1.
North East Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)
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North East Derbyshire is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Natascha Engel of the Labour Party. This constituency was created in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, until 1910 it was a regularly represented by the Liberal party but since 1935 has remained a Labour safe seat, one of those longest continuously held by that party. In 2010 it became, unusually, a marginal seat, in the past mining and associated industries were an important source of employment, though the former ceased around 1970. At about the time, some ex-mining towns like Dronfield saw much middle class commuter house building in areas like Dronfield Woodhouse. 1885-1918, The Sessional Division of Eckington, and part of the Sessional Division of Chesterfield, 1918-1950, The Urban Districts of Bolsover and Dronfield, the Rural Districts of Clowne and Norton, and part of the Rural District of Chesterfield. 1950-1983, The Urban Districts of Clay Cross and Dronfield, the North East Derbyshire constituency covers the north eastern part of Derbyshire, surrounding Chesterfield on three sides. It covers most of the area of North East Derbyshire District Council, General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915
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Derbyshire
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Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire, in 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, there is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland, 75% of the population live in 25% of the area. Further occupation came with the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age when Mesolithic hunter gatherers roamed the hilly tundra, evidence of these nomadic tribes has been found in limestone caves located on the Nottinghamshire border. Deposits left in the date the occupancy at around 12,000 to 7,000 BCE. Burial mounds of Neolithic settlers are also situated throughout the county and these chambered tombs were designed for collective burial and are mostly located in the central Derbyshire region. There are tombs at Minninglow and Five Wells that date back to between 2000 and 2500 BCE, three miles west of Youlgreave lies the Neolithic henge monument of Arbor Low, which has been dated to 2500 BCE. It is not until the Bronze Age that real signs of agriculture, in the moors of the Peak District signs of clearance, arable fields and hut circles were discovered after archaeological investigation. However this area and another settlement at Swarkestone are all that have been found, during the Roman invasion the invaders were attracted to Derbyshire because of the lead ore in the limestone hills of the area. They settled throughout the county with forts built near Brough in the Hope Valley, later they settled around Buxton, famed for its warm springs, and set up a fort near modern-day Derby in an area now known as Little Chester. Several kings of Mercia are buried in the Repton area, following the Norman Conquest, much of the county was subject to the forest laws. To the northwest was the Forest of High Peak under the custodianship of William Peverel, the rest of the county was bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers, a part of it becoming Duffield Frith. In time the area was given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Meanwhile, the Forest of East Derbyshire covered the county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of Edward I. The main rivers in the county are the River Derwent and the River Dove which both join the River Trent in the south. The varied landscapes within Derbyshires have been formed mainly as a consequence of the underlying geology, the oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In its north-east corner to the east of Bolsover there are also Magnesian Limestone rocks of Permian age, across both regions can be found drift deposits of Quaternary age – mainly terrace and river gravel deposits and boulder clays
3.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
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Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
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East Midlands
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The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. The eastern part of the Midlands, it consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, the region has an area of 15,627 km2, and was home to over 4.5 million people in 2011. The regions relative proximity to London and its connectivity on the national motorway and it is also the location of East Midlands Airport in north Leicestershire. The high point at 636 m is Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of the southern Pennines in northwest Derbyshire near Glossop. Other upland, hilly areas of 95 to 280 m in altitude, together with lakes and reservoirs, rise in and around the Charnwood Forest north of Leicester, and in the Lincolnshire Wolds. The regions major rivers, the Nene, the Soar, the Trent and the Welland, flow in a direction towards the Humber. The Derwent, conversely, rises in the High Peak before flowing south to join the Trent some 2 miles before its conflux with the Soar, the centre of the East Midlands area lies roughly between Bingham, Nottinghamshire and Bottesford, Leicestershire. The geographical centre of England lies in Higham on the Hill in west Leicestershire, some 88% of the land is rural in character, although agriculture accounts for less than three per cent of the regions jobs. Lincolnshire is the only county of the six, with a true North Sea coastline of about 30 miles due to the protection afforded by Spurn Head. Church Flatts Farm in Coton in the Elms, South Derbyshire, is the furthest place from the sea in the UK, in April 1936 the first Ordnance Survey trig point was sited at Cold Ashby in Northamptonshire. The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and The Wildlife Trusts are based next to the River Trent, the National Centre for Earth Observation is at the University of Leicester. The region is home to large quantities of limestone, and the East Midlands Oil Province, Charnwood Forest is noted for its abundant levels of volcanic rock, estimated to be approximately 600 million years old. 25% of the UKs cement is manufactured in the region at three sites in Hope and Tunstead in Derbyshire, and in Ketton Cement Works in Rutland. Of the aggregates that are produced in the region, 25% is from Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire each produce around 30% of the regions sand and gravel output. Barwell in Leicestershire had Britains largest meteorite on 24 December 1965, the 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake was 5.2 magnitude. Rockingham Forest was designated as a hunting forest by William the Conqueror. The National Forest is a project in central England run by The National Forest Company. It stretches from the outskirts of Leicester in the east to Burton upon Trent in the west
6.
Ceremonial counties of England
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The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that areas that were part of an administrative county would be part of the county for all purposes. The greatest change was the creation of the County of London, which was both an administrative county and a county, it included parts of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent. Other differences were small and resulted from the constraint that urban sanitary districts were not permitted to straddle county boundaries, apart from Yorkshire, counties that were subdivided nevertheless continued to exist as ceremonial counties. In 1974, administrative counties and county boroughs were abolished, at this time, Lieutenancy was redefined to use the new metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties directly. Following a further rearrangement in 1996, Avon, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester, Cleveland was partitioned between North Yorkshire and Durham. Hereford and Worcester was divided into the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Humberside was split between Lincolnshire and a new county of East Riding of Yorkshire. Rutland was restored as a ceremonial county, many county boroughs were re-established as unitary authorities, this involved establishing the area as an administrative county, but usually not as a ceremonial county. Most ceremonial counties are therefore entities comprising local authority areas, as they were from 1889 to 1974, the Association of British Counties, a traditional counties lobbying organisation, has suggested that ceremonial counties be restored to their ancient boundaries, as nearly as practicable. In present-day England, the ceremonial counties correspond to the shrieval counties, the Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines counties for the purposes of lieutenancies in terms of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties as well as Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. Although the term is not used in the Act, these counties are known as ceremonial counties. gov. uk
7.
Wingerworth
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Wingerworth is a large village and parish in North East Derbyshire, England. Its population, according to the 2011 Census, was 6,533. Wingerworth is 3 miles southwest of the town of Chesterfield,15 miles south of Sheffield and 150 miles north of London, the settlements of Tupton, Clay Cross, Grassmoor and Ashover are nearby. Wingerworth is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a community of fourteen houses of freemen, in the book it is called Wingreurde, an Anglo-Saxon name meaning Kings Land. For the bulk of the Middle Ages, the lords of Wingerworth Manor were the Brailsfords, after their stewardship, the lordship descended in a relatively uncertain manner to the Curzons of Kedleston Hall until finally coming under the lordship of the Hunloke Family. The seat of the Hunloke Family was at Wingerworth Hall, which was demolished in 1927 to make way for housing developments, the Hall was also used as a Roundhead garrison during the English Civil War. Wingerworth has two coeducational, non-denominational primary schools, both have around 200 to 300 pupils, drawn from the area and surrounding villages. The schools have friendly rivalry in sports such as football, cricket, tag rugby, Wingerworth also has two pre-schools and nurseries in New Road Nursery and Hunloke Park school for children aged between 2–4 years. Secondary education is provided in nearby Tupton, at Tupton Hall secondary school. North East Derbyshire District Councils administrative headquarters, and their arms length management company, there are several small shops in Wingerworth such as, SPAR and Nisa /Post Office English Fish and Chip Takeaway Chinese Takeaway Two hairdressing salons Greengrocers shop. Wingerworth also has a Doctors Surgery and a Pharmacy, there are several parks and recreation grounds situated in Wingerworth, as well as good examples of English Woodland rich with wildlife. There are three pubs in the village, The Barley Mow, The Smithy Pond, and The Wngerworth, Football is the main sport played in Wingerworth and there are several local football teams competing in District leagues. The WJSA is a football association that play in the Rowsley league and has many different teams for both boys and girls. Wingerworth has a Football Pitch, a Cricket Field, several Tennis Courts, there are many clubs and groups in the village for all ages, including the 3rd Wingerworth Scout Group for young people aged between 6 and 14, and Wingerworth Wobblers Running Club. The village also has a well-established Cricket Club who won Division 7N of the Derbyshire County League in 2013, martial arts clubs are also run within Wingerworth for people of all ages to participate in. All Saints Church, Wingerworth OFSTED Reports for Wingerworth schools and nurseries, Website of The 3rd Wingerworth Scout Group. New Road Nursery, Wingerworth Website After School Care in Wingerworth
8.
Local government in England
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The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections, some areas have only one level of local government. Most of Greater London is governed by London borough councils, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are sui generis authorities, pre-dating recent reforms of local government. There are 57 single tier authorities,55 unitary authorities The City of London Corporation The Council of the Isles of Scilly There are 34 upper tier authorities, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple are also local authorities for some purposes. Below the district level, a district may be divided into civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks and they also have a consultative role in planning. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment, for example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 they could legally be created, in addition, among the rural parishes, two share a joint parish council and two have no council but are governed by an annual parish meeting. The current arrangement of local government in England is the result of a range of measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the structure of government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic, Councils have historically had no split between executive and legislature. Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council, the post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is a position with no real power. This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, There was a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils can adopt a modified committee system. In 2012, principle councils began returning to Committee systems, under the Localism Act 2011, There are now 16 directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Several of the mayors originally elected were independents, since May 2002, only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held
9.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
10.
Dennis Skinner
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Dennis Edward Skinner is a British Labour politician who has been Member of Parliament for Bolsover since 1970. He was Chairman of the Labour Party from 1988–1989 and served as a member of its National Executive Committee and he is known for his left-wing views and for never missing a Commons session. He is consideredto have an acerbic wit and he is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group of Labour MPs. Born in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, Skinner is the third of nine children of coal miner Edward Skinner, Skinner attended Tupton Hall Grammar School after passing the eleven-plus a year early. He worked in the mines from 1949 to 1970, at Parkhouse Colliery in Clay Cross until it closed in 1962 and he joined the Labour Party in 1956. After his 20 year career as a miner, Skinner became a member of Derbyshire County Council where he worked between 1964 and 1970 and he was also Clay Cross councillor from 1960 to 1970. He was president of the Derbyshire area of the National Union of Mineworkers between 1966 and 1970 and he attended Ruskin College in his thirties, after attending a preparatory course run by the NUM at the University of Sheffield. Skinner was first elected MP for the safe Labour seat of Bolsover at the 1970 general election and has retained it since then and he was a strong supporter of the National Union of Mineworkers and its leader Arthur Scargill in the 1984-85 miners strike. On 20 January 1989, he talked out a move to reduce the number of weeks at which termination of a pregnancy can be performed in Britain by moving a writ for the Richmond by-election. On 7 June 1985, he talked out a bill by Enoch Powell which would have banned stem cell research by moving a writ for a by-election in Brecon, in 2000, Skinner denounced former ally Ken Livingstone, at the time a Labour MP. To me thats as low as you can get and he contrasted Livingstone with the official Labour candidate, Frank Dobson, saying that Dobson was a bloke and a half. Not someone with an ego as big as a house, Skinner said Livingstone would hit the headlines, but youll never be able to trust him because hes broken his pledge and his loyalty to his party. The personality cult of the ego does not work down a coal mine, in 2007, Skinner and 88 other Labour MPs voted against the governments policy of renewing the Trident Nuclear Missile System. Skinner supported David Miliband in the 2010 Labour leadership election, which was won by Davids brother, in March 2011, he was one of 15 MPs who voted against British participation in NATOs Libya intervention. He stated in 2014 that he has never sent an email, Skinner was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. He later supported Corbyn, alongside the majority of Labour MPs, in voting against the extension of RAF airstrikes against Islamic State of Iraq, Skinner voted for Britain to leave the European Union. He favours outright abolition of the House of Lords and this is due to the way seniority is calculated, when two or more MPs were elected on the same day, the one who was sworn in first is considered to be the more senior. Skinner stated in 2015, that he would not accept the honorific title, Skinner has been suspended from Parliament on at least ten occasions, usually for unparliamentary language when attacking opponents
11.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
Non-metropolitan district
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Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially shire districts, are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties in a two-tier arrangement, in the 1990s, several non-metropolitan counties were created that are unitary authorities and also have non-metropolitan district status. A third category is the districts of Berkshire, which are districts that are unitary authorities. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have a structure of local government. Most non-metropolitan counties have a county council, and also have several districts, many districts have borough status, which means the local council is called a Borough Council instead of District Council and gives them the right to appoint a Mayor. Borough status is granted by charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status, granted by letters patent, by 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs, county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs. This system was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972, non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside of Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts, initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in the two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 201. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county, in Wales, an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996. In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with a unitary system of local government. Since the areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, a similar system existed in Scotland, which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system. In England 200 out of the 201 non-metropolitan district councils are represented by the District Councils Network, special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association. The network’s purpose is to “act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for ‘local’ people. ”This is a list of non-metropolitan counties. Some non-metropolitan districts are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties, making them unitary authorities and these are excluded from this list as is Berkshire which has no county council. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs and this is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganizations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. It does not include districts that still exist after becoming an authority or those that transferred from one county to another
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England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
15.
Chesterfield
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Chesterfield is a market town and a borough in Derbyshire, England. It lies 24 miles north of Derby and 11 miles south of Sheffield, the borough – which includes the settlements of Whittington, Brimington and Staveley – had a population of 103,800 in 2011. Chesterfield is the second largest town in the county of Derbyshire. Archaeological examination of the town has traced its beginnings to the 1st century AD and the construction of a Roman fort, later an Anglo-Saxon village grew up on the site. The name Chesterfield derives from the Anglo-Saxon words caester and feld, Chesterfield received its market charter in 1204. It still has a moderately sized market of about 250 stalls held three days a week, the town sits on a large coalfield, which formed a major part of the areas economy until the 1980s. Little visual evidence of the remains today. The towns best known landmark is the Church of St Mary and All Saints, popularly known for its crooked spire, Chesterfield was in the Hundred of Scarsdale. The town received its charter in 1204 from King John. The charter constituted the town as a borough, granting the burgesses of Chesterfield the same privileges as those of Nottingham. In 1266, it was the site of the Battle of Chesterfield, elizabeth I granted a charter of incorporation in 1594, creating a corporation consisting of a mayor, six aldermen, six brethren, and twelve capital burgesses. This remained the governing charter until the borough was reformed under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, the borough originally consisted only of the township of Chesterfield, but it was extended in 1892 to parts of some surrounding townships. In 1920 there was an extension when the borough absorbed New Whittington. Chesterfield benefited greatly from the building of the Chesterfield Line – part of the Derby to Leeds railway, during the work, a sizeable seam of coal was discovered during the construction of the Clay Cross Tunnel. This and the local ironstone were promptly exploited by Stephenson, who set up a company in Clay Cross to trade in the minerals, during his time in Chesterfield, Stephenson lived at Tapton House, and remained there until his death in 1848. He is interred in Trinity Church, in 2006, a statue of Stephenson was erected outside Chesterfield railway station. Chesterfield is located on the confluence and valleys of the River Rother and River Hipper at the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield. The town also lies in the foothills of the Pennines
16.
Bolsover District
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Bolsover is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. The district council is a non-constituent partner member of the Sheffield City Region Combined Authority, the population of this district council in the 2011 Census was 75,866. There are fourteen town and parish councils within the district, the current district boundaries date from 1 April 1974, when the urban district of Bolsover was merged with Blackwell Rural District and Clowne Rural District. Bolsover District Council is elected every four years, with currently 37 councillors being elected at each election
17.
Amber Valley
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Amber Valley is a local government district and borough in Derbyshire, England. It takes its name from the River Amber and covers an area with a number of small towns whose economy was formerly based on coal mining and engineering. The parliamentary constituency of Amber Valley covers a similar area, the Local Authority population at the 2011 Census was 122,309. The village of Crich and the Amber Valley area were the setting for the ITV drama series Peak Practice, elections to the borough council are held in three out of every four years, with one third of the 45 seats on the council being elected at each election. The council has been controlled by the Conservative party since they gained control from the Labour party at the 2000 election except for a year after the 2014 election. The district was granted borough status in 1988
18.
Derbyshire Dales
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Derbyshire Dales /ˈdɑːrbᵻʃə deɪlz/ or /ˈdɑːrbiʃɪər deɪlz/ is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. The population of the district as taken at the 2011 Census was 71,116, much of the district is situated in the Peak District, although most of its population lies along the River Derwent. The borough borders the districts of High Peak, Amber Valley, North East Derbyshire and South Derbyshire in Derbyshire, the district also lies within the Sheffield City Region, and the district council is a non-constituent partner member of the Sheffield City Region Combined Authority. A significant amount of the population is employed in Sheffield and Chesterfield. The district offices are in Matlock and it was formed on 1 April 1974, originally under the name of West Derbyshire. The district adopted its current name in 1988, the district was a merger of Ashbourne, Bakewell, Matlock and Wirksworth urban districts along with Ashbourne Rural District and Bakewell Rural District. Following their review of representation in Derbyshire, the Boundary Commission for England has formed a new constituency called Derbyshire Dales. Derbyshire Dales District Council is elected every four years, with currently 39 councillors being elected at each election, the Conservative party has had a majority on the council since 1976, apart from a four-year period between 1995 and the 1999 election when no party had a majority
19.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
20.
Rotherham
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Iron Age and Roman settlements dot the area covered by the district, including a small Roman fort to the south-west in the upper flood meadow of the Don. Rotherham was founded in the very early Middle Ages and its name is from Old English hām homestead, estate, meaning homestead on the Rother. The river name was carried into Old English from Brittonic branch of Celtic words, ro- over, chief and duβr water, thus main river and it established itself as a Saxon market town, on a Roman road near a forded part of the River Don. By the late Saxon period, Rotherham was at the centre of a parish on the Dons banks. Following the Norman Conquest an absentee lord held the most inhabited manor, the manors other resources were a church, four loosely called acres of meadow, and seven of woodland. Rotherham had a mill valued at a half of one pound sterling. His successors, the De Vesci family, rarely visited the town and did not build a castle but maintained a Friday market and a fair. In the mid 13th century, John de Vesci and Ralph de Tili gave all their possessions in Rotherham to Rufford Abbey, the monks collected tithes from the town and gained rights to an extra market day on Monday and to extend the annual fair from two to three days. The townsmen of Rotherham formed the Greaves of Our Ladys Light and it was suppressed in 1547 but revived in 1584 as the feoffees of the common lands of Rotherham, and remains in existence. In the 1480s the Rotherham-born Archbishop of York, Thomas Rotherham, instigated the building of a College of Jesus or Jesus College, Rotherham to rival the colleges of Cambridge and Oxford. It was the first brick building in what is now South Yorkshire and taught theology, religious chant and hymns, grammar, the College and new parish church of All Saints made Rotherham an enviable and modern town at the turn of the 16th century. The college was dissolved in 1547 in the reign of Edward VI, very little remains of the original building in College Street. Walls of part of the College of Jesus are encased within number 23 and Nos 2 and its fragments of walls are the earliest surviving brick structure in South Yorkshire and are remains of the key institution to Rotherhams growth into a town of regional significance. Sixty years after the Colleges dissolution Rotherham was described by a visitor as falling from a fashionable college town to having admitted gambling. The history of Thomas Rotherham and education in the town are remembered in the name of Thomas Rotherham College, the region had been exploited for iron since Roman times, but it was coal that first brought the Industrial Revolution to Rotherham. In the early Industrial Revolution major uses of iron demanded good local ore and established processing skills for iron strength, qualities found in Rotherhams smelting plants, Iron, and later steel, became the principal industry in Rotherham, surviving into the 20th century. Rotherhams cast iron industry expanded rapidly in the early 19th century, perrot, W. H. Micklethwait and John and Richard Corker of the Ferham Works. The Parkgate Ironworks was established in 1823 by Sanderson and Watson, in 1854, Samuel Beal & Co produced wrought iron plates for Isambard Kingdom Brunels famous steamship the SS Great Eastern
21.
South Yorkshire
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South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and it has an area of 1,552 square kilometres and consists of four metropolitan boroughs, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 with Barnsley as its county town. The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the UK, South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshires two largest cities. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant, South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic house dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period, the main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north, there were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield. The proximity of the iron and coal made this an ideal place for steel manufacture. Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists National Union. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report, the Royal Commissions 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. Redcliffe-Mauds recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970, the Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council had been running since elections in 1973, South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements
22.
Sheffield City Region Combined Authority
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The Sheffield City Region Combined Authority is the combined authority for South Yorkshire in England. It is an authority with powers over transport, economic development. The chair of the authority is Sir Steve Houghton, the leader of Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, the combined authority does not formally cover all of the Sheffield City Region. It does not include areas of northern Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire which are part of the city region, however the district councils of those areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire are represented on the combined authority as non-constituent members. In order to create a combined authority the local authorities in the area must undertake a governance review. The government rejected this name as misleading and inappropriate, the order presented to parliament to create the authority referred to it as the Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and Sheffield Combined Authority. The authority has adopted the corporate name Sheffield City Region Combined Authority. The authority consists of the four local authorities of South Yorkshire as constituent members, membership numbers are weighted to ensure a majority of South Yorkshire members and non-constituent members may be excluded from some votes. The membership of the authority is as follows, Sheffield City Region Sheffield City Region Combined Authority Sheffield City Region Local Enterprise Partnership
23.
Ashover
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Ashover is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. It is in the North East Derbyshire district of the county, the population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 1,905. It sits in a valley, not far from the town of Matlock, the centre of the village is a conservation area. The River Amber flows through the village, the two major roads, running through the parish, are the A632 from Matlock to Chesterfield, and the A615 from Matlock to Alfreton. The area along that part of the A615 is named Doehole, the picnic site provides a good base to explore the local Public Rights of Way. Circular walks are waymarked from the car park, a leaflet is available by contacting the County Council, there is public access into many of the adjacent Forestry Commission owned woodlands. The site has plants including heather and bilberry, fallgate is a hamlet beside the River Amber, in the south-east corner of the parish, off the B6036 to Woolley Moor and Handley. Known in Saxon times as Essovre, Ashover was probably in existence during the first taxation survey of England by King Alfred in 893 and it had previously had a taxable value of four pounds, but it was revalued at thirty shillings. Ashover was the scene of a confrontation between the Royalists and the Roundheads during the English Civil War in the 17th century, the Roundheads, short of ammunition, demolished the windows of the church and used the lead to make bullets. They also reduced nearby Eastwood Hall to ruins, all that can be seen today are the ivy-clad remains, Royalists slaughtered livestock and drank all the wine and ale in the cellars of Eddlestow Hall while the owner Sir John Pershall was away. Job Wall, the landlord of the Crispin Inn public house, refused entry to the army, but they threw him out and drank the ale, pouring what was left down the street. Outside, affixed to the front wall of the pub is a signboard with a history of the inn, ashovers industrial history is linked with lead mining and quarrying, both of which date back to Roman times. Butts Quarry is a large disused example, previously excavated by the Clay Cross Company for its works three miles away, during the Second World War, prisoners of war held at Clay Cross were taken daily to the quarry to make concrete blocks. It is now home to a range of different species. Part of the village was home to the frame knitting industry. The area is called Rattle, which is believed to be a reference to the noise made by the machinery, electricity came to the valley in the 1920s, but the village was not connected to the National Grid until a decade later. Some outlying settlements were not connected until after the Second World War and it was not until 1967 that gas street lights were replaced by electric lighting. Until 1963, there was a hydro in the village, sourcing its own water supply from a tank on a hillside
24.
Barlow, Derbyshire
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Barlow is a village and civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 884, the village is about 3 miles north-west of Chesterfield. The village holds a well dressing and a carnival. There are a number of pubs in the including the Hare and Hounds, The Peacock at Barlow. The village church is named after St Lawrence, Barlow Woodseats Hall, on the edge of the village, is the only manor house in the parish and dates from the 17th century. William Owtram was born here in 1626
25.
Calow
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Calow is a small village and civil parish in the county of Derbyshire in England. The population of the village at the 2011 United Kingdom Census was 2,494, Calow is in the North East Derbyshire local government district of Derbyshire and is located immediately adjacent to the larger market town of Chesterfield. The origins of the date back to 1086, when it was known as Kalehal. In 1430 it was known as Calell, then Calo in 1561 before acquiring its present name and it is recorded that there was a manor house which belonged to the king around the same time that the Domesday Book was compiled. The manor was in the possession of the families of Breton, Loudham and Foljambe. Coal and iron were worked in the village and for some time blast furnaces were in operation, coal mined in Calow supplied furnaces in the nearby village of Duckmanton. Calow is now considered a suburb of Chesterfield, even though it is not in the towns borough and it is a popular place to live due to its convenient location. The Royal Hospital, built just outside the boundaries of Calow, was opened in 1986, amenities in Calow include, shops, a post office, a small park, a chemist, a primary school and a community centre. Methodist minister the Revd Kathleen Richardson took as her title Baroness Richardson of Calow, after the village, Baroness Richardson was the subject of an edition BBC Radio 4 programme Lords A Living. The programme, broadcast in January 2011, reflected on the Baroness returning to visit the village in which she spent her childhood, the village Scout Group, was formed by the Reverend C. W. Handford in 1933. The group celebrated its 75th Anniversary in 2008 with a number of events, some of which were attended by Mr. Clifford Parker, the group has established international links with groups in Canada and Australia. The Pipe-field is a location in Calow. Named as such due to a pipe runs under the field and is exposed towards one end
26.
Clay Cross
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Clay Cross is a former industrial and mining town. It is a parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. It is directly on the A61, the former Roman road Ryknield Street, surrounding settlements include North Wingfield, Tupton, Pilsley and Ashover. The High Street was built over a pre-dating Roman road, that may have been called Rykneild street, the discovery of coal in the area, introduced the village to the Industrial Revolution. Packhorses at first transported the blackgold over the Peaks on a road opened in 1756 between the iron foundries of Derby and Sheffield. A map of 1833 showed Thanet Street and Clay Lane, the railway mania of 1840s witnessed expansion northwards facilitated by the Clay Cross tunnel dug in 1837-38. Whilst tunnelling over a mile underground they discovered vast quantities of commercial grade coal, Clay Cross became a boom town. The Liverpool Party of Stephenson engineers formed the Clay Cross Company in 1839 which they funded from their considerable resources, as well as sinking a number of shafts with colliery support, there were coke oven works, brickworks, limeworks, irons furnaces and foundry. The ductile pipe was developed into an internationally sold product, making Clay Cross renowned for its iron and coal industry worldwide. Although the company had formed to mine coal and manufacture coke from the railway, the supplies from Durham were preferred. When Stephenson died in 1848 his son, Robert, took over, in 1871 the Jackson family acquired 100% of the stocks and shares. They continued as owners until 1974, for many years, the company was the towns major employer. In 1985 Biwater took it over, in December 2000 Biwater sold the site to French company, Saint-Gobain. Some months later, it was closed down with the loss of around 750 jobs, demolition of the vast Biwater site began in late 2008, and new houses and shops are appearing in the town. In 1925 the Ashover Light Railway was opened to minerals from the quarries at Ashover Butts to the Clay Cross Company at Egstow. The passenger services on the narrow line were closed in 1936. In 1840 the Stephensons built Eldon House as its office headquarters, the Stephensons also built more than 400 miners cottages. In addition they set up schools and consecrated new churches
27.
Dronfield
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Dronfield is a town in North East Derbyshire in the North Midlands region of England. It comprises the three communities of Dronfield, Dronfield Woodhouse and Coal Aston and it is sited in the valley of the small River Drone, and lies between the town of Chesterfield and the city of Sheffield. The Peak District National Park lies 3 miles to the west, the towns name means open land infested with drones. The town is known to have been in prior to the 1086 Domesday Book. In 1662 Charles II granted the town a market, although this later ceased, the industrial history of the town includes coal mining, the wool trade, the production of soap and steel, and engineering. Today a range of manufacturing firms still operate within the town, Dronfields population has increased dramatically in post-war years from 6,500 in 1945 to its current size of just over 21,000. The football ground to the north of the town is currently the home of Sheffield F. C. the worlds oldest football club, Dronfield was in existence before the 1086 Domesday Book, though little is known about its early history. It suffered after the Norman conquest when William the Conqueror sought to bring the North of England under control and its name derives from the Old English drān and feld, meaning open land infested with drones. The Church of St John the Baptist was built by 1135 when Oscot was rector, the Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary was established in 1349 in the hall of the chantry priests. However, due to the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the subsequent suppression of the guilds and chantries in 1547, it became a local inn which still operates today as the Green Dragon Inn. During the 16th century Dronfield with its sheep farmers had a significant number of working in the wool trade, engaged in spinning and weaving and also the production. Soaper Lane, being next to the river, was the centre of the soap-making and tanning industry in the town, with a dye works also situated there. In 1662 Dronfield was granted a market by Charles II, but in the 18th century, due to the proximity of Sheffield and Chesterfield, further mines were opened at Coal Aston in 1785 and Carr Lane in Dronfield Woodhouse in 1795. The town also benefited from trade with the mining and grindstone industries in the Peak District. The wealth of the Rotheram family, who became the Lords of the Manor of Dronfield, was based on the lead trade, the Wilson-Cammell steelworks was built in the town in 1872-3, following the completion of the Midland Main Line through the town in April 1869. Bessemer steel was first blown at the site in March 1873, steelworkers and their families moved too. It is estimated that 1,500 townspeople made the trip to Workington, dronnies, as the people of Workington called the newcomers, formed Workington AFC in 1888. The historic Victorian quadrangle and library, as well as the sixth-form block, the remains of the modern school were subsequently demolished and mobile cabins were used as classrooms until 1996 when the school was rebuilt
28.
Eckington, Derbyshire
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Eckington is a town in North East Derbyshire,7 miles northeast of Chesterfield and 8.5 miles southeast of Sheffield on the border with South Yorkshire. It lies on the B6052 and B6056 roads close to the A6135 for Sheffield and it had a 2001 population of 11,152, increasing to 11,855 at the 2011 Census. Ten Roman coins discovered in December 2008, near Eckington Cemetery may be evidence of a Roman settlement or road in the area, the oldest of the silver and copper coins is from the reign of the emperor Domitian while the others are from the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. Eckington is recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Echintune, some parts of the parish church of St Peter and St Paul date to 1100. George Sitwell, son of George and Mary was baptised in 1601 in Eckington, georges father died whilst he was a child but as an adult he acquired the freehold of land in Eckington and exploited it by mining iron ore. In 1625, he built Renishaw Hall which is now owned by Sir Reresby Sitwells daughter, Alexandra and her family. Sitwell exploited the minerals beneath his estate, chiefly iron and built a blast furnace at Plumbley a mile north west of Eckington in the 1630s with his mothers second husband, Henry Wigfall. In 1652 Sitwell built a furnace at Foxbrooke, close to Renishaw, Sitwell made saws at Pleasley and in 1656, installed a rolling and slitting mill at Renishaw to supply the rod iron used by numerous local nailmakers. During the Industrial Revolution coal and iron ore were mined and local streams, the Sitwells built a large foundry and ironworks. Scythes, sickles and nails were made in the town for local use, the Moss Brook was dammed to provide water power at eight sites including ChapelWheel, Carlton Wheel and Fields Wheel, to grind the blades. The remains of an old forge and drift mines exist in the valley, Eckington had a coal mine in the eastern part of the town, one of the very few in the country which is still operated. In November there was a fair for servants. Historically, Eckington was a parish in the hundred of Scarsdale in Derbyshire. After 1837 it was in the Chesterfield Poor Law Union, Eckington covers an area of 2089 acres. The geology is the coal measures containing coal and ironstone, the Chesterfield Canal and Midland Railway passed through the parish. The Moss Brook is a tributary of the River Rother, the oldest school in Eckington is Camms CE Primary School. In 1702, Thomas Camm endowed a schoolhouse and a schoolmaster to teach 24 poor children in the parish, in 1832, Robert Harrison moved the school to a new building which cost £600, and it was moved again to its current location on Castle Hill in 1975. Eckington School, is a comprehensive school, attracting pupils from the surrounding areas of Killamarsh, Renishaw, Beighton, Ridgeway
29.
Grassmoor
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Grassmoor is a village in Derbyshire, England, approximately three miles to the south of Chesterfield. Its original name, according to 16th-century parish records, was Gresmore, the appropriate civil parish is called Grassmoor, Hasland and Winswick. The population of civil parish at the 2011 Census was 3,360. Grassmoor formally housed many miners, however all of the mines in the area have been closed since the mid-eighties. Opposite Grassmoor Primary School is Barnes Park and cricket pitch, many local cricket matches are played on the park and it is also host to an annual Summer Fete. Grassmoor Parish Council covers the village of Grassmoor and also the areas of Winsick, the area covered by this Parish when combined with the area covered by the Parish of Temple Normanton forms Grassmoor district electoral ward. The Parish is part of Sutton county electoral division, the Five Pits Trail is a five and half mile off-road surfaced route from Grassmoor Country Park to Tibshelf Ponds. The Five Pits Trail is so named as it 5 mines that interlink local coal mines Coalfields, the former collieries had a long death, with deep mines gradually being replaced by huge opencast workings, which had a lifespan of less than 20 years. Reclamation and conservation over the past 30 years have seen spoil tips and wasteland replaced by hay meadows, areas of water have attracted upwards of 200 species of birds. The bird reserves at Williamthorpe Ponds are partially filled by water pumped at a constant 10 °C which attracts many birds, Grassmoor lagoons were formed in spoil tips at the former Grassmoor Colliery, which operated on the site from the 1840s until its closure in 1967. When British Coal opened the Avenue Coking Works nearby, it used the area to treat waste liquid from the coking works. During this time, large amounts of coal tar sludge from the works settled in the lagoons, the Avenue Coking Works closed in 1993, and Derbyshire County Council took over the lagoons site later the same year. Derbyshire County Council owns the Grassmoor Lagoons site and has secured funding to remediate the lagoons area, once this is achieved, the council intends to incorporate the area back into the Grassmoor Country Park. Paul Burrell grew up in the village, before eventually becoming Diana, some of his family still live in the village. Grassmoor is home to Grassmoor Primary School, which is government funded, Grassmoor Community center, where community events sometimes take place such as small fairs. Media related to Grassmoor at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Holmesfield
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Holmesfield is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 971. The name Holmesfield means raised pasture-land and is of Norse and Anglo-Saxon origin, viking influences are also evident with many road names suffixed by gate, the old Norse word for way. Holmesfield is mentioned in the Domesday Book as one of the manors belonging to Walter DAincourt. John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville, was in 1645 ordered to pay an annuity to the Vicar of Holmesfield Church, as part his fine, st Swithins parish church can be seen from much of the surrounding area. The main church was built in 1826 but has seen further work in recent years with the vicarage being added in 1999. Still visible in the grounds are the remains of a cross from around 641 AD. Holmesfield is sited at approximately 800 feet above sea level on the edge of the Peak District National Park, the parish includes a number of farming hamlets such as Millthorpe situated in the neighbouring Cordwell Valley. Within Holmesfield civil parish are 43 structures that are listed by Historic England for their historic or architectural interest, none is listed as Grade I but there are five structures that are listed as Grade II*. The other structures, including Woodthorpe Hall and the church, are listed as Grade II. Notable people who live or have lived in Holmesfield parish include, Edward Carpenter, socialist and poet, robert Murray Gilchrist, novelist, lived and died at Cartledge Hall, buried in the parish churchyard. Ward, activist for rights, co-founder of the Clarion Ramblers in Sheffield. Holmesfield has a hall, a riding school, a Victorian-built primary school. There are three pubs within the village and a further three elsewhere within the parish, the village no longer has a shop or post office. Holmesfield in the Domesday Book Media related to Holmesfield at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Holymoorside
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Holymoorside is a small village in North East Derbyshire, England, approximately two miles west of Chesterfield. It is located at 53.21 North, -1.49 West, the civil parish is called Hoymoorside and Walton. The population of this parish taken at the 2011 Census was 2,223, close to the boundary of the Peak District National Park, Chatsworth House lies seven miles to the west of the village. Holymoorside once hosted four public houses but only two remain, The Lamb Inn and The Bulls Head. The Lamb Inn was part of a butchers business dating back to 1851, the Bulls Head has roots dating back to 1881. The Old Star, a pub on Loads Road but now a private residence dating back to 1820, was notorious for the suicide, by cutting the throat. Its owners, Chesterfield Borough Council, sold the pub at auction in April 1921, dickens secured the sale with a bid of £1500. The Old Star closed in 1959 with a newspaper report at the time stating that it had been licensed for 300 years. The Woodmans Arms was an alehouse, which only sold beer, as the name suggests, the landlords main occupation was a woodcutter and timber merchant. The earliest mention of the premises in the trade directories was in 1862. Now a private residence, the building stands as Sycamore House. The village has three churches, reflecting the history of the Holy Moor. There is a grocer, newsagent and weekly Post Office at the village hall. The oldest building in the village is Hipper Hall, an early 17th-century farmhouse with an even older tithe barn, the original school was built in 1874 largely at the expense of the millowners, the Manlove family. The Manloves were proprietors of the cotton mill which was built towards the end of the 18th century. This mill employed many of the women and girls of the village, whilst the men, after 1902 the site was demolished, and in 1930 a row of houses called Riverside Crescent replaced the mill. The traditional Derbyshire custom of dressing is maintained in Holymoorside. Holymoorside and Walton Arts Festival Society arrange events throughout the year, since 2009, the local Derbyshire County Council representative has been Mr Stuart Ellis who is a member of the Conservative Party
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Holmewood
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Holmewood is a village in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, being a former coal mining village with close links to the villages of Heath, North Wingfield and Temple Normanton. It is in the parish of Heath and Holmewood. The village of Holmewood was formed as a residence by The Williamthorpe Colliery Company from 1905 until 1970, the colliery was the main employer of the village and upon its closure, caused much unemployment within the area. This industrial estate has now expanded to cover a larger area and is known as the Holmewood Enterprise Zone. Due to EU Government incentives, the site attracts high levels of investment from national-level companies, currently the village is undergoing some big changes with new developments and an expansion of new housing. There is also a park on the site, which is known as the Five Pits Trail. The area contains several ponds that, once polluted, are now havens for wildlife and are popular with anglers and birdwatchers. The village has small shops, public houses, churches. The closest ally to the village of Holmewood are in the nearest village of Heath, media related to Holmewood at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Killamarsh
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Killamarsh is a town and civil parish in North East Derbyshire, bordering Sheffield and South Yorkshire to the North West. Killamarsh was mentioned in the Domesday Book with the name Chinewoldemaresc or Chinewolde meaning Cynewalds Marsh, there are a number of smaller communities within the town. Norwood, Nethergreen, Westthorpe and Upperthorpe surround the town centre. The parish church of St. Giles contains gravestones dating back to the Saxon era as well as work from the 12th century. A number of houses in Killamarsh are over 300 years old. Domesday records Killamarsh as belonging to Hascoit Musard and being valued at 12 pence, the community originally grew from a farming community, self-sufficient in agricultural and dairy produce since the Middle Ages. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Killamarsh became a mining town as the burgeoning Sheffield iron industry demanded coal. The last two pits, Westthorpe and High Moor, are now gone, casualties of the early 1980s pit closure programme, the river Rother which flanks Killamarsh had provided power to grain mills since the earliest times and was used by ironmongers and smiths from the late 18th century. Killamarsh Forge drew the special wire used in the core of the 2nd trans-Atlantic telegraph cable laid by the SS Great Eastern in 1866 as well as equipment used in the splicing operations. There is an estate located in the Norwood area north of the town and light industrial units. To the west of Killamarsh is an animal feed mill, and the factory of Ross and Catherall. Killamarsh is situated on the side of the Rother Valley. The centre of Killamarsh can be defined as the junction where Bridge Street meets Sheffield Road, the surrounding area which contains the shops and businesses on Sheffield Road and Bridge Street are commonly known as the village by locals. Progressing southwards up Sheepcote Hill and he communities of Upperthorpe and Westthorpe lie to the east, in earlier times these were distinctively separate from the village centre but it is now difficult to define where the boundaries between the three actually are. To the west of the centre is Netherthorpe, which encompasses the area around the railway lines. The centre to south west of Killamarsh is dominated by housing estates built post-war, the Rowan Tree Road area contains roads of mostly semidetached builds on roads which are named primarily after trees. Killamarshs estate of pre-fabricated mostly council homes - dubbed the White City, is adjacent, Norwood is in the north of the town and surrounds the main road which leads to Waleswood. Between this and Upperthorpe is Church Town and Nether Green which surround the Kirkcroft Lane area, out on the far eastern boundaries is High Moor, which due to its significant distance from the rest of Killamarsh is often described as a village in its own right
34.
Morton, Derbyshire
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Morton is a civil parish and village, three miles north of Alfreton in North East Derbyshire, Derbyshire, England. The civil parish population at the 2011 Census was 1,195, a hoard of Roman coins found between Hagg House Farm and Morton Lodge Farm is the first evidence of human activity in the Morton area. The manor of Morton remained in the ownership of the Deincourts until the line died out. The Sitwells disposed of the Morton estate in 1912, the Midland Railway opened a station at Doe Hill in 1862. In 1865 George Stephensons Clay Cross Company opened their first colliery in Morton, most of the houses now in Morton were built to house the colliery workers. See separate sections below for history of church, school and colliery, according to the roadsigns entering Morton, the village is the geographical centre of England. Morton has a claim to be at the centre of England as it is midway along the longest North – South Axis and is midway between the Welsh border and the East Coast. The Ordnance Survey define Fenny Drayton to be the Geographical centre of England, historically Meriden has been regarded as the centre of England for over 200 years, despite being closer to the South Coast than it is to Berwick-upon-Tweed. The position of the point is an oak tree opposite to no 69 Stretton Road. A plaque was erected by the Parish Council in the 1990s to identify the particular tree, Morton Church of the Holy Cross has a long history, although most of the current church building dates from 1850. The 1086 Domesday book identifies Morton as a parish with a church, the arcade dates from the thirteenth century and the tower from the fifteenth century. The remainder of the results from a rebuild by T. C. The church is a Grade II* listed building, the first Morton school opened in 1863. It was a stone building known as the Old Dames School. It was replaced in 1884 by a building on the site of the current primary school and this school cost £600 and had an average attendance of 192 pupils. Most of the current school results from a 1927 rebuild to a design of George H. Widdows, a building extension, sympathetic to the Widdows design and costing £892,000 was officially opened in 2010. The mining industry transformed Morton from an agricultural community into a much larger village based around the employment that its colliery offered. The colliery was opened by the Clay Cross Company in 1865, at its peak, there were 1,033 employees and highest coal output was 390,472 tons
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North Wingfield
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North Wingfield is a large village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire, located approximately 4½ miles south-east of Chesterfield, and 1 mile north-east of Clay Cross. The population of the parish as of the 2011 census was 6,505. It is in the North East Derbyshire district, the A6175 road from the M1 motorway to the A61 road runs through the village. The village contains the hamlets of Hepthorne Lane, Hillyfields, Highfields. The Hepthorne Lane area is called by its name by local residents, as. The River Rother flows through the village at the bottom of Hepthorne Lane, during the Domesday Book survey in 1086, the manor of North Wingfield was known as Winnefelt. It was noted there was a church and a priest. Parts of the current church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, date from the Norman era, the manor of North Wingfield during the Domesday surveys was in the possession of Walter De Ayncourt. The name eventually shortened to Deincourt, which was used by the villages secondary school. The village now only has an infant, a school following the closure of Deincourt Community School. Located in the coalfields, the village was served by several collieries for most of its recent history. Now, partly due to its location near to the M1 motorway, there was a secondary school in North Wingfield – Deincourt Community School - from 1953 to 2010. In November 2007, Ofsted placed Deincourt Community School under special measures and this gave Derbyshire County Council the opportunity to implement plans to close the school, which, with only 473 students at that time, they felt to be too small to be viable. The proposal was to transfer the students to Tibshelf School, which would be re-built on a new site under the Building Schools for the Future scheme. This school building scheme was scrapped by Educational Minister Michael Gove when a Conservative-led coalition Government was elected in 2010, between 2008 and 2010, Deincourt School was in a ‘federation, that is to say a loose merger, with Tibshelf School. The school therefore closed in July 2010, and was integrated into Tibshelf School, because of the lack of space at Tibshelf School, students continued to be taught at the Deincourt Site in North Wingfield until June 2012. Christene Leeson. Ofsted has now placed the school under special measures, due to concerns about falling standards. Neighbouring settlements are Tupton, Grassmoor, Holmewood, Pilsley, Danesmoor, North Wingfield is quite a distance away from its counterpart South Wingfield, which is around 11 miles southwards
36.
Pilsley, North East Derbyshire
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Pilsley is a rural village and civil parish in Northeast Derbyshire, near Chesterfield. At the 2011 census the population was 3,487, Pilsley consists of two distinct residential areas known as Lower Pilsley and Pilsley. Lower Pilsley being the northern area and Pilsley being the southern residential area. There is some disagreement as to whether these two areas constitute two separate villages or one larger village. At the start of the life, people referred to the area around what is now Pilsley primary as Nether Pilsley. Both areas of the village are united by the parish council, Pilsley Parish Council. Maps show that the village is made up of four residential areas. Pilsley has an Anglican church, St. Marys, an evangelical Methodist church, Pilsley also has a Village Hall and St Marys Centre. Recently a new centre was built for the school which is also available for community use. A section of the Midland Main Line runs along the edge of the village. A branch of the Great Central Railway ran through the prior to the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. The route of former railway line now serves as a popular walking, cycling and horse riding trail known as the Five Pits Trail, linking Pilsley to Tibshelf, Holmewood, Grassmoor. Pilsley has a Sunday league football team called Pilsley Miners Welfare Football Club, the team is currently part of the Chesterfield and District Sunday League. The source of the River Rother is at Pilsley, Pilsley is mentioned in the Domesday Book as one of the manors belonging to Walter DAincourt. Prior to 1800, Pilsley was a settlement and consisted of Upper Pilsley. These houses are made from locally quarried sandstone which is soft. This quarry no longer exists, but was north of Upper Pilsley, Pilsley Colliery was founded in 1866 on the site of the present day Locko Plantation. At its peak the colliery comprised six shafts, employed 945 men, the colliery was closed in 1957
37.
Renishaw, Derbyshire
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For the manufacturing company, see Renishaw plc. Renishaw is a village in the district of North East Derbyshire in England and it is in the civil parish of Eckington. Renishaw lies on the A6135 road between the villages of Eckington and Barlborough, to the west is a section of the Trans Pennine Trail long distance footpath which runs along a former railway line. Adjacent to this is the route of the Chesterfield Canal which passes along the edge of the village, the canal is being restored in stages, with this section having some clearance work done in preparation for the section from Staveley to the south being reinstated. To the north west of the village is Renishaw Hall, a house belonging to the Sitwell family. The Sitwell estate is now occupied in part by Renishaw Park Golf course, the site is now part business park and part housing estate. The other main employer in the area was the industry as the area had several pits some of which originally supplied the iron works. This route was the North Midland Railway from Derby to Leeds
38.
Ridgeway, Derbyshire
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Ridgeway is a district of North East Derbyshire in the county of Derbyshire in England. Ridgeway lies just south of the South Yorkshire border, around 5 miles south-east of Sheffield City Centre and it is believed to be around 700 years old, and would once have been part of Sherwood Forest. It is still a village, within North East Derbyshire. Ridgeway originally consisted of three smaller settlements- Sloadlane, Ridgeway and Ridgeway Moor, also, many people amalgamate the nearby villages of Birley Hey, Ford and Highlane with the above settlements, though they do virtually run into one another today. Ridgeway was once involved in the local industry of Sickle and Scythe manufacturing. At one time, it had an industrial scale Scythe manufactury known as the Commonside Sickle Manufactury. It has now converted into apartments. Similar manufacturies could be found at Birley Hey, a hamlet built entirely as of industry, at Highlane, Ridgeway has a primary school, a church, a Methodist chapel, four pubs, a Craft Centre, sports facilities and a Michelin star restaurant. Clinton Woods - IBF Light Heavyweight World Champion, ridgway Village Ridgeway Village History Ridgeway Primary School
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Shirland
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Shirland is a village in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. Together with the villages of Higham, Stretton and Stonebroom, it forms part of the civil parish of Shirland. The population of civil parish at the 2011 Census was 4,802. Formerly a mining village, Shirland has existed since at least 1086, the River Amber flows through the parish. Shirland is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Sirelunt in the hundred of Scarsdale, according to this ancient document the manor was given to William de Peveral after the Norman conquest. Peveral inherited many manors around Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire including Nottingham Castle, the village is built around St. Leonards Church. The foundations of the date to 1220, according to the inscriptions within the church. The church grounds contain many monuments to the De Grey family, the church also contains memorials to the Revill family who were well-known Derbyshire landowners in the 15th century. Gables Farm at Higham in Shirland Parish was built in 1696 by Thomas, in 1868 the inhabitants were mostly involved with agriculture but a proportion were involved with framework knitting. However, in 1864 a mine was founded, which by the end of the century employed 500 men, the community together with Higham increased from a population of 2,437 in 1871 to 3,415 in 1881. The mines shaped the community until 1965 when the mine closed, a golf course is now built on the former slag heaps. A new primary school was opened in September 2011, next to St. Leonards Church, the buttressed west tower of St Leonards Church, Shirland is pictured above, alongside the A61 north of Alfreton. Parts of the date from 1220 but the majority of the existing church is 15th-century. It is part of a Benefice with the Church of England churches in Stonebroom, clays of Shirland Media related to Shirland at Wikimedia Commons
40.
Spinkhill
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Spinkhill is a small village in North East Derbyshire, England. Its is located approximately 1 mile south of the nearest town, Killamarsh and it is home to the Church of the Immaculate Conception and its associated Catholic Primary School. Spinkhill is also home to Mount St Marys College, a private school, the village has strong historical links to the Roman Catholic Church via the Poles family. Spinkills only major commercial establishment, the Angel pub, has reopened after a period of closure. Other economic activity comes from the several farms situated around the village, the village has a small bus station and is served by a handful of bus services to Sheffield and Chesterfield via Killamarsh and Renishaw, respectively. Spinkhill railway station served the prior to its permanent closure in 1958
41.
Stonebroom
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Stonebroom is a village in the district of North East Derbyshire in England. It is in the parish of Shirland and Higham. Stonebroom lies to the east of the A61 between Alfreton and Clay Cross and it has a Primary and Nursery school and two churches, one Church of England and one Methodist. Five households are listed for Stonebroom in the 1841 Census with a sixth listed separately under Pasture House which is part of the village, a directory from 1846 does not mention Stonebroom but one from 1857 acknowledges it and only gives the names of four farmer resident there. A directory from 1895 describes it as a considerable village - it is a colliery village. In the mid 19th century, houses were built for workers and were called the blocks. These were blocks of eight terraced houses with 160 dwellings and they were condemned before 1939 but still there in 1947 and described by the Derbyshire Times as The Black Hole of Derbyshire. In 1950 they were demolished but the area of wasteland was known as The Blocks by the locals, from the 1970s new housing and industrial estates were built on the land. Meanwhile, a housing estate had already been established in the upper area of Stonebroom. The village is linear and was formed from two hamlets, early maps show them as Upper Stone and Lower Stone, the School playing field was once the site of a quarry, this is still called Quarry Lane. Served in the Malaya Campaign, Captured by the Japanese at the fall of Singapore, died as a prisoner of war 7.8.1943, aged 22 building the Burma Thailand railway. He is buried in Kanchanaburi War Cemetery, Thailand, dave Greaves - Keiths lad Media related to Stonebroom at Wikimedia Commons British Library Archive of the Stonebroom accent. Horace Brian, a miner, talks about coal mining. He mentions water and gas problems and methods of supporting the mineshafts and setting charges
42.
Tupton
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Tupton is a village and civil parish in North East Derbyshire, Derbyshire, England,4.5 miles south of Chesterfield. The population of the parish including Egstow and Old Tupton was at the 2011 Census 3,428. It lies just north of Clay Cross on the A61 which runs from Chesterfield to Alfreton and it comprises the areas of Old Tupton and New Tupton. However, it is referred to as Tupton. A similarly named area, Tapton, is a few miles away, the village has a primary school, and a secondary school with a sixth form. Other settlements near the village are Wingerworth, Grassmoor and North Wingfield, a carnival called the Tupton Carnival is a yearly event held on a Saturday in July, this was first started in 2003 and has grown in size and attendance as the years have gone on. A young lady is elected Carnival Queen and travels through the village attended by the princes and princesses and followed by a procession of floats, bands. This parade ends on the Primary school field where an afternoon of fun, Tupton has also seen new development around Ankerbold Road, which runs on the outer edge of the village, close to North Wingfield. A large, new, modern housing estate has been built around the Pond Lane proximity, Tupton also has the Midland Main Line passing straight through it. At the bottom of Station New Road, there is a bridge passing over the track into North Wingfield and it is also known that Tupton has been a settlement since way back in the Anglo-Saxon times, as the historic Ryknield Street runs directly through the village. The locality was known as Topetune and Tuphome. Tupton is shown on the C. Smith New Map of Great Britain and Ireland in 1806 and on the first Ordnance Survey maps, Tupton Moor, Tupton Over Wood and Tupton Hall are shown. The area known as the Rec once held a lido, or open-air swimming pool, during the Second World War, several houses in Tupton were bombed by fleeing German aircraft. Some of these houses were on Ward Street and others are now demolished areas where the Community Garden is now located and it is known 11 people died in the raid on the morning of 15 March 1941. Despite local rumours, a crater in the nearby woods. In fact it used to be the location of an air raid shelter for Clay Cross Works, once the war was over, the shelter was demolished and the crater left unfilled
43.
Local Government Act 1972
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The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974. In Wales, too, the Act established a pattern of counties and districts. Elections were held to the new authorities in 1973, and they acted as shadow authorities until the handover date, elections to county councils were held on 12 April, for metropolitan and Welsh districts on 10 May, and for non-metropolitan district councils on 7 June. Elected county councils had established in England and Wales for the first time in 1888. Some large towns, known as county boroughs, were independent from the counties in which they were physically situated. The county areas were two-tier, with many municipal borough, urban district and rural districts within them, however, most of the Commissions recommendations, such as its proposals to abolish Rutland or to reorganise Tyneside, were ignored in favour of the status quo. It was generally agreed that there were significant problems with the structure of local government, the Local Government Commission was wound up in 1966, and replaced with a Royal Commission. The new government made Peter Walker and Graham Page the ministers and they invited comments from interested parties regarding the previous governments proposals. The Association of Municipal Corporations put forward a scheme with 13 provincial councils and 132 main councils, the incoming governments proposals for England were presented in a White Paper published in February 1971. The White Paper substantially trimmed the metropolitan areas, and proposed a structure for the rest of the country. Many of the new boundaries proposed by the Redcliffe-Maud report were retained in the White Paper, the proposals were in large part based on ideas of the County Councils Association, the Urban District Councils Association and the Rural District Councils Association. The White Paper set out the division of functions between districts and counties, and also suggested a minimum population of 40,000 for districts. The government aimed to introduce a Bill in the 1971/72 session of Parliament for elections in 1973, the White Paper made no commitments on regional or provincial government, since the Conservative government preferred to wait for the Crowther Commission to report. The proposals were substantially changed with the introduction of the Bill into Parliament in November 1971, Area 4 would have had a border with area 2, seaham and Easington were to be part of the Sunderland district. Humberside did not exist in the White Paper, the East Riding was split between area 5 and an area 8. Area 33 to include Brackley and Brackley Rural District from Northamptonshire, Area 39 to include Henley-on-Thames and Henley Rural District from Oxfordshire Area 40 to include Aldershot, Farnborough, Fleet and area from Hampshire. The latter was removed from the Bill before it became law, proposals from Plymouth for a Tamarside county were rejected. The Bill also provided names for the new counties for the first time, on 6 July 1972, a government amendment added Lymington to Dorset, which would have had the effect of having the entire Bournemouth conurbation in one county
