1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
6.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
7.
San Fernando Valley
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The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
8.
NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles
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The NoHo Arts District is a community in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, that is home to contemporary theaters, art galleries, cafes, and shops. The community is bounded by Hatteras Street to the north, Cahuenga Blvd to the east, Tujunga Ave to the west. The area features more than twenty professional theaters, producing new work and classics, diverse art galleries, public art, the district also features the largest concentration of music recording venues west of the Mississippi. A Metro Rail station is located here, the North Hollywood station of the Red Line, business and theater owners in the Universal City/North Hollywood Chamber of Commerce established a theater and arts district in 1992 with support from the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs. They chose NoHo, a play off the well-known SoHo Arts District neighborhood of New York City, medium- and high-density developments are being built around the Metro Station, making the Arts District a center of citywide development, with the intent of creating a walkable urban village. The theater district includes two new venues that expand upon existing theaters, the newly redesigned NoHo Arts Center. They add to the existing 31 theaters located in and around the NoHo Arts District, NoHo Commons, developed by J. H. Snyder Company, is located near the NoHo Arts Districts commercial core and subway station. The NoHo Commons construction and development consisted of three phases, completing with the construction of a Laemmle Theatre, phase III also consisted of the construction of an eight-story office on the corner of Lankershim and Weddington in 2009. The buildings primary tenant is currently the Art Institute of California-Hollywood, NoHo 14, a 180-unit, fourteen-story apartment building, was built in 2004 as one of the first large-scale developments in the neighborhood. The historic North Hollywood train depot at Lankershim and Chandler Boulevards was restored in 2014 for $3.6 million and it is a Southern Pacific Railroad standard design, a One Story Combination Depot No.15 or 21. Currently the NoHo Arts District, in conjunction with the Community Redevelopment Agency-Los Angeles, is working on efforts to make the area more appealing to businesses. The current focus is primarily on revamping store fronts on Lankershim Blvd, in the future, North Hollywood plans a $1 billion mixed-use development at Lankershim and Chandler, surrounding the Metro Red and Orange line terminals. The project would re-develop 15.6 acres with 1,720,000 square feet of commercial and residential space, including 562 residential units, the project was awarded to Lowe Enterprises by the Los Angeles Metro board and will be designed by architects AC Martin Partners. Media related to NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
10.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
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Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans, are Americans who are descendants of the peoples of Spain, Portugal, or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, other U. S. government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably, origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the persons parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race, as the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States, Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanic Americans are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, the predominant origin of regional Hispanic populations varies widely in different locations across the country. Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans, hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have lived within what is now the United States continuously since the founding of St. Augustine by the Spanish in 1565, after Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit much of what is today the United States. Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, the terms Hispanic and Latino refer to an ethnicity, people of this group may be of any race. Hispanic people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as Brazilians, as well as those of Spanish-language origin. In the United States, many Hispanics and Latinos are of both European and Native American ancestry, others are wholly or predominately of European ancestry, or wholly or predominantly of Amerindian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean, as well as regions of Latin America where African slavery was widespread. The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is confusing to some, the U. S. Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions, one definition of Latino is a Latin male in the United States. This is the oldest and the definition used in the United States. This definition encompasses Spanish speakers from both Europe and the Americas, under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U. S. Census Bureau and OMB, a later definition of Latino is as a condensed form of the term Latino-Americano, the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino, a Brazilian American is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain, however, would be classified as Hispanic, while the U. S. Census Bureaus definition of Hispanic is limited to Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, other government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term
11.
Non-Hispanic whites
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Non-Hispanic whites are a subcategory of white Americans, the other being white Hispanic and Latino Americans. In the United States, this population was first derived from English settlement of the Americas, as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century. In 2011, for the first time in U. S. history, non-Hispanic whites accounted for half of the births in the country. At 197.2 million in 2012, non-Hispanic whites comprise 62. 8% of the total U. S. population. The Non-Hispanic white population in the United States has been declining since the 1940s as a percentage of the total US population due to a number of factors,1, Non-Hispanic whites are having fewer children relative to other groups. Preliminary 2012 data show that whites have a total fertility rate of 1.76 children per woman, compared to 1.90 for non-Hispanic blacks,2.19 for Hispanics. Since 1990, rates for other races have been falling while the white rate has been more or less stable. The U. S. takes more immigrants than the rest of the world combined with the vast majority coming from countries where the population is of non-white and/or Hispanic origin, in 2009, approximately 90% of all immigrants came from non-European countries. The U. S. does receive a number of non-Hispanic white immigrants, mainly from countries such as Brazil, Canada, Poland, Russia. The USA is seeing an increase in intermarriage between the various racial and ethnic groups. In 2008, a record 14. 6% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another, 9% of non-Hispanic whites who married in 2008 married either a non-white or Hispanic. Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily white-Hispanic of any race as compared to white-Asian, white-black, other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians. The children of such unions would not generally be classified as white Non-Hispanic, in the 2000 Census, people were allowed to check more than one race in addition to choosing Hispanic. There was strong opposition to this from some civil rights activists who feared that this would reduce the size of various racial minorities, the government responded by counting those who are white and of one minority race or ethnicity as minorities for the purposes of civil-rights monitoring and enforcement. Hence one could be 1/8th black and still be counted as a minority, also, because this does not apply to Hispanic origin, the offspring of Hispanics and non-Hispanics are usually counted as Hispanic. Minority populations are younger than non-Hispanic whites, the national median age in 2011 was 37.3 with non-Hispanic whites having the oldest median age while Hispanics have the youngest. Non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic Asians also are younger than whites, although non-Hispanic whites are declining as a percentage, in actual numbers they have still been growing. From 2000 -2010 the non-Hispanic white population grew from 194,552,774 to 196,817,552 - A growth of 1. 2% over the 10-year period, as of 2012, four states are majority-minority, Hawaii, California, New Mexico, and Texas
12.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
13.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
14.
Sun Valley, Los Angeles
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Sun Valley is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California. The neighborhood is known for its youthful population and moderate racial diversity. There are three centers in Sun Valley, one of which is a historic site. The neighborhood has thirteen public schools — including John H. Francis Polytechnic High School and Sun Valley High School — and four private schools. The 2000 U. S. census counted 75,848 residents in the 9. 42-square-mile Sun Valley neighborhood—or 8,048 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 81,788. In 2000 the median age for residents was 28, considered young for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with a high percentage of Latinos. The breakdown was Latinos,69. 4%, whites,17. 9%, Asians,8. 1%, blacks,1. 9%, and others,2. 7%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 51. 9% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $51,290, considered average for the city. The percentages of households that earned $20,000 to $60,000 were high for the county, renters occupied 46. 1% of the housing stock, and house or apartment-owners held 53. 9%. Relation of Sun Valley to nearby places, not necessarily contiguous, In 1874, the area extended from Sunland Blvd. all the way west to the Chatsworth Hills. East of Sunland was Rancho San Rafael, a land grant to José María Verdugo by the Spanish Crown. By 1876, the Southern Pacific Railroad was constructed through the eastern San Fernando Valley, the area once had a general store named Roberts Store, and the town was named Roberts until the 1890s when the name was changed to Roscoe. The current name of Sun Valley was chosen in 1950 by residents, the Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants is located in Sun Valley, it is dedicated to helping people discover the beauty of California native plants. The Consulate-General of the Dominican Republic in the County of Los Angeles is located in Suite 204 at 9001 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Los Angeles Fire Department Fire Station 77 is located in the Sun Valley area. The station is in the Battalion 12 district, the United States Postal Service Sun Valley Post Office is located at 10946 Ratner Street. One of every ten of Sun Valley residents aged 25 and older had earned a degree by 2000. The percentage of the residents with less than a high school diploma was high for the county
15.
Burbank, California
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Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States,12 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340, Entertainment, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, NBC, Cartoon Network Studios with the West Coast branch of Cartoon Network, and Insomniac Games. The city is home to Bob Hope Airport. Burbank consists of two areas, a downtown/foothill section, in the foothills of the Verdugo Mountains. Burbank is the easternmost city in the San Fernando Valley, Burbanks neighbor, Glendale, is the westernmost city in the San Gabriel Valley. The city was referred to as Beautiful Downtown Burbank on Laugh-In, the city was named after David Burbank, a New Hampshire-born dentist and entrepreneur who established a sheep ranch there in 1867. Historically, this area was the scene of a skirmish which resulted in the unseating of the Spanish Governor of California. Remnants of the battle reportedly were found many years later in the vicinity of Warner Bros. Studio when residents dug up cannonballs, by 1876, the San Fernando Valley became the largest wheat-raising area in Los Angeles County. But the droughts of the 1860s and 1870s underlined the need for water supplies. A professionally trained dentist, Dr. Burbank began his career in Waterville and he joined the great migration westward in the early 1850s and, by 1853 was living in San Francisco. At the time the American Civil War broke out he was well established in his profession as a dentist in Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1867, he purchased Rancho La Providencia from David W. Alexander and Francis Mellus, Dr. Burbanks property reached nearly 9,200 acres at a cost of $9,000. Dr. Burbank wouldnt acquire full titles to both properties until after a decision known as the Great Partition was made in 1871 dissolving the Rancho San Rafael. Dr. Burbank also later owned the Burbank Theatre, which opened on November 27,1893, though the theater was intended to be an opera house, instead it staged plays and became known nationally. The theatre featured famous actors of the time including Fay Bainter and Marjorie Rambeau, when the area that became Burbank was settled in the 1870s and 1880s, the streets were aligned along what is now Olive Avenue, the road to the Cahuenga Pass and downtown Los Angeles. These were largely the roads the Indians traveled and the settlers took their produce down to Los Angeles to sell. At the time, the primary long-distance transportation methods available to San Fernando Valley residents were stagecoach, stagecoaching between Los Angeles and San Francisco through the Valley began in 1858
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Toluca Lake, Los Angeles
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Toluca Lake is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles located in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California,12 miles northwest of Downtown. The name is given to a private natural lake which is fed by the Los Angeles River. Like most outer-Los Angeles neighborhoods, Toluca Lake functions as an entity, with its own post office, ZIP code. A small part of Toluca Lake spills over into nearby Burbank, the history of Toluca Lake can be traced back to the days of the Tongva Indians, followed by Spanish and Mexican occupation and development. It was part of the rancho system and then it was later divided. In 1923, investors bought and developed the land as Toluca Lake Park, in recent years the neighborhood has been the home of noted entertainment and other personalities and was the site of the wedding reception for Ronald and Nancy Reagan. More recently yet there has been opposition to a development in North Hollywood by NBCUniversal. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake is situated on 1.22 square miles of the southeastern San Fernando Valley, the geologic Toluca Lake is a 6-acre body of water located near the district’s southeastern boundaries. The historic natural lake was fed by springs of upwelling groundwater from the substantial Los Angeles River and San Fernando Valley subterranean aquifers. Late 19th and 20th century L. A. DWP well extraction and 1930s concrete river channelization lowered the water table, the bottom of the lake is surfaced with four inches of asphalt concrete to prevent seepage. Owned by the homeowners, the lake has been maintained by the Toluca Lake Property Owners Association. The lake, surrounded by residences and the Lakeside Golf Club, is inaccessible to the public. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake had a population of 7,782 in the 2000 census, at 6,393 people per square mile, its density was among the lowest in the city of Los Angeles. According to the Los Angeles Times, its percentage of people,71. 9%, was high for the county. Other ethnicities were Latino 14%, black 5. 3% and Asian 5%, german and Irish were the most common ancestries. Only 17. 7% of its residents were foreign-born, a low compared to the city as a whole, of those, Mexico at 14. 7%. The median household income level of its residents was $73,111 in 2008, the average household size was 1.9 people, low for both the city and the county. 62. 2% of its units were occupied by renters and 37. 8% by owners
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Studio City, Los Angeles
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Studio City is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California, in the San Fernando Valley. It is named after the lot that was established in the area by film producer Mack Sennett in 1927. Originally known as Laurelwood, the area Studio City occupies was part of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. In 1899, however, the area lost most water rights to Los Angeles and therefore subdivision, construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct began in 1908 and water reached the San Fernando Valley in November,1913. Whitley platted the area of present-day Studio City from portions of the town of Lankershim as well as the eastern part of the new acquisition. In 1927, Mack Sennett began building a new studio on 20 acres donated by the land developer, the area around the studio was named Studio City. In 1955, Studio Citys Station 78 became the first racially integrated station in the Los Angeles City Fire Department, in 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 37,201. In 2000, the age for residents,38, was considered old for city and county neighborhoods. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically, with a percent of White residents. The breakdown was whites, 78%, Latinos,8. 7%, Asians,5. 4%, blacks,3. 7%, and others,4. 1%. Iran and the United Kingdom were the most common places of birth for the 21. 1% of the residents who were born abroad—a low percentage for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $75,657, considered high for the city. The percent of households earning $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of 1.9 people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 55. 9% of the stock and house- or apartment-owners held 44. 1%. In 2000, there were 837 families headed by single parents, there were 2,591 veterans,8. 8% of the population, a high figure for the city. The percentages of residents with a masters degree was also high for the county. Schools within the Studio City boundaries are, Harvard-Westlake School, private, the Studio City Recreation Center is in Studio City. Moorpark Park, a pocket park in Studio City, has a childrens play area. Woodbridge Park on the border of Studio City has a children
18.
Valley Village, Los Angeles
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Valley Village is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, located within the San Fernando Valley. The local post office on Magnolia Boulevard canceled all mail with a Valley Village postmark and it was, however, officially a section of North Hollywood. Rather, he said, It was one economic level seeking to have its own identity. Quinn wrote that, Houses along Valley Villages lushly landscaped, graffiti-free streets cost up to $800,000, elsewhere in North Hollywood, that same size entry-level house can be purchased for as little as $150,000, real estate agents say. And the cheaper house is likely to have an overgrown, dusty yard and to be in a neighborhood reeling from crime, with gang graffiti splattered on block walls and street signs. Councilman Joel Wachs said he would support the drive, although he rejected the details of an advisory panel for the area. He said a proposed panel of homeowners might overlook the concerns of renters, residents complained about blocked views, parking problems and traffic congestion because of buildings as high as five stories next to their single-family homes. The measure would not have banned construction but would have limited all new buildings to two stories and the footage of commercial development to 1 1/2 times the size of the lot. It was touted as a temporary measure until city planners could conduct public hearings on new, eventually, the Los Angeles city Planning Commission recommended that a three-story limit be adopted for the Valley Village area. Although in 1994 the Los Angeles Times called Valley Village an area of residences, the 2000 census found that renters occupied 68. 7% of the housing units. In 2006 Valley Village was described in another article as a neighborhood mostly of 1, 700-foot, single-story Spanish-, most of the 3,881 single-family homes were on residential streets, and 1,073 condos and 8,213 apartment units lined the main boulevards. The 2. 09-square-mile Valley Village lies north of Studio City, east of Sherman Oaks, and south and west of North Hollywood. A total of 24,190 people lived in Valley Villages 2.09 square miles, according to the 2000 U. S. census – averaging 11,600 people per square mile, population was estimated at 25,665 in 2008. With its percentage of people considered high for Los Angeles County, Valley Village is still moderately diverse in its ethnic makeup. The diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities, if all residents are of the same ethnic group its zero. If half are from one group and half from another its.50. Whites made up 66. 7% of the population, Latinos were 18. 9%%, with people at 5. 5% and Asians and others. There is a sizable Jewish community, the $55,470 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city and county
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Valley Glen, Los Angeles
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Valley Glen is a highly diverse community in the southeastern portion of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California. Almost half its residents were born outside the United States and it includes a community college, seven public schools—including a high school—and six private schools. Valley Glen is noted for a half-mile-long California-history mural painted on the side of a flood-control channel. In 2000 Valley Glen had a population of 59,230, according to the U. S. Census, and by 2008 its population was 62,846, according to the Los Angeles Department of City Planning. Ethnically, Valley Glen is highly diverse, with Latinos at 45. 2%, whites at 39. 5%, Asians at 5. 4%, blacks at 3. 9% and others at 6%. It is also high within the city for the percentage of foreign born, with Mexico, in other respects — population density, income, university education, age, homeowners, military service, it is about average for the city of Los Angeles. Twenty-one percent of Valley Glen residents aged 25 and older had earned a degree by 2000. In the Mapping L. A. geographical section of the Los Angeles Times website, in most of its area it is bisected by the Tujunga Wash, which runs north to south. Relation of Valley Glen to nearby places, not necessarily contiguous, Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 102, the Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6420 Sylmar Avenue,91401, serving the neighborhood. Valley Glen Community Park is a park located in Valley Glen. The park has a diamond and picnic tables. Valley Glen is home to Los Angeles Valley College, schools within the Valley View boundaries are, Ulysses S
20.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
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Hollywood Hills
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The Hollywood Hills are a part of the Santa Monica Mountains and also a hillside neighborhood of the same name in the central region of the city of Los Angeles, California. The Hollywood Hills are the part of the Santa Monica Mountains and it includes Forest Lawn Memorial Park, the Hollywood Reservoir, the Hollywood Sign, the Hollywood Bowl and the John Anson Ford Theater. Hollywood Hills is bisected southeast-northwest by US101, relation of the Hollywood Hills to nearby areas, The neighborhood of Hollywood Hills includes the Hollywood Bowl and Forest Lawn Memorial Park as well as two private and three public schools. The population was estimated at 22,988 in 2008, the median age for residents was 37, considered old for the city and the county. The percentages of residents aged 19 through 64 were among the countys highest, the neighborhood is not particularly diverse for the city, the diversity index being 0.433, and the percentage of white people is considered high, at 74. 1%. Latinos make up 9. 4%, Asians are at 6. 7%, African American at 4. 6%, the median household income in 2008 dollars was $69,277, considered high for the city but about average for the county. The percentage of households earning $125,000 or more was high, the average household size of 1.8 people was relatively low. Renters occupied 56. 5% of the units, and homeowners the rest. In 2000, there were 270 families headed by single parents, or 6. 9%, in 2000,54. 8% of residents aged 25 and older held a four-year degree, considered high when compared with the city and the county as a whole. Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, active against gravel extraction in the hills Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times Hollywood Hills crime map and statistics
22.
Mediterranean climate
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A Mediterranean climate /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ or dry summer climate, is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and mild, moist winters, Mediterranean climate zones are associated with the four large subtropical high pressure cells of the oceans, the Azores High, South Atlantic High, North Pacific High, and South Pacific High. These climatological high pressure cells migrate by latitude according to the angle of the Sun, shifting north-eastward in the summer. These semi-permanent high pressure systems play a role in the formation of the worlds subtropical and tropical deserts as well as the Mediterranean Basins climate. The Azores High is associated with the Mediterranean climate found in the Mediterranean Basin, the Sahara Desert, the South Atlantic High is similarly associated with the Namib Desert and Kalahari Desert, and the Mediterranean climate of the western part of South Africa. Under the Köppen climate classification, hot climates and cool dry-summer climates are often referred to as mediterranean. Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group, temperate climates or C zones have an average temperature above 0 °C, but below 18 °C, in their coolest months. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern, Köppen has defined a dry summer month as a month with less than 30 mm of precipitation and with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month. Some, however, use a 40 mm level, the third letter indicates the degree of summer heat, a represents an average temperature in the warmest month above 22 °C, while b indicates the average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Under the Köppen classification, dry-summer climates usually occur on the sides of continents. Under Trewarthas system, at least eight months must have average temperatures of 10 °C or higher, during summer, regions of mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall unlikely. In many Mediterranean climates there is a strong character to daily temperatures in the warm months. The majority of the regions with mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters, however winter and summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a mediterranean climate. Or to consider summer, Athens experiences rather high temperatures in that season, in contrast, San Francisco has cool summers with daily highs around. In North America, areas with Csc climate can be found in the Olympic, Cascade, Klamath and these locations are found at high altitude nearby lower altitude regions characterized by a warm-summer mediterranean climate or hot-summer mediterranean climate. A rare instance of this occurs in the tropics, on Haleakalā Summit in Hawaii. In South America, Csc regions can be found along the Andes in Chile, the town of Balmaceda is one of the few towns confirmed to have this climate. Small areas with a Csc climate can also be found at elevations in Corsica
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History of the San Fernando Valley
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In winter, torrential downpours over the western-draining watershed of the San Gabriel Mountains entered the northeast Valley through Big Tujunga Canyon, Little Tujunga Canyon, and Pacoima Canyon. By the time the Spanish conquest of Mexico reached Alta California in 1769, successive groups of indigenous peoples and these peoples tended to settle on well-watered and wooded areas at the Valleys margins. The Tongva, who spoke the Tongva language, a Uto-Aztecan or Shoshonean language, had a series of villages in the southern Valley along or near the river, including Totongna, Siutcanga and Kawengna. In the north-central Valley was a permanent village called Pasakngna, in the lower foothills of the mountains near natural springs. Other characteristic place-names of Tongva origin in the Valley include Tujunga and Topanga, the Tataviam were established in the valleys to the north, Pacoima is believed to be of Tataviam-Fernandeño peoples Tataviam language origin. The Hokan-speaking Chumash people inhabited Malibu, the Santa Monica Mountains, and the Simi Hills in the area of the Valley. In the Simi Hills the Burro Flats Painted Cave pictographs are located on Rocketdynes Santa Susana Field Laboratory property, inaccessible, the Tataviam-Fernandeño people inhabited the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains in the Valley. The Tongva-Fernandeño inhabited the Valley, along the tributaries to the Los Angeles River, in 1769 the expedition led by explorer Gaspar de Portolà reached the Los Angeles area of California overland from Baja California. We saw a very pleasant and spacious valley and we descended to it and stopped close to a watering place, which is a large pool. Near it we found a village of heathen, very friendly and we gave to this plain the name of Santa Catalina de Bononia de Los Encinos. It has on its hills and its valleys many live oak, - Father Juan Crespi, August,1769 The watering place was a pool fed by a perennial spring at what is now Encino, near the village of Siutangna. The name El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de los Encinos refers to the encinos or evergreen Coast Live Oaks that studded the area, the expedition proceeded northward, camping at a site in the northern Valley before crossing over the mountains into the Santa Clarita Valley. By royal edict, all of the waters of the river and its tributaries were reserved for the Pueblo de Los Angeles, a condition which would have a profound impact on development of the Valley. By the end of the century, Spain had issued two grazing concessions north of the pueblo that included the southeastern corner of the Valley, Rancho San Rafael and Rancho Portesuelo. Francisco Reyes, alcalde or mayor of Los Angeles from 1793–1795, had set up an operation which he called Rancho Encino located in what is now Mission Hills near the village of Pasakngna. Reyess property had a water supply from artesian wells and limestone for building. This property he also called Rancho Encino, Mission San Fernando Rey de España was founded at Reyess original rancho site on September 8,1797 by Father Fermín Lasuén. The missions grazing lands extended over the flatlands of the valley, from this time the valley began to be called after the mission
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Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando
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Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was a 116, 858-acre Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California granted in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Eulogio de Celis. The grant encompassed most of the present-day San Fernando Valley, Eulogio de Celis, a native of Spain, had settled in California in 1836. De Celis operated a trading business with Henry D. Fitch, Jonathan Temple. He married Josefa Argüello, daughter of Governor Luís Antonio Argüello, in 1846, to raise war funds during the Mexican–American War, the Pico government sold the secularized lands from the Mission San Fernando to Eulogio de Celis. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, as required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim was filed with the United States Public Land Commission in 1852 and the land grant was patented to Eulogio de Celis in 1873. De Celis, with his wife and family, went back to Spain in 1854, when the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando grant was patented in 1873, it was surveyed at nearly twenty six square leagues, the single largest land grant in California. Before the De Celis grant, Andrés Pico, brother of Governor Pío Pico, had leased the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando in 1845. In 1853, Andrés Pico acquired a half interest, and Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was split in half, along present-day Roscoe Boulevard. In debt, Andrés Pico had sold his southern half-interest in the Rancho ex-Mission San Fernando to his brother Pío Pico in 1862, pio Pico sold his half share of the Ex-San Fernando Mission land to Isaac Lankershim in 1869. In 1873, Isaac Lankershims son, James Boon Lankershim, and future son-in-law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Fernando Valley, during the 1880s, the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association was succeeded by the Los Angeles Farm & Milling Company. After De Celis died in 1869, his son, Eulogio F. de Celis, the Porters land was west of present-day Sepulveda Boulevard, and the Maclay land was east of Sepulveda Boulevard. History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the San Fernando Valley Rómulo Pico Adobe Ranchos of California
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Isaac Lankershim
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Isaac Lankershim was a German-born American landowner and pioneer in California. He was born in Nuremberg, Kingdom of Bavaria on April 8,1818 and he emigrated to the United States in 1836, at eighteen years old. He settled in St. Louis, Missouri and worked in the grain, in 1854, he moved west to the Napa Valley in California. A year later, in 1855, he sowed and harvested 1,000 acres of wheat in Solano County, shortly after, he expanded to over 14,000 acres near Fresno, California. In 1868, he purchased a ranch in San Diego, California. In 1860, the rest of his family moved from St. Louis to California, in the late 1860s, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he became associated with a businessmen named Harris Newmark. These acres included what is now Woodland Hills, Tarzana, Encino, Sherman Oaks, Van Nuys, by 1873, they raised 40,000 sheep on the ranch. When wool prices fell, they grew wheat instead, to take the wheat from the valley to Santa Monica, California, he built a wagon path now known as Interstate 405. In 1876, he turned it into a toll road, with his son-in-law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, he started the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Co, and they took over full ownership of the San Fernando Valley Ranch Company. They also established the Lankershim Ranch Land & Water Co. a 12, 000-acre real estate development in what is now known as North Hollywood and he married Annis Lydia Moore, an English immigrant in 1842. He relinquished his Jewish faith and converted to the Baptist faith and they had a son, James Boon Lankershim, and a daughter, Susanna Lankershim, who married Isaac Newton Van Nuys. He died on April 10,1882, Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles is named for the Lankershim family
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James Boon Lankershim
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James Boon Lankershim was an American heir, landowner and real estate developer. James Boon Lankershim was born on March 24,1850 in Charleston and his father was Isaac Lankershim, a German-born Californian landowner who owned 60,000 acres in the San Fernando Valley, and his mother was Annis Lydia Moore, an English-born Californian. Lankershim joined his fathers company, the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association, together with his brother in law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, focusing on real estate while Van Nuys focused on wheat. He built the Hotel Lankershim on the corner of Broadway and 7th Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles and he also built the San Fernando Building on the corner of 4th Avenue and Main Street, where his name is embedded in the tiles at the entrance. In 1885, Lankershim established a unit in the California National Guard, Troop D. Lankershim served as the first president of the Los Angeles Athletic Club, Lankershim married Carolina Carrie Adelaide Jones in 1881. By 1900, they separated and she moved to Paris, only to return briefly during the First World War and they had two children, Jack Lankershim and Doria Lankershim. In the 1920s, he retired and moved to the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles, on April 2,1921, he donated 20 acres of the San Fernando Valley to the Boys Scouts of America, later known as the Arthur Letts Boy Scout Camp after Arthur Letts. In 1940, they built an obelisk in his honor on the donated land, in 1924, silent actress Adele Blood introduced him to Irene Herbert, a nurse who became his companion for four years until his family fired her. He died on October 16,1931 and his ashes were scattered across the San Fernando Valley, after his death, Irene Herbert claimed she had a $500, 000-promisory note from her former employer and sued the Lankershim family, but later gave up and committed suicide. Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles is named for the Lankershim family
27.
Isaac Newton Van Nuys
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Isaac Newton Van Nuys was an American businessman, farmer and rancher who owned the entire southern portion of the San Fernando Valley—an area 15 miles long and 6 miles wide. Still, as a resident and honorary godfather of Van Nuys, there are schools, streets, libraries. Isaac Van Nuys was born in West Sparta, New York and his father was born in Millstone, New Jersey, on February 7,1808. He moved to West Sparta, in 1822, where he became a farmer and he also served as a town supervisor and justice of the peace. The mother of Isaac Van Nuys was born in Cayuga County, New York, Peter and Harriet were married on November 19,1829. They had seven children, Caroline M. Van Nuys, Isaac N. A. Vinton Van Nuys, Ella L. Van Nuys, Harriett E. Van Nuys, Van Nuys, and Herbert K. Van Nuys. He attended the academy at Lima, in which he was a student for one year and his relatives emigrated from the Netherlands and located on Long Island, New York. San Fernando Homestead Association In 1865, at the age of 29 and he first lived in Napa, and later in Monticello where he owned a country store. In 1873, Van Nuys, and future brother-in-law Isaac Lankershims son, James Boon Lankershim, moved to the San Fernando Valley, in 1874, they began raising grain, introducing dryland farming. In 1876 they filled two ships with Valley wheat at the Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro and it was both the first grain cargo shipped from the L. A. Harbor, and the first grain shipped to Europe from the United States. Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company In 1880, Van Nuys, Isaac Van Nuys was its president and manager. The company had a building for milling to produce flour, meals, cracked wheat, hominy. Aqueduct construction began in 1905, to be completed in 1913, afterwards, land only useful for dryland farming could be turned into residential towns, and irrigated crops and orchards. It was acquired from the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company owned Van Nuys, in the Sale of the Century in November 1910 they sold the remaining livestock and non-land assets of the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company at auction. The Los Angeles Times called the auction the beginning of a new empire, on February 22,1911, lot sales begin for the new town of Van Nuys. The Janss Investment Company was the developer of both it and Owensmouth. The syndicate also built the San Fernando Line, a new 20 miles long extension of the Pacific Electric railway system from Lankershim, through Van Nuys and Marion, to its Owensmouth terminus. In 1880, he married Susanna H. Lankershim of Los Angeles, the daughter of Isaac Lankershim and they had three children, Annis H. James Benton, and Kate
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Dryland farming
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Dryland farming and dry farming are agricultural techniques for non-irrigated cultivation of crops. Dryland farming is associated with drylands - dry areas characterized by a wet season followed by a warm dry season. Dryland farming was introduced to southern Russia and Ukraine by Ukrainian Mennonites under the influence of Johann Cornies, in Australia, it is widely practiced in all states but the Northern Territory. Dry farming may be practiced in areas that have significant annual rainfall during a wet season, Crops are cultivated during the subsequent dry season, using practices that make use of the stored moisture in the soil. California, Colorado and Oregon, in the United States, are three states where dry farming is practiced for a variety of crops, Dryland farmed crops may include winter wheat, corn, beans, Sunflowers or even watermelon. Successful dryland farming is possible with as little as 9 inches of precipitation a year, native American tribes in the arid Southwest survived for hundreds of years on dryland farming in areas with less than 10 inches of rain. The choice of crop is influenced by the timing of the predominant rainfall in relation to the seasons. For example, winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing crops such as sorghum. Dry farmed crops may include grapes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans and these crops grow using the winter water stored in the soil, rather than depending on rainfall during the growing season. Dryland farming has evolved as a set of techniques and management practices used by farmers to adapt to the presence or lack of moisture in a given crop cycle. In marginal regions, a farmer should be able to survive occasional crop failures. Survival as a dryland farmer requires careful husbandry of the moisture available for the crop, Dryland farming involves the constant assessing of the amount of moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle and planning accordingly. Dryland farmers know that to be successful they have to be aggressive during the good years in order to offset the dry years. The fact that a period must be included in the crop rotation means that fields cannot always be protected by a cover crop. Some of the theories of dryland farming developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries claimed to be scientific but were in reality pseudoscientific, Dry farming depends on making the best use of the bank of soil moisture that was created by winter rainfall. Some dry farming practices include, Wider than normal spacing, to provide a bank of moisture for each plant. Strict weed control, to ensure that weeds do not consume soil moisture needed by the cultivated plants, cultivation of soil to produce a dust mulch, thought to prevent the loss of water through capillary action. This practice is controversial, and is not universally advocated, selection of crops and cultivars suited for dry farming practices
29.
Great Plains
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The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming. The Canadian portion of the Plains is known as the Prairies, some geographers include some territory of northern Mexico in the Plains, but many stop at the Rio Grande. The term Great Plains is used in the United States to describe a sub-section of the even more vast Interior Plains physiographic division and it also has currency as a region of human geography, referring to the Plains Indians or the Plains States. There is no region referred to as the Great Plains in The Atlas of Canada, in terms of human geography, the term prairie is more commonly used in Canada, and the region is known as the Prairie Provinces or simply the Prairies. The region is about 500 mi east to west and 2,000 mi north to south, much of the region was home to American bison herds until they were hunted to near extinction during the mid/late 19th century. It has an area of approximately 500,000 sq mi, current thinking regarding the geographic boundaries of the Great Plains is shown by this map at the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. The term Great Plains, for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian, nevin Fennemans 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, today the term High Plains is used for a subregion of the Great Plains. The Great Plains are the westernmost portion of the vast North American Interior Plains, during the Cretaceous Period, the Great Plains were covered by a shallow inland sea called the Western Interior Seaway. However, during the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene, the seaway had begun to recede, leaving thick marine deposits. During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. The vast majority of animals became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene. In general, the Great Plains have a variety of weather through the year, with very cold and harsh winters and very hot. Wind speeds are very high, especially in winter. Grasslands are among the least protected biomes, humans have converted much of the prairies for agricultural purposes or to create pastures. The Great Plains have dust storms mostly every year or so, the 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 in or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in. The region is subjected to extended periods of drought, high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms
30.
Cahuenga Pass
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The Cahuenga Pass is a mountain pass through the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains in the Hollywood district of the City of Los Angeles, California. The Cahuenga Pass connects the Los Angeles Basin to the San Fernando Valley via U. S. Route 101 and it is the lowest pass through the mountains. It was the site of two battles, the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831, and the Battle of Providencia or Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1845. Both were on the San Fernando Valley side near present-day Studio City, along the route of the historic El Camino Real, the historic significance of the pass is also marked by a marker along Cahuenga Blvd. which names the area Paseo de Cahuenga. Campo de Cahuenga Rancho Cahuenga Cahuenga, California, Tongva settlement, media related to Cahuenga Pass at Wikimedia Commons Cahuenga Pass
31.
San Fernando, California
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San Fernando is a city located in the San Fernando Valley, in the northwestern region of Los Angeles County, California. It is completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles, the city was named for the nearby Mission San Fernando Rey de España, and was part of the Mexican land grant of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. In 1874 Charles Maclay, San Fernando founder, bought 56,000 acres of the Rancho, in 1882, cousins George K. Porter and Benjamin F. Porter of future Porter Ranch each received one-third of the total land. In 1885, Maclay founded the Maclay School of Theology, a Methodist seminary in his newly founded town of San Fernando, after his death it became an affiliate and moved to the campus of the University of Southern California and then the Claremont School of Theology. Even as the San Fernando Valley transformed itself from an area to a suburban one in the decades after World War II. There has also been movement into the Santa Clarita and Antelope Valleys to the north, income levels have declined as a result. Since late 2004, the city has been going through a series of planning development projects, that can be defined as gentrification. San Fernando is completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles, with the districts of Sylmar to the north, Lake View Terrace to the east, Pacoima to the south and it is served by the Golden State, Foothill, Ronald Reagan, and San Diego freeways. The 2010 United States Census reported that San Fernando had a population of 23,645, the population density was 9,959.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of San Fernando was 12,068 White,222 African American,314 Native American,248 Asian,33 Pacific Islander,9,877 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 21,867 persons. The Census reported that 23,531 people lived in households,46 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 476 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 34 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 731 households were made up of individuals and 295 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.94. There were 4,972 families, the family size was 4.18. The median age was 30.7 years, for every 100 females there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males. There were 6,291 housing units at a density of 2,649.9 per square mile, of which 3,252 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 1%, the vacancy rate was 3. 9%. 13,425 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,106 people lived in housing units
32.
Water table
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The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water, the water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure. It may be visualized as the surface of the materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer, in areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths water fills in more of the spaces in the soils. Below the water table, in the zone, layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table should not be confused with the water level in a deeper well. The elevation of the water in this well is dependent upon the pressure in the deeper aquifer and is referred to as the potentiometric surface. The water table may vary due to changes such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. Springs, rivers, lakes and oases occur when the table reaches the surface. Springs commonly form on hillsides, where the Earths slanting surface may intersect with the water table, Groundwater entering rivers and lakes accounts for the base-flow water levels in water bodies. Within an aquifer, the table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in soils, sediments. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of pressure to points of lower pressure. The slope of the table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer. This occurs when there is a layer of rock or sediment or relatively impermeable layer above the main water table/aquifer. If a perched aquifers flow intersects the Earths dry surface, at a wall for example. On low-lying oceanic islands with porous soil, freshwater tends to collect in lenticular pools on top of the denser seawater intruding from the sides of the islands, such an islands freshwater lens, and thus the water table, rises and falls with the tides. In some regions, for example, Great Britain or California, winter precipitation is higher than summer precipitation
33.
Tujunga Wash
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Tujunga Wash is a 13. 0-mile-long stream in Los Angeles County, California. It is a tributary of the Los Angeles River, providing about a fifth of its flow and it is called a wash because it is usually dry, especially the lower reaches, only carrying significant flows during and after storms, which usually only occur between November and April. Tujunga Wash consists of two forks, both beginning in the San Gabriel Mountains, the upper portion of Big Tujunga Wash is called Tujunga Creek, or Big Tujunga Creek. It travels roughly east to west, and several tributaries from the north and south join it as it flows to Big Tujunga Reservoir, below the dam, the stream is called Big Tujunga Wash. It continues its flow, enters San Fernando Valley and is met by Little Tujunga Wash a mile before reaching Hansen Reservoir. Little Tujunga Wash comes from the north, draining the portion of the San Gabriel Mountains immediately north of Hansen Reservoir, finally, Tujunga Wash meets the Los Angeles River near Studio City, California. Big Tujunga Dam was built by Los Angeles County and completed in 1931, Big Tujunga Reservoir can hold 5,960 acre feet of water. In the Los Angeles Flood of 1938 it was tested, the dam is currently undergoing a seismic retrofit, which includes doubling the thickness of the gravity arch dam. Hansen Dam was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Hansen Reservoir can hold 74,100 acre feet of water. Their primary purposes are flood control, although they provide some groundwater recharge. As a result, the majority of the water is discharged into the ocean, in 1969 there was a flood in the Tujunga Wash, water flowed down a formerly inactive channel and entered a large gravel pit 15 m to 23 m deep. The channel bed degraded by about 4 meters, leading to failure of three bridges and loss of seven homes. From north to south, Great Wall of Los Angeles
34.
Chatsworth, Los Angeles
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Chatsworth is a neighborhood in the northwestern San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. The area was home to Native Americans, some of whom left caves containing rock art, Chatsworth was explored and colonized by the Spanish beginning in the 18th Century. The land was part of a Mexican land grant in the 19th Century, Chatsworth has seven public and eight private schools. There are large open-space and smaller recreational parks as well as a public library, distinctive features are the former Chatsworth Reservoir, the Santa Susana Field Laboratory and a number of private businesses. Overall, Chatsworth has one of the lowest densities of any neighborhood in the city, and it has a relatively high income level. The 2000 U. S. census counted 35,073 residents in the 15. 24-square-mile Chatsworth neighborhood—or 2,301 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 37,102. In 2000 the median age for residents was 40, considered old for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with a relatively high percentage of whites and of Asian people. The breakdown was Whites,65. 7%, Latinos,13. 5%, Asians,14. 4%, Blacks,2. 2%, and others,4. 2%. Korea and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 25. 2% of the residents who were born abroad—a low figure for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $84,456, considered high for the city. The percentages of families earned more than $40,000 was considered high for the county. Renters occupied 28. 9% of the stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 71. 1%. The average household size of 2.6 people was considered average for Los Angeles, in 2000 there were 2,933 military veterans, or 10. 8% of the population, a high percentage compared to the rest of the city. The percentages of married people were among the countys highest, the rate of 10% of families headed by single parents was low for the city. Chatsworth is flanked by, the Santa Susana Mountains on the north, porter Ranch and Northridge on the east. Winnetka, Canoga Park, and West Hills on the south, the Simi Hills, and unincorporated Los Angeles County and Ventura County on the west. Twin Lakes, a community founded by San Franciscos George Haight in the early 20th Century and this region experiences hot and dry summers, with average daily high temperatures of 90–100 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chatsworth has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, Chatsworth was inhabited by the Tongva-Fernandeño, Chumash-Venturaño, and Tataviam-Fernandeño Native American tribes. Native American civilizations had inhabited the Valley for an estimated 8,000 years, Stoney Point is the site of the Tongva Native American settlement of Ashaawanga or Momonga, that was also a trading place with the neighboring Tataviam and Chumash people
35.
Los Angeles Aqueduct
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The system delivers water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles, California. In 1971 it was recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers on the List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks and its construction was controversial from the start, as it is alleged that water diversions to Los Angeles all but ended agriculture in the Owens Valley. Since then its continued operation has led to debate, legislation and court battles over the environmental impacts of the aqueduct on Mono Lake. The aqueduct project began in 1905 when the people of Los Angeles approved a US$1.5 million bond for the purchase of lands and water, on June 12,1907 a second bond was passed with a budget of US$24.5 million to fund construction. Construction began in 1908 and was divided up into 11 divisions, the number of men who were on the payroll the first year was 2,629 and peaked at 6,060 in May 1909. In 1910 employment dropped to 1,150 due to financial reasons, between 1911 and 1912 employment ranged from 2,800 to 3,800 workers. The number of actual laborers working on the aqueduct, at its peak, was 3,900, in 1913 the City of Los Angeles completed construction of the first Los Angeles Aqueduct. The aqueduct as originally constructed consisted of six reservoirs and 215 mi of conduit. Beginning three and one miles north of Black Rock Springs, the aqueduct diverts the Owens River into an unlined canal to begin its 233 mi journey south to the Lower San Fernando Reservoir. This reservoir was renamed the Lower Van Norman Reservoir. The original project consisted of 24 mi of open unlined canal,37 mi of lined open canal,97 mi of covered concrete conduit,43 mi of tunnels,12. The aqueduct uses gravity alone to move the water and also uses the water to generate electricity, the aqueduct system has been operated safely throughout its history and is still in operation. The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct effectively eliminated the Owens Valley as a farming community. By the 1920s, the pursuits of the water rights. Farmers in Owens Valley attacked infrastructure, dynamiting the aqueduct numerous times, the aqueducts water provided developers with the resources to quickly develop the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through World War II. Mulhollands role in the vision and completion of the aqueduct and the growth of Los Angeles into a metropolis is recognized and well-documented. The William Mulholland Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 and located at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Blvd. in Los Feliz is dedicated to his memory, Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are named for him as well. In an effort to more water, the city of Los Angeles reached further north
36.
North Hollywood shootout
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At 9,17 AM, Larry Phillips, Jr. and Emil Mătăsăreanu entered and robbed the North Hollywood Bank of America branch. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu were confronted by LAPD officers when they exited the bank, the two robbers attempted to flee the scene, Phillips on foot and Mătăsăreanu in their getaway vehicle, while continuing to engage the officers. Standard issue sidearms carried by most local patrol officers at the time were 9 mm pistols or.38 Special revolvers, the bank robbers wore heavy plate mostly homemade body armor which successfully protected them from handgun rounds and shotgun pellets fired by the responding officers. A police SWAT team eventually arrived bearing sufficient firepower, and they commandeered an armored truck to evacuate the wounded, several officers also appropriated AR-15 and other semi-automatic rifles from a nearby firearms dealer. The incident sparked debate on the need for officers to upgrade their firepower in preparation for similar situations in the future. Due to the number of injuries, rounds fired, weapons used. Both men had fired approximately 1,100 rounds, while approximately 650 rounds were fired by police, another estimate is that a total of nearly 2,000 rounds were fired. Larry Eugene Phillips, Jr. and Emil Decebal Mătăsăreanu first met at the Golds Gym in Venice, Los Angeles and they had a mutual interest in weightlifting, bodybuilding and firearms. Before meeting, Phillips was a habitual offender, responsible for real estate scams. Mătăsăreanu was an electrical engineer and ran a relatively unsuccessful computer repair business. On July 20,1993 the pair robbed an armored car outside a branch of FirstBank in Littleton, on October 29,1993, Phillips and Mătăsăreanu were arrested in Glendale, northeast of Los Angeles, California, for speeding. Initially charged with conspiracy to commit robbery, both served one hundred days in jail and were placed on three years probation, after their release, most of their seized property was returned to them, except for the confiscated firearms and explosives. On June 14,1995, the pair ambushed a Brinks armored car in Winnetka, killing one guard, Herman Cook, and seriously wounding another. In May 1996, they robbed two branches of Bank of America in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, CA, stealing approximately US$1.5 million. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu were dubbed the High Incident Bandits by investigators due to the weaponry they had used in three prior to their attempt in North Hollywood. Additionally they had approximately 3,300 rounds of ammunition in box and they filled a jam jar with gasoline and placed it in the back seat with the intention of setting the car and weapons on fire to destroy evidence after the robbery. Mătăsăreanu wore only a Type IIIA bulletproof vest, but included a metal plate to protect vital organs. Additionally, both robbers had sewn watch faces onto the back of their gloves to check their timing inside the bank, before entering, they took the barbiturate phenobarbital, prescribed to Mătăsăreanu as an anticonvulsant, to calm their nerves
37.
CicLAvia
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CicLAvia is an Open Streets event held in Los Angeles where streets are closed to motor vehicles and open for the public to walk, bike, and skate through the open streets. Each CicLAvia event is planned by the nonprofit organisation CicLAvia, the event takes place on periodic Sundays, and is open for a predetermined set of hours. This started out as a once-a-year occurrence but later expanded to four times a year, in fact, plans to have CicLAvia once a month are in the works. While it may seem primarily intended for cyclists, many people can be seen skateboarding, running, on some streets the traffic lights are still in service, which means the bikers and pedestrians must abide by the traffic laws. LAPD Traffic Divisions and LADOT Parking Enforcement Traffic Officers are guarding each intersection to allow ultimate safety of the community during this event, CicLAvia brings together densely populated and diverse neighborhoods through a bike route. The event now attracts over 100,000 participants and expands to even more neighborhoods. CicLAvia is based on Ciclovia, which translates from Spanish to English as “bike path. ”Ciclovia originated in Colombia to promote the city of Bogota as a city because it had been dominated by automobiles. The city closed the streets and filled them with performances and different community based activities happening on the sidewalks and these sidewalks are filled with vendors and music turning them into a full festival. Meanwhile, cyclists and pedestrians go through these streets and are lead through the different stages of the city and this event took place every Sunday from 07,00 till 14,00 hrs. Los Angeles activists, Stephan Villavaso and Jonathan Parfrey, created their own version of Ciclovia in order to connect communities, CicLAvia struggled to have its official grand opening as it was postponed twice before its debut on 10 October 2010. The event has added popularity and awareness of bikes to the city, bikers have become more welcome on roads and more bike lanes have been added to streets all over Los Angeles. The money raised by the CicLAvia nonprofit goes to expanding and making the event well known,10 October 2010 – This was the first CicLAvia event. The bike paths went from East Hollywood to Hollenbeck Park through separated streets,10 April 2011 – The same 12 kilometre route was used. 9 October 2011 – CicLAvia expanded its route with a north and south spur on Spring Street, the course expanded north on this street toward Chinatown central plaza rest stop and south on Spring Street toward the African American Firefighter Museum stop. This created a 17 km route of open streets,15 April 2012– CicLAvia route stayed the same as the previous route. 7 October 2012 – The core of the CicLAvia route stayed at 7th and Spring streets, the starting points were cut out and shortened but the north-south was expanded. The north started at Chinatown, the east had the Metro Gold Line Soto Station in Boyle Heights, the south expanded to Exposition Park in South Los Angeles, and the west ended at MacArthur Park Hub. This change was made because the founders felt that they needed to change up the cycle for each new CicLAvia to connect more communities,21 April 2013 – CicLAvia to the Sea - This was an experiment in CicLAvia running down a single street
38.
Human-powered transport
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Human-powered transport is the transport of person and/or goods using human muscle power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming, modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Although motorization has increased speed and load capacity, many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of lower cost, leisure, physical exercise, human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. In the 1989 Race Across America, one used a experimental device comprising a rear wheel hub, a sensor. The most efficient human-powered land vehicle is the bicycle, compared to the much more common upright bicycle, the recumbent bicycle may be faster on level ground or down hills due to better aerodynamics while having similar power transfer efficiency. Velomobiles are increasingly popular in colder and/or wetter countries due to the protection they offer against the environment, freight bicycles are used to transport cargo. Cycle rickshaws can be used as taxicabs, in 2016, AeroVelo cyclist Todd Reichert achieved the human-powered speed record of 142.04 km/h with a velomobile at Battle Mountain, Nevada. Dutch cyclist Fred Rompelberg set a 268.8 km/h speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on October 3,1995 while cycling in the wake of a motor dragster pace-car, the wake of the pace-car reduced the aerodynamic drag against which Rompelberg pedalled to almost zero. Greg Kolodziejzyk set two world records recognized by both the International Human Powered Vehicle Association and Guinness World Records on July 17,2006 on a track in Eureka. The first record is for the most distance traveled in 24 hours by human power 1,041 km, and the second for the worlds fastest 1,000 km time trial. Both records were broken on August 6,2010 by Christian von Ascheberg who drove 1,000 km in 19 hours,27 minutes, in the same race he also raised the 12-hour record to 664.97 km, which is an average of 55.41 km/h. In 1969, artists in a small Northern California town began the Kinetic sculpture race which has grown to a 42 mi, three-day all terrain, human-powered sculpture race and it is held every year on the last weekend in May. The Pedaliante flew short distances fully under human power in 1936, the flights were deemed to be a result of the pilots significant strength and endurance, and not attainable by a typical human. Additional attempts were made in 1937 and 1938 using a catapult system, with the catapult launch, the plane successfully traveled the 1 km distance outlined by the competition, but was declined the prize due to the takeoff method. The first officially authenticated regularly feasible take-off and landing of an aircraft was made on 9 November 1961 by Derek Piggott in Southampton Universitys Man Powered Aircraft. Perhaps the best-known human-powered plane is the Gossamer Albatross, which flew across the English Channel in 1979. The current speed record is held by the Monarch B, built by a team at MIT in 1983, the first officially observed human-powered helicopter to have left the ground was the Da Vinci III in 1989. It was designed and built by students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in California and it flew for 7.1 seconds and reached a height of 8 in
39.
Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
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Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery is located at 10621 Victory Boulevard in North Hollywood, California. There is a memorial to Amelia Earhart and others, honoring their accomplishments, among those interred here are several celebrities from the entertainment industry. The shrine, with a colorful tile dome and female figures stretching their arms to the heavens and it was named for the palace of Odin, the Norse god of slain heroes. Valhalla was founded in 1923 by two Los Angeles financiers, John R. Osborne and C. C, the Spanish Mission Revival entrance structure was designed by architect Kenneth McDonald Jr. The gateway to the new cemetery cost $140,000, the rotunda was dedicated March 1,1925, with a concert by English contralto Maude Elliott. Picnickers spread blankets on the grassy expanse between three reflecting pools and flat cemetery markers, which were a new concept at the time. It became a tourist attraction and was used for concerts that were broadcast over radio station KELW by station owner Earl L. White, just five months after the dedication, Osborne and Fitzpatrick were convicted of fraud. They had sold the same burial plots repeatedly — as many as 16 times — and netted a profit of $3 million to $4 million and they were fined $12,000 each and sentenced to 10 years in prison but served less than three years of the sentence. The cemetery was taken over by the state of California, there, they opened a two-story office building and mortuary. During the ceremony, the remains of Walter R. Brookins were interred there. Brookins, the first aviator to take a plane to an altitude of a mile, had been the Wright brothers first civilian student, when sculptor Giorgi died in 1963, he was buried outside the structure, near his masterpiece. Gillette was also buried outside, near the shrine he helped found, the cube-like shrine building was heavily damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake but restored and rededicated in 1996. Two years later, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1958, Pierce Brothers sold its family-owned chain of Southern California mortuaries and cemeteries to Texas financier Joe Allbritton, who sold off 20 acres of Valhalla for development. In 1991, the cemeteries and mortuaries were acquired by Service Corp. International in Houston, beneath the memorial tablets rest the remains of other aviation pioneers, including, Augustus Roy Knabenshue, who in 1904 became Americas first dirigible pilot. He also founded a dirigible service, from Pasadena to Los Angeles. Evelyn Bobbi Trout, who held numerous records for endurance, mileage, James Floyd Smith, who built and flew his own plane in 1912 and invented the free-type manually operated parachute for the Army in 1918. Hilder Florentina Smith, who became a parachute jumper in 1914, two years later, she became the first female pilot to fly out of the bean patch that later became Los Angeles International Airport. She was married to James Floyd Smith, matilde Moisant, the second American woman to earn her pilot certificate — two days after her friend, journalist Harriet Quimby
40.
Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation
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The Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation is in Los Angeles, California. The shrine is a 75-foot-tall structure of marble, mosaic, and it was built in 1924 as the entrance to Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery. Aviation enthusiast James Gillette was impressed by the close proximity to the airport. He conceived a plan to use the structure as a shrine to aviation and it was dedicated in 1953 by aviation enthusiasts who wanted a final resting place for pilots, mechanics, and other pioneers of flight. Dedicated to the dead of American aviation on the 50th anniversary of powered flight, December 17,1953. Beneath the memorial tablets in this sacred portal rest the remains of famous flyers who contributed so much to the history. The bronze plaques upon the marble walls memorialize beloved Americans who devoted their lives to the advancement of the air age, administered under the auspices of the Brookins–Lahm–Wright Aeronautical Foundation, this shrine stands as a lasting tribute. On May 27,1996, it was rededicated by Dr. Tom Crouch, Chairman of the Aeronautics Department at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Bertrand Blanchard Acosta, co-pilot with Admiral Richard Byrd in 1927 Jimmie Angel and his epitaph reads, At the grave, when my warfare is ended. Though no flowers emblazon the sod, may a prayer mark the good I intended. Richard Peter Della-Vedowa, Lockheed Missiles and Space, Skunkworks Warren Samuel Eaton, Colonel and early pilot who built airplanes for Lincoln Beachy Winfield Bertrum Kinner, a. k. a. Augustus Roy Knabenshue, balloon and dirigible pilot who flew in the Dominguez Air Meet in 1910 and manager of the Wright brothers exhibition team, john Bevins Moisant, won the Statue of Liberty Race in 1910, first to carry a passenger across the English Channel. He built and flew his own plane in 1912 and invented the manually operated parachute for the Army in 1918. Hilder Florentina Smith, aerial acrobat and parachute jumper and she was married to James Floyd Smith. Carl Browne Squier, World War I aviator, barnstormer, test pilot, as Vice President of Lockheed Aircraft he sold Charles and Anne Lindbergh their Sirius airplane in 1931
41.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
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Los Angeles County Department of Health Services
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DHS also runs the My Health LA health care program, which benefits approximately 150,000 residents, in partnership with over 200 community partners. DHS administrative headquarters is located in Downtown Los Angeless Civic Center, at the corner of Figueroa, DHS provided healthcare services to over 643,856 unique patients and 2,457,174 patient visits in Fiscal Year 2015-16. For Fiscal Year 2015-16, LADHS had an budget of US$3,832,724,000. The County funds less than 15% of LADHS total annual budget, municipal governments, under Section 17000 of Californias Welfare and Institutions Code, are responsible as safety net health care providers. In the 1860s, Los Angeles County appointed a County Physician, DPH was formally established on July 7,2006. The department was separated on July 6,2006. On January 3,2011, Mitchell H. Katz, a physician, was appointed Director of Health Services for DHS, from 2008 to 2011, John F. Schunhoff, Ph. D. served as an interim director following Bruce Chernoffs resignation in May 2008. These reforms are set to place before the Patient Protection. It is a county implementation of the state Low Income Health Program, in the 2010-2011 fiscal year, DHS reported a budget surplus of $13.2 million. LADHS comprises a network of facilities throughout Los Angeles County, including four hospitals. DHS Ambulatory Care Network, which was created to provide care, outpatient specialty care. The Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center provides physical therapy services to individuals around the country, DHS leadership also includes, Hal F. Yee Jr. M. D. The hospitals nephrology program was also ranked high-performing, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center was ranked #26 in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and #45 in California. The hospitals rehabilitation program was also ranked high-performing, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center has consistently been ranked as one of Americas Best Hospitals since 1989. Most recently, it received a Silver Medal in 2012, DHS provides health services to over 800,000 patients including many uninsured patients. LAC+USC Medical Center provides care for half of HIV/AIDS and sickle cell anemia patients in Southern California, in 2012, the DHS system had a hospital bed capacity of 1,465. DHS hospitals had 74,811 admissions,1,251,553 outpatient visits, over the past 20 years, the number of births performed at DHS hospitals has declined substantially since Medi-Cal expanded coverage for pregnant women in the 1990s. In Fiscal Year 2011-2012, the DHS system received over 300,000 emergency department admissions, over 2.6 million ambulatory care admissions, DHS hospitals recorded 295,000 emergency department visits,1.1 million outpatient hospital visits and 76,000 urgent care visits
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Glendale, California
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Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,167, making it the third largest city in Los Angeles County and it is located about 8 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale lies on the end of the San Fernando Valley, bisected by the Verdugo Mountains. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city, Glendale has one of the largest communities of Armenian descent in the United States. In 2013, Glendale was named LAs Neighborhood of the Year by the readers and editors of Curbed. com, Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery contains the remains of many noted celebrities and local residents. Grand Central Airport was the point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh. The area was inhabited by the Tongva people, who were later renamed the Gabrieleños by the Spanish missionaries. Rancho San Rafael was a Spanish concession, of which 25 were made in California, unlike the later Mexican land grants, the concessions were similar to grazing permits, with the title remaining with the Spanish crown. In 1860, his grandson Teodoro Verdugo built the Verdugo Adobe, the property is the location of the Oak of Peace, where early Californio leaders including Pio Pico met in 1847 and decided to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel John C. Verdugos descendants sold the ranch in various parcels, some of which are included in present-day Atwater Village, Eagle Rock, in 1884, residents gathered to form a townsite and chose the name Glendale. Residents to the southwest formed Tropico in 1887, the Pacific Electric Railway brought streetcar service in 1904. Glendale incorporated in 1906, and annexed Tropico 12 years later, Brand loved to fly, and built a private airstrip in 1919 and hosted fly-in parties, providing a direct link to the soon-to-be-built nearby Grand Central Airport. The grounds of El Miradero are now city-owned Brand Park and the mansion is the Brand Library, Brand partnered with Henry E. Huntington to bring the Pacific Electric Railway, or the Red Cars, to the area. Today, he is memorialized by one of the main thoroughfares. The citys population rose from 13,756 in 1920 to 62,736 in 1930, the Forest Lawn Cemetery opened in 1906 and was renamed Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in 1917. Pioneering endocrinologist and entrepreneur Henry R. Harrower opened his clinic in Glendale in 1920, the American Green Cross, an early conservation and tree preservation society, was formed in 1926. In 1964, Glendale was selected by George Lincoln Rockwell to be the West Coast headquarters of the American Nazi Party and its offices, on Colorado Street in the downtown section of the city, remained open until the early 1980s. In 1977 and 1978,10 murdered women were found in, the murders were the work of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the latter of whom resided at 703 East Colorado Street, where most of the murders took place
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United States Postal Service
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The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
United States of America
California
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
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North Hollywood
