1.
Tar Heel
–
Tar Heel is a nickname applied to the U. S. state of North Carolina and its inhabitants. It is also the nickname of the University of North Carolina athletic teams, students, alumni, for a time after the American Civil War, the name Tar Heel was derogatory, but it was later reappropriated by the people of North Carolina. Because the exact history of the term is unknown, a number of legends have developed to explain it, the term Tar Heel gained popularity during the Civil War. In its early years as a colony, North Carolina settlements became an important source of the naval stores tar, pitch, Tar and pitch were largely used to paint the bottom of wooden British ships both to seal the ship and to prevent shipworms from damaging the hull. At one time, an estimated 100,000 barrels of tar, after 1824, North Carolina became the leader in the United States for naval stores. Historians Hugh Lefler and Albert Newsome claim in North Carolina, the History of a Southern State that North Carolina led the world in production of naval stores from about 1720 to 1870. At the time, tar was created by piling up pine logs, the vast production of tar from North Carolina led many, including Walt Whitman, to give the derisive nickname of Tarboilers to the residents of North Carolina. North Carolina was nicknamed the Tar and Turpentine State because of this industry, somehow, these terms evolved until the nickname Tar Heel was used to refer to residents of North Carolina and gained prominence during the American Civil War. During this time, the nickname Tar Heel was a pejorative, but starting around 1865, in 1893, the students of the University of North Carolina founded a newspaper and christened it The Tar Heel, which was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel. By the early 1900s the term was embraced by many as a term for North Carolinians by those from inside and outside the state of North Carolina. The following legends and anecdotes have arisen trying to explain the history of the term Tar Heel, when they finally got across the river, they found their feet completely black with tar. Thus, the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire tar heels, after the battle, supporting troops asked the victorious North Carolinians, Any more tar down in the Old North State, boys. And they replied, No, not a bit, old Jeffs bought it all up, the supporting troops continued, Is that so. What is he going to do with it, the North Carolinian troops response, He is going to put it on youns heels to make you stick better in the next fight. The State of North Carolina was the next to last state to secede from the United States of America, the joke circulating around at the beginning of the war went something like, Got any tar. No, Jeff Davis has bought it all, to put on you fellows heels to make you stick. As the war continued, many North Carolinian troops developed smart replies to this term of ridicule, a letter found in 1991 by North Carolina State Archivist David Olson supports the theory that Lee might have stated something similar to this. A Colonel Joseph Engelhard, describing the Battle of Reams Station in Virginia, wrote, It was a Tar Heel fight and we got Genl Lee to thanking God, which you know means something brilliant
Tar Heel
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Front page of the first issue of The Tar Heel, published on 23 Feb 1893. The paper was later renamed
The Daily Tar Heel.
Tar Heel
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Academics
2.
Flag of North Carolina
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Both dates also appear on the Great Seal of North Carolina. The red field of the old flag was replaced by a blue field and this was the first and only flag formally representing the state of North Carolina and is not considered to be a Confederate Flag, but rather the first state flag. During the American Civil War, secessionist leaders spoke of the Mecklenburg Declaration with reverence, the General Assembly of North Carolina adopted an official salute to the flag in 2007. It reads, Official website of the State of North Carolina
Flag of North Carolina
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North Carolina
3.
Seal of North Carolina
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The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina was first authorized by the North Carolina Constitution of 1776, created in its first form in 1778, and largely took on its modern form in 1835. The background on the seal shall contain a depiction of mountains running from the left to the right to the middle of the seal, a side view of a three-masted ship shall be located on the ocean and to the right of Plenty. The date May 20,1775 shall appear within the seal and across the top of the seal, no other words, figures or other embellishments shall appear on the seal. The date of May 20,1775, refers to the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, the motto Esse quam videri means To Be Rather Than To Seem. The pole with a cap is a liberty pole, in 1971, the seal was officially standardized after the states chief deputy attorney general discovered that there was more than one version in use. These two dates are also on the flag of North Carolina, State of North Carolina Symbols of the State of North Carolina Flag of North Carolina History of the Great Seal of North Carolina
Seal of North Carolina
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Historical coat of arms (illustrated, 1876)
Seal of North Carolina
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Great Seal of the State of North Carolina
Seal of North Carolina
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North Carolina seal on
plaque of
monument to
Major Joseph Winston,
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park,
Greensboro, North Carolina
4.
Raleigh, North Carolina
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Raleigh is the capital of the state of North Carolina, the seat of Wake County in the United States. Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its oak trees. The city covers a area of 142.8 square miles. The U. S. Census Bureau estimated the population as 451,066 as of July 1,2015. It is also one of the cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County, Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham and Chapel Hill. The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham and Wake Counties, partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U. S. Census Bureaus Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area, the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013. Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County, with a small portion extending into Durham County. Raleigh is an example in the United States of a planned city. It was chosen as the site of the capital in 1788. The city was laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. Raleigh is home to cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek is a large music amphitheater located in southeast Raleigh, one U. S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh. Bath, the oldest town in North Carolina, was the first nominal capital from 1705 until 1722, the colony had no permanent institutions of government until the establishment at the new capital New Bern in 1743. In December 1770, Joel Lane successfully petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to create a new county, on January 5,1771, the bill creating Wake County was passed in the General Assembly. The county was formed from portions of Cumberland, Orange, the county gets its name from Margaret Wake Tryon, the wife of Governor William Tryon
Raleigh, North Carolina
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Downtown Raleigh
Raleigh, North Carolina
Raleigh, North Carolina
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Plan for platting Raleigh by William Christmas, 1792
Raleigh, North Carolina
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Raleigh, North Carolina in 1872
5.
Wilmington, North Carolina
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Wilmington is a port city and the county seat of New Hanover County in coastal southeastern North Carolina, United States. The population is 112,067, according to the 2010 Census it is the eighth most populous city in the state, Wilmington was settled by European Americans along the Cape Fear River. Its historic downtown has a one-mile-long Riverwalk, originally developed as a tourist attraction and it is minutes away from nearby beaches. The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Wilmington, North Carolina, in 2003 the city was designated by the US Congress as a Coast Guard City. It is the port for the USCGC Diligence, a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. The World War II battleship USS North Carolina is held as a war memorial, located across from the port area. Other attractions include the Cape Fear Museum, the Wilmington Hammerheads United Soccer Leagues soccer team, Wilmington is the home of EUE Screen Gems Studios, the largest domestic television and movie production facility outside of California. Dream Stage 10, the facilitys newest sound stage, is the third-largest in the US and it houses the largest special-effects water tank in North America. After the studios opening in 1984, Wilmington became a center of American film. Numerous movies in a range of genres and several series, including Iron Man 3, Foxs Sleepy Hollow, One Tree Hill, Dawsons Creek. In recent years, however, the end of tax credits to the industry has severely impacted filmmaking in the entire area. The area had long inhabited by various cultures of indigenous peoples, at the time of European encounter. The ethnic European and African history of Wilmington spans more than two and a half centuries, giovanni da Verrazano is reportedly the first European to observe the area, including the citys present site, in the early 16th century. The first permanent European settlement in the area came in the 1720s when English colonists began settling the area, in September 1732, a community was founded on land owned by John Watson on the Cape Fear River, at the confluence of its northwest and northeast branches. The settlement, founded by the first royal governor, George Burrington, was called New Carthage, governor Gabriel Johnston soon after established his government there for the North Carolina colony. In 1739 or 1740, the town was incorporated with a new name, Wilmington, in honor of Spencer Compton, many of the settlers were indentured servants, mainly from the British Isles and northern Europe. As the indentured servants gained their freedom, the colonists imported a number of African slaves as laborers into the port city. By 1767, slaves accounted for more than 62% of the population of the Lower Cape Fear region, many worked in the port as laborers, and some in ship-related trades
Wilmington, North Carolina
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Downtown Wilmington from across the Cape Fear River
Wilmington, North Carolina
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The
Bellamy Mansion draws many tourists annually to downtown Wilmington.
Wilmington, North Carolina
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U.S. Courthouse in Wilmington, the backdrop of
Andy Griffith 's
Matlock television series
Wilmington, North Carolina
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Across from the Bellamy Mansion is the First
Baptist Church, established in Wilmington in 1808.
6.
Henry Toole Clark
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Henry Toole Clark was the 36th Governor of the U. S. state of North Carolina from 1861 to 1862 during the American Civil War. Henry T. Clark was born to a prominent Edgecombe County, North Carolina and his father, James West Clark, served as a US Congressman and later as a Navy Department official in the Andrew Jackson administration. The Clarks were members of elite planter class that dominated social and political thought in eastern North Carolina. Henry Clark devoted over twenty years to the service of the Democratic Party at the local, state, and national levels, Clark attended The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a member of Dialectic Society. He graduated with honors in 1826 and later earned an A. M. in 1832 and he joined the bar a year later, though he rarely practiced. He spent most of his managing the familys extensive land and slave holdings in North Carolina, Alabama. The Clarks owned as many as slaves, many of whom were hired out to others for their labor. In 1861, Clark was Speaker of the North Carolina Senate, when state governor John W. Ellis died in office, Clark succeeded him. The conservative Clark, however, found success as an administrator than as a political figure. As governor, he was unable to maneuver in the new political world ushered in by the Civil War, in his later years, he served the local Democratic party and returned for one term as a state senator in 1866. Clark died at his home near Tarboro, North Carolina
Henry Toole Clark
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Governors
7.
Zebulon Baird Vance
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Zebulon Baird Vance was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, the 37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina, and U. S. Senator. A prodigious writer, Vance became one of the most influential Southern leaders of the Civil War, Zebulon Vance was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina, near present-day Weaverville, the third of eight children. His uncle was Congressman Robert Brank Vance, for whom his elder brother, at age twelve he was sent to study at Washington College in Tennessee, now known as Washington College Academy. The death of his father forced Vance to withdraw and return home at the age of fourteen and it was during this time that he began to court Harriette Espy by letter. To improve his standing, Vance determined to go to law school, Governor Swain arranged for a $300 loan from the university, and Vance performed admirably. By 1852 Vance had begun practicing law in Asheville, and was elected county solicitor. By 1853, he married Harriette Espy at Quaker Meadows, and they would subsequently have five sons and that August, Vance was elected Colonel of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina. The Twenty-sixth engaged in battle in New Bern in March 1862, Vance also led the Twenty-sixth at Richmond. The Twenty-sixth was ultimately destroyed at the Battle of Gettysburg, losing more than 700 of its original 800 members, in September 1862, Vance won the gubernatorial election. In the Confederacy Vance was a proponent of individual rights and local self-government. For example, North Carolina was the state to observe the right of habeas corpus. This testimony questioned the legality of Picketts decision to hang as deserters the North Carolinians found fighting for the Union troops, Vance also refused to allow supplies smuggled into North Carolina by blockade runners to be given to other states until North Carolinians had their share. Vances work for the aid and morale of the people inspired the nickname War Governor of the South, on May 29,1865, William Woods Holden was appointed Governor by President Andrew Johnson. Holden believed that once Vance left Raleigh, he relinquished the office of Governor, Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces on his birthday in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D. C. Per US President Andrew Johnsons amnesty program, he filed an application for pardon on June 3, after his parole, he began practicing law in Charlotte, North Carolina. Among his clients was accused murderer Tom Dula, the subject of the folk song Tom Dooley. Governor Vance was formally pardoned on March 11,1867, though no charges had ever been filed against him before his arrest, during his imprisonment. In 1870, the legislature elected him to the United States Senate
Zebulon Baird Vance
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Zebulon Baird Vance
Zebulon Baird Vance
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Zebulon Vance birthplace
Zebulon Baird Vance
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Statue of Vance at Raleigh
Zebulon Baird Vance
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Vance Monument in
Asheville,
North Carolina, with the Merrill Lynch building in the rear
8.
Congress of the Confederate States
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The Confederate States Congress was both the provisional and permanent legislative assembly of the Confederate States that existed from 1861 to 1865. At first, it met as a provisional congress both in Montgomery, Alabama and Richmond, Virginia, following elections held in states, refugee colonies and army camps in November 1861, the 1st Confederate Congress met in four sessions. The elections throughout 1863 in unoccupied territory led to a replacement of former Democrats with many former Whigs. The 2nd Confederate Congress met in two following a intercession during military campaign season beginning November 7,1864 and ending on March 18,1865. There was one vote for each sovereign state and they drafted and approved the Confederate States Constitution on February 8, and elected Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States on February 9. The Provisional Constitution adopted by the Montgomery delegates established a unicameral Provisional Congress, on February 28,1861, the Provisional Congress adopted the Permanent Confederate Constitution that provided for a bicameral national legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate. On March 4,1861, the Confederacy adopted its first flag, the Provisional Congress in the Fifth Session reached two of the most far-reaching decisions for the Confederacy, both politically and militarily. Treaties with the five civilized tribes also allowed for their seating non-voting representatives in the Confederate Congress, with the short-lived claim to the far western Arizona Territory, by the end of 1861 the Confederacy had gained the greatest extent of its territorial expansion. After that point, its de facto governance contracted as Union military actions prevailed, in the last of its actions, the Provisional Congress instructed the states in several duties. The Confederate Congresses and the Jefferson Davis administration were the two national civilian administrative bodies for the Confederacy. Elections for the First Confederate States Congress were held on November 6,1861, while Congressional elections in the United States were held in even-numbered years, elections for Confederate Congressman occurred in odd-numbered years. The First Congress met in four sessions in Richmond, in the 105 House seats and 26 Senate seats, altogether 267 men served in the Confederate Congress. About a third had served in the U. S. Congress, only twenty-seven served continuously, including House Speaker Thomas S. Bocock and Senate President pro tem Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia, William W. Boyce and William Porcher Miles of South Carolina, Benjamin H. Hill of Georgia, there was a rapid turnover in membership, in part to some securing an officer’s commission for military service. Throughout the existence of the Confederate Congress, its sessions were held in secrecy, both U. S Continental and Confederation Congresses had been held in secret, and the U. S. Congress did not open its galleries to newspaper reporters until 1800. Nevertheless, by summer 1862 newspapers such as the Richmond Daily Examiner began objecting to the closed sessions, the first session of the First Congress sat from February 18 to April 21,1862, a total of 63 days. During this time, the states of Missouri, Kentucky and northwest Virginia were occupied by Union forces, after the Battle of Shiloh, Union forces moved into the Tennessee Valley reaching into Alabama. Let every woman have a torch, every child a firebrand to fire everything, on retiring from a city or town, let a desert more terrible than the Sahara welcome the Vandals
Congress of the Confederate States
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State Capitol Richmond, Virginia
Congress of the Confederate States
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Confederate States Congress
9.
William Alexander Graham
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He was the Whig Party nominee for vice-president in 1852 on a ticket with General Winfield Scott. Graham was born at Vesuvius Furnace near Lincolnton, North Carolina and his Scots-Irish grandfather James Graham was born in Drumbo, County Down, Northern Ireland and settled in Chester County in the Province of Pennsylvania. Graham graduated from Pleasant Retreat Academy and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and commenced practice in Hillsborough. From 1833 to 1840 Graham was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from Orange County, serving twice as speaker. In 1840 Graham was elected as a Whig to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Strange, in the Twenty-seventh Congress he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Claims. His older brother, James Graham, had been representing North Carolina in the House since 1833, from 1845 to 1849 Graham was Governor of North Carolina. Having declined appointments as ambassador to Spain and Russia in 1849, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of President Millard Fillmore in 1850, in the 1852 presidential election he was the unsuccessful Whig nominee for vice president, as Winfield Scotts running mate. The ticket only carried 42 electoral votes from the four states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Tennessee, when he Returned to North Carolina, he was a member of the state senate from 1854 to 1866, and senator in the Confederate Senate from 1864 to 1865. In 1866 Graham was once elected to the United States Senate. From 1867 to 1875 he was a member of the board of trustees of the Peabody Fund, from 1873 to 1875 he was an arbitrator in the boundary line dispute between Virginia and Maryland. He died in Saratoga Springs, New York, and is buried in the Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Hillsborough. The United States Navy ship, USS Graham, the World War II Liberty ship SS William A. Graham, and the city of Graham, North Carolina were all named for him, as was Graham County, North Carolina. Montrose Gardens, located in Hillsborough, North Carolina, is one of Grahams former estates and still some of the structures Graham. He lived in the Nash-Hooper House at Hillsborough from 1869 until 1875, the house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. | added = November 11,1971 One of Grahams sons, also named William A. Graham, became a state legislator, two others, Augustus and John, also became politicians, while a daughter, Susan, married Walter Clark. In 1842, John H. Hewitt dedicated a song, The Old Family Clock, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
William Alexander Graham
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William A. Graham
William Alexander Graham
–
William Alexander Graham Marble Bust
10.
History of North Carolina
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The history of North Carolina from prehistory to the present covers the experiences of the people who have lived in the territory that now comprises the U. S. state of North Carolina. Before 200 A. d, residents were building earthwork mounds, succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 A. D. in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities, Spanish attempts to settle the interior, with several forts built by the Juan Pardo expedition in the 1560s, ended when the Indians destroyed the forts and killed most of the garrisons. Nearly two decades later, English colonists began to settle the areas, starting with a charter in 1584. Sir Walter Raleigh began two small settlements in the late 1580s, but they failed, some mystery remains as to what happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island, but most historians think a resupply ship was delayed. By 1640 some growth took place with colonists migrating from Virginia, in 1663 the king granted a charter for a new colony named Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. He gave ownership to the Lords Proprietors, North Carolina developed a system of representative government and local control by the early 18th century. Many of its colonists resented British attempts after 1765 to levy taxes without representation in Parliament, Loyalist elements were suppressed, and there was relatively little military activity until late in the war. During the first half of the century, North Carolina remained a rural state, with no cities. All cotton cultivation as a commodity crop was dependent on labor of African Americans. Politically the state was highly democratic, as heated elections pitted the Democratic east versus the Whiggish west, after the firing on Fort Sumter in April 1861, North Carolina seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America. More soldiers from North Carolina fought for the Confederacy during the American Civil War than from any other state, during the early years of Reconstruction, strides were made at integrating the newly freed slaves into society. Whites regained political power by violence and in 1899, disfranchised blacks through a new constitution, imposing Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Movement strengthened in the 1950s and 1960s, and it had strong supporters and activists in North Carolina. Events such as the sit-in protest at the F. W. Woolworths store in Greensboro would become a touchstone for the movement, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a central organization in the movement, was founded at Shaw University in Raleigh. Following passage of civil rights legislation to enforce suffrage, in 1973. The earliest discovered human settlements in what eventually became North Carolina are found at the Hardaway Site near the town of Badin in the part of the state. Radiocarbon dating of the site has not been possible, but, based on other dating methods, such as rock strata and the existence of Dalton-type spear points, the site has been dated to approximately 8000 B. C. E. or 10,000 years old. Spearpoints of the Dalton type continued to change and evolve slowly for the next 7000 years, during this time, settlement was scattered and likely existed solely on the hunter-gatherer level
History of North Carolina
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Map of the coast of
Virginia and North Carolina, drawn 1585–1586 by
Theodor de Bry, based on map by
John White of the
Roanoke Colony
History of North Carolina
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Reconstructed royal governor's mansion,
Tryon Palace, in
New Bern
History of North Carolina
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Town Creek Indian Mound, an example of a
Mississippian -style ceremonial mound in North Carolina.
History of North Carolina
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Map of North America by
Vesconte Maggiolo after an earlier map made on the Verrazzano expedition of 1524. The narrow isthmus of land separating "Tera Florida" from "Francesca" is the
Outer Banks of North Carolina.
Cape Fear is labeled "C. de la Foresto".
11.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
–
Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
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Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
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William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
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William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
12.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
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Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
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Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
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Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
13.
South Carolina in the American Civil War
–
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union, and was one of the founder members of the Confederacy. The bombardment of the beleaguered U. S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12,1861 is normally reckoned as the first military engagement of the war. South Carolina was a source of troops for the Confederate army, the state also provided uniforms, textiles, food, and war material, as well as trained soldiers and leaders from The Citadel and other military schools. In contrast to most other Confederate states, South Carolina had a rail network linking all of its major cities without a break of gauge. Relatively free from Union occupation until the end of the war. Among the leading generals from the Palmetto State were Wade Hampton III, one of the Confederacys leading cavalrymen, Maxcy Gregg, killed in action at Fredericksburg, the white population of the state had strongly supported the institution of slavery since the 18th century. Political leaders such as Democrats John Calhoun and Preston Brooks had inflamed regional and national passions in support of the institution, and many pro-slavery voices had cried for secession. On the outbreak of war, South Carolina, had the highest percentage of slaves of any U. S. state at 57% of its population enslaved and 46% of its families owning at least one slave. Alfred P. Aldrich, a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell, president a Hostile Act and stated its intention to declare secession from the United States. In the letter, McQueen claimed that U. S, the Southern Presbyterian of S. C. declared that, On November 10,1860 the S. C. General Assembly called for a Convention of the People of South Carolina to consider secession, delegates were to be elected on December 6. The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169-0, the convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20,1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States, James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce. Broadly speaking, the declaration argues that the U. S, Constitution was framed to establish each State as an equal in the Union, with separate control over its own institutions, such as the right of property in slaves. A repeated concern is runaway slaves, the declaration argues that parts of the U. S. The declaration goes on to state that this stipulation of the Constitution was so important to the original signers, Declaration of Independence from July 1776. Professor and historian Harry V. Loewen, writing of South Carolinas Declaration of Secession, Loewen writes that The state adopted the palmetto flag as its banner, a slightly modified version of which is used as its current state flag
South Carolina in the American Civil War
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Fort Sumter, 1861, flying the
Confederate flag after the fort's capture from the U.S. by the Confederacy.
South Carolina in the American Civil War
–
Flag
14.
Mississippi in the American Civil War
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Mississippi was the second southern state to declare its secession from the United States of America, on January 9,1861. It joined with six other southern slave-holding states to form the Confederacy on February 4,1861, Mississippian troops fought in every major theater of the American Civil War, although most were concentrated in the Western Theater. Confederate president Jefferson Davis was a Mississippi politician and operated a large cotton plantation there. Prominent Mississippian generals during the war included William Barksdale, Carnot Posey, Wirt Adams, Earl Van Dorn, Robert Lowry, for years prior to the American Civil War, slave-holding Mississippi had voted heavily for the Democrats, especially as the Whigs declined in their influence. During the 1860 presidential election, the state supported Southern Democrat candidate John C. John Bell, the candidate of the Constitutional Union Party, came in a distant second with 25,045 votes, with Stephen A. Douglas, abraham Lincoln, who won the national election, was not on the ballot in Mississippi. S. Thousands flocked to join the Confederate military, around 80,000 white men from Mississippi fought in the Confederate army, whereas some 500 white Mississippians remained loyal to the U. S. and fought for the Union. As the war progressed, a number of freed or escaped slaves joined the United States Colored Troops. More than 17,000 black Mississippian slaves and freedmen fought for the Union, there were regional variations, as Logue shows. The likelihood of a man volunteering for service increased with an amount of personal property owned. Poor men were likely to volunteer. Men living near the Mississippi River, regardless of their wealth or other characteristics, were likely to join the army than were those living in the states interior. Many military-age men in western counties had moved elsewhere. Union control of the Mississippi River made its neighbors especially vulnerable, portions of northwestern Mississippi were under Union control on January 1,1863, when the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. All of Mississippi had been declared in rebellion in the Proclamation and we can only live & exist by that species of labor, and hence I am willing to fight to the last. Corinths location at the junction of two made it strategically important. Beauregard retreated there after the Battle of Shiloh, pursued by Union Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, beauregard abandoned the town when Halleck approached, letting it fall into Union hands. Since Halleck approached so cautiously, digging entrenchments at every stop for over a month, Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans moved to Corinth as well and concentrated his force with Halleck later in the year to again attack the city
Mississippi in the American Civil War
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Bishop Elder of Natchez
Mississippi in the American Civil War
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Flag (1861)
15.
Florida in the American Civil War
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Florida joined the Confederate States of America at the beginning of the Civil War, as third of the original seven states to secede from the Union, following Lincolns 1860 election. With the smallest population, nearly half of them slaves, Florida could only send 15,000 troops to the Confederate States Army and its chief importance was in food-supply to the south, and support for blockade-runners, with its long coastline full of inlets, hard to patrol. On the outbreak of war, the Confederates seized many of the army camps. There was little fighting in Florida, the major conflict being the Battle of Olustee near Lake City in February 1864. However, wartime conditions made it easier for slaves to escape, as southern morale suffered, deserters from both sides took refuge in Florida, often attacking Confederate units and looting farms. Tallahassee became the second-last Confederate state capital to fall to the Union army, in May 1865, Federal control was re-established, slavery abolished, and the state governor John Milton shot himself, rather than submit to Union occupation. Secession was declared January 10,1861, and, after less than a month, the first six states to secede had the largest population of slaves among the Southern states. Although the vote to secede passed 62-7, there was a pro-Union and anti-Confederate minority in the state, Florida sent a three-man delegation to the 1861-62 Provisional Confederate Congress, which first met in Montgomery, Alabama, and then in the new capital of Richmond, Virginia. The delegation consisted of Jackson Morton, James Byeram Owens, and James Patton Anderson, who resigned April 8,1861, Ward served from May 1861 until February 1862, when he resigned and was replaced by John Pease Sanderson. Davis, protection of slavery was the reason for Floridas declaring of secession. As Florida was an important supply route for the Confederate army, Union troops occupied major ports such as Cedar Key, Jacksonville, Key West, and Pensacola early in the war. Governor John Milton, an ardent secessionist, throughout the war stressed the importance of Florida as a supplier of goods, Florida was a large provider of food and salt for the Confederate Army. The 8, 436-mile coastline and 11,000 miles of rivers, streams, and waterways proved a haven for blockade runners, however, the states small population, relatively remote location, and meager industry limited its overall strategic importance. Milton worked to strengthen the state militia and to improve fortifications, since neither army aggressively sought control of Florida, many of Floridas troops were sent to serve in Virginia in the Army of Northern Virginia under Brig. Gen. Edward A. Perry and Col. David Lang. The Florida Brigade fought in many of Robert E. Lees campaigns and it sent them to the Western Theater for the remainder of the war. The only Confederate forces remaining in Florida at that time were a variety of independent companies, several battalions. They were reinforced in 1864 by troops from neighboring Georgia, by 1840 the Anglo-American population became the majority among people of European descent, influencing the development of the culture. It became more racist and based on a division of white and non-white, into which latter group the Muscogee
Florida in the American Civil War
Florida in the American Civil War
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Flag
Florida in the American Civil War
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The
Battle of Olustee was the only major Civil War battle fought in Florida.
Florida in the American Civil War
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A military prison in
Jacksonville, Florida, 1864. From the
National Archives and Records Administration.
16.
Alabama in the American Civil War
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The State of Alabama declared that it had seceded from the United States of America on January 11,1861. It then quickly joined the Confederate States during the American Civil War. S, in December 1860, Stephen F. Hale, Alabamas commissioner to Kentucky, wrote a letter to the latter states governor of Alabamas justification for secession. According to one newspaper in Montgomery, slavery was a religious institution, upon declaring its secession from the United States, Alabama adopted a new state constitution. Moore energetically supported the Confederate war effort, even before hostilities began in April 1861, he seized U. S. facilities, sent agents to buy rifles in the Northeast, and scoured the state for weapons. Despite some resistance in the part of the state, Alabama joined the Confederate States of America. Congressman Williamson R. W. Cobb, a Unionist, pleaded for compromise and he ran for the First Confederate Congress, but was soundly defeated. The new nation brushed Cobb aside and set up its capital in Montgomery. In May the Confederate government abandoned Montgomery before the season began. Some idea of the severe internal problems the Confederacy faced can be seen by tracing Daviss journey to Montgomery from his home in Mississippi. Yet another train took Davis to the Alabama border, where a train took him to Montgomery. Alabama was not the scene of any significant military operations, yet the state contributed about 120,000 men to the Confederate service, most were recruited locally and served with men they knew, which built esprit and strengthened ties to home. Medical conditions were severe, about 15% died of disease, Alabama had few well-equipped hospitals, but it had many women who volunteered to nurse the sick and wounded. Soldiers were poorly equipped, especially after 1863, and often resorted to pillaging the dead for boots, belts, canteens, blankets, hats, shirts and pants. Uncounted thousands of slaves worked with Confederate troops, they took care of horses and equipment, cooked and did laundry, hauled supplies, other slaves built defensive installations, especially those around Mobile. They graded roads, repaired railroads, drove supply wagons, and labored in iron mines, iron foundries, as they were enslaved, the labor of slaves was involuntary, their unpaid labor was forcibly impressed from their unpaid masters. About 10,000 slaves escaped and joined the Union Army, thirty-nine Alabamians attained the rank of general or admiral, most notably Admiral Raphael Semmes. Josiah Gorgas was the Chief of Ordnance for the Confederacy and he located new munitions plants in Selma that employed 10,000 workers until Union raiders in 1865 burned down the factories. The Selma Arsenal made most of the Confederacys ammunition, the Selma Naval Ordnance Works manufactured artillery, turning out a cannon every five days
Alabama in the American Civil War
17.
Georgia in the American Civil War
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Georgia was one of the original seven slave states that formed the Confederate States in February 1861, triggering the U. S. Civil War. There was not much fighting in Georgia until September 1863, when Confederates under Braxton Bragg defeated William S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga Creek. In May 1864, William T. Sherman started pursuing the Confederates towards Atlanta and this six-week campaign destroyed much of the civilian infrastructure of Georgia, decisively shortening the war. When news of the march reached Robert E. Lees army in Virginia, whole Georgian regiments deserted, the Battle of Columbus, fought on the Georgia-Alabama border on April 16,1865, is reckoned by some criteria to have been the last battle of the war. The ordinance cited the views of U. S. William L, contemporary Georgian religious leaders also supported slavery. Governor Joseph E. Brown was a leading secessionist and led efforts to remove the state from the Union, a firm believer in states rights, he defied the Confederate governments wartime policies. He resisted the Confederate military draft and tried to keep as many soldiers at home as possible to fight invading forces, Brown challenged Confederate impressment of animals, goods, and slaves. Several other governors followed his lead, during the war, Georgia sent nearly 100,000 men to battle for the Confederacy, mostly to the Virginian armies. Despite secession, many southerners in North Georgia remained loyal to the Union, approximately 5,000 Georgians served in the U. S. Army in units such as the 1st Georgia Infantry Battalion, the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, and a number of East Tennessean regiments. Georgias Rabun County in particular, which did not declare secession from the Union, was highly Unionist, the dividing lines were often not as clear as they are sometimes viewed in Rabun county during this period. In A Separate Civil War, Communities in Conflict in the Mountain South, within these two counties, Unionist and Confederate leaning factions fought brutally directly within the home front between 1861 and 1865. The Madden Branch Massacre in Fannin county was one of several atrocities that occurred as the mountain counties divided into pro and anti-Confederate factions. On November 29,1864, six Georgians trying to enlist in the U. S. Army - Thomas Bell, Harvey Brewster, James T. Hughes, James B. Nelson, Elijah Robinson, Peter Parris, and Wyatt J. Parton - were executed by the notorious Confederate guerilla John P. Gatewood, the long-haired, red-bearded beast from Georgia. While concentrated in the mountains and large cities, Unionism in Georgia was not confined to those areas, by summer 1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured items. Food that normally came by rail from the Northern states were halted, the governor and legislature pleaded with planters to grow less cotton and more food. The planters refused because at first, they thought the Union would not or could not fight, the planters then saw cotton prices in Europe soared and they expected Europe to soon intervene and break the blockade. The legislature imposed cotton quotas and made it a crime to grow an excess, in more than a dozen instances across the state, poor white women raided stores and captured supply wagons to get such necessities as bacon, corn, flour, and cotton yarn
Georgia in the American Civil War
18.
Louisiana in the American Civil War
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Antebellum Louisiana was a slave state, where enslaved African Americans had comprised the majority of the population during the eighteenth century French and Spanish colonial period. By the time the United States acquired the territory and Louisiana became a state, by 1860, 47% of the states population were enslaved, though the state also had one of the largest free black populations in the United States. Much of the population, particularly in the cities, supported southern states rights and slavery, while pockets of support for the U. S. Louisiana declared that it had seceded from the Union on January 26,1861, New Orleans, the largest city in the South, was strategically important as a port city due to its southernmost location on the Mississippi River and its access to the Gulf of Mexico. War Department early on planned for its capture, the city was taken by U. S. Army forces on April 25,1862. For the latter part of the war, both the U. S. and the Confederacy recognized their own distinct Louisiana governors, a wealthy planter and slave holder, Moore acted aggressively to engineer the secession of Louisiana from the Union by a convention on January 23. All of these strategies were failures, in March 1861, George Williamson, the Louisianan state commissioner, addressed the Texan secession convention, where he called upon the slave states of the U. S. There is too many free niggers, now to suit me, let alone having four millions. The Unions response to Moores leveraged secession was embodied in U. S. President Abraham Lincolns realization that the Mississippi River was the backbone of the Rebellion. If control of the river were accomplished, the largest city in the Confederacy would be back for the Union. The U. S. Navy would become both a formidable force and a means of transporting Union forces, along the Mississippi River. This strategic vision would prove victorious in Louisiana, beauregard, Braxton Bragg, and Richard Taylor all commanded significant independent armies during the war. Taylors forces were among the last active Confederate armies in the field when the war closed, henry Watkins Allen led a brigade during the middle of the war before becoming the Confederate Governor of Louisiana from 1864 to 1865. Randall L. Gibson, another competent brigade commander, became a postbellum U. S, other brigadiers of note included Alfred Mouton, Harry T. Hays, Chatham Roberdeau Wheat, and Francis T. Nicholls. St. John Lidell was a prominent brigade commander in the Army of Tennessee, henry Gray, a wealthy plantation owner from Bienville Parish, was a brigadier general under Richard Taylor before being elected to the Second Confederate Congress late in the war. Leroy A. Stafford was among a handful of Louisiana generals to be killed during the war, albert Gallatin Blanchard was a rarity—a Confederate general born in Massachusetts. Governor Thomas Overton Moore, came held office from 1860 through early 1864, when war erupted, he unsuccessfully lobbied the Confederate government in Richmond for a strong defense of New Orleans. Two days before the city surrendered in April 1862, Moore, Thomas Moore organized military resistance at the state level, ordered the burning of cotton, cessation of trade with the Union forces, and heavily recruited troops for the state militia
Louisiana in the American Civil War
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Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the Civil War.
Louisiana in the American Civil War
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Flag
Louisiana in the American Civil War
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Approaches to New Orleans, Department of the Gulf Map Number 5, February 14, 1863.
Louisiana in the American Civil War
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Gen.
P.G.T. Beauregard
19.
Texas in the American Civil War
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As with those of other States, the Declaration was not recognized by the United States government at Washington. Some Texan military units fought in the Civil War east of the Mississippi River, Texas supply role lasted until mid-1863, after which time Union gunboats controlled the Mississippi River, making large transfers of men, horses or cattle impossible. Some cotton was sold in Mexico, but most of the crop became useless because of the Union naval blockade of Galveston, Houston, in the late winter of 1860, Texan counties sent delegates to a special convention to debate the merits of secession. The convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 166 to 8, separately from the Ordinance of Secession, which was considered a legal document, Texas also issued a declaration of causes spelling out the rationale for declaring secession. It accuses northern politicians and abolitionists of committing a variety of outrages upon Texans, the bulk of the document offers justifications for slavery and white supremacy, saying that remaining a part of the United States would jeopardize the security of the two. By February 1861, the six states of the sub-region had separately passed ordinances of secession. However, events in Texas were delayed, largely due to the resistance of Southern Unionist governor, in early December 1860, before South Carolina even seceded, a group of State officials published via newspaper a call for a statewide election of convention delegates on January 8,1861. This election was irregular, even for the standards of the day. It often relied on voice vote at meetings, although viva voce voting for popular elections had been used since at least March 1846. Unionists were often discouraged from attending or chose not to participate and this resulted in lopsided representation of secessionists delegates. The election call had stipulated for the delegates to assemble in convention on January 28, Houston called the Legislature into session, hoping that the elected body would declare the unauthorized convention illegal. On January 21,1861, the Legislature met in Austin and was addressed by Houston, calling Lincolns election unfortunate, he nonetheless emphasized, in a reference to the upcoming meeting of the secession convention, it was no justification for rash action. However, the Texas Legislature voted the delegates expense money and supplies and—over Houstons veto—made a pledge to uphold the legality of the Conventions actions, the only stipulation was that the people of Texas have the final say in referendum. The following day, convention president Oran Roberts introduced a resolution suggesting Texas leave the Union. S, Federal government and the U. S. Constitution. In the interests of historical significance and posterity, the ordinance was written to take effect on March 2, the date of Texas Declaration of Independence. On February 1, members of the Legislature, and a crowd of private citizens, packed the House galleries. Seventy yea votes were recorded there was a single nay. One of the votes is enshrined in Texas history books
Texas in the American Civil War
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Gov.
Sam Houston
Texas in the American Civil War
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Flag
Texas in the American Civil War
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Gov.
Francis Lubbock
Texas in the American Civil War
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Lt. Gen.
John Bell Hood
20.
Virginia in the American Civil War
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The Commonwealth of Virginia was a prominent part of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. As a slave-holding state, it held a convention to deal with the secession crisis. Opinion shifted after 15 April, when U. S, in May, it was decided to move the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, in part because the defense of Virginias capital was deemed vital to the Confederacys survival. On 24 May, the U. S. Army moved into northern Virginia, the successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond is a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate leader Jefferson Davis. On October 16,1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, U. S. troops, led by Robert E. Lee, responded and quelled the raid. Subsequently, John Brown was tried and executed by hanging in Charles Town on December 2,1859, breckinridge as their party candidate for President. When Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected as U. S. president, while a majority of the state would look for compromises to the sectional differences, most people also opposed any restrictions on slaveholders rights. As the state watched to see what South Carolina would do, many Unionists felt that the greatest danger to the state came not from the North but from rash secession by the lower South. On November 15,1860 Virginia Governor John Letcher called for a session of the Virginia General Assembly to consider, among other issues. The legislature convened on January 7 and approved the convention on January 14, the election of convention delegates drew 145,700 voters who elected, by county,152 representatives. Thirty of these delegates were secessionists, thirty were unionists, nevertheless, advocates of immediate secession were clearly outnumbered. Simultaneous to this election, six slave states formed the Confederate States on February 4. According to one Virginian teacher, William M, one of the conventions first actions was to create a 21-member Federal Relations Committee charged with reaching a compromise to the sectional differences as they affected Virginia. The committee was made up of 4 secessionists,10 moderates and 7 unionists, at first there was no urgency to the conventions deliberations as all sides felt that time only aided their cause. With the failure of the Peace Conference at the end of February, Unionist support by many was further eroded for many Virginians by Lincolns March 4 First Inaugural address which they felt was argumentative, if not defiant. Throughout the state there was evidence that support for secession was growing, the fourteen proposals defended both slavery and states rights while calling for a meeting of the eight slave states still in the Union to present a united front for compromise. From March 15 through April 14 the convention debated these proposals one by one, during the debate on the resolutions, the sixth resolution calling for a peaceful solution and maintenance of the Union came up for discussion on April 4
Virginia in the American Civil War
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How Virginia Was Voted Out Of The Union - Harpers Weekly, June 15, 1861
Virginia in the American Civil War
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Flag
Virginia in the American Civil War
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Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, April 1865
Virginia in the American Civil War
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The First of May 1865 or Genl. Moving Day in Richmond Va,
political cartoon, Kimmel & Forster, New York, 1865
21.
Arkansas in the American Civil War
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Arkansas had initially voted to remain in the Union. Arkansas raised 48 infantry regiments for the Confederacy, mostly serving in the Western theatre, Major General Patrick Cleburne was the states most notable military leader. The state also raised some Union regiments, though these were used for local anti-guerrilla patrols. The Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862 ensured Union control of Northern Arkansas, programs such as the draft, high taxes, and martial law led to a decline in enthusiasm for the Confederate cause. The state was readmitted to the Union in 1868, the slave state of Arkansas was a part of the Confederate States during the American Civil War, and provided a source of troops, supplies, and military and political leaders. Arkansas had become the 25th state of the United States, on June 15,1836, antebellum Arkansas was still a wilderness in most areas, rural and sparsely populated. As a result, it did not have military significance when states began declaring secession from the Union. State Militia forces seized the Federal Arsenal in Little Rock before Arkansas actually voted to secede, the small Federal garrison was forced to evacuate after a demand by Arkansas Governor Rector that the arsenal be turned over to state authority. At the beginning of 1861, the population of Arkansas, like states of the Upper South, was not keen to secede on average. This was shown by the results of state referendum in February 1861. The referendum passed, but the majority of the elected were conditional unionist in sympathy. This changed after the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, the move toward open war shifted public opinion into the secessionist camp. Arkansas declared its secession from the Union on May 6,1861, at the Arkansas secession convention in March 1861, Henry M. They stated that hostility to the institution of African slavery from the states was the primary reason why the state was declaring that it had seceded from the United States. It also stated that the states support for equality with negroes. Arkansas formed some 48 infantry regiments for the Confederate Army in addition to numerous cavalry and artillery units to serve as part of the Confederate Army. The 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, and the 1st, 4th, one infantry regiment, the 3rd Arkansas, served in the East for the duration of the war, thus making it the states most celebrated Confederate military unit. Though it was with the Confederacy that Arkansas sided as a state, none of those saw any heavy combat actions, and few took part in any major battles
Arkansas in the American Civil War
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National Flag (1861–1863)
22.
Tennessee in the American Civil War
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To a large extent, the American Civil War was fought in cities and farms of Tennessee, as only Virginia saw more battles. However, Tennessee is the state to have major battles or skirmishes fought in every single county. Tennessee was also considered the Bread Basket of the Confederacy, for its rich farmland that fed both armies during the war. A large number of important battles occurred in Tennessee, including the fighting at the Battle of Shiloh. Other large battles in Tennessee included Stones River, Chattanooga, Nashville, Tennessee was one of the most divided states in the country at the outset of the war. Before the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Tennessee was actually staunchly pro-Union, the situation changed when Fort Sumter was bombarded and Lincoln made the call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Tennesseans saw this as a threat to their brethren. In fact, Tennessee would furnish more troops for the Union than any other Confederate state, however, over three times that number volunteered for the Confederacy. Interestingly, notable general Nathan Bedford Forrest voted against secession, initially, most Tennesseans showed little enthusiasm for breaking away from a nation whose struggles it had shared for so long. In 1860, they had voted by a margin for the Constitutional Unionist John Bell. A vocal minority of Tennesseans spoke critically of the Northern states, the people of the South are preparing for their next highest duty– resistance to coercion or invasion, wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette on January 5,1861. A pro-secessionist proposal was made in the Memphis Appeal to build a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, Governor Isham G. Harris convened an emergency session of the Tennessee General Assembly in January 1861. Upon the well-defined constitutions rights of the Southern citizen and he identified numerous grievances with the Republican Party, blaming them for inducing slaves to run off by means of the Underground Railroad, John Browns raids, and high taxes on slave labor. Harris agreed with the idea of sovereignty, that only the people within a state can determine whether or not slavery could exist within the boundaries of that state. Furthermore, he regarded laws passed by Congress that made U. S, Governor Harris proposed holding a State Convention. A series of resolutions were presented in the Tennessee House of Representatives by William H. Wisener against the proposal and he declared passing any law reorganizing and arming the state militia to be inexpedient. The centrality of the question of slavery to the movement was not doubted by people at the time of the Civil War. If you desire to wait until you are tied hand and foot then vote for the men who advocate the watch and wait policy
Tennessee in the American Civil War
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John Bell.
Tennessee in the American Civil War
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Flag
Tennessee in the American Civil War
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Lt. Gen.
Leonidas Polk
Tennessee in the American Civil War
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Lt. Gen.
Benjamin F. Cheatham
23.
Border States (American Civil War)
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In the context of the American Civil War, the border states were slave states that did not declare a secession from the Union and did not join the Confederacy. To their north they bordered free states of the Union and to their south they bordered Confederate slave states, of the 34 U. S. states in 1861, nineteen were free states and fifteen were slave states. Four slave states never declared a secession, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, also included as a border state during the war is West Virginia, which was formed from 50 counties of Virginia and became a new state in the Union in 1863. In the border states there was concern with military coercion of the Confederacy. Many if not a majority were definitely opposed to it, when Abraham Lincoln called for troops to march south to recapture Fort Sumter and other national possessions, southern Unionists were dismayed. Secessionists in Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia were successful in getting those states to declare their secession from the U. S. in Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, there were both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862–63 after unionists from the counties of Virginia then occupied by the Union Army had set up a loyalist state government of Virginia. Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state, though every slave state except South Carolina contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies, the split was most severe in these border states. Sometimes men from the family fought on opposite sides. About 170,000 border state men fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army, besides formal combat between regular armies, the border region saw large-scale guerrilla warfare and numerous violent raids, feuds, and assassinations. Violence was especially severe in eastern Kentucky and western Missouri, the single bloodiest episode was the 1863 Lawrence Massacre in Kansas, in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed. It was launched in retaliation for an earlier, smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas, with geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South, the border states were critical to the outcome of the war. They are considered still to delineate the border that separates the North from the South. Reconstruction, as directed by Congress, did not apply to the states because they never seceded from the Union. They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship, after 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats, who passed laws to impose the Jim Crow system of legal segregation and second-class citizenship for blacks. Lincoln’s 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states, of the states that were exempted from the Proclamation, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware and Kentucky did not abolish slavery until December 1865, in the border states, slavery was already dying out in urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis. By 1860, more than half of the African Americans in Delaware were free, some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the Deep South, where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations
Border States (American Civil War)
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Historical military map of the border southern states. Phelps & Watson, 1866
24.
Delaware in the American Civil War
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The history of Delaware as a political entity dates back to the early colonization of North America by European-American settlers. It is made up of three counties established since 1638, before the time of William Penn, each had its own settlement history. Their early inhabitants tended to more closely with the county than the colony or state. Large parts of southern and western Delaware were thought to have been in Maryland until 1767, all of the state has existed in the wide economic and political circle of Philadelphia. Before Delaware was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Delaware, Susquehanna, at that time the area was considered to be part of the Virginia colony. Peter Minuit was the Dutch Director-General of New Netherland during this period and probably spent some time at the Burlington Island post, thereby familiarizing himself with the region. They established a Swedish South Company, aimed at settling the territory of New Sweden and they established a trading post at Fort Christina, now in Wilmington. Minuit claimed possession of the side of the Delaware River. Unlike the Dutch West India Company, the Swedes intended to bring settlers to their outpost. Minuit drowned in a hurricane on the way home that same year, by 1644, Swedish and Finnish settlers were living along both sides of the Delaware River from Fort Christina to the Schuylkill River. New Swedens best known governor, Johan Björnsson Printz, moved his residence to what is now Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania, three years later, in 1654, Johan Risingh, the Swedish governor, captured Fort Casimir from the Dutch. It was not long, though, before the Dutch too were removed by the English. But Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, claimed a grant to lands on the western shore of Delaware Bay. In deference to the royal will of Charles II to please his brother, James, Duke of York, James, the Duke of York, believed he had won the area in war and was justified in ownership. The area was administered from New York as a part of James New York colony, William Penn was granted Pennsylvania, which grant specifically excluded New Castle or any of the lands within 12 miles of it. Nevertheless, Penn wanted an outlet to the sea from his new province and he persuaded James to lease him the western shore of Delaware Bay. So, in 1682, Penn arrived in New Castle with two documents, a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania and a lease for what became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. Penn had inherited James claims and thus began nearly 100 years of litigation between Penn and Baltimore, and their heirs, in the High Court of Chancery in London
Delaware in the American Civil War
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Nautical chart of the
Dutch colony Zwaanendael and Godyn's Bay (
Delaware Bay), 1639
25.
Maryland in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Lincolns suspension of habeas corpus in Maryland, and dismissal of the Supreme Court Chief Justices ruling that such suspension was unconstitutional, would leave lasting scars. Later, in July 1864, the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland in the third, across the state, nearly 85,000 citizens signed up for the military, with most joining the Union Army. Approximately one third as many enlisted to fight for the Confederacy, the end of the war would bring the abolition of slavery in Maryland, with a new constitution voted in 1864 by a small majority. Animosity against Lincoln would remain, and Marylander John Wilkes Booth would assassinate President Lincoln in April 1865, Maryland, as a slave-holding border state, was deeply divided over the antebellum arguments over states rights and the future of slavery in the Union. Culturally, geographically and economically, Maryland found herself neither one thing nor another, in the lead up to the American Civil War, it became clear that the state was bitterly divided in its sympathies. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2. 5% of the votes cast, in seven counties, Lincoln received not a single vote. Not all blacks in Maryland were slaves, the 1860 Federal Census showed there were nearly as many free blacks as slaves in Maryland. However, across the state, sympathies were mixed, many Marylanders were simply pragmatic, recognising that the states long border with pro-Union Pennsylvania would be almost impossible to defend in the event of war. Maryland businessmen feared the loss of trade that would be caused by war. After John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, the first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred in Maryland. Panicked by the situation, several soldiers fired into the mob, whether accidentally, in a desultory manner, chaos ensued as a giant brawl began between fleeing soldiers, the violent mob, and the Baltimore police who tried to suppress the violence. Four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed in the riot, the disorder inspired James Ryder Randall, a Marylander living in Louisiana, to write a poem which would be put to music and, in 1939, become the state song, Maryland, My Maryland. The songs lyrics urged Marylanders to spurn the Northern scum and burst the tyrants chain - in other words, Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862. After the April 19 rioting, skirmishes continued in Baltimore for the next month, Mayor George William Brown and Maryland Governor Thomas Hicks implored President Lincoln to reroute troops around Baltimore city and through Annapolis to avoid further confrontations. In a letter to President Lincoln, Mayor Brown wrote, It is my duty to inform you that it is not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight their way at every step. I therefore hope and trust and most earnestly request that no more troops be permitted or ordered by the Government to pass through the city, if they should attempt it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me. The destruction was accomplished the next day, one of the men involved in this destruction would be arrested for it in May without recourse to habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman ruling
Maryland in the American Civil War
–
8th Massachusetts regiment repairing railroad bridges from Annapolis to Washington.
Maryland in the American Civil War
–
Union states in the
American Civil War
Maryland in the American Civil War
–
The Baltimore Riot of April 1861
Maryland in the American Civil War
–
Governor
Thomas Hicks
26.
West Virginia in the American Civil War
–
The U. S. state of West Virginia was formed out of western Virginia and added to the Union as a direct result of the American Civil War. In the summer of 1861, Union troops under General George McClellan drove off Confederate troops under General Robert E. Lee and this essentially freed Unionists in the northwestern counties of Virginia to form their own government as a result of the Wheeling Convention. After Lees departure, western Virginia continued to be a target of Confederate raids, guerrilla warfare also gripped the new state, especially in the Allegheny Mountain counties to the east, where loyalties were much more divided than in the Unionist northwest part of the state. On April 17,1861, the Virginia state convention in Richmond declared secession, nearly all delegates from counties west of the Allegheny Mountains voted against secession, and most people and officials in that area refused any directions from the secessionist state government. On May 15, western Virginia Unionists convened the first session of the Wheeling Convention, many of the delegates were informally or self-appointed, so the Convention only denounced secession and called for a formal election of delegates. The elected delegates met in the session on 11 June. On 20 June the Convention declared that by acceding to secession, the officials of the government in Richmond had forfeited their offices. The Convention then elected replacements for these offices, creating the Restored Government of Virginia. The Restored government was supported in areas where secession was opposed. Union troops also held the three northernmost counties in the Shenandoah Valley, and despite the views of most residents. At the Wheeling Convention, some proposed the immediate establishment of a separate state. However, other delegates pointed out that the creation of a new state would require the consent of Virginia, thus it was necessary to establish the Restored Government of Virginia to give that consent, which was granted 20 August 1861. A referendum in October 1861 approved statehood, a convention met. Congress approved statehood that December, with the condition that slavery must be abolished in the new state and this condition required a new constitutional convention and referendum. The revised constitution provided for the abolition of slavery, which took effect on 3 February 1865. On 20 June 1863, the newly proclaimed state of West Virginia was admitted to the Union, including all the western counties, all the northern states had free public school systems before the war, but not the border states. West Virginia set up its system in 1863, over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves. When Union troops occupied parts of eastern Virginia such as Alexandria and Norfolk and they were not included in West Virginia
West Virginia in the American Civil War
–
Confederate Memorial,
Romney.
West Virginia in the American Civil War
–
Confederate States in the
American Civil War
West Virginia in the American Civil War
–
"The Secessionist Army-Irregular Riflemen of the Alleghanies, Virginia",
Harper's Weekly, July 20, 1861
West Virginia in the American Civil War
–
Civil War Battles Fought in West Virginia
27.
Kentucky in the American Civil War
–
Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when he declared I hope to have God on my side, in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning, Lincoln wrote, I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland and these all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol, Kentucky, being a border state, was among the chief places where the Brother against brother scenario was prevalent. After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control, Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles, including Mill Springs and Perryville. Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky, kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control, as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state. Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary Todd, Kentuckys citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. In 1860, slaves composed 19. 5% of the Commonwealths population, the ancestors of many Kentuckians hailed from Southern states like Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but many Kentucky children were beginning to migrate toward the North. Kentucky, along with North Carolina, also boasted the best educational systems in the South, politically, the Commonwealth had produced some of the countrys best known leaders. Breckinridge and Richard M. Johnson both hailed from the state, as did Henry Clay, John J. Crittenden, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, however, by the time of the Civil War, Kentucky was in a politically confused state. The decline of the Whig Party, which Clay had founded, had left many politicians looking for an identity. Many joined the Democratic Party, a few joined the newly formed Republican Party, the party was composed mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings. Kentucky was strategically important to both the North and South, the Commonwealth ranked ninth in population by 1860, and was a major producer of such agricultural commodities as tobacco, corn, wheat, hemp, and flax. Geographically, Kentucky was important to the South because the Ohio River would provide a boundary along the entire length of the state. Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin believed that the rights of the Southern states had been violated and favored the right of secession, Magoffin proposed a conference of slave states, followed by a conference of all the states to secure these concessions. Due to the pace of events, neither conference was ever held. Magoffin called a session of the Kentucky General Assembly on December 27,1860. The majority of the General Assembly had Unionist sympathies, however, when the General Assembly convened again on March 20, it called for a convention of the border states in the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on May 27,1861
Kentucky in the American Civil War
–
Civil War battle map of Kentucky, published in
Harper's Weekly October 19, 1861
Kentucky in the American Civil War
–
Confederate States in the
American Civil War
Kentucky in the American Civil War
–
1861 abstract return showing Union Forces in Kentucky, commanded by Brig. Gen
William T. Sherman.
Kentucky in the American Civil War
–
Albert Sydney Johnston was charged with maintaining a Confederate defensive line in southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee
28.
Missouri in the American Civil War
–
During the American Civil War, Missouri was a hotly contested border state populated by both Union and Confederate sympathizers. Counting minor actions and skirmishes, Missouri saw more than 1,200 distinct engagements within its boundaries, only Virginia, Missouri was initially settled by Southerners traveling up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The compromise was that Maine would enter the Union as a state to balance Missouri. Of the greatest concern for Missouri slave-holders in the years before the war was a law that decreed that if a slave physically entered a free state. The violence along the Kansas–Missouri border foreshadowed the national violence to come, and indeed continued throughout the Civil War. Against the background of Bleeding Kansas, the case of Dred Scott, citizen and therefore that African-Americans could not initiate legal action in any court, even when they clearly had what would otherwise be a valid claim. The decision calmed the skirmishes between Missouri and Kansas partisans, but its publicity enraged abolitionists nationwide and contributed to the rhetoric that led to the Civil War. In 1860, it took 25 days for a message to reach the Pacific coast from what was then the westernmost railroad terminus at St. Joseph, the firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell proposed to do it in 10 days using a relay system of horses. The resulting Pony Express began operations on April 3,1860, Ulysses S. Grants first commission in the Civil War was to protect the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, which delivered its mail. Scarcely a year after the ride from Missouri to San Francisco. By 1860, Missouris initial southern settlers had been supplanted with a more diversified non-slave-holding population, including former northerners, particularly German, the policy was first put forth in 1860 by outgoing Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart, who had Northern leanings. It was notionally reaffirmed by incoming Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, who had Southern leanings, Jackson, however, stated in his inaugural address that in case of federal coercion of southern states, Missouri should support and defend her sister southern states. A Constitutional Convention to discuss secession was convened with Sterling Price presiding, the delegates voted to stay in the Union and supported the neutrality position. At the time of the 1860 U. S. Census, Missouris total population was 1,182,012, most of the slaves lived in rural areas rather than cities. Of the 299,701 responses to Occupation,124,989 people listed Farmers and 39,396 listed Farm Laborers, the next highest categories were Laborers, Blacksmiths, and Merchants. Less than half the population was listed as native-born. Those who had migrated from other states were predominantly from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,906,540 people were listed as born in the United States. Of the 160,541 foreign-born residents of Missouri, most came from the German states, Ireland, England, France, in the election of 1860, Missouris newly elected governor was Claiborne Fox Jackson, a career politician and an ardent supporter of the South
Missouri in the American Civil War
–
Old Courthouse in St. Louis where the Dred Scott case was argued
Missouri in the American Civil War
–
Union states in the
American Civil War
Missouri in the American Civil War
–
Ulysses S. Grant
Missouri in the American Civil War
–
Claiborne Fox Jackson
29.
Restored Government of Virginia
–
The Restored Government of Virginia, also known as the Reorganized Government of Virginia, was the Unionist government of Virginia during the American Civil War. From 1861 until mid-1863 it met in Wheeling, and from August 26,1863 until June 1865 it met in Alexandria, the Restored Government claimed Richmond as its official capital from its formation and it moved there after the city returned to Union control. The Restored Government had only executive and legislative branches, it did not form a judicial branch, when the Second Wheeling Convention met in its first session, in June 1861, it adopted A Declaration of the People of Virginia. The declaration stated that the Virginia Declaration of Rights required any substantial change in the form or nature of government to be approved by the people. The convention then elected Francis Harrison Pierpont as governor, along with executive officers. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the Restored Government as the government of the entire Commonwealth of Virginia. The United States Congress seated the two new United States senators chosen by its legislature, and five U. S. representatives elected from the territories that remained loyal to the Union and its Congressional delegation in the 37th United States Congress entirely made up of Unconditional Unionists. Senators elected were Waitman T. Willey and John S. Carlile, representatives were seated from where delegates in the Richmond Convention of 1861 had voted to remain in the Union. They were the western 10th, William G. Brown, the 11th, the Restored Government attempted to exercise de facto authority, at least over the western counties, but had control of no more than half of the fifty counties that became West Virginia. On August 22,1862, the Restored Governments Adjutant General, a movement for separate statehood had grown in the trans-Allegheny region of Virginia long before the outbreak of war. Soon after the president and Congress recognized the Restored Government as the government of Virginia. The legislature that met between the two sessions of the Wheeling Convention in 1861 failed to pass a bill, but the second session of the convention approved it. A popular referendum in October 1861 was called on the creation of the new State of Kanawha from the counties of northwestern Virginia, the voters approval led to a constitutional convention, and another popular vote in April 1862 approving the new constitution of the now renamed West Virginia. The U. S. Congress then passed a bill for West Virginia, but with the added condition that slaves be emancipated in the new state. Lincoln, though reluctant to divide Virginia during a war aimed at re-uniting the country, in Wheeling, the added conditions required another constitutional convention and popular referendum. Statehood was achieved on June 20,1863, following West Virginia statehood, the Restored Government of Virginia relinquished authority over the counties of the new state, and thus lost most of its area not under Confederate control. Pierpont then moved the Restored Government to Alexandria, effective August 26,1863, located in Virginia proper, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. the city of Alexandria remained under Union control for the entirety of the war. The Restored Government claimed legitimacy over all of Virginia not incorporated into West Virginia, but outside the few jurisdictions Pierponts government held under federal arms, control of the state was in Richmond, for instance, in collecting taxes
Restored Government of Virginia
–
Union states in the
American Civil War
30.
East Tennessee Convention of 1861
–
The East Tennessee Convention was an assembly of pro-Union delegates primarily from East Tennessee that met on three occasions during the U. S. Civil War. The state legislature denied this request, and the Confederate Army occupied the region in late 1861, Nelson was elected president of the Convention, and resolutions were adopted denouncing the state governments actions. The Convention met for the time in Greeneville from June 17 to June 20,1861. This second meeting produced a memorial to the government requesting East Tennessee be allowed to separate from Tennessee. The Convention met for a time in Knoxville from April 12 to April 16,1864, to address the Emancipation Proclamation. This final meeting was marked by divisions over the issue of slavery. Many of its delegates would serve in federal, state and local offices during the postwar period, throughout the first half of the 19th century, East Tennessee was frequently at odds with Tennessees two other grand divisions, Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee. Many East Tennesseans felt the state legislature showed persistent favoritism toward the two divisions, especially over funding for internal improvements. In the early 1840s, several East Tennessee leaders, among them Congressman Andrew Johnson, though this movement was unsuccessful, the idea that East Tennessee should be a separate state periodically resurfaced over the subsequent two decades. From the late 1830s until the early 1850s, Tennessee was politically divided between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party, with the Whigs drawing much of their support from East Tennessee. The collapse of the Whig Party over the issue of slavery in the mid-1850s left East Tennessees Whigs in a difficult position, most Northern Whigs joined the new Republican Party, but Southern Whigs generally found this unpalatable due to the Republicans abolitionist sentiments. Some prominent East Tennessee Whigs switched their allegiance to the Democratic Party, though most turned to third party movements, by the late 1850s, former Whigs, Know Nothings, and a few disgruntled Democrats had formed the Opposition Party to counter rising secessionist sentiment. Gubernatorial elections in Tennessee had been very competitive during the two prior to the election of Isham G. Harris in 1857. The six previous elections had all decided by less than 2,500 votes. Whigs relied heavily on East Tennessee and Democrats relied on Middle Tennessee, as the sectionalist conflict over the issue of slavery heated up in the late 1850s, however, sentiments in West Tennessee began to shift in favor of the Democrats. Harris, a staunch pro-slavery Southern Democrat, was elected by over 12,000 votes in 1857, Democrats also gained control of both chambers of the Tennessee General Assembly in the 1859 cycle. During the 1860 presidential election, East Tennessees former Whigs turned to the Constitutional Union Party and this partys candidate, John Bell, was a long-time Whig and native of Tennessee. After Abraham Lincoln won the election in November 1860, Southern Democrats, convinced that Lincoln would abolish slavery, began calling for secession
East Tennessee Convention of 1861
–
Union states in the
American Civil War
East Tennessee Convention of 1861
–
James G. Spears (vice president)
East Tennessee Convention of 1861
–
The old Greene County Courthouse in Greeneville, where the East Tennessee Convention met in June 1861
East Tennessee Convention of 1861
–
Tennessee Historical Commission marker in Greeneville, recalling the East Tennessee Convention's June 1861 session
31.
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
–
During the American Civil War, Indian Territory occupied most of what is now the U. S. state of Oklahoma. It served as a region set aside for Native American tribes of the Southeastern United States following the Indian Removal Act. It was occupied by captured Native Americans who had removed from their lands. The Union organized several regiments of Indian Home Guard to serve in the Indian Territory and sometimes adjacent areas of Kansas, Missouri, the area was largely undeveloped, railroads did not exist in this area and the Union did not have enough troops to control the few roads. Pro-Union Indians had abandoned their own farms because of raids by pro-Confederacy Indians and fled to Kansas or Missouri and it was not feasible to sustain a large military operation by living off the land. This was demonstrated in 1862, when General William Weer led 5,000 men in the Indian Expedition into Indian Territory from Baxter Springs, weers troops captured a Confederate supply train at the Battle of Locust Grove. However, no Union supplies arrived after that, and the expedition ran short of food, ammunition, weers men mutinied, arresting Weer and putting Colonel Frederick Salomon in command. The Confederacy took an interest, seeking a source of food in the event of a Union blockade, a connection to western territories. At the onset of war, Confederate forces took possession of the US army forts in the area, in June and July 1861, its officers negotiated with Native American tribes for combat support. After refusing to allow Creek lands to be annexed by the Confederacy, after reaching Kansas and Missouri, Opothleyahola and Native Americans loyal to the Union formed three volunteer regiments known as the Indian Home Guard. It fought in Indian Territory and Arkansas, the first battle in the territory occurred on November 19,1861. Opothleyahola rallied Indians to the Union cause at Deep Fork, a total of 7,000 men, women, and children resided in his camp. A force of 1,400 Confederate soldiers under Colonel Douglas H. Cooper initiated the Battle of Round Mountain, Opothleyahola moved his camp to a new location at Chustenalah. On December 26,1861, Confederate forces again attacked, this time driving Opothleyahola, in 1862, Union General James G. Blunt ordered Colonel William Weer to lead an expedition into the Indian Territory, the expedition included five white regiments, two Indian regiments and two artillery battalions. The main objective of the expedition was to escort the Indian refugees who had fled to Kansas back to their homes in Indian Territory, a secondary objective was to hold the territory for the Union. Weers expedition met with success at the Battle of Locust Grove in Indian Territory. The expedition camped at Locust Grove for two weeks, waiting for a Union supply train, one detachment from the main force moved on to Fort Gibson, causing the Confederates stationed there to withdraw
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
–
Colonel (Later Brigadier General) Douglas H. Cooper commanded Confederate Forces in Indian Territory
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
–
Confederate States in the
American Civil War
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
–
Major General James G. Blunt, commander of U. S. forces in Indian Territory.
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
–
Brigadier General Stand Watie, the last Confederate general to surrender
32.
Confederate Arizona
–
Confederate Arizona was a territory claimed by the Confederate States during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. Delegates to secession conventions had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the United States and it consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital was Mesilla along the southern border, the Confederate territory overlapped the Arizona Territory later established by the Union government in 1863. The physical geography differed in that the Confederate Arizona Territory was approximately the half of the historic New Mexico Territory. The Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the half of what had been New Mexico Territory. The territory was declared on August 1,1861, following the Confederate victory at the Battle of Mesilla. The Confederate hold in the area was broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, in July 1862, the government of the Confederate Territory of Arizona relocated to El Paso, Texas. With the approach of Union troops, it withdrew to eastern Texas, the territory continued to be represented in the Confederate Congress, and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the wars end. As early as 1856, the government in Santa Fe had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory. It was separated from the rest by the Jornada del Muerto, in February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona territory. The north-south border was to be defined along the 32nd meridian west from Washington, the legislature proposed that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona. In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in Tucson, in July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a Territory of Arizona to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34° N. The convention elected Lewis Owings as the Territorial Governor, and elected a delegate to Congress, anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a slave state. Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with connections in southern states. In addition, this new territory lay below the old Missouri Compromise line of demarcation between slave and free states, since the proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity. For a time it operated as a de facto, if not de jure, dr. Lewis Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed James Henry Tevis to raise the first Territorial Militia. This comprised three companies of Arizona Rangers for the protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits, two companies were raised in the Pinos Altos mining camp, and another at Mesilla. After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the part of the New Mexico Territory
Confederate Arizona
–
1861 map of the USA showing the Confederate Arizona Territory
Confederate Arizona
–
Flag
33.
North Carolina
–
North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
North Carolina
–
North Carolina topographic map
North Carolina
–
Flag
North Carolina
–
The
Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the
Blue Ridge Parkway.
North Carolina
–
Deer in the
Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
34.
Union blockade
–
The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading. Those blockade runners fast enough to evade the Union Navy could only carry a fraction of the supplies needed. They were operated largely by British citizens, making use of ports such as Havana, Nassau. The Union commissioned around 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war, for this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, done at the City of Washington, this nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-fifth. The British proclamation also formally gave Britain the diplomatic right to discuss openly which side, if any, to support. A joint Union military-navy commission, known as the Blockade Strategy Board, was formed to make plans for seizing major Southern ports to utilize as Union bases of operations to expand the blockade. It first met in June 1861 in Washington, D. C. under the leadership of Captain Samuel F, in the initial phase of the blockade, Union forces concentrated on the Atlantic Coast. The November 1861 capture of Port Royal in South Carolina provided the Federals with an ocean port and repair. It became a base of operations for further expansion of the blockade along the Atlantic coastline. Apalachicola, Florida, received Confederate goods traveling down the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia, another early prize was Ship Island, which gave the Navy a base from which to patrol the entrances to both the Mississippi River and Mobile Bay. The Navy gradually extended its reach throughout the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas coastline, including Galveston, with 3,500 miles of Confederate coastline and 180 possible ports of entry to patrol, the blockade would be the largest such effort ever attempted. The United States Navy had 42 ships in service, and another 48 laid up. At the time of the declaration of the blockade, the Union only had three ships suitable for blockade duty, the Navy Department, under the leadership of Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, quickly moved to expand the fleet. In 1861, nearly 80 steamers and 60 sailing ships were added to the fleet, some 52 more warships were under construction by the end of the year. By November 1862, there were 282 steamers and 102 sailing ships, by the end of the war, the Union Navy had grown to a size of 671 ships, making it the largest navy in the world. By the end of 1861, the Navy had grown to 24,000 officers and enlisted men, four squadrons of ships were deployed, two in the Atlantic and two in the Gulf of Mexico. Blockade service was attractive to Federal seamen and landsmen alike, Blockade station service was considered the most boring job in the war but also the most attractive in terms of potential financial gain
Union blockade
–
A 1861 characterized map of the Union blockade, known as
Winfield Scott 's
Anaconda Plan.
Union blockade
–
The Confederate
blockade runner SS Banshee in 1863
Union blockade
–
Blockade runner SS A.D. Vance, captured by the Union Navy and recommissioned as
Advance
Union blockade
–
CSS David engaging
New Ironsides on 5 October 1863, during the blockade of Charleston.
35.
Battle of Gettysburg
–
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1–3,1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the war and is often described as the wars turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Meades Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lees attempt to invade the North. After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North—the Gettysburg Campaign. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade. Elements of the two armies collided at Gettysburg on July 1,1863, as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there, his objective being to engage the Union army. Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford, on the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched an assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devils Den. On the Union right, Confederate demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culps Hill, all across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great loss to the Confederate army, Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the battle, the most costly in US history. Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Such a move would upset U. S. plans for the campaigning season. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest, in addition, Lees 72, 000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North. Thus, on June 3, Lees army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg, the Cavalry Division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. J. E. B. The Union Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, consisted of seven corps, a cavalry corps. The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia
Battle of Gettysburg
–
The Battle of Gettysburg, by
Thure de Thulstrup
Battle of Gettysburg
–
First shot monument
Battle of Gettysburg
–
Union
breastworks on Culp's Hill
Battle of Gettysburg
–
The "High Water Mark" on Cemetery Ridge as it appears today. The monument to the 72nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment ("Baxter's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves") appears at right, the Copse of Trees to the left.
36.
Tar Heels
–
Tar Heel is a nickname applied to the U. S. state of North Carolina and its inhabitants. It is also the nickname of the University of North Carolina athletic teams, students, alumni, for a time after the American Civil War, the name Tar Heel was derogatory, but it was later reappropriated by the people of North Carolina. Because the exact history of the term is unknown, a number of legends have developed to explain it, the term Tar Heel gained popularity during the Civil War. In its early years as a colony, North Carolina settlements became an important source of the naval stores tar, pitch, Tar and pitch were largely used to paint the bottom of wooden British ships both to seal the ship and to prevent shipworms from damaging the hull. At one time, an estimated 100,000 barrels of tar, after 1824, North Carolina became the leader in the United States for naval stores. Historians Hugh Lefler and Albert Newsome claim in North Carolina, the History of a Southern State that North Carolina led the world in production of naval stores from about 1720 to 1870. At the time, tar was created by piling up pine logs, the vast production of tar from North Carolina led many, including Walt Whitman, to give the derisive nickname of Tarboilers to the residents of North Carolina. North Carolina was nicknamed the Tar and Turpentine State because of this industry, somehow, these terms evolved until the nickname Tar Heel was used to refer to residents of North Carolina and gained prominence during the American Civil War. During this time, the nickname Tar Heel was a pejorative, but starting around 1865, in 1893, the students of the University of North Carolina founded a newspaper and christened it The Tar Heel, which was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel. By the early 1900s the term was embraced by many as a term for North Carolinians by those from inside and outside the state of North Carolina. The following legends and anecdotes have arisen trying to explain the history of the term Tar Heel, when they finally got across the river, they found their feet completely black with tar. Thus, the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire tar heels, after the battle, supporting troops asked the victorious North Carolinians, Any more tar down in the Old North State, boys. And they replied, No, not a bit, old Jeffs bought it all up, the supporting troops continued, Is that so. What is he going to do with it, the North Carolinian troops response, He is going to put it on youns heels to make you stick better in the next fight. The State of North Carolina was the next to last state to secede from the United States of America, the joke circulating around at the beginning of the war went something like, Got any tar. No, Jeff Davis has bought it all, to put on you fellows heels to make you stick. As the war continued, many North Carolinian troops developed smart replies to this term of ridicule, a letter found in 1991 by North Carolina State Archivist David Olson supports the theory that Lee might have stated something similar to this. A Colonel Joseph Engelhard, describing the Battle of Reams Station in Virginia, wrote, It was a Tar Heel fight and we got Genl Lee to thanking God, which you know means something brilliant
Tar Heels
–
Front page of the first issue of The Tar Heel, published on 23 Feb 1893. The paper was later renamed
The Daily Tar Heel.
Tar Heels
–
Academics
37.
Confederate States Army
–
The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
Confederate States Army
–
Private
Edwin Francis Jemison, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
Confederate States Army
–
CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
Confederate States Army
–
General
Robert Edward Lee, famous Southern General
Confederate States Army
–
Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
38.
Joseph E. Johnston
–
Joseph Eggleston Johnston was a career U. S. He was unrelated to Albert Sidney Johnston, another high-ranking Confederate general during the Civil war, Johnston was trained as a civil engineer at the U. S. Military Academy, graduating in the class as Robert E. Lee. He served in Florida, Texas, and Kansas, and fought with distinction in the Mexican-American War and by 1860 achieved the rank of brigadier general as Quartermaster General of the U. S. Army. When his native state of Virginia declared secession from the Union, Johnston resigned his U. S. commission, to his dismay, however, he was appointed only the fourth ranking full general in the Confederate army. G. T. He defended the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, withdrawing under the pressure of a superior force under Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. In his only action during the campaign, he suffered a severe wound at the Battle of Seven Pines, after which he was replaced in command by his classmate at West Point. In 1863, in command of the Department of the West, he was criticized for his inaction, in 1864, he fought against Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in the Atlanta Campaign. Although he won a victory against Sherman at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Fed up with Johnstons constant withdrawal from Confederate territory, Davis relieved him of command after he withdrew from northwest Georgia to the outskirts of the city, in the final days of the war, he was returned to command of the small remaining forces in the Carolinas Campaign. Following a failed attempt to stall Shermans advance at the Battle of Bentonville, he surrendered his armies to Sherman at Bennett Place near Durham Station, North Carolina on April 26,1865. Two of his opponents, General Ulysses S. Grant and Sherman, made comments highly respectful of his actions in the war. After the war, Johnston was an executive in the railroad and he served a single term as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives and was commissioner of railroads under Grover Cleveland. He died of pneumonia after serving in inclement weather as a pallbearer at the funeral of his former adversary, Johnston was born at Longwood House in Cherry Grove, near Farmville, Virginia on February 3,1807. His grandfather, Peter Johnston, emigrated to Virginia from Scotland in 1726, Joseph was the seventh son of Judge Peter Johnston and Mary Valentine Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. He was named for Major Joseph Eggleston, under whom his father served in the American Revolutionary War and his brother Charles Clement Johnston served as a congressman, and his nephew John Warfield Johnston was a senator, both represented Virginia. In 1811, the Johnston family moved to Abingdon, Virginia, a town near the Tennessee border, Johnston attended the United States Military Academy, nominated by John C. Calhoun while he was Secretary of War, days before he was inaugurated as vice president in 1825. He was moderately successful at academics and received only a number of disciplinary demerits
Joseph E. Johnston
–
Johnston during the American Civil War
Joseph E. Johnston
–
Portrait by
Benjamin Franklin Reinhart (c. 1860)
Joseph E. Johnston
–
Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee in 1869–70
Joseph E. Johnston
–
Johnston statue in Dalton, Georgia, where he took command of the Army of Tennessee
39.
Bennett Place
–
After Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Shermans March to the Sea, he turned north through the Carolinas for the Carolinas Campaign. Confederate President Jefferson Davis met General Joseph E. Johnston in Greensboro, North Carolina, Johnston, escorted by a detachment of about 60 troopers of the 5th South Carolina Cavalry Regiment, traveled east along the Hillsborough Road toward Durham Station. Sherman was riding west to meet him, with an escort of 200 men from the 9th and 13th Pennsylvania, 8th Indiana, the farm of James and Nancy Bennett was the closest and most convenient place for privacy. The first days discussion was intensified by the telegram Sherman handed to Johnston and they met the following day, April 18, and signed terms of surrender. The opposing generals met again on April 26,1865, the agreement disbanded all active Confederate forces in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, totaling 89,270 soldiers, the largest group to surrender during the war. James and Nancy Bennett were like many families who suffered tremendously during the four years of war, the Bennett Farm was abandoned and fell into ruin, a fire finally destroying the farmhouse in 1921. In 1923 the Unity monument was dedicated on the site, in 1960 the Bennett Farm site was fully reclaimed and restored by local preservationists. It was then turned over to the State of North Carolina, the difficulty in reaching a surrender agreement lay in part in Johnstons desire, influenced by President Davis, for more than the purely military surrender that Major General Sherman offered. Shermans original terms matched those offered by Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant to General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, but Johnston along with General John C. Sherman, in accordance with Lincolns stated wishes for a compassionate and forgiving end to the war and he was unaware that on March 3, Lincoln had given Grant orders to only discuss military matters with Lee. United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton identified many problems and loopholes within Sherman and Johnstons original terms, in response, Jefferson Davis ordered Johnston to disband his infantry and escape with his mounted troops. However, Johnston disobeyed his orders and agreed to meet again with Major General Sherman at the Bennett Farm again on April 26,1865, the surrender agreement ended the war for the 89,270 soldiers in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Three more primary surrenders would follow in Citronelle, Alabama, Galveston, Texas and it was the largest surrender of the American Civil War, officially ending the fighting in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The original house burned in 1921 and was reconstructed as a log structure covered by weatherboards with a gable roof. Also on the property are a log kitchen and smokehouse, in 1923, the Unity Monument was placed on the site to commemorate this historic event. Among the many contributors to the preservation of historic landmark were the Duke, Everett. Today, Bennett Place State Historic Site is located in the west end of Durham, near Duke University. The site is open to the public, Tuesday-Saturday, 9am-5pm, with a center, museum, theater presentation, Dawn of Peace, research library, gift shop
Bennett Place
–
Bennett Place State Historic Site
Bennett Place
–
The Bennett Place marker
40.
Carolinas Campaign
–
The Carolinas Campaign was the final campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. In January 1865, Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman advanced north from Savannah, Georgia, through the Carolinas, with the intention of linking up with Union forces in Virginia. The defeat of Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnstons army at the Battle of Bentonville in March, after Sherman captured Savannah, the culmination of his march to the sea, he was ordered by Union Army general-in-chief Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Lee. Sherman had bigger things in mind and he predicted on January 5,1865, I do think that in the several grand epochs of this war, my name will have a prominent part. He persuaded Grant that he should march north through the Carolinas instead, destroying everything of value along the way. Sherman was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, Shermans army commenced toward Columbia, South Carolina, in late January 1865. Reinforcements arrived regularly during his march north, and by April 1 he commanded 88,948 men, Shermans opponents on the Confederate side had considerably fewer men. The primary force in the Carolinas was the battered Army of Tennessee and his strength was recorded in mid-March at 9,513 and 15,188 by mid-April. The army was organized into three corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart, and Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee. Also in the Carolinas were cavalry forces from the division of Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton, Shermans plan was to bypass the minor Confederate troop concentrations at Augusta, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, and reach Goldsboro, North Carolina, by March 15. The following battles were fought in the Carolinas Campaign, the Confederate division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws attempted to prevent the crossing of the Salkehatchie River by the right wing of Shermans army. The Union division under Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair crossed the river, McLaws withdrew to Branchville, causing only one days delay in the Union advance. On February 17, Columbia surrendered to Sherman, and Hamptons cavalry retreated from the city, Union forces were overwhelmed by throngs of liberated Federal prisoners and emancipated slaves. Many soldiers took advantage of ample supplies of liquor in the city, fires began in the city, and high winds spread the flames across a wide area. Most of the city was destroyed, and the citys fire companies found it difficult to operate in conjunction with the invading Union army. On that same day, the Confederates evacuated Charleston, on February 18, Shermans forces destroyed virtually anything of military value in Columbia, including railroad depots, warehouses, arsenals, and machine shops. This battle took place entirely in South Carolina, schofield planned to advance inland from Wilmington in February. At the same time, he assigned Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox to direct Union forces from New Bern toward Goldsboro, on March 7, Coxs advance was stopped by divisions under Gen. Braxton Braggs command at Southwest Creek south of Kinston, North Carolina
Carolinas Campaign
–
Sherman in South Carolina: The burning of McPhersonville, 1865. (A sketch by
William Waud from Harper's Weekly in 1865)
41.
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
Three successive designs served as the official national flag of the Confederate States of America during its existence from 1861 to 1865. These include flags displayed in states, cities, towns and counties, schools, colleges and universities, private organizations and associations, and by individuals. The state flag of Mississippi features the Confederate armys battle flag in the canton, or upper left corner, the only current U. S. state flag to do so. The state flag of Georgia is very similar to the first national flag of the Confederacy, the Stars and Bars, the first official national flag of the Confederacy, often called the Stars and Bars, was flown from March 4,1861, to May 1,1863. It was designed by German/Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Alabama, the Stars and Bars flag was adopted March 4,1861, in the first temporary national capital of Montgomery, Alabama, and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the Confederate army uniform, one of the first acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal, chaired by William Porcher Miles, a congressman and Fire-Eater from South Carolina. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the old flag of the United States. Miles had already designed a flag that became known as the Confederate Battle Flag. But given the support for a flag similar to the U. S. flag. The Stars and Bars was also criticized on grounds for its resemblance to the U. S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a federal power the Confederate states were seceding from in order to preserve the institution of slavery. As early as April 1861, a month after the adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a servile imitation. In January 1862, George William Bagby, writing for the Southern Literary Messenger, every body wants a new Confederate flag, Bagby wrote, also stating that The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable, the editor of the Charleston Mercury expressed a similar view, stating that It seems to be generally agreed that the Stars and Bars will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of Yankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the flag on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting. Over the course of the use by the Confederacy, additional stars were added to the flags canton. This reflected the Confederacys claims of having admitted Kentucky and Missouri into the Confederacy, the first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown, Kentucky, the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navys battle ensign
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
A Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag, captured by soldiers of the Union Army at Columbia, South Carolina.
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
Confederate States of America
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The "Stars and Bars" can be seen in the upper left. Standing at the center are
Stonewall Jackson,
P. G. T. Beauregard, and
Robert E. Lee, surrounded by bust portraits of
Jefferson Davis,
Alexander Stephens, and various Confederate army officers, such as
James Longstreet and
A. P. Hill.
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
The "
Battle of Franklin," 1864, by
Kurz and Allison
42.
Slavery in the United States
–
Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the American Revolution, the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry, when the United States Constitution was ratified, a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens. During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, most of these states had a higher proportion of free labor than in the South and economies based on different industries. They abolished slavery by the end of the 18th century, some with gradual systems that kept adults as slaves for two decades. But the rapid expansion of the industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor. Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective in 1808, domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises, by 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, the first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Armys Fort Sumter, four additional slave states then seceded. In the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to attract and retain laborers under the frontier conditions. Most laborers came from Britain as indentured servants, having signed contracts of indenture to pay with work for their passage, their upkeep and training and these indentured servants were young people who intended to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were transported to the colonies as indentured servants, the indentured servants were not slaves, but were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay the cost of their passage and maintenance. Historians estimate that more than half of all immigrants to the English colonies of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came as indentured servants. The number of indentured servants among immigrants was particularly high in the South, many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south. The planters in the South found that the problem with indentured servants was that many left after several years, just when they had become skilled. In addition, an economy in England in the late 17th
Slavery in the United States
–
Slave auction block, Green Hill Plantation,
Campbell County, Virginia,
Historic American Buildings Survey
Slavery in the United States
–
An animation showing when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861.
Slavery in the United States
–
Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia
Slavery in the United States
–
Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (
The Old Plantation, c. 1790)
43.
Election of 1860
–
The United States presidential election of 1860 was the nineteenth quadrennial presidential election to select the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6,1860, the United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. Incumbent President James Buchanan, like his predecessor Franklin Pierce, was a northerner with sympathies for the South and he recommended that Supreme Court Justice Robert Grier vote proslavery in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. This was so unpopular it backfired on Buchanans presidency, allowing the Republican Party to win a majority in the House in 1858, in 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of an opposition, the newly created Republican Party secured a majority of the electoral votes. The 1860 presidential election marked the end of the Souths political dominance over the nation, moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court. The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions, three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi also received votes. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored “popular sovereignty”, was ahead on the first ballot, on the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but 51.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, the agreed on May 3 to stop voting. The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland and this time,110 Southern delegates walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. Some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket, after two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for president, but he refused the nomination. That nomination ultimately went instead to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia, Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States Daniel S. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined and this larger group met immediately in Baltimore’s Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C, Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for Vice President. Yancey and some of the bolters, almost entirely from the Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and this convention affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane. Besides the Democratic Parties in the states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration
Election of 1860
Election of 1860
–
All 303 electoral votes of the
Electoral College 152 electoral votes needed to win
Election of 1860
Election of 1860
–
Senator William H. Seward of
New York
44.
John C. Breckinridge
–
John Cabell Breckinridge was a lawyer, politician, and soldier from the U. S. state of Kentucky. He represented the state in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States and he served in the U. S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He remains the only Senator of the United States convicted of treason against the United States of America by the Senate and he was appointed Confederate Secretary of War late in the war. Elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1851, after reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, in 1859, he was elected to succeed U. S. Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittendens term in 1861, as vice president, Breckinridge joined with Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. The Southern wing was led by Breckinridge, doughfaced Northerner Buchanan, and the northern wing, a third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. Taking his seat in the Senate, he urged compromise to preserve the Union although seven states had already seceded, Unionists took control of the state legislature when Kentuckys neutrality was breached. After this occurred, Breckinridge fled behind Confederate battle lines where he was commissioned a brigadier general, following the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under General Braxton Bragg. After participating in Jubal Earlys 1864 campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending Confederate supplies in Tennessee, in February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender, after the fall of the Confederate capital at Richmond, he ensured the preservation of Confederate military and governmental records. He traveled south from Richmond and managed to capture by Federal forces. He then fled to Cuba, Great Britain, and finally, in exile, he toured Europe from August 1866 to June 1868. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in late 1868, he returned to Kentucky, War injuries sapped his health, and after two operations, he died on May 17,1875. John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his familys estate near Lexington, Kentucky, the fourth of six children born to Joseph Cabell and Mary Clay Breckinridge, he was their only son. His mother was the daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith, who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon, having previously served as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, his father had been appointed Kentuckys Secretary of State just prior to his sons birth. In February, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governors Mansion in Frankfort, in August 1823, an illness referred to as the prevailing fever struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. On his return, both he and his wife fell ill, he died, but she survived and his assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his wife joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law
John C. Breckinridge
–
John C. Breckinridge
John C. Breckinridge
–
Breckinridge, circa 1850
John C. Breckinridge
–
Former Governor Robert P. Letcher was unable to unseat Breckinridge in 1853.
John C. Breckinridge
–
John C. Breckinridge, photograph by
Mathew Brady
45.
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
–
John Bell was an American politician, attorney, and planter. One of Tennessees most prominent antebellum politicians, he served in the House of Representatives from 1827 to 1841 and he was Speaker of the House for the 23rd Congress, and briefly served as Secretary of War during the administration of William Henry Harrison. In 1860, he ran for president as the candidate for the Constitutional Union Party, initially an ally of Andrew Jackson, Bell turned against Jackson in the mid-1830s and aligned himself with the Whig Party, a shift which earned him the nickname, The Great Apostate. He consistently battled Jacksons allies, namely James K. Polk, over such as the national bank. Following the death of Hugh Lawson White in 1840, Bell became the leader of Tennessees Whigs. After the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Bell abandoned the Union cause, John Bell was born in Mill Creek, a hamlet near Nashville, Tennessee. He was one of nine children of farmer and blacksmith Samuel Bell. His paternal grandfather, Robert Bell, had served in the American Revolution under Nathanael Greene and he graduated from Cumberland College in 1814 and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1816 and established a practice in Franklin. Entering politics, he ran for the Tennessee Senate in 1817. As a state senator, he supported judicial and state constitutional reform, after serving a single term, Bell declined to run for reelection and instead moved to Nashville, where he established a law partnership with Henry Crabb. In 1827, Bell ran for Tennessees 7th District seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, Bell and his opponent, Felix Grundy, engaged in a bitter campaign in which both claimed to support the initiatives of Andrew Jackson. Although Jackson eventually endorsed Grundy, Bell was more popular with younger voters, like many southern congressmen, Bell opposed the Tariff of 1828. He also opposed funding for improvements to the Cumberland Road. Congressmen from eastern states rejected this, however, stating that Tennessees mismanagement of its land resources was not the governments fault. During Bells second term, he was chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs, as such, he wrote the Indian Removal Act, which was submitted by the committee in February 1830, and signed by President Jackson later that year. This act led to the removal of the Cherokee and other tribes to Oklahoma, via the Trail of Tears, one of the bills most vocal opponents was Massachusetts congressman Edward Everett, Bells future running mate. Following the shake-up of Jacksons cabinet in the wake of the Petticoat affair in 1831, Senator Hugh Lawson White recommended Bell for Secretary of War, Bell nevertheless remained a staunch Jackson ally through his third term, opposing nullification and supporting the Force Bill
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
–
Photograph of Bell by
Mathew Brady
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
–
Signature
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
–
Circa-1841 portrait of Bell by Charles Fenderich
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
–
Photograph of Bell by
Julian Vannerson
46.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln in 1863, aged 54
Abraham Lincoln
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The young Lincoln in sculpture at Senn Park, Chicago.
Abraham Lincoln
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1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son,
Tad
Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the
Black Hawk War.
47.
Secession
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Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals, theories of secession relate to a fundamental question of political philosophy, the basis of the states authority. Ramet, Rights of Secession by Daniel Kofman, The Very Idea of Secession by Donald Livingston and Secession, Autonomy, in 2007 the University of South Carolina sponsored a conference called Secession As an International Phenomenon which produced a number of papers on the topic. Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices, if it can not live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force, former President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to William H. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, let us separate. I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory. e. Tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc, cultural Secessionism, any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state. Institutional empowerment - The growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies, relative strength - Increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood. Negotiated consent - Home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands, during the 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859, however, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century, particularly in central Queensland in the 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland in the 1870s. Western Australia Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia, the referendum had to be ratified by the British Parliament, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the Australian Constitution. The Principality of Hutt River claims to have seceded from Australia in 1970, according to a lexicon on nationalist movements across the world, Macau happened to recognise that Principality. Austria successfully seceded from Nazi Germany on April 27,1945 and this took place after seven years of Austria being part of Adolf Hitlers Third Reich due to the Anschluss annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. On August 25,1830, during the reign of William I, soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the Netherlands. The peace treaty accepted Uruguay independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River, three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in Grão-Pará, Bahia and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire. The Malê Revolt, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt and these three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. In the attempts the rebels were crushed, the shot and its territory divided
Secession
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U.S. Vice President
Joe Biden and
Hashim Thaçi with Declaration of Independence of
Kosovo
Secession
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Northern Cyprus
Secession
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September 1999 demonstration for
independence from Indonesia
Secession
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Map showing the shrinking territory of
Gran Colombia from 1824 to 1890 (red line).
Panama separated from Colombia in 1903.
48.
Fort Sumter
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Fort Sumter is a sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina, notable for two battles of the American Civil War. It was one of a number of forts planned after the War of 1812, combining high walls and heavy masonry. Work started in 1829, but was incomplete by 1860, when South Carolina seceded from the Union, the First Battle of Fort Sumter opened on April 12,1861, when Confederate artillery fired on the Union garrison. These were the first shots of the war, and continued all day, the fort had been cut off from its supply line and surrendered the next day. The Second Battle of Fort Sumter was an attempt by the Union to retake the fort. Although the fort was reduced to rubble, it remained in Confederate hands until it was evacuated as General Sherman marched through South Carolina in February 1865, Fort Sumter is open for public tours as part of the Fort Sumter National Monument operated by the National Park Service. Named after General Thomas Sumter, Revolutionary War hero, Fort Sumter was built following the War of 1812, construction began in 1829, and the structure was still unfinished in 1861, when the Civil War began. Seventy thousand tons of granite were imported from New England to build up a bar in the entrance to Charleston Harbor. The fort was a brick structure,170 to 190 feet long, with walls five feet thick. It was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns in three tiers of gun emplacements, although it was never filled near its full capacity and he secretly relocated companies E and H of the 1st U. S. Artillery to Fort Sumter on his own initiative, without orders from his superiors and he thought that providing a stronger defense would delay an attack by South Carolina militia. The fort was not yet complete at the time and fewer than half of the cannons that should have been available were in place, due to military downsizing by President James Buchanan. Over the next few months repeated calls for evacuation of Fort Sumter from the government of South Carolina, artillery, and three hired tug boats with added protection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and supply barges directly to Fort Sumter. By April 6,1861 the first ships began to set sail for their rendezvous off the Charleston Bar, the first to arrive was Harriet Lane, the evening of April 11,1861. On Thursday, April 11,1861, Beauregard sent three aides, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr, captain Stephen D. Lee, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surrender of the fort. Anderson declined, and the returned to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted the Confederate Secretary of War, Leroy Walker, he sent the aides back to the fort, the aides waited for hours while Anderson considered his alternatives and played for time. The aides then left the fort and proceeded to the nearby Fort Johnson, There, Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
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Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
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Letter from
William H. Seward advising
President Lincoln on the obstacles in resupplying Fort Sumter, March 1861
Fort Sumter
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Drawing of Fort Sumter
49.
Embargo
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An embargo is the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country or a group of countries. Embargoes are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, embargoes are similar to economic sanctions and are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with blockades, which are often considered to be acts of war. In response to embargoes, an independent economy or autarky often develops in an area subjected to heavy embargo, effectiveness of embargoes is thus in proportion to the extent and degree of international participation. Companies must be aware of embargoes that apply to the export destination. Embargo check is difficult for both importers and exporters to follow, before exporting or importing to other countries, firstly, they must be aware of embargoes. Sometimes the situation even more complicated with the changing of politics of a country. If an embargo situation exists, the blocks the transaction for further processing. The Embargo of 1807 was a series of laws passed by the U. S. Congress 1806–1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson. Britain and France were engaged in a war, the U. S. wanted to remain neutral. The American national-interest goal was to use the new laws to avoid war, one of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo happened during the Napoleonic Wars. In an attempt to cripple the United Kingdom economically, the Continental System – which forbade European nations from trading with the UK – was created, in practice it was not completely enforceable and was as harmful if not more so to the nations involved than to the British. The United States imposed an embargo on Cuba on February 7,1962, referred to by Cuba as el bloqueo, the US embargo on Cuba remains one of the longest-standing embargoes. The embargo was embraced by few of the United States allies, in 1973–1974, Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. China, arms embargo, enacted in response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, enacted 1979, increased through the following years and reached its tightest point in 2010. North Korea, luxury goods, enacted 2006 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, consumer goods, Indonesia, live cattle because of cruel slaughter methods in Indonesia. Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001, under blockade since 2007 due to the large number of illicit arms traffic used to wage war. Syria, arms and imports of oil, EU, US, Australia, Canada and Norway since August 2014, beef, pork, fruit and vegetable produce, poultry, fish, cheese, milk and dairy. On August 13,2015, the embargo was expanded to Albania, Montenegro, Switzerland, Japan, Iceland, federal Republic of Yugoslavia North Vietnam and later Vietnam, trade embargo by the US Republic of Macedonia, complete trade embargo
Embargo
50.
Anaconda Plan
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The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to an outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, the snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. A spearhead, a small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats, should advance rapidly. They would be followed by a traditional army, marching behind them to secure the victories. The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans, when they fell, the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth, Scotts plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War. That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and it was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army. The complete strategy could not be implemented immediately, as no warships of the type imagined for the Mississippi campaign existed, the U. S. Navy was also too small to enforce the blockade in the first months of the war. It would take time to gather and train the forces needed to out the Mississippi thrust. Hence, Scotts plan was subjected to a deal of ridicule. His opponents called for an overland campaign, directed primarily at the Confederate capital of Richmond. Their stated belief was that if a few strongholds were taken, the conflict was not the brief affair that Scotts critics imagined. In the four years of war, the Federal Navy enforced a blockade that certainly weakened the South, the form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days. Consequently, the Anaconda has been rehabilitated, and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincolns strategy throughout. The Anaconda had a development, both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle. The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln and this executive order was not rescinded until the end of the war, so the blockade existed independently of Scotts plan. In the early days of the movement, the status of the border states Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland. All except Delaware had strong pro-Southern interests, because Congress was not in session to authorize Presidential initiatives to suppress the rebellion, the burden of raising troops for the war fell on the loyal state governments. Ohio was particularly active in doing so, and early acquired the services of George B, McClellan, who was to serve as the commander of its militia, with rank Major General of Volunteers
Anaconda Plan
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1861 characterized map of Scott's plan.
Anaconda Plan
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USS Kanawha cutting out a
blockade runner at the entrance to Mobile Bay.
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North Carolina portal
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