1.
Bicameralism
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A bicameral legislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the national legislatures are bicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country and this can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house, some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England. Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility. The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature, the idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence, the Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the fickleness. He noted further that the use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with system and with more wisdom. Madisons argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, the Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, as part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British three-tier model, nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived. An example of controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France. The relationship between the two chambers varies, in cases, they have equal power, while in others. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments, the latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. In the United States both houses of the U. S and this is due to their original location in the two-story building that was to house them. In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister
2.
North Dakota Senate
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The North Dakota Senate is the upper house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly, smaller than the North Dakota House of Representatives. North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census, the 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts, with one senator elected from each district. Elections are staggered such that half the districts have elections every 2 years, the Senate Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota. org
3.
North Dakota House of Representatives
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The North Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly and is larger than the North Dakota Senate. North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census, the 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts. As each district elects 2 Representatives to the House, there are currently 94 Representatives in the House, elections are staggered such that half the districts have elections every 2 years. Originally, the North Dakota Constitution limited members of the North Dakota House of Representatives to two-year terms and that practice continued until 1996, when the voters approved a constitutional amendment that changed the term for representatives to four-years with staggered terms. The amendment went into effect July 1,1997, and was first applied in the 1998 elections, the House Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota. org
4.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
5.
North Dakota Republican Party
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The North Dakota Republican Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the Republican Party. The Partys platform is generally conservative, the North Dakota Republican Party is strongly in control of the states politics. The Party holds nearly all statewide positions in addition to having a supermajority in both houses of the legislature, over the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. The current party chairman is Robert Harms, the state Republican Party has always been a major force in state politics, in many cases having a dominant position. This period ended when the NPL merged with the state Democratic Party, the Party holds its convention in the spring of election years, usually rotating the convention between four of the states largest cities, Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Republicans also hold one of the states U. S. Senate seats and the states At-Large congressional district
6.
North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party
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The North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party of the United States. This political organization is the outcome of a merger of two parties, the state previously had a three-party political system, the North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party has roots in the Progressive Era of American history. Although they did not alter the control of the Republican Party during this era, progressives found support in the Norwegian-settled state, by 1906, Progressive sympathies were growing in opposition to what most saw as complete control of state politics by the railroads of the day. The initial organization and calls for reform laid a foundation that would grow into a statewide socialist workers movement that eventually spread throughout the Midwest. The prewar decade was marked by a series of progressive successes, subsequent years would see the end of Alexander McKenzie and his Republican political machine. By 1908, the first State electoral primaries solidified his retirement and that year the Republican Party, free from McKenzies conservative influence, crafted a progressive party platform. Progressive Democratic Governor John Burke enjoyed support of progressive Republicans, North Dakota again demonstrated its progressive sympathies in 1912, when the state held the first United States Presidential Preference Primary on March 19. North Dakota Republicans favored progressive presidential candidate Robert M, la Follette over Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. P. Because of such opposition, Woodrow Wilson carried the state in November, hanna was elected governor in 1912 and 1914. Once in office, he and his legislative allies halted the creation of a grain elevator. Townley came to Bismarck, North Dakota in 1915, he saw strife between a conservative legislature and farmers interest groups, with his background in organizing farmers for the Socialist Party, Socialist activity had begun in North Dakota in 1900 when Arthur Basset organized a socialist club in Fargo. Townley brought his expertise to North Dakota and he knew that with the recent strife in Bismarck between a conservative legislature and the American Society of Equity and its farm following, the time was ripe for a political revolution. Townley resolved to organize the farmers, so that they could control the primaries and this was the organization of the Farmers Nonpartisan League. The Method of Organization was simple, scientific and successful, organizers carefully went forth in ever increasing numbers to sell the idea to the farmers and to get their support for the new movement. The league grew in leaps and bounds, the first members were pledged in February 1915. Before midsummer, there were 10,000 members, and before winter set-in, the Nonpartisan League membership pledge was $2.50 a year, it later rose to nine dollars a year. The goals of the league were to use their collective best efforts to secure the nomination and election of men for office within the state, the League Program was concise and to the point. The determination of the league fulfilled their pledge and many of their planks passed legislation, the growth of far left sympathies was on the rise in North Dakota
7.
North Dakota State Capitol
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The North Dakota State Capitol is the house of government of the U. S. state of North Dakota. The Capitol, a 21 story tower, is located in Bismarck at 600 East Boulevard Avenue, the capitol building itself and the surrounding office buildings house the states legislative and judicial branches, as well as many government agencies. The State Capitol is largely surrounded by government buildings. The numerous parks, walking trails, and monuments on the grounds give visitors information concerning the states history, six buildings currently exist on the grounds, all were built during various time periods as the government grew. Not all state agencies are housed on the grounds, however, plans for a massive expansion and improvement of the grounds were developed in 2000, but very little of the plan has been implemented as of 2012. The original North Dakota State Capitol building, built between 1883 and 1884, expanded in 1894 and 1903 and which burned to the ground the morning of December 28,1930. The fire was said to have started by oily rags in a janitors closet on the top floor of the main part of the building. The rags had been used to clean and varnish the legislators desks in preparation for the legislative session. North Dakota Secretary of State Robert Byrne was able to save the original copy of the states constitution, another state employee, Jennie Ulsrud, burned her hands when she attempted to save records in the North Dakota State Treasurers office. Governor George F. Shafer came back from his visit to St. Paul, upon arrival, he immediately assembled a team of state legislators and officials to discuss plans for coping with the loss of records and work space. The day after the fire, in an effort to save as many records as possible,40 state prison inmates went to trying to salvage materials from the ruins. The Legislature met temporarily in Bismarcks War Memorial Building and the City Auditorium, the disaster required the construction of a new building during the Great Depression. The tower and wing were built between 1931 and 1934, at a cost of US$2 million, ground was broken for the building by Governor George F. Shafer on August 13,1932. Workers on the building were paid only 30 cents an hour and, after multiple worker strikes, while the new 19-story Capitol building was expected to have plenty of space for years to come, the space quickly filled as the Government of the state expanded. The building originally housed the Bismarck Junior College, but the Legislature purchased it in 1959, the 1960s was a period of rapid development of the grounds. In 1960, the new North Dakota Governors Residence was built on the grounds to replace the old residence which was beginning to deteriorate and it is the last new building built as of 2007, although a Judicial Wing was added onto the base of the Capitol tower in 1977. While the space needed by state government has increased since the construction of the Capitol in the 1930s. Additionally, two parks, Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park, are located on the campus
8.
Bismarck, North Dakota
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Bismarck is the capital of the U. S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County. It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo, the citys population was 61,272 at the 2010 census, while its metropolitan population was 129,517. In 2015, Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest-growing small city in the United States, Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River. It has been North Dakotas capital city since 1889, when the state was created from the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located across the river from Mandan, named after a historic Native American tribe of the area. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area, the North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in central Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city, as a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota. For thousands of years, present-day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples, the historic Mandan Native American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived. The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is mirahacii arumaaguash, the Arikara name is ituhtaáwe and it had been an area of Mandan settlement. Later the new town was called Edwinton, after Edwin Ferry Johnson and its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers. In 1873, the Northern Pacific Railway renamed the city as Bismarck, railroad officials hoped to attract German immigrant settlers to the area and German investment in the railroad. The discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills of South Dakota the following year was an impetus for growth. Thousands of miners came to the area, encroaching on what the Lakota considered sacred territory, Bismarck became a freight-shipping center on the Custer Route from the Black Hills. In 1883 Bismarck was designated as the capital of the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located at 46°48′48″N 100°46′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.23 square miles. The city has developed around downtown Bismarck, the center of historic development and it is distinctive because the citys major shopping center, Kirkwood Mall, is located in the center city rather than in the suburbs. Several other major stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall. The two Bismarck hospitals, St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health are both downtown, the streets are lined with small stores and restaurants, providing numerous amenities. Much recent commercial and residential growth has taken place in the section of the city
