideology misrepresented anti-colonial revolt in racialist and religious terms, the press further supported the Yellow Peril apocalypse with quotations from the Sinophobic poems of the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. Historically, Yellow Peril ideology recycles Boxer-Rebellion atrocities as false-proof that Boxerism is a Chinese cultural trait, whoever falls into your hands will fall to your sword. Fearful of harm to the image of Imperial Germany, the Auswärtiges Amt published a redacted version of the Hun Speech. Yet that elaborate accompanying music, and the new ideology of the Yellow Peril stood in no relation to the actual possibilities and results of geopolitical policy based upon racist misperception. Barbaric policy The Kaiser ordered the expedition-commander, Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee, to behave barbarously, because the Chinese were, by nature, cowardly, like a dog, but also deceitful. Only the Eight-Nation Alliances refusal of barbarism to resolve the siege of the legations, in August 1900, an international military-force of Russian, Japanese, British, French, and American soldiers captured Beijing, before the German force arrived to the city. About the sacking of the city, an Australian colonist said, look at the frightful sights one sees in the streets of Peking. See the filthy, tattered rags they wrap around them, witness their shameless indecency, and picture them among your own people – Ugh. British admiral Roger Keyes recalled that, Every Chinaman. was treated as a Boxer, by the Russian and French troops, and the slaughter of men, women, and children in retaliation was revolting
24.
Henry Lawson
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Henry Archibald Hertzberg Lawson was an Australian writer and bush poet. Along with his contemporary Banjo Paterson, Lawson is among the best-known Australian poets and he was the son of the poet, publisher and feminist Louisa Lawson. Henry Lawson was born 17 June 1867 in a town on the Grenfell goldfields of New South Wales and his father was Niels Hertzberg Larsen, a Norwegian-born miner. Niels Larsen went to sea at 21 and arrived in Melbourne in 1855 to join the gold rush, Lawsons parents met at the goldfields of Pipeclay. Niels and Louisa Albury married on 7 July 1866 when he was 32, on Henrys birth, the family surname was Anglicised and Niels became Peter Lawson. The newly married couple were to have an unhappy marriage, Louisa, after family-raising, took a significant part in womens movements, and edited a womens paper called The Dawn. She also published her sons first volume, and around 1904 brought out a volume of her own, Dert and Do, in 1905 she collected and published her own verses, The Lonely Crossing and other Poems. Louisa likely had a influence on her sons literary work in its earliest days. Peter Lawsons grave is in the private cemetery at Hartley Vale, New South Wales. Lawson attended school at Eurunderee from 2 October 1876 but suffered an ear infection at around this time and it left him with partial deafness and by the age of fourteen he had lost his hearing entirely. Lawson was a reader of Dickens and Marryat and novels such as Robbery Under Arms and For the Term of His Natural Life. Reading became a source of his education because, due to his deafness. In 1883, after working on building jobs with his father in the Blue Mountains, Louisa was then living with Henrys sister and brother. At this time, Lawson was working during the day and studying at night for his matriculation in the hopes of receiving a university education, at around 20 years of age Lawson went to the eye and ear hospital in Melbourne but nothing could be done for his deafness. In 1890 he began a relationship with Mary Gilmore and she writes of an unofficial engagement and Lawsons wish to marry her, but it was broken by his frequent absences from Sydney. The story of the relationship is told in Anne Brooksbanks play All My Love, in 1896, Lawson married Bertha Bredt, Jr. daughter of Bertha Bredt, the prominent socialist. They had two children, son Jim and daughter Bertha, Henry Lawsons first published poem was A Song of the Republic which appeared in The Bulletin,1 October 1887, his mothers republican friends were an influence. This was followed by The Wreck of the Derry Castle and then Golden Gully, prefixed to the former poem was an editorial note, Lawson was 20 years old, not 17. - In 1890-1891 Lawson worked in Albany
25.
Roy Krenkel
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Roy Gerald Krenkel, who often signed his work RGK, was an American illustrator who specialized in fantasy and historical drawings and paintings for books, magazines and comic books. His artwork revealed the influence of artist Norman Lindsay, in addition to Franklin Booth, Joseph Clement Coll. Before serving in World War II, he studied with George Bridgman at the Art Students League of New York, after World War II, he attended Burne Hogarths classes at the Cartoonists and Illustrators School, which became the School of Visual Arts. There he met a group of cartoonists, including Joe Orlando, Frank Frazetta. Frazetta noted, I met Roy Krenkel back in 1949 or 1950, Krenkel sometimes collaborated with Frazetta and Williamson on pages the trio drew for EC Comics particularly in Weird Science, Weird Fantasy and Weird Science-Fantasy. His splash page contribution to Williamsons “Food for Thought”, a highly detailed landscape, is often regarded as a peak achievement in comic book illustration. Krenkel only drew one solo story for EC, the unsigned “Time to Leave”, Krenkel inked many of Williamsons comic stories for Marvel and ACG in the 1950s as well. Krenkel was known for regarding his own work as disposable and unimportant and he did several illustrations for science fiction magazines. Science fiction author Harry Harrison recalled, “Krenkel was a master penciler, when he shared a studio with me and Wally Wood, I inked one of his illustrations for Marvel Science Fiction magazine. The influence of fine artists Norman Lindsay and Alma Tadema can be seen in his work. ”His work includes 23 paperback book cover paintings as well as frontispieces for Edgar Rice Burroughs, during the late 1960s, he created cover paintings for DAW Books and Lancer Books. When Lancer revived Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Barbarian, with revisions by L. Sprague de Camp, Krenkel also created preliminary roughs which Frazetta modified and used when he painted covers for Warren Publishings Creepy and Eerie. Krenkel drew one-page Creepys Loathsome Lore and Eeries Monster Gallery stories as well as rough layouts, during the 1970s, he illustrated both covers and interiors for Howards The Sowers of the Thunder and The Road of Azrael, published by Donald M. Grant. It was at this time Krenkel created seven paintings for a limited edition portfolio illustrating the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. He also contributed to several science-fantasy fan publications, including Richard A. Lupoffs Xero, danton Burroughs, the grandson of Edgar Rice Burroughs, commented, “Roy Krenkel was a key factor in the 1960s revival of my grandfathers writings. Krenkels illustrations forever secured his position as one of the all-time great Edgar Rice Burroughs illustrators. ”Following his death, Krenkels friends Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson created the story Relic, published in Epic Illustrated #27, in 1963, Krenkel won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist. Great Cities of the Ancient World by L. Sprague de Camp Cities and Scenes of the Ancient World, hardcover of RGK drawings The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Roy G. Krenkel. Signed/Numbered Limited Edition of 1000 Portfolios -7 Prints in each Swordsmen and Saurians, soft/hardcover of RGK drawings RGK, The Art of Roy G. Krenkel by J. David Spurlock. Soft/hardcover of RGK drawings Spurlock, J. David and Klugerman, Barry, with commentary by Frank Frazetta, RGK, The Art of Roy G. Krenkel
26.
Frank Frazetta
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Frank Frazetta was an American fantasy and science fiction artist, noted for comic books, paperback book covers, paintings, posters, LP record album covers and other media. He was the subject of a 2003 documentary, Frazetta was inducted into the comic book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1995 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1999. Born Frank Frazzetta in Brooklyn, New York City, he removed one z from his last name early in his career to make his name seem less clumsy. The only boy among four children, he spent much time with his grandmother, when I drew something, she would be the one to say it was wonderful and would give me a penny to keep going. Sometimes I had nothing left to draw on but toilet paper, as I got older, I started drawing some pretty wild things for my age. I remember the teachers were always mesmerized by what I was doing, so I went to art school when I was a little kid, and even there the teachers were flipping out. At age eight, Frazetta attended the Brooklyn Academy of Fine Arts, E didnt teach me anything, really, Frazetta said in 1994. Hed come and see where I was working, and he say, Very nice. But perhaps if you did this or that and we never had any great conversations. He kind of left you on your own, I learned more from my friends there. In 1944, at age 16, Frazetta, who had always had this urge to be doing comic books and his first comic-book work was inking the eight-page story Snowman, penciled by John Giunta, in the one-shot Tally-Ho Comics, published by Swappers Quarterly and Almanac/Baily Publishing Company. It was not standard practice in comic books during this period to provide complete credits and his next confirmed comics works are two signed penciled-and-inked pieces in Prize Comics Treasure Comics #7, the four-page To William Penn founder of Philadelphia. Featuring his character Capt. Kidd Jr, in a 1991 interview in The Comics Journal, Frazetta credited Graham Ingels as the first one in the comic book industry to recognize his talent, and to give him jobs at Standard Comics in 1947. Frazetta was soon drawing comic books in many genres, including Westerns, fantasy, mystery, some of his earliest work was in funny animal comics, which he signed as Fritz. For Dells subsidiary company, Famous Funnies, Frazetta did war and human interest stories for Heroic Comics, as well as one pagers extolling the virtues of prayer and the evils of drug abuse. In comics like Personal Love and Movie Love, he did romance and celebrity stories, in the early 1950s, he worked for EC Comics, National Comics, Avon Comics, and several other comic book companies. Much of his work in books was done in collaboration with friend Al Williamson. Noticed because of his work on the Buck Rogers covers for Famous Funnies, Frazetta was also producing his own strip, Johnny Comet at this time, as well as assisting Dan Barry on the Flash Gordon daily strip
27.
Ernest Moffitt
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Ernest Edward Moffitt was an Australian artist. Moffitt was born in Bendigo, Victoria the son of John Thomas Lowry Moffitt, draper and he was educated at All Saints school, St. Kilda, Melbourne. When Marshall Hall opened his conservatorium of music at the University of Melbourne, Moffitt subsequently became secretary of the conservatorium and for a short while studied art at the national gallery school at Melbourne. Moffitt was friendly with a group of the artists which included Lionel and Norman Lindsay, did a little painting and etching. Three of these, reproduced in Lionel Lindsays A Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt, are good, The Old Well, Zeehan Wharf. Moffitt also did three drawings for Halls Hymn to Sydney, Moffitt died unmarried in 1899 aged just 27, he was buried in St Kilda Cemetery. Moffitt was also fond of old English pottery, bound books, carved pipes, Marshall Hall financed a book on Moffit by Lionel Lindsay, it acknowledged a fine artist and what is saddest, the promise of a great one. Roger Butler, Moffitt, Ernest Edward, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, works by or about Ernest Moffitt at Internet Archive
28.
Pen Drawing
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A pen is a writing implement used to apply ink to a surface, such as paper, for writing or drawing. Historically, reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used, ruling pens allow precise adjustment of line width, and still find a few specialized uses, but technical pens such as the Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern types also include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic tip pens, the ink dries almost immediately on contact with paper. The ballpoint pen is usually reliable and comes in both inexpensive and expensive types and it has replaced the fountain pen as the most common tool for everyday writing. A rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel ink through a ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen, the less-viscous ink is more easily absorbed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen was designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth wet ink effect of a fountain pen. A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a nib, the ink flows from a reservoir through a feed to the nib, then through the nib, due to capillary action and gravity. The nib has no moving parts and delivers ink through a slit to the writing surface. A fountain pen reservoir can be refillable or disposable, this type being an ink cartridge. A pen with a refillable reservoir may have a mechanism, such as a piston, to ink from a bottle through the nib. Refill reservoirs, also known as cartridge converters, are available for some pens which use disposable cartridges, a marker, or felt-tip pen, has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest, finest-tipped markers are used for writing on paper, medium-tip markers are often used by children for coloring and drawing. Larger markers are used for writing on other such as corrugated boxes, whiteboards and for chalkboards. Markers with wide tips and bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to mark existing text, markers designed for children or for temporary writing typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to label shipping cases or other packages are usually permanent markers, a dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink while drawing or writing. The dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen, dip pens are now mainly used in illustration, calligraphy, and comics. The ink brush is the writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from bamboo, or rarer materials such as red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver
29.
Etching
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Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
30.
Watercolour
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Watercolor or watercolour, also aquarelle, a diminutive of the Latin for water, is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork, the traditional and most common support—material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is paper. Other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum, leather, fabric, wood, Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton, which gives a good texture and minimizes distortion when wet. Watercolors are usually translucent, and appear luminous because the pigments are laid down in a form with few fillers obscuring the pigment colors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white, in East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, india, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well. Fingerpainting with watercolor paints originated in mainland China, however, its continuous history as an art medium begins with the Renaissance. The German Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer, who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, an important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol as part of the Dürer Renaissance. Despite this early start, watercolors were used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons. Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were Van Dyck, Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, however, botanical illustration and wildlife illustration perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted woodblock illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with such as John James Audubon. Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, Watercolor artists were commonly brought with the geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the Society of Dilettanti, to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal, the confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English national art. William Blake published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to Dantes Inferno, from the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium. Satirical broadsides by Thomas Rowlandson, many published by Rudolph Ackermann, were extremely popular. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin, were John Varley, John Sell Cotman, Anthony Copley Fielding, Samuel Palmer, William Havell, the Swiss painter Louis Ducros was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor. These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists, in particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors by Richard Parkes Bonington created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s
31.
Oil painting
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Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
32.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
33.
Faulconbridge, New South Wales
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Faulconbridge is a village located in the Blue Mountains 77 km west of Sydney, New South Wales and is 450 metres above sea level. At the 2006 census, Faulconbridge had a population of 4,014 people, the area around Faulconbridge was first explored by Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson in May 1813 while they were camped at Springwood and looking for a route which would take them over the mountains. It was settled in the 1870s after the line had opened the mountains up. One of the earliest residents was the Father of Federation, Sir Henry Parkes and it is said that the original railway platform at Faulconbridge was specifically built to serve his residence, which was known as Faulconbridge House. The town was named after Parkess home, Faulconbridge was the maiden name of Parkess mother, while a small waterfall in the area — Clarinda Falls — was named after his first wife, Clarinda Varney. Parkes is buried in Faulconbridge Cemetery, alongside the grave of his first wife, Varney Parkes, in 1850 became proprietor of Empire Newspaper. On Sir Henrys Parade is Jackson Park, which is home to the Prime Ministers Corridor of Oaks, Jackson was a huge admirer of Henry Parkes and believed that his Corridor of Oaks was a suitable monument to the man most responsible for the federation of Australian states. It is worth noting that every Prime Minister since Gough Whitlam has had their tree destroyed soon after planting, Faulconbridge is well known for having been the home of artist Norman Lindsay. Some streets have been given names from some of the out of Lindsays famous childrens book The Magic Pudding. These include Bill Barnacle Avenue, Watkin Wombat Way and more, the house Norman Lindsay used to live in is at the end of Chapman Parade and has been turned into a gallery owned by the National Trust of Australia. A number of Aboriginal carvings are also to be found on the shelves in the area. The most prominent landmark in the area is the house called Eurama. This substantial stone house with Tudor chimneys was built in 1881 by the stonemason Paddy Ryan, the property was substantial enough, or the owner had enough influence, to even warrant its own platform on the nearby railway line, Numantia. At first it was called Weemala, but the name was changed to Eurama by later owners and it was unused for some time until being restored by a new owner, but was then destroyed by bushfires in 1968. The region was again under threat during the 2013 New South Wales bushfires, there are two commercial areas in Faulconbridge. The second is close to the railway station, Faulconbridge is home to the rare Faulconbridge Mallee Ash. Faulconbridge Blue Mountains Australia Faulconbridge - VisitNSW. com Faulconbridge 2011 Census Eurama Media related to Faulconbridge, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons
34.
Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum
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The Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum is based in Faulconbridge in the Blue Mountains, Australia. The property is a cottage on a 17 hectares block of land known as Springwood which was originally owned by the Australian artist. The property also contains some smaller buildings including two used as an oil painting studio and an etching studio. The house and surrounding land was first purchased by Lindsay and his wife, Rose, the estate was repaired and transformed over the years by Lindsay, adding classical colonnades, fountains, paths and sculptures. In the late 1950s Lindsay began converting his house into a gallery to accompany all his paintings, drawings, etchings, woodcuts, in 1967 he approached the National Trust of Australia with the idea they acquire the property to be used as a gallery. Lindsay remained living on the property until his death in 1969, the oil painting studio has been preserved as it was at the time of his death with unfinished oils and materials. The property was purchased by the National Trust in December 1970 for A$50,000, in 1994 the property was used to film the movie Sirens. Currently, Norman Lindsays house and property is a popular tourist attraction in the Blue Mountains, not only for the art work on display but also for the beautiful gardens, also on the property is Lindsays Cafe, attached to Norman Lindsays old etching studio. National Trust Property - Norman Lindsay Gallery Lindsays Cafe
35.
National Gallery of Victoria
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The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australias oldest, largest and most visited art museum, the St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968, and was redeveloped by Mario Bellini before reopening in 2003. It houses the international art collection and is on the Victorian Heritage Register. Designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the Ian Potter Centre opened in 2002, further money was set aside in the early 1860s for the establishment of the first National Gallery. On 24 May 1874, the first purpose built gallery, known as the McArthur Gallery, was opened in the McArthur room of the State Library, the undressed box was only ever intended as a temporary home until the much grander vision was to be realised. However such an edifice did not eventuate and the complex was instead developed incrementally over several decades, the National Gallery of Victoria Art School, associated with the gallery, was founded in 1867 and remained the leading centre for academic art training in Australia until about 1910. The Schools graduates went on to some of Australias most significant artists. In 1887, the Buvelot Gallery was opened, along with the Painting School studios, in 1892, two more galleries were added, Stawell and La Trobe. The gallerys collection was built from both gifts of works of art and monetary donations, the most significant, the Felton Bequest, was established by the will of Alfred Felton and from 1904, has been used to purchase over 15,000 works of art. £3 million was put forward in February 1960 and Roy Grounds was announced as the architect, in 1962, Roy Grounds split from his partners Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd, retained the commission, and designed the gallery at 180 St Kilda Road. By 1967, the new $14 million complex began to take shape, and the gallery was finally relocated to the new building in the summer of 1967-1968. The new bluestone clad building was opened on Tuesday 20 August 1968 by Victorian premier Henry Bolte. In 1999, redevelopment of the building was proposed, with Mario Bellini chosen as architect, the proposal was to leave the original architectural fabric intact including the exterior facade and Leonard French stained glass ceiling, but to significantly modernise the spaces. During the redevelopment, many works were moved to a temporary external annex known as NGV on Russell, at the State Library with its entrance on Russell Street. NGV on Russell closed on 30 June 2002 to make way for the opening of the new St Kilda Road gallery. The Ian Potter Centre, NGV Australia was designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the NGVs Australian art collection encompasses Indigenous art and artefacts, Australian colonial art, Australian Impressionist art, 20th century, modern and contemporary art. The NGV houses many of the most recognisable Australian paintings, including Frederick McCubbins The Pioneer, phillips Fox, John Glover, Eugene von Guerard, Hans Heysen, George W. A large number of works were donated by Dr. Joseph Brown in 2004 which form the Joseph Brown Collection, in 2011 the NGV celebrated its 150th birthday and acquired an important painting by Correggio
36.
Book burning
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Book burning refers to the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials. In some cases, the works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to cultural heritage. Book burning can be an act of contempt for the contents or author. Examples include the burning of Wilhelm Reichs books by the FDA, in modern times, other forms of media, such as phonograph records, video tapes, and CDs have also been burned, shredded, or even crushed. According to the Tanakh, in the 7th century BC King Jehoiakim of Judah burned part of a scroll Baruch ben Neriah had written at prophet Jeremiahs dictation. Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of Qin Dynasty, ordered a Burning of books and burying of scholars in 213 BC, some of these books were written in Shang Xiang, a superior school founded in 2208 BC. The event caused the loss of many treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought. The official philosophy of government survived, as soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment. According to Elaine Pagels, In AD367, Athanasius, the bishop of Alexandria. Pagels cites Athanasiuss Paschal letter for 367 AD, which prescribes a canon, heretical texts do not turn up as palimpsests, washed clean and overwritten, as do many texts of Classical antiquity. According to author Rebecca Knuth, multitudes of early Christian texts have been as thoroughly destroyed as if they had publicly burnt. Library of Alexandria was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world and it was burned multiple times during its history. Activity of Cyril of Alexandria brought fire to almost all writings of Nestorius, in 1244, as an outcome of the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Talmuds and other Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire in the streets of Paris. During the conquest of the Americas and the aftermath of the encounter between European and indigenous American civilizations, many written by indigenous peoples were destroyed. There were many books written by the Aztecs in existence at the time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán in the 16th century, however, most were destroyed by the Conquistadors and the Catholic priests, with the exception of Priest Bartolome de la Casas. In particular, many books in Yucatán were ordered destroyed by Bishop Diego de Landa in July 1562, ironically, most of the books that were destroyed by the Europeans were biased and based upon the Aztec peoples version of the history of the region. The Aztecs too had conquered the area and destroyed much of the Mayan books, the Library of Congress was founded in 1800,24 years after the United States gained its independence from England. In 1813,3,000 books from the Library of Congress were used by the English forces to burn down the US Capitol during the Burning of Washington
37.
Age of Consent (film)
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Age of Consent is a 1969 Australian film which was the penultimate feature film directed by British director Michael Powell. The romantic comedy-drama stars James Mason, Helen Mirren in her first major film role, the screenplay by Peter Yeldham was adapted from the 1935 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Norman Lindsay, who died the year this film was released. Lindsay is also portrayed in the 1994 films Sirens, starring Hugh Grant, Sam Neill, Bradley Morahan is an Australian artist who feels he has become jaded by success and life in New York City. He decides that he needs to regain the edge he had as a young artist and he sets up in a shack on the shore of a small, sparsely inhabited island on the Great Barrier Reef. There he meets young Cora Ryan, who has grown up wild, with her relative, her difficult. To earn money, Cora sells Bradley fish that she has caught in the sea and she later sells him a chicken which she has stolen from his spinster neighbour Isabel Marley. When Bradley is suspected of being the thief, he pays Isabel, to help her save enough money to fulfill her dream of becoming a hairdresser in Brisbane, he pays her to be his model. She reinvigorates him, becoming his artistic muse, Bradleys work is disrupted when his sponging longtime friend Nat Kelly shows up. Nat is hiding from the police over alimony he owes, when Bradley refuses to give him a loan, Nat invites himself to stay with Bradley. After several days, Bradleys patience becomes exhausted, but Nat then focuses his attention on romancing Isabel, the next day, he hastily departs the island, but not before stealing Bradleys money and some of his drawings. Ma subsequently catches Cora posing nude for Bradley and accuses him of carrying on with her underage granddaughter, Bradley protests that he has done nothing improper. Finally, he gives her the money he has left to get her to go away. When Cora discovers that Ma has found her hidden cache of money, in the ensuing struggle, Ma falls down a hill, breaks her neck, and dies. The local policeman sees no reason to further, since the old woman was known to be frequently drunk. Later that night, Cora goes to Bradleys shack, but is disappointed when he seems to view her only as his model, when she runs out, Bradley follows her into the water, where finally comes to view her as a desirable young woman. Norman Lindsays novel had been published in 1938 and was banned in Australia, a film version was announced in 1961 by producer Oscar Nichols who said he wanted Dan OHerlihy and Glynis Johns. In 1962 Michael Pate had the rights and he brought in Michael Powell. They hired Peter Yeldham to write the adaptation, several changes were made from Lindsays novel including shifting the location from New South Wales to the Barrier Reef and making the artist a success instead of a failure
38.
Michael Powell
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Michael Latham Powell was an English film director, celebrated for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger. His later controversial 1960 film Peeping Tom, while considered a classic, was so vilified on first release that his career was seriously damaged. Many film-makers such as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and George A. Romero have cited Powell as an influence, in 1981, he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award along with his partner Pressburger, the highest honour the British Film Academy can give a filmmaker. Powell was the son and youngest child of Thomas William Powell, a hop farmer. Powell was born in Bekesbourne, Kent, and educated at The Kings School, Canterbury and he started work at the National Provincial Bank in 1922 but quickly realised he was not cut out to be a banker. Powell entered the industry in 1925 through working with director Rex Ingram at the Victorine Studios in Nice, France. He first started out as a studio hand, the proverbial gofer, sweeping the floor, making coffee. Soon he progressed to work such as stills photography, writing titles and many other jobs including a few acting roles. Powell made his film début as a comic English tourist in The Magician, returning to England in 1928, Powell worked at a diverse series of jobs for various filmmakers including as a stills photographer on Alfred Hitchcocks silent film Champagne. He also signed on in a role on Hitchcocks first talkie. In his autobiography, Powell claims he suggested the ending in the British Museum which was the first of Hitchcocks monumental climaxes to his films, Powell and Hitchcock remained friends for the remainder of Hitchcocks life. After scriptwriting on two productions, Powell entered into a partnership with American producer Jerry Jackson in 1931 to make quota quickies, Powell then began to direct hour-long films needed to satisfy a legal requirement that British cinemas screen a certain quota of British films. During this period, he developed his skills, sometimes making up to seven films a year. Although he had taken on some directing responsibilities in other films and this thriller was considered a modest success at the box office despite its limited budget. From 1931 to 1936, Powell was the director of 23 films, including the critically received Red Ensign, in 1937 Powell completed his first truly personal project, The Edge of the World. Powell gathered together a cast and crew who were willing to part in an expedition to what was then a very isolated part of the UK. They had to stay there for quite a few months and finished up with a film not only told the story he wanted. By 1939, Powell had been hired as a director by Alexander Korda on the strength of The Edge of the World
39.
James Mason
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James Neville Mason was an English actor. He was nominated for three Academy Awards and three Golden Globes, Mason was born in Huddersfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to Mabel Hattersley and John Mason. His father was a textile merchant. He was educated at Marlborough College, and earned a first in architecture at Peterhouse, Mason had no formal training in acting and initially embarked upon it for fun. After Cambridge he made his debut in Aldershot in The Rascal in 1931. He joined The Old Vic theatre in London under the guidance of Tyrone Guthrie, in 1933 Alexander Korda gave Mason a small role in The Private Life of Don Juan but sacked him three days into shooting. From 1935-38, he starred in many British quota quickies, Mason became hugely popular for his brooding anti-heroes in the Gainsborough series of melodramas of the 1940s, including The Man in Grey and The Wicked Lady. He also starred with Deborah Kerr and Robert Newton in Hatters Castle and he then took the lead role in the popular The Seventh Veil, which set box office records in post-war Britain and raised him to international stardom. He followed it with a role as a mortally wounded IRA bank robber on the run in Odd Man Out and his first Hollywood film, exhibitors voted him the most popular star in Britain in each year between 1944 and 1947. They also thought he was the most popular star in 1946. He was the most popular star in Canada in 1948. Masons languid but impassioned vocal talent enabled him to play a villain as easily as his good looks assisted him as a leading man. His roles include Brutus in Julius Caesar, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in The Desert Fox, The Story of Rommel and The Desert Rats, in the 1950s, Mason was host of Lux Video Theatre on CBS television. In 1963 he settled in Switzerland, and embarked on a transatlantic career, one of his last roles, that of corrupt lawyer Ed Concannon in The Verdict, earned him his third and final Oscar nomination. Mason had been a neighbour and friend of the comedian. Having completed playing the role in Dr. This was to be Masons final screen performance, in the late 1970s, Mason became a mentor to up-and-coming actor Sam Neill. Mason was a lover of animals, particularly cats
40.
Helen Mirren
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Dame Helen Lydia Mirren DBE is an English actor. The Audience was written by Peter Morgan, who also wrote The Queen, Tingle, Gosford Park, Calendar Girls, The Last Station, Hitchcock, and The Hundred-Foot Journey. She played Victoria Winslow in the action-comedy films Red and Red 2, in 2003, she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for Services to the Performing Arts. In 2013, Mirren was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and she was born Helen Lydia Mironoff at Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, west London, the daughter of Kathleen Kitty Alexandrina Eva Matilda and Vasily Petrovich Mironoff. Her mother was English and her father was Russian, originally from Kuryanovo, Mirrens paternal grandfather, Colonel Pyotr Vasilievich Mironov, was in the Imperial Russian Army and fought in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. He later became a diplomat, and was negotiating a deal in Britain when he. The former diplomat became a London cab driver to support his family and his son, Helen Mirrens father, anglicised the family name to Mirren in the 1950s and changed his name to Basil Mirren. He played the viola with the London Philharmonic before World War II, Mirrens mother was a working-class Londoner from West Ham, East London, and was the 13th of 14 children born to a butcher whose own father had been the butcher to Queen Victoria. Mirren considers her upbringing to have been very anti-monarchist, Mirren was the second of three children, she was born three years after her older sister, Katherine, and also had a younger brother, Peter Basil. Mirren was brought up in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, aged eighteen, she auditioned for the National Youth Theatre and was accepted. By the time she was 20, she was playing Cleopatra in the NYT production of Antony and Cleopatra at the Old Vic, as a result of her work for the National Youth Theatre, Mirren was invited to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. She also appeared in four productions, directed by Braham Murray for Century Theatre at the University Theatre in Manchester, in 1970, the director/producer John Goldschmidt made a documentary film, Doing Her Own Thing, about Mirren during her time with the Royal Shakespeare Company. The film was made for ATV and shown on the ITV Network in the UK and she then rejoined the RSC, playing Lady Macbeth at Stratford in 1974 and at the Aldwych Theatre in 1975. According to Beauman, there were no repercussions for this rebuke of the RSC. Her performance earned her the London critics Plays & Players Best Actress award, beginning in November 1975, Mirren played in West End repertory with the Lyric Theatre Company as Nina in The Seagull and Ella in Ben Travers new farce The Bed Before Yesterday. In 1981, she returned to the Royal Court for the London premiere of Brian Friels Faith Healer, – Michael Coveney, Financial Times, April 1983. On 15 February 2013, at the West Ends Gielgud Theatre she began a turn as Elizabeth II in the World Premiere of Peter Morgans The Audience, the show was directed by Stephen Daldry. In April she was named best actress at the Olivier Awards for her role, a further stage breakthrough came in 1994, in an Yvonne Arnaud Theatre production bound for the West End, when Bill Bryden cast her as Natalya Petrovna in Ivan Turgenevs A Month in the Country
