1.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
2.
Marin County, California
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Marin County /məˈrɪn/ is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 252,409 and its county seat is San Rafael. Marin County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, Marin County is one of the wealthiest localities in the United States, known for its affluence. In May 2009, Marin County had the fifth highest income per capita in the United States at about $91,480, the county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors. The county is well known for its natural beauty and liberal politics. San Quentin Prison is located in the county, as is George Lucas Skywalker Ranch, autodesk, the publisher of AutoCAD, is also located there, as well as numerous other high-tech companies. The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch, in 1994, a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby. Marin Countys natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest, the Marin Headlands, Stinson Beach, the Point Reyes National Seashore, the United States oldest cross country running event, the Dipsea Race, takes place annually in Marin County, attracting thousands of athletes. Mountain biking was invented on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais in Marin, According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name Californias counties, the county was named for Marin, great chief of the tribe Licatiut. Marin had been named Huicmuse until he was baptized as Marino at about age 20, Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that Chief Marin had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish, starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. The Coast Miwok Indians were hunters and gatherers whose ancestors had occupied the area for thousands of years, about 600 village sites have been identified in the county. The Coast Miwok numbered in the thousands, today, there are few left and even fewer with any knowledge of their Coast Miwok lineage. Efforts are being made so that they are not forgotten, francis Drake and the crew of the Golden Hind was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as Nova Albion. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drakes claim to the new lands and this so-called Drakes Plate of Brass was revealed as a hoax in 2003. In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the San Agustin, the Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 828 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area
3.
Sonoma County, California
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Sonoma County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 483,878 and its county seat and largest city is Santa Rosa. It is located to the north of Marin County and the south of Mendocino County and it is west of Napa County and Lake County. Sonoma County comprises the Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is the northwestern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region. Sonoma is the county and largest producer of California’s Wine Country region, which also includes Napa, Mendocino. It possesses thirteen approved American Viticultural Areas and over 250 wineries, in 2002, Sonoma County ranked as the 32nd county in the United States in agricultural production. More than 7.4 million tourists each year, spending more than $1 billion in 2006. Sonoma County is the home of Sonoma State University and Santa Rosa Junior College, Sonoma County is home to several Native American tribes. By the 1830s, European settlement had set a new direction that would prove to radically alter the course of land use, Sonoma County has rich agricultural land, albeit largely divided between two nearly monocultural uses as of 2007, grapes and pasturage. The voters have twice approved open space initiatives that have provided funding for public acquisition of natural areas, preserving forested areas, coastal habitat, and other open space. The Pomo, Coast Miwok and Wappo peoples were the earliest human settlers of Sonoma County, spaniards, Russians, and other Europeans claimed and settled in the county from the late 16th to mid-19th century, seeking timber, fur, and farmland. The Russians were the first newcomers to establish a permanent foothold in Sonoma County and this settlement and its outlying Russian settlements came to include a population of several hundred Russian and Aleut settlers and a stockaded fort with artillery. However, the Russians abandoned it in 1841 and sold the fort to John Sutter, settler and Mexican land grantee of Sacramento. The Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in 1823 as the last and northernmost of 21 California missions, is in the present City of Sonoma, El Presidio de Sonoma, or Sonoma Barracks, was established in 1836 by Comandante General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The City of Sonoma was the site of the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846, Sonoma was one of the original counties formed when California became a state in 1850, with its county seat originally the town of Sonoma. However, by the early 1850s, the town of Sonoma had declined in importance in terms of commerce and population, its county buildings were crumbling, and it was relatively remote. As a result, elements in the newer, rapidly growing towns of Petaluma, Santa Rosa, the dispute ultimately was between the bigger, richer commercial town of Petaluma and the more centrally located, growing agricultural center of Santa Rosa. Allegedly, several Santa Rosans, not caring to wait, decided to take action and, one night, rode down the Sonoma Valley to Sonoma, took the county seals and records, some of the countys land was annexed from Mendocino County between 1850 and 1860
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Northwestern Pacific Railroad
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The Northwestern Pacific Railroad is a regional railroad that serves the North Coast of California. Its main line is 271 miles long and runs between Schellville and Eureka, an additional portion of the line runs from the Ignacio Wye to the edge of San Rafael. Currently, only the 62 mi stretch between Schellville and Windsor is in operation with freight and SMART commuter trains, the portion of the NWP main line between the Ignacio Wye in Marin County and the depot in Healdsburg is owned by Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit, a commuter railroad. The Schellville–Ignacio and Healdsburg–Eureka portions are owned by the North Coast Railroad Authority, private contractor NWPco operates freight service under NCRA lease. In the late 1800s both the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Santa Fe Railroad had great interests in building lines north from San Francisco to Humboldt County to transport logs south. Construction was finally completed through the unstable Eel River canyon in October 1914 when a golden spike ceremony, the Southern Pacific Railroad controlled the southern end of the line from Willits south to Marin and Schellville, while the AT&SF controlled the northern end from Willits to Eureka. There were also dozens of miles of narrow gauge trackage in Marin, the railroad service became popular, a 1911 daily NWP timetable shows 10 passenger trains each way, plus dozens of freights. In 1929 the AT&SF sold its half-interest to the Southern Pacific, with the onset of World War II, freight shipments rose while passenger service stayed roughly the same. Freight service on the NWP picked up again in the 1950s as a large increase in the demand for lumber came about due to the post-war housing boom. Branch lines were dismantled during the 1930s, the Sebastopol branch became redundant following purchase of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad in 1932, and California State Route 12 adopted the former alignment between Leddy and Sebastopol. The Trinidad extension reverted to a line after NWP service ended in 1933. Sonoma Countys River Road adopted the former alignment of the Guerneville branch from Fulton to Duncans Mills after rails were removed in 1935, during March,1958, with the exception of the tri-weekly Willits-Eureka Budd Rail Diesel Car passenger service, all mainline passenger service was discontinued. The Budd car made its last run in 1969, freight traffic remained high until the 1970s. The train might pick up a car of butter from Fernbridge and more lumber cars from Fortuna. More lumber cars might be added at Alderpoint during the long, a second crew took over at Willits, where more cars from the California Western typically swelled the train to approximately one hundred cars. Five miles of 2.25 percent grade from Willits to Ridge originally required helpers, the remaining trip down the Russian River to Schellville included a meal stop for the crew at Geyserville. Remaining traffic revenues were insufficient for track maintenance through the Eel River Canyon, in September 1983, the SP announced that it was shutting down the maintenance-intensive NWP line north of Willits. This led to a court battle since the SP did not properly notify the Interstate Commerce Commission of their intent to abandon the line
6.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
7.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
8.
Sausalito, California
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Sausalito is a San Francisco Bay Area city in Marin County, California. Sausalito is 8 miles south-southeast of San Rafael, at an elevation of 13 feet, the population was 7,061 as of the 2010 census. The community is situated near the end of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail, car. It is adjacent to, and largely bounded by, the spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It is sometimes claimed that Sausalito was named for the district in Valparaíso, Murrieta was the leader of bandits who settled at the northern end of the future Golden Gate bridge after being banned from San Francisco in the bandit wars. However, this theory cannot be true because Murrieta was from Mexico, not Chile, the Rancho Saucelito had already been granted to William Richardson in 1838. Located at 37°51′33″N 122°29′07″W, Sausalito encompasses both steep, wooded hillside and shoreline tidal flats, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles. Notably, only 1.8 square miles of it is land, a full 21. 54% of the city is under water, and has been so since its founding in 1868. Prominent geographic features associated with Sausalito include Richardson Bay and Pine Point, when Sausalito was formally platted, it was anticipated that future development might extend the shoreline with landfill, as had been the practice in neighboring San Francisco. As a result, entire streets, demarcated and given names like Pescadero, Eureka and Teutonia, the legal, if not actual, presence of these streets has proved a contentious factor in public policy, because some houseboats float directly above them. The California State Lands Commission is reportedly pursuing a compromise which would not the houseboats. Sausalito has a Mediterranean climate with far lower temperatures than expected because of its adjacency to San Francisco Bay, Sausalito was once the site of a Coast Miwok settlement known as Liwanelowa. The branch of the Coast Miwok living in this area were known as the Huimen, early explorers of the area described them as friendly and hospitable. Such placidity was likely a factor to their complete displacement. As historian Jack Tracy has observed, Their dwellings on the site of Sausalito were explored and mapped in 1907, nearly a century, by that time, nothing was left of the culture of those who had first enjoyed the natural treasures of the bay. The life of the Coastal Miwoks had been reduced to archaeological remnants, the first European known to visit the present-day location of Sausalito was Don José de Cañizares, on August 5,1775. Cañizares was head of a party dispatched by longboat from the ship San Carlos. The crew of the San Carlos came ashore soon after, reporting friendly natives and teeming populations of deer, elk, bear, sea lions, seals and otters
9.
Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
10.
Standard-gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
11.
Railway electrification system
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A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams
12.
Pier
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A pier is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers, Piers can range in size and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure to major structures extended over 1600 metres. In American English, pier may be synonymous with dock, thus in North America and Australia, where many ports were, until recently, built on the multiple pier model, the term tends to imply a current or former cargo-handling facility. In Europe in contrast, where more often use basins and river-side quays than piers. However, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age, Piers can be categorized into different groupings according to the principal purpose. However, there is overlap between these categories. Many piers are floating piers, to ensure that the piers raise and this prevents a situation where lines become overly taut or loose by rising or lowering tides. An overly taut or loose tie-line can damage boats by pulling out of the water or allowing them so much leeway that they bang forcefully against the sides of the pier. Working piers were built for the handling of passengers and cargo onto, working piers themselves fall into two different groups. Longer individual piers are found at ports with large tidal ranges. Such piers provided an alternative to impounded docks where cargo volumes were low, or where specialist bulk cargo was handled. The other form of working pier, often called the pier, was built at ports with smaller tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage was to give a greater available quay length for ships to berth against compared to a linear littoral quayside, typically each pier would carry a single transit shed the length of the pier, with ships berthing bow or stern in to the shore. Some major ports consisted of numbers of such piers lining the foreshore, classic examples being the Hudson River frontage of New York. One example, is in use in Progreso, Yucatán, where a pier extends more than 4 miles into the Gulf of Mexico, making it the longest pier in the world. The Progreso Pier supplies much of the peninsula with transportation for the fishing, many other working piers have been demolished, or remain derelict, but some have been recycled as pleasure piers. The best known example of this is Pier 39 in San Francisco, at Southport and the Tweed River on the Gold Coast in Australia, there are piers that support equipment for a sand bypassing system that maintains the health of sandy beaches and navigation channels. Pleasure piers were first built in Britain during the early 19th century, the earliest structures were Ryde Pier, built in 1813/4, Trinity Chain Pier near Leith, built in 1821, and Brighton Chain Pier, built in 1823
13.
Ferries of San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay in California has been served by ferries of all types for over 150 years. John Reed established a ferry service in 1826. One of the earliest ferry routes ran between San Francisco and Oakland on what was called the creek route. The name derived from the Oakland landing site located at the foot of Broadway where Jack London Square is today, fronting on what is called the Oakland Estuary. The estuary, which in the 1800s included what is todays Lake Merritt, was the creek, in 1851, Captain Thomas Gray, grandfather of the famous dancer Isadora Duncan, began the first regular ferry service to San Francisco from the East Bay. Service started with the stern-wheel Sacramento River packet General Sutter and the iron steam ferry Kangaroo. Service was augmented in 1852 by Caleb Cope, the small ferry Hector powered by a sawmill engine. Boston burned that year and was replaced first by William Browns San Joaquin River packet Erastus Corning, in 1853, Minturn formed the Contra Costa Steam Navigation Company and had the ferry Clinton built expressly for trans-bay service. A second ferry, Contra Costa began operating over the route in 1857, the earliest railroad ferries ran from Oakland Point and from Alameda Terminal when Alameda was still a peninsula. The ferry pier at Oakland Point was greatly enlarged to form the Oakland Long Wharf and these railroad ferries mostly carried passengers, not trains, although there was some ferrying of freight cars to San Francisco. This railroad ferry actually carried whole trains and these ferries became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad when it assumed many of the facilities of its affiliate, the Central Pacific. These large train ferries were idled when a bridge was completed over the Carquinez Strait in 1930. Ferries began serving north bay rail connections with the Petaluma and Haystack Railroad in 1864, San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad ferries connected Petaluma River landing locations with San Francisco. North Pacific Coast Railroad ferries connected Sausalito with San Francisco, some of these ferries operated on Northwestern Pacific Railroad schedules from 1907 to 1938. The Napa Valley Railroad established service in 1865 and connected with ferry service in Vallejo. Monticello Steamship Company began operating ferries between Vallejo and San Francisco in 1895, and began coordinating with train schedules in 1905, Golden Gate Ferry Company gained control of Monticello in 1927 and, after merging with Southern Pacific, discontinued ferry service to Vallejo in 1937. Santa Fe and Western Pacific both ran passenger ferries connecting their east bay terminals to San Francisco, but both discontinued ferry service in 1933, service to Sausalito was suspended in 1938 by order of the State Railroad Commission, and the last ferry to Alameda ran in 1939. The last Southern Pacific ferry ran between Oakland and San Francisco on 29 July 1958, Southern Pacific ferries Melrose and Thoroughfare were designated to carry automobiles to and from San Francisco on the original Creek Route in 1911
14.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
15.
Duncans Mills, California
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Duncans Mills is an unincorporated community located in Sonoma County, California. Duncans Mills was once part of the Rancho Muniz Mexican land grant, in 1877, Alexander Duncan established a sawmill in what is today Duncans Mills. The mills sent lumber to the city of San Francisco. The town was founded in the 1870s and it featured two hotels, a general store, a saloon, a meat market, blacksmith, livery stable, and a notion shop. Starting in the 1870s, the narrow-gauge North Pacific Coast Railroad ran through Duncans Mills on its way from Cazadero, after being sold several times, the railroad ceased operation in the 1930s. The town slowly faded, until a 1976 restoration project, associated with the celebration of the U. S. Bicentennial, brought about a period of building restoration, today, Duncans Mills resembles the way it was originally built. It has an authentic Northwestern Pacific Railroad Depot and several cars from the old railroad line. A California State Park Ranger Station is located in one of the old buildings as the California State Park Store with a selection of books. The Blue Heron Restaurant has served as the entertainment center of the town for decades. Duncans Mills is located on the Russian River about 4 mi from the Pacific Ocean, the record high was 113 °F on July 14,1972, and the record low was 14 °F on December 23,1990. According to the 2000 census, about 175 people live in Duncans Mills, there are around 42 family households and 31 non-family households. Each household has an average of 2-3 people, in Duncans Mills, there are 129 houses, and 56 of them are vacant and 52 of them are seasonal, recreational, of occasional use
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Cazadero, California
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Cazadero is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in western Sonoma County, California, United States with a population of 420. Nearby towns include Jenner, Annapolis, Stewarts Point, Duncans Mills, Villa Grande, Rio Nido, Guerneville, Monte Rio, and The Sea Ranch. The downtown of Cazadero consists of two churches, a store, a post office, a hardware store, an auto repair garage, private office space. The town is approximately 6 miles from Route 116, Cazadero Highway parallels Austin Creek which is a principal tributary of the lower Russian River. Austin Creek flows southward from two major forks through the town to the Russian River, located in the Sonoma Coast AVA, Cazadero can also be considered part of the Wine Country. Flowers, Fort Ross, Hirsch and Wild Hog Wineries have Cazadero addresses, Cazadero is approximately 10 miles from the Pacific Ocean, the Sonoma Coast and the mouth of the Russian River. Cazadero was the terminus of the North Pacific Coast Railroad. Local legend holds that much of San Francisco was rebuilt after the disastrous April 1906 earthquake and fire using redwood, Cazadero timbers are also known to have been used in pilings sunk to support the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Many creeks in Cazadero join Austin Creek as it makes its way to the Russian River. The principal tributary in the area is Kidd Creek which finds it source on the south east slopes of Pole Mountain which rises to approximately 2,204 feet just a few miles from the Pacific coastline. Kidd Creek flows west to east in two forks which join near the CazSonoma Inn before flowing into Austin Creek about 3 miles south of town. Cazadero receives an average of 85 in of rain a year, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 7.1 square miles,99. 98% of it land and 0. 02% of it water. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cazadero has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. Cazadero is in an area where there is plant life, including redwoods, oaks. Tanoak is also common and it is the principal species suffering from sudden oak death in the area, research has implicated bay trees as a vector for sudden oak death. Bays frequently grow in proximity to oaks and redwoods in coastal California. Rarer plants in the include the calypso orchid, which can be found on the floors of redwood forests, fern glens. Common birds are Stellers jay, common raven, great egret, great blue heron, hummingbird, pileated, northern flickers are also found in the area
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Point Reyes Station, California
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Point Reyes Station is a small unincorporated town located in western Marin County, California. Point Reyes Station is located 13 miles south-southeast of Tomales, at an elevation of 39 feet, Point Reyes Station is located along State Route 1 and is a gateway to the Point Reyes National Seashore, an extremely popular national preserve. About 350 people live in the town, the CDP has a total area of 3.62 sq mi, all land. Point Reyes Station is very close to the San Andreas Fault, at one time, the epicenter of the quake was thought to be near Olema. A walking tour of the fault can be taken from the Point Reyes National Seashores Visitor Center, the place was called Olema Station when the railroad arrived in 1875. The Point Reyes post office opened in 1882, changed its name to Marin in 1891, changed it back to Point Reyes later in 1891, the 2010 United States Census reported that Point Reyes Station had a population of 848. The population density was 234.5 people per square mile, the racial makeup of Point Reyes Station was 725 White,7 African American,3 Native American,10 Asian,73 from other races, and 30 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 155 persons, the Census reported that 100% of the population lived in households. There were 19 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 same-sex married couples or partnerships,172 households were made up of individuals and 90 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06, there were 208 families, the average family size was 2.84. The median age was 51.1 years, for every 100 females there were 81.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males, there were 490 housing units at an average density of 135.5 per square mile, of which 50. 2% were owner-occupied and 49. 8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 6. 8%. 50. 6% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 49. 4% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 818 people,352 households, the population density was 225.1 people per square mile. There were 373 housing units at a density of 102.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 77. 8% non-Hispanic White,0. 6% non-Hispanic African American,1. 1% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 3% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.83
18.
Samuel P. Taylor State Park
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Samuel P. Taylor State Park is a state park located in Marin County, California. It contains approximately 2,700 acres of redwood and grassland, the park contains about 600 acres of old-growth forest, some of which can be seen along the Pioneer Tree Trail. The park is named for Samuel Penfield Taylor, who found gold during the California Gold Rush, in 1856, Taylor built the Pioneer Paper Mill, the first paper mill on the Pacific Coast. In the 1870s, the North Pacific Coast Railroad was built between Cazadero and a pier in Sausalito where passengers could transfer to a ferry to San Francisco, the railroad passed near Taylors mill, and, ever the entrepreneur, he built the Camp Taylor Resort alongside the tracks. A destination for city-weary San Franciscans, the resort offered both a hotel and tent camping, as well as swimming, boating, fishing, Taylor died on January 22,1886, and his family lost the mill and resort in the Panic of 1893. However, a 1910 newspaper advertisement for the Camp Taylor Resort, touting its dance pavilion and on-site grocery and butcher, the mill burned down in 1916, and in 1945 the State of California took possession of the property for non-payment of taxes. Due to the budget deficit, Taylor Park is one of many state parks that are at risk of closing due to lack of funding. Currently efforts are being made to find funding to keep Samuel P. Taylor, the San Francisco Chronicle on October 7,2011 reported that the National Park Service has agreed to take over security and operations of Samuel P. Taylor Park. San Francisco Wiki - Samuel P. Taylor State Park Maps, hiking trails, winter run coho salmon Trailspotting, Hiking Mount Barnabe GPS/mapping data, hike description & photos
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Fairfax, California
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Fairfax is an incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States. Fairfax is located 3.25 miles west-northwest of San Rafael, the population is 7,441 at the 2010 census. Fairfax is the town in America that holds a Green Party majority in the town council. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 2.2 square miles. The geography of Fairfax consists mostly of hills and valleys, the 2010 United States Census reported that Fairfax had a population of 7,441. The population density was 3,376.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Fairfax was 6,617 White,110 African American,36 Native American,204 Asian,4 Pacific Islander,174 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 504 persons. The Census reported that 7,419 people lived in households,12 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 267 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 52 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,076 households were made up of individuals and 320 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20. There were 1,875 families, the family size was 2.77. The median age was 45.9 years, for every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. There were 3,585 housing units at a density of 1,626.9 per square mile, of which 2,103 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0. 9%, the vacancy rate was 4. 9%. 4,917 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,502 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,319 people,3,306 households, the population density was 3,441.2 people per square mile. There were 3,418 housing units at a density of 1,607.0 per square mile. 6. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
20.
Tomales Bay
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Tomales Bay is a long narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean in Marin County in northern California in the United States. It is approximately 15 miles long and averages nearly 1.0 miles wide and it is located approximately 30 miles northwest of San Francisco. The bay forms the boundary of Point Reyes National Seashore. Tomales Bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy, on its northern end it opens out onto Bodega Bay, which shelters it from the direct current of the Pacific. The bay is formed along a portion of the San Andreas Fault. Oyster farming is an industry on the bay. The two largest producers are Tomales Bay Oyster Company and Hog Island Oyster Company, both of which retail oysters to the public and have grounds on the east shore. Hillsides east of Tomales Bay are grazed by cows belonging to local dairies, there is also grazing land west of the bay, on farms and ranches leased from Point Reyes National Seashore. The bay sees significant amounts of sports including sailing, kayaking, fishing. Of special interest is the bioluminescence that can be seen from June to November, watercraft may be launched on Tomales Bay from the public boat ramp at Nicks Cove, north of Marshall. The sand bar at the mouth of Tomales Bay is notoriously dangerous, towns bordering Tomales Bay include Inverness, Inverness Park, Point Reyes Station, and Marshall. Additional hamlets include Nicks Cove, Spengers, Duck Cove, Shallow Beach, dillon Beach lies just to the north of the mouth of the bay, and Tomales just to the east. The area was once Coast Miwok territory, documented villages in the area included, Echa-kolum, Sakloki, Shotommo-wi, and Utumia. Francis Drake is thought to have landed in nearby Drakes Estero in 1579, members of the Vizcaíno Expedition found the Bay in 1603, and thinking it a river, named it Rio Grande de San Sebastian. Early 19th Century settlements constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. The narrow gauge North Pacific Coast Railroad from Sausalito was constructed along the east side of the bay in 1874, Tomales Bay State Park was formed to preserve some of the bay shore, it opened to the public in 1952. Popular units of the park include Hearts Desire Beach and Millerton Point, the Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971, listed Tomales Bay as a wetland of international importance. The Giacomini Wetland Restoration Project, completed in 2008, returned to several hundred acres at the south end of the bay that had been drained for grazing during the 1940s
21.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
22.
San Anselmo, California
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San Anselmo is an incorporated town in Marin County, California, in the western United States. San Anselmo is located 1.5 miles west of San Rafael and it is located about 20 miles north of San Francisco. Neighboring towns include San Rafael to the east, Fairfax to the west, Mount Tamalpais dominates the view to the south. The population was 12,336 at the 2010 census, the land in and around San Anselmo was mostly pastoral until 1874, when the North Pacific Coast Railroad added to its line a spur track from San Anselmo to San Rafael. In 1875, the railroad completed a line from Sausalito to Tomales, for a few years, the town was referred to on railroad maps as Junction, but in 1883 the name San Anselmo came back into use. The San Anselmo post office opened in 1892, two postal substations were operated, Lansdale, from 1924 to 1962, and Yolanda, from 1924 to 1954. From 1902 until the early 1940s, San Anselmo was part of Marins Northwestern Pacific Electric Train system, the Miracle Miles and Center Boulevards current raised roadbed were the railroads right of way. Becoming unprofitable as a result of competition from the automobile and the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge, the last of the major San Anselmo railroad station buildings was razed in 1963, according to the towns timeline. The 1913 electric train schedule shows a time from San Anselmo to the Sausalito Ferry to the Ferry Building in San Francisco of a mere 58 minutes. San Anselmo incorporated on April 9,1907 and its name came from the Punta de Quintin land grant, which marked the valley as the Canada del Anselmo, or Valley of Anselm, Anselm being the name of a Native American who was buried in the area. San Anselmo was a silent film capital in the early 1900s, on March 12,1974, San Anselmo officially became a town. Lucas worked on his Star Wars script for two and a half years, writing much of it at the back of his San Anselmo house in a room he shared with a gaudy Wurlitzer jukebox. The average high temperature is 85 °F, in July, the record high was 111 °F in July,1972, and record low was 18 °F in December,1990. Average rainfall is 47.47 inches, with the rainiest month being January, all but a sliver of San Anselmo lies within the 28-square-mile Ross Valley Watershed that flows into San Francisco Bay. The principal waterway of the portion of the watershed is San Anselmo Creek. Two of San Anselmo Creeks tributaries, Sleepy Hollow Creek and Sorich Creek, also flow through the town, as do East Fork Creek and West Fork Creek, there are three main roads running through San Anselmo. Their junction is known locally as the Hub, which lies near the business district. Sir Francis Drake Boulevard runs north from Ross, turns north-west at the Hub, Red Hill Avenue runs west from San Rafael, after 4th Street and 3rd Street merge, and into the Hub where it becomes Center Boulevard
23.
California State Railroad Museum
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The California State Railroad Museum is a museum in the state park system of California, USA, interpreting the role of the iron horse in connecting California to the rest of the nation. It is located in Old Sacramento at 111 I Street, the museum features 21 restored locomotives and railroad cars, some dating back to 1862. The Sierra Scene shows a large mockup of a construction scene high in the Sierra Nevada representing Donner Pass circa 1867. Changing exhibits featuring photography, ephemera, and artifacts from the collection, add depth. The roundhouse area of the features a rotating display of locomotives. When not on display, these items are stored and worked on at the nearby Sacramento Railyards in the buildings that were part of the original Southern Pacific Shop complex. In early 2011, the interior remained closed to public use, the Sacramento Southern Railroad owns the Walnut Grove Branch right-of-way that extends south from Sacramento along the eastern bank of the Sacramento River. A few miles of track were rebuilt along the levee near Freeport, the CSRRM hopes to one day have a longer excursion line, perhaps as far as Hood, California. At that location the railroad passengers could disembark the train and take a tourist steamboat back up the Sacramento River to Old Sacramento. The museum has its origins in 1937, when a group of enthusiasts in the San Francisco Bay Area formed the Pacific Coast Chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society. The Museums first facility, the Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station, the Railroad History Museum was completed in 1981. Steam-powered passenger train service on the Sacramento Southern Railroad began in 1984, railtown 1897 State Historic Park in Jamestown was added to the Museum complex during 1992. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 2925 - Stored, a 4-8-4 type built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1944, atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 5021 - Stored, a 2-10-4 type built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1944. Central Pacific No.1 Gov. Stanford - Cosmetically restored, granite Rock No.10 ) a USATC S100 Class 0-6-0T built by Porter in *1942. Northwestern Pacific 112 - Stored, a 4-6-0 type built by ALCO in 1908, north Pacific Coast 12 Sonoma - Cosmetically restored, a 3 ft narrow gauge 4-4-0 type built by Baldwin in 1875. Sole surviving NPC locomotive, and one of three surviving Baldwin 8/18C class 3 ft narrow gauge 4-4-0s. Central Pacific No.3 / Southern Pacific No.1 C. P. Huntington - Cosmetically restored, Central Pacific No.233 - Stored, awaiting restoration. A 2-6-2 tank engine built by Central Pacifics Sacramento Shops in 1882, donated 2001 by the Pacific Locomotive Association
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Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
25.
California State Route 1
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State Route 1 is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U. S. state of California. At a total of just over 655.8 miles, it is the longest state route in California, Highway 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway, Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 near Dana Point in Orange County, Highway 1 also at times runs concurrently with US101, most notably through a 54-mile stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway is designated as an All-American Road, SR1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened and it was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as Highway 1. Highway 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway, the entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 in Dana Point and US101 near Oxnard as the Pacific Coast Highway, the legislature has also designated the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned other names by the state. The legislature has relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard. The route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the tourism industry. Segments of Highway 1 range from a rural road to an urban freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling between the metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster routes such as US101 or I-5. At its southernmost end in Orange County, Highway 1 terminates at I-5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point and it then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point, Highway 1 continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach, Highway 1 then enters Newport Beach, where it is known as simply Coast Highway. Upon entering Huntington Beach, Highway 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation and it passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the city on its journey in Orange County. PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River, Highway 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle, more than 2 miles from the coast
26.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
27.
San Rafael, California
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San Rafael is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, as of the 2010 census the citys population is 57,713. What is now San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Awani-wi, near downtown San Rafael, Ewu, near Terra Linda,14,1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was located a donkeys day walk to the mission below it, the mission and the city are named after the Archangel Raphael, the Angel of Healing. The mission was planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores. Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility, in part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828, the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The current mission was built in 1949 in the style of the original, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.4 square miles. 16.5 square miles of it is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water, south of the county is San Francisco. Peacock Gap Golf Course which is open to the public, there are several public parks in the city. The San Rafael shoreline has been filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development. At certain locations such as Murphys Point, the sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud, San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, there are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate, with winter lows seldom reaching the freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80. 1°, December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55. 1° and an average low of 41. 0°. The highest temperature on record is 110°, recorded in June 1961, the highest temperature in recent years, 108°, occurred on July 23,2006. The record lowest temperature was 20° on December 22,1990, there are an average of 17.9 days annually with a high of 90° or more and 1.2 days with a high of 100° or more
28.
Marshall, California
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Marshall is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located on the northeast shore of Tomales Bay 6 miles south of Tomales, Marshall is located on the east shore of Tomales Bay. It has a population of about 400, although it has claimed a population of 50 and touted this as the sum of the elevation. It is located approximately 15 miles south east of Bodega Bay, the town is named after the Marshalls, four brothers who set up a dairying industry there in the 1850s. Starting in the 1870s, Marshall was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry. There is still some dairying in the area with Straus Family Creamery based there and it also acts as a center for tourists visiting Tomales Bay and the neighbouring Point Reyes Peninsula. Tomales Bay Oyster Company Information and photographs about Marshall on the Beach California website Information about Marshall on the West Marin Chamber of Commerce website
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Tomales, California
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Tomales is a census-designated place on State Route 1 in Marin County, California, United States. The population was 204 at the 2010 census, the largest employer in Tomales is Tomales High School, which has a student body of approximately 190. Tomales is located above Keys Creek, about 3 mi northeast of Tomales Bay, the nearest city is Petaluma, about 20 minutes away by automobile, and the nearest large city is San Francisco, about 75 minutes to the south. The CDP has an area of 0.33 sq mi. When Europeans first reached Tomales Bay, it was home to Coast Miwok people, numerous authenticated Miwok villages are known from this area, including one sited near the present-day town of Tomales. The Tomalles post office opened in 1854, and changed its spelling to Tomales before 1879, starting in the 1870s, Tomales was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry. Built near the San Andreas Fault, Tomales was affected by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, one of the towns two cemeteries predates the earthquake, and the damage to the pre-1906 plots shows just how widespread the quakes effects were. The 2010 United States Census reported that Tomales had a population of 204, the population density was 614.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 94. 6% White,1. 5% Native American,2. 0% Asian,4. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The Census reported that 100% of the lived in households. There were 10 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 same-sex married couple or partnership,32 households were made up of individuals and 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06, there were 58 families, the average family size was 2.55. The median age was 50.5 years, for every 100 females there were 85.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males, there were 122 housing units at an average density of 367.7 per square mile, of which 59. 6% were owner-occupied and 40. 4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 6%, the vacancy rate was 7. 0%. 61. 8% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 38. 2% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 210 people,73 households, the population density was 670/sq mi. There were 85 housing units at a density of 271/sq mi
30.
Valley Ford, California
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Valley Ford is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in western Sonoma County, California, United States. It is located on State Route 1 in an area of rolling hills about 75 minutes north of San Francisco by automobile, like all of Sonoma County, Valley Ford is included in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the Redwood Empire. The village lies just north of the Estero Americano, about 5 mi from the Pacific Ocean and it is 7 mi north of Dillon Beach,9 mi east of the town of Bodega Bay and 20 mi southeast of Jenner. The Estero Americano is protected by the Estero Americano State Marine Recreational Management Area, like an underwater park, this marine protected area helps conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. Prior to its settlement by Europeans, the indigenous Coast Miwok and Pomo people hunted, fished, a Miwok village named Ewapalt has been documented in the Valley Ford area. Europeans explored the coastline in the early 17th century but did not settle until 1812, the Russians remained until 1841, when the area came under Mexican rule. In 1850, the year California became a U. S. state, Valley Ford had a grain mill in the mid-19th century. Starting in the 1870s, Valley Ford was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry, in 1976, Christo and Jeanne-Claudes installation art piece Running Fence passed through Valley Ford on its way from Cotati to Bodega Bay. Open from 1856 to 1967, Watson School once served as Valley Fords school, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.6 square miles, all of it land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Valley Ford had a population of 147, the population density was 55.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 71. 4% White,0. 7% African American,22. 4% from other races,35. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The Census reported that 100% of the lived in households. There were 6 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 same-sex married couples or partnerships,13 households were made up of individuals and 5 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58, there were 35 families, the average family size was 3.20. The median age was 39.5 years, for every 100 females there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.4 males, there were 67 housing units at an average density of 25.4 per square mile, of which 47. 4% were owner-occupied and 52. 6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 3. 1%. 39. 5% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 60. 5% lived in rental housing units
31.
Freestone, California
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Freestone is a small, unincorporated community in Sonoma County, California, USA located at the intersection of Bohemian Highway and Bodega Highway. Its west of Sebastopol along Salmon Creek on the U. S. Geological Survey 7. 5-minute quadrangle, Valley Ford, the ZIP code for Freestone is 95472, which it shares with Sebastopol and two other communities. Freestone is located on part of Rancho Cañada de Jonive, the towns name dates back to 1853 and refers to a public sandstone quarry. Starting in 1873, Freestone was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad which eventually connected Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry and it is a small town of only about 50 people. The town is only about 1/2 mile from one end to the other, open from 1856 to 1967, Watson School once served as Freestones school, and is located in a Sonoma County Regional Parks Department historic park about 2.5 miles southwest of Freestone. Freestone is a Sonoma county destination located near Sebastopol, Bodega Bay, osmosis Day Spa Sanctuary, located on the banks of Salmon Creek, offers a Japanese-style cedar enzyme bath and is a founding member of the Green Spa Network of environmentally conscious spas. Wild Flour Bakerys bread, pastries, and garden are popular with weekend visitors
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Occidental, California
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Occidental is a census-designated place in Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 1,115 at the 2010 census, down from 1,272 at the 2000 census, founded in 1876, Occidental was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry. In return for donating right-of-way to the railroad, a landowner named Dutch Bill Howards received a lifetime railway pass. The railway caused an expansion of the timber industry. Trains also brought vacationers from San Francisco, Occidental has a total area of 4.97 sq mi, all land. The cooperative National Weather Service station reports that Occidental has cool, wet winters and warm, average January temperatures range from 41.8 °F to 54.5 °F and average July temperatures range from 51. 4° to 77.9 °F. The record highest temperature was 103 °F on July 22,2006, there are an average of 12.8 days with highs of 90 °F or higher and an average of 2.1 days with lows of 32 °F or lower. Average annual rainfall is 55.19 inches, the wettest year was 1983 with 111.21 inches and the dryest year was 1976 with 20.75 inches. The most rainfall in one month was 36.62 inches in January 1995, the most rainfall in 24 hours was 8.51 inches on January 5,1966. Average annual snowfall is only 0. 2-inch, the maximum snowfall was 11.0 inches in January 1974. The 2010 United States Census reported that Occidental had a population of 1,115, the population density was 224.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Occidental was 992 White,7 African American,7 Native American,31 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,23 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 81 persons. The Census reported that 100% of the lived in households. There were 39 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 14 same-sex married couples or partnerships,172 households were made up of individuals and 40 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10, there were 297 families, the average family size was 2.65. The median age was 48.5 years, for every 100 females there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males, there were 673 housing units at an average density of 135.5 per square mile, of which 68. 6% were owner-occupied and 31. 4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4. 2%, the vacancy rate was 6. 6%
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Monte Rio, California
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Monte Rio is a census-designated place in Sonoma County, California along the Russian River near the Pacific Ocean. The town of Guerneville lies east of Monte Rio, and Jenner is slightly north-west, the population was 1,152 at the 2010 census, up from 1,104 at the 2000 census. Bohemian Grove is located in Monte Rio, starting in the 1870s, Monte Rio was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito, California ferry. Redwood lumber from local sawmills was shipped to build San Francisco, after the sawmills left, the area became known as Vacation Wonderland with trains transporting San Franciscans to summer cabins and even a seven story hotel downtown. Portions of the 1942 Academy Award-winning film Holiday Inn were filmed at the Village Inn Resort in Monte Rio, the trains no longer run, and the area now is mainly inhabited by full year residents. The club purchased dozens of other parcels in the area, and now owns 2,712 acres, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.0 square miles. 1.9 square miles of it is land and 0.07 square miles of it is water, the 2010 United States Census reported that Monte Rio had a population of 1,152. The population density was 582.9 people per square mile, the racial makeup of Monte Rio was 1,047 White,10 African American,6 Native American,11 Asian,1 Pacific Islander,16 from other races, and 61 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79 persons, the Census reported that 93. 6% of the population lived in households and 6. 4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 42 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 37 same-sex married couples or partnerships,247 households were made up of individuals and 61 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87, there were 226 families, the average family size was 2.54. The median age was 50.7 years, for every 100 females there were 119.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.2 males, there were 930 housing units at an average density of 470.5 per square mile, of which 56. 9% were owner-occupied and 43. 1% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 7%, the vacancy rate was 9. 1%. 57. 0% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 36. 5% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,104 people,549 households, the population density was 753.5 per square mile. There were 807 housing units at a density of 550.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91. 76% White,0. 72% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 72% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,1. 99% from other races, and 4. 17% from two or more races
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Baldwin Locomotive Works
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The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was originally located in Philadelphia, and later moved to nearby Eddystone, although the company was very successful as the largest producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of diesels was far less so. Later, when the demand for diesel locomotives to replace steam tapered off. It stopped producing locomotives in 1956 and went out of business in 1972, having produced over 70,000 locomotives and this company is not to be confused with E M Baldwin of Australia who made small locomotives for such things as sugar cane tramways. The Baldwin Locomotive Works had a humble beginning, the original engine was in use and powered many departments of the works for well over 60 years, and is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company had shortly before imported a locomotive from England and it had not yet been assembled by Isaac Dripps when Baldwin visited the spot. He inspected the detached parts and made notes of the principal dimensions, aided by these figures, he commenced his task. The difficulties attending the execution of this first order were such that they are not easily understood by present-day mechanics. It was under such circumstances that his first locomotive, christened Old Ironsides, was completed and tried on the Philadelphia and it was at once put in active service, and did duty for over 20 years. It was an engine, weighing a little over five tons, the driving wheels were 54 inches in diameter. The wheels were of heavy cast iron hubs, with spokes and rims, and wrought iron tires. It had a 30 inches diameter boiler which took 20 minutes to raise steam, Baldwin struggled to survive the Panic of 1837. Production fell from 40 locomotives in 1837 to just nine in 1840, as part of the survival strategy, Matthias Baldwin took on two partners, George Vail and George Hufty. Although the partnerships proved relatively short-lived, they helped Baldwin pull through the hard times. Zerah Colburn was one of many engineers who had an association with Baldwin Locomotive Works. Colburn was full of praise for the quality of Baldwins work, in the 1850s, railroad building became a national obsession, with many new carriers starting up, particularly in the Midwest and South. While this helped drive up demand for Baldwin products, it increased competition as more companies entered the locomotive production field. Still, Baldwin had trouble keeping pace with orders and in the early 1850s began paying workers piece-rate pay, taking advantage of human nature, this increased incentives and productivity
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William Mason (locomotive builder)
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William Mason was a master mechanical engineer and builder of textile machinery and railroad steam locomotives. He founded Mason Machine Works of Taunton, Massachusetts and his company was a significant supplier of locomotives and rifles for the Union Army during the American Civil War. The company also later produced printing presses, Mason was born in 1808 in Mystic, Connecticut, the son of a blacksmith. As a boy, Mason spent time in his fathers shops and he left home at the age of thirteen and worked as an operator in the spinning room of a small cotton factory in Canterbury, Connecticut. He was a mechanical genius and could repair the most complicated machine in the mill. At the age of sixteen he went to East Haddam, where a mill for the manufacture of thread was being established, at seventeen he worked at the machine shop connected with the mill, where he stayed for three years. It was here he set up the first power loom in the country for the manufacture of diaper linen and he also constructed an ingenious loom for the weaving of damask table cloths. In 1833, Mason joined Asell Lamphaer at Killingly, Connecticut and he remodeled and perfected the ring along with an improved frame. In 1835, Mason moved to Taunton, Massachusetts, to join Crocker and Richmond and he worked almost entirely on ring frames. The firm failed in 1837 during the financial crisis, the business was taken over by Messrs Leach and Keith. On October 8,1840, his greatest invention, a mule was patented. Competition required improvements and on October 3,1846, he received a patent for Masons Self-acting Mule, Leach and Keith suffered a failure in the winter of 1842 owing Mason a large amount of money. James K. Mills & Co. of Boston, a leading firm, came to his rescue. In 1845, new buildings were erected and the plant became the largest one devoted to the manufacture of machinery in the country. It made cotton machinery, woolen machinery, machinists tools, blowers, cupola furnaces, gearing, shafting, railroad car wheels made with spokes, Mason wanted to improve the symmetry of the American locomotive. A first engine was turned out in 1853, in 1857 his firm failed but he managed to reopen the plant soon afterwards. The textile business recovered rapidly but the business was less prosperous. By 1860, he had produced a total of only 100 engines, the figure was doubled by 1865 due to the wartime demand and the pace continued for the next several years
36.
Brooks Locomotive Works
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The Brooks Locomotive Works manufactured steam railroad locomotives and freight cars from 1869 through its merger into the American Locomotive Company until 1934. When the New York and Erie Railroad relocated its shops facilities from Dunkirk, New York, to Buffalo in 1869, Dunkirk lost its largest employer. Coming to the rescue was Horatio G. Brooks, the former chief engineer of the NY&E who was at the controls of the first train into Dunkirk in 1851. In 1869, Brooks leased the Dunkirk shops facility from the NY&E, the new company officially opened on November 11,1869. The companys first steam locomotive is completed the month as part of an order for the NY&E. After the financial crisis of 1873, orders for new equipment dropped off, Brooks locomotives were displayed a few years later at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago, where they were judged the Best in Show. The 1890s brought another period of depressed sales following another financial crisis, the company produced 226 new locomotives in 1891, but only 90 new locomotives in 1894. Brooks was not able to recover business as easily and the company was merged with other manufacturers in 1901 to form the American Locomotive Company. ALCO produced locomotives at this facility until 1934 when the shop was renamed ALCO Thermal Products Division, locomotives produced at the former Brooks plant after ALCOs formation came to be known as ALCO-Brooks locomotives. Although new locomotives were no longer being produced at the former Brooks shops in Dunkirk, production had shifted from locomotives to heat exchangers, high-pressure vessels and pipes of all sizes. After World War II, production at the Dunkirk plant never got back to its prewar levels, ALCO finally closed the facility in 1962. February 22,1884, Brooks completes its 1, 000th new locomotive, November 30,1891, Brooks completes its 2, 000th new locomotive. July 23,1898, Brooks completes its 3, 000th new locomotive,1962, ALCO closes the former Brooks plant in Dunkirk, laying off the remaining 750 laborers at the facility. Brooks Locomotive Works sold locomotives to all of the railroads of the late 19th century. Following is a partial list of Brooks-built locomotives that have been spared the scrappers torch, history of the Brooks Locomotive Works Preserved Brooks locomotives Southern Tier West Regional Planning and Development Board, STW historical figures / Horatio Brooks
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Cab forward
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The term cab forward refers to various rail and road vehicle designs that place the drivers compartment substantially farther towards the front than is common practice. In steam locomotive design, a cab forward design will typically have the drivers compartment placed forward of the boiler at the front of the engine. On a coal-fired locomotive, the station remains on the footplate behind the firebox so as to be next to the tender. On an oil-fired locomotive, the station could be in the forward cab. This type of design was widely, though not commonly, used throughout Europe in the first half of the 20th century, visibility is greatly improved from the cab, and fumes from the chimney do not fill a forward cab in tunnels. However, the prospects in the event of a collision are worse. In Germany, Borsig in Berlin built a streamlined cab forward DRG Class 05 4-6-4 in 1937. In 1944, the streamlining was removed, but the 05003 had by then already lost its cab forward layout, after the war, it pulled express trains in West Germany until 1958. The state-owned Italian Ferrovie dello Stato had several cab forward locomotives, Class 670,671 and these 4-6-0 engines had a three-axle tender, and were nicknamed mucca. The engines were used to haul trains on the Milan-Venice railway. This arrangement was made possible by burning fuel oil instead of coal, the cab forward design was widely used by the Southern Pacific Railroad, which developed it to deal with the peculiar problems of its routes. The 39 long tunnels and nearly 40 miles of snow sheds of the Sierra Nevada Mountains could funnel dangerous exhaust fumes back into the compartment of a conventional locomotive. After a number of crews nearly asphyxiated, the locomotive was run in reverse and this meant that the tender was leading the train, which introduced new problems. The tender blocked the view ahead and put crewmen on the sides of the cab for seeing signals. The tenders were not designed to be pushed at the lead of the train, Southern Pacific commissioned Baldwin Locomotive Works to build a prototype cab-forward locomotive, then ordered more units before the prototype had even arrived. All of the cab-forwards were oil-burning locomotives, which meant there was little trouble involved putting the tender at what would normally be the front of the locomotive, the oil and water tanks were pressurized so that both would flow normally even on uphill grades. Visibility from the cab was superb, such that one crewman could easily survey both sides of the track, turning the normal locomotive arrangement around also placed the crew well ahead of the exhaust fumes, insulating them from that hazard. One problematic aspect of the design, however, was the routing of the oil lines, because the firebox was located ahead of the driving wheels, a nuisance under most conditions, it resulted in at least one fatal accident
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Ross, California
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Ross is a small incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States, just north of San Francisco. Ross is located 1.5 miles west-southwest of San Rafael, the population was 2,415 at the 2010 census. The town is bordered by Kentfield and Greenbrae to the east, Larkspur to the south, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.6 square miles, all of it land. Notable landmarks in Ross are the Ross Bear located in front of the Ross police station, the post office, the Marin Art and Garden Center, and Phoenix Lake. After the Mexican Revolution of 1821, the “land grant” system of parceling out land gave rise to what is now known as Marin County, Ross was originally part of an 8, 877-acre Mexican land grant to Juan B. R. Cooper in 1840 known as Ranch Punta de Quentin Canada de San Anselmo, in 1857, James Ross bought Rancho Punta de Quentin for $50,000. Ross, a Scot who had arrived in San Francisco from Australia in 1848 and made his fortune in the liquor business. He built his home on Redwood Drive and moved there with his wife, when James Ross died in 1862, his wife, Annie Ross, was forced to sell a portion of James Ross’ larger land holdings to pay each of their daughters $10,000. The 297 acres she had remaining make up part of the Town of Ross today, the first post office opened in 1887. The 2010 United States Census reported that Ross had a population of 2,415, the population density was 1,551.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Ross was 2,265 White,6 African American,2 Native American,45 Asian,3 Pacific Islander,19 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 94 persons. The Census reported that 2,363 people lived in households,52 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 13 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 7 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 120 households were made up of individuals and 60 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.96. There were 658 families, the family size was 3.26. The median age was 45.1 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males, there were 884 housing units at an average density of 568.0 per square mile, of which 686 were owner-occupied, and 112 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 0%, the vacancy rate was 5. 7%. 2,078 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 285 people lived in housing units
39.
San Rafael Transit Center
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The San Rafael Transportation Center in San Rafael, California, also called the C. Paul Bettini Transportation Center, is the main passenger transit terminal for Marin County. From here, passengers can make transfers throughout Marin County, to San Francisco, Contra Costa and it is also an important station for buses serving San Francisco International Airport, Oakland International Airport, and the rest of the country. The Transit Center is planned to be moved in the years as Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit begins operations. The original San Rafael railway depot that served the Northwestern Pacific Railroad was located at what is now a north of the station. As rail use fell into decline and was discontinued in the mid 20th century, busses came to prominence with the expansion of the road, the current transportation center was constructed in 1991. The San Rafael Transit Center hosts to a number of bus agencies, including, Golden Gate Transit - serving Marin, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Marin Transit - serving Marin County Marin Airporter - serving the San Francisco International Airport from Marin County. Airport Express - serving the Oakland International Airport, serves as stopover for Marin County to Sonoma County, Sonoma County Transit - serving the Sonoma Valley from San Rafael. One morning southbound and one northbound only, with timed connections to Golden Gate Transit buses to San Francisco. Greyhound Bus Lines - the main stop of Greyhound in Marin County, serving points in Northern California and the rest of the United States. In addition to bus services, there is a double-track railway, commuter trains arrived in Santa Rosa for testing in March 2016 after a fifty seven-year absence of such services. Rail operations have significantly disrupted service to bus stop locations, the San Rafael Transit Center is located at the corner of 3rd and Hetherton Streets, bounded by Tamalpais Avenue to the west and 2nd Street to the south. Along with that, being the stop for Greyhound for the county, SRTC provides connections for its passengers from within Marin County to intra-. Note, † - Select Route 259 trips originate as Route 251 Note, Route 101, Golden Gate Transits limited-stop service, serves the San Rafael Transit Center complementing the existing Route 80 on weekdays and Saturdays. For a description of this service, click here, Route 80 continues to serve the SRTC weeknights, weekends, and holidays when the Route 101 does not operate. The San Rafael Transit Center has the following amenities for its passengers, Saluté Cafe, also nearby are three park-and-ride lots within walking distance of the SRTC, all located under the Highway 101 overpass, that allow commuter parking. Golden Gate Transit Marin Transit San Rafael Sonoma County Transit
40.
California Park, California
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California Park is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California, United States, and a suburb of San Rafael. It lies north of San Quentin State Prison, Marin Sanitary Service is the largest tenant in the area. The community is in ZIP code 94901 and area codes 415 and 628, the Cal Park Hill Tunnel runs for 1,106 feet through the hill to Larkspur. It opened in 1884 and was a train tunnel owned by Northwestern Pacific Railroad. Train service stopped in the 1960s and it is now owned by Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit. After a $27 million project, jointly funded by SMART and Marin County, half of the tunnel reopened in December 10,2010 as a bicycle and pedestrian path. Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit plans to use the half to extend their planned commuter rail line from downtown San Rafael to the Larkspur ferry terminal. Marin Bike Coalition letter to SMART board SMART homepage
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Larkspur Landing
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Larkspur Landing, also known as Larkspur Ferry Terminal, is the main Golden Gate Ferry terminal in Larkspur, Marin County, California. The terminal is a regional hub receiving heavy service throughout the North Bay for commuter ferries to downtown San Francisco. Among various San Francisco Bay Area properties owned by San Francisco-born civil engineer Alfred Finnila in the 1970s was the known as Larkspur Landing in Larkspur. In the mid-1970s, Finnila sold, leased and rented parts of Larkspur Landing to the City of Larkspur and to various businesses and it is the main Golden Gate Ferry terminal in Larkspur, Marin County. Constructed in the mid-1970s, Larkspur Ferry Terminal rose from the ashes of the long demolished Hutchinsons Rock Quarry, the Ferry Terminal was built with an 18, 000-square-foot open air space frame, or tetrahedral-octahedral tesselation, a canopy designed by San-Francisco-based architect Jacques de Brer. The Ferry Terminal opened on December 11,1976, regular commute service started on December 13,1976. The ex-quarry-property also spawned the Larkspur Landing Shopping Center, with adjacent apartments and it will serve as an intermodal station, where passengers can transfer to San-Francisco-bound ferries. Director Don Siegel filmed the scenes of the 1971 movie Dirty Harry on the area of Larkspur Landing. Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit Alfred Finnila Prime Rib and Boxcars, Whatever Happened to Victoria Station, Victoria Station is still working on its restructuring. March 19,1986 - Los Angeles Times, Quarry, Larkspur Landing, CA « Dirty Harry Filming Locations. 20sep2002 Dirty Harry - filming locations
42.
Corte Madera Creek (Marin County, California)
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Corte Madera Creek is a short stream which flows southeast for 4.5 miles in Marin County, California. Corte Madera Creek is formed by the confluence of San Anselmo Creek and Ross Creek in Ross, the Coast Miwok lived for thousands of years in the Corte Madera watershed, gathering pinole and acorns, hunting, and salmon-fishing. Traces of the Miwok include seven mounds in what is now the Town of Ross, the Mexican government divided the northwest and southeast portions of the Corte Madera watershed into two separate land grants. The Rancho Cañada de Herrera, a 6, 658-acre rancho that includes the areas that are now Fairfax, Sleepy Hollow and his family used the land for crops, sheep, horses, and cattle and fished San Anselmo Creek for salmon. Cooper harvested timber and was granted a license to hunt southern sea otter. Rancho Punta de Quentin is now the towns of San Anselmo, Ross, Kentfield, Corte Madera Creek is named for the Spanish corte de madera meaning a place where wood is cut. A Tasmanian immigrant, James Ross, who had made a fortune selling liquor to gold panners in San Francisco, Ross continued logging and also started a regular schooner route to San Francisco to transport the wood. His family established an estate at the site that is now the Marin Art, Corte Madera Creek is one of few streams flowing into San Francisco Bay with a steelhead trout population. The best spawning gravels are in Upper San Anselmo Creek, Ross Creek, Fairfax Creek has a total barrier to fish passage at its confluence with San Anselmo Creek. Larkspur Creek is rumored to have had long ago. Chinook salmon currently utilize the watershed, historically, Corte Madera Creek watershed supported coho salmon with recorded observations dating from 1926-1927, the 1960s,1981, and the last sighting in 1984. The main non-salmonid fish species in the Corte Madera Creek Watershed include the three-spined stickleback, California roach, several species of sculpin, the 1, 000-acre Corte Madera Marsh Ecological Reserve is recognized as an Important Bird Area by the Audubon Society. Just south of the marsh, there is a channel named San Clement Creek where harbor seals haul out. The Corte Madera Watershed ranges in elevation from sea level to 2,571 feet at the East Peak of Mount Tamalpais. The watershed covers 28 square miles in the quarter of Marin County and encompasses the towns of Larkspur, Corte Madera, Kentfield, Ross, San Anselmo. The watershed includes Corte Madera, Ross, San Anselmo, Tamalpais, Sleepy Hollow, Fairfax, Larkspur and Tamalpais creeks drain directly into the estuary/tidal portion. The watershed includes 44 miles of stream channels, Ross Creek drains the northern slope of Mt. Tamalpais, San Anselmo Creek and its tributaries drain the northwestern portion of the watershed. List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area California Fur Rush Friends of Corte Madera Creek Watershed Corte Madera/Ross Valley Watershed pages at Marin Watersheds
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Kentfield, California
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Kentfield is a census-designated place in Marin County, California, United States, just north of San Francisco. Kentfield is located on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad 2 miles southwest of downtown San Rafael, the population was 6,485 at the 2010 census. The ZIP codes are 94904 for street addresses, and 94914 for PO boxes, Kentfield is located on the eastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.0 square miles. The National Weather Service reports that Kentfields warmest months are July and August, with a high of 84 °F. December and January are the coolest months with a high of 56 °F. The highest temperature on record was 112 °F on July 11,1913, the lowest temperature recorded was 17 °F on December 31,1915. Annually, there are an average of 28.4 days with highs of 90°F or higher and 3.2 days with highs of 100°F or more, freezing temperatures occur an average of 4.8 days each year. Kentfield has one of the highest average rainfalls of any community in the San Francisco Bay Area, the most rainfall in a month was 26.95 inches in February 1986 and the most in 24 hours was 11.56 inches on January 21,1967. Although heavy snow falls on nearby Mount Tamalpais, snow is rare in Kentfield, however, traces were reported on January 28. In 1857, James Ross bought Rancho Punta de Quentin, Ross, a Scot who had arrived in San Francisco from Australia in 1848 and made his fortune in the wholesale liquor business, set up a trading post called Ross Landing. Steamers would come up Corte Madera Creek to the landing there, albert Emmett Kent bought the land from the Ross estate in 1871. Kent built an estate called Tamalpais, later applied to the settlement by the railroad, albert Emmett Kents son, William Kent, was a US Congressman, philanthropist and founder of Muir Woods. The name of the town was changed to Kent in the 1890s, the 2010 United States Census reported that Kentfield had a population of 6,485. The population density was 2,132.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Kentfield was 5,908 White,35 African American,10 Native American,224 Asian,7 Pacific Islander,95 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 299 persons. The Census reported that 6,463 people lived in households,13 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 83 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 25 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 600 households were made up of individuals and 285 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51
