1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
4.
Crows Nest, New South Wales
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Crows Nest is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Crows Nest is located in the North Sydney precinct,5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Crows Nest was originally part of a 524-acre land grant made to Edward Wollstonecraft in 1821. The grant extended from the site of the present day Crows Nest to Wollstonecraft, Edward Wollstonecraft built a cottage, the Crows Nest and, according to his business partner Alexander Berry, chose the name on account of its elevated and commanding position. Berry later built a more substantial Crows Nest House on the estate in 1850 and this site is now the site of North Sydney Demonstration School. The gates of Crows Nest House still stand at the Pacific Highway entrance to the school, Berry died at Crows Nest House on 30 November 1873. St Thomas Rest Park, located in West Street, was originally the cemetery of St Thomass Church and it was the first burial ground established on Sydneys north shore. The land for the cemetery was donated to the Anglican Parish of St Leonards in 1845 by the prominent landowner and merchant, notable people buried there include Alexander Berry and George Barney. Alexander Berry was buried there with his wife, in 1873 and they are interred in an unusual, pyramid-shaped tomb with his wifes brother, Edward Wollstonecraft, former owner of Crows Nest Farm, after which the area is named. George Barney was born in London in 1792, and arrived in Sydney in 1835 and he held a number of posts, including Commander of the Royal Engineers, and he designed Victoria Barracks. He was responsible for the completion of Fort Denison, Circular Quay, Cockatoo Dock, the park includes the original sextons cottage, which is now used as a museum of local history, and is heritage-listed. At the 2011 census, there were 4,048 residents in Crows Nest, 41% of people were in the 25-39 year age group, compared to 20. 9% nationally. The most common ancestries in Crows Nest were English 24. 2%, Australian 19. 7%, Irish 9. 1%, Scottish 6. 8%, Crows Nest is a significant commercial district which is noted for its variety of shops and restaurants. It is centred on the junction of five main roads about 1 kilometre north by northwest of the site of Crows Nest House. The Warringah Freeway runs along the border of Crows Nest. The new Sydney Metro line will include a station and major interchange at the far side of Crows Nest and is due to open in 2024
5.
Cammeray
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Cammeray is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Cammeray is located 5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Cammeray is mostly a residential area. Some houses have waterfront access such as those in Cowdroy Avenue, Cammeray is named after the Cammeraygal, the Aboriginal tribe who once resided in the North Sydney area. Cammeray was the site of Sydneys first quarry, with blocks from the quarry making many of the first buildings in Sydney town. Cammeray was for a time the home of Joseph Palmer Abbott, Australian politician, Abbott built Tarella, a two-storey Italianate mansion in Amherst Street, c. 1886, on land he had acquired in 1881, Palmer Street in Cammeray was named after him. Tarella includes a coachhouse at the rear, with a clock tower. It is listed with the Heritage Council of New South Wales, Amherst Street was named after William Pitt Amherst, who was Governor-General of India 1823-28. According to the 2011 census of Population, there were 6,784 residents in Cammeray, in Cammeray,62. 5% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 6. 9%, New Zealand 3. 6%. 79. 1% of people only spoke English at home, other languages spoken at home included Cantonese 2. 0%, Japanese 1. 5% and Mandarin 1. 1%. The most common responses for religion in Cammeray were No Religion 27. 8%, Catholic 25. 3%, the Green Park shopping area makes a small hamlet, within the village of Cammeray. Stockland Cammeray is a centre that feature Harris Farm Markets. Long Gully Bridge, a bridge spanning Tunks Park that once carried trams to Northbridge in the early half of the 20th century, is located at the northern end of Cammeray. It is now a link to suburbs north of Cammeray. Cammeray Public School, catering for students from Kindergarten to Year 6, is situated on the corner of Palmer and Bellevue Streets. Anzac Park Public School opened in 2016 and caters for students from Kindergarten to Year 6, is situated on the corner of Anzac Avenue and Ernest Street, Cammeray Childrens Centre, a pre–school and childcare centre, is located at Warwick Avenue in Green Park. The Sydney Saturday School of Japanese, a weekend Japanese educational programme, holds classes for Japanese national, the All Saints Anglican church, part of the Naremburn Cammeray Anglican Church, is located in 5 Carter St. Cammeray
6.
Neutral Bay, New South Wales
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Neutral Bay is a harbourside suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Neutral Bay is around 1.5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Neutral Bay takes its name from the bay on Sydney Harbour. Kurraba Point, formerly a locality in Neutral Bay, was declared a suburb in 2010. Surrounding suburbs include North Sydney, Cammeray, Milsons Point, Cremorne and Cremorne Point, the name Neutral Bay originates from the time of the early colonial period of Australia, where different bays of Sydney harbour were zoned for different incoming vessels. This bay was where all foreign vessels would dock, hence the name neutral, the Aboriginal name for the area was Wirra-birra. In 1789, soon after the arrival of the First Fleet in Sydney, Governor Arthur Phillip declared this bay a neutral harbour where ships could anchor and take on water. Neutral Bay was far away from Sydney Cove to discourage convicts from escaping on these vessels. This style was an attempt to get away from mass production, notable examples soon appeared in the area. Brent Knowle, in Shellcove Road, was designed by Bertrand James Waterhouse and it influenced home design in the area for at least the next fifteen years and has a state heritage listing. A different style was used for The Cobbles, also in Shellcove Road, designed by Peddle and Thorp and built in 1918, it made great use of natural stones and pebbles to achieve the desired look. It is an Australian interpretation of the California Bungalow style and has a heritage listing. The Gables, in Spruson Street, was another Waterhouse design and was built in 1920 and it was influenced by the shingle style which was brought to Sydney by Horbury Hunt, and featured prominent gables and extensive use of shingles. More Waterhouse designs appeared in Shellcove Road in the vicinity of The Cobbles, an outstanding example is Ailsa, which was designed by Waterhouse for Captain Robert Craig and built in 1908. It has a heritage listing. Along with Keynsham, St Annes, and Gundimaine House, these form a significant heritage group and have a state heritage listing. Neutral Bay was also the home of the English-born childrens author and painter May Gibbs, who lived for a time in Derry, afterwards, she moved to the home Nutcote in nearby Kurraba Point. The main shopping district of Neutral Bay, known as Neutral Bay Junction, is along Military Road and it features many quality shops, restaurants and cafes. The Big Bear shopping centre is a mall that features a supermarket
7.
Milsons Point, New South Wales
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Milsons Point is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is located 3 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the government area of North Sydney Council. Milsons Point was named after James Milson, one of the earliest settlers, Milsons Point was named after James Milson, a free settler originally from Lincolnshire. Milson settled in the area near Milsons Point and established a business supplying ships with stone ballast, fresh water, and the produce of his dairy, orchard. In the early 1820s Milson settled in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, Kirribilli, in 1824 Milson received a 50-acre grant of his own adjoining Campbells land. In 1826 a bushfire raged through the area destroying Milsons home, orchard and dairy, in 1831 Campbell was involved with Milson in a court action over Milsons non-payment of the lease of the 120 acres. Milson lived in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street until 1831 when he built a new home, Brisbane House, the next home he built, also on his 50 acres, was called Grantham. By the 1840s Milson was leasing only the portion Campbells 120 acres that contained Milsons orchard in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, in 1872 Milson died at home at Gratham in the modern suburb of Milsons Point in what was then called the Municipality of East St Leonards. The last of the holdings in the lower North Shore area were resumed in the early 1920s for the construction of the Harbour Bridge. Milsons Point supports the end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Milsons Point is well connected with the CBD of Sydney by the bridge, ferries, the Warringah Freeway provides a link south to the Sydney CBD and north to Chatswood. Milsons Point railway station is on the approach to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Milsons Point ferry wharf, serviced by the Balmain, Pyrmont Bay, in addition to rail services, Milsons Point is serviced by buses that run to the Lower North Shore and Northern Beaches. School Buses leave from Bradfield Park to transport students to schools in North Sydney, Milsons Point has a mixture of residential and commercial development. Michael Stutchbury Milsons Point has the entertainment centre Luna Park and the North Sydney Olympic Pool, schools in the area include the Catholic schools Loreto Kirribilli for girls and St Aloysius College for boys
8.
Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
9.
Port Jackson
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Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head. The Cammeragal lived on the side of the harbour. The area along the banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora occupied Port Jackson, south to the Georges River, the first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour, was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 - Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson. His ships log notation states at noon we were. about 2 or 3 miles from the land, eighteen years later, on 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to examine Cooks Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed over night at Camp Cove, then moved down the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove, Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, in 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom nets central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process, a second midget submarine came to grief in Taylors Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago before leaving the harbour, in November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydneys Northern Beaches. The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour. The conning tower of one of the submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island. Fort Denison is a former site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Harbour
10.
Thomas Muir of Huntershill
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Thomas Muir, often known as Thomas Muir the Younger of Huntershill, was a Scottish political reformer. Thomas Muir was born above his fathers shop on the High Street of Glasgow. His father, James Muir, was the son of the laird of Birdston in Milton of Campsie, he married Margaret Smith. As a younger son James Muir had little prospect of inheriting his fathers property and his family, however, had in Maidstone, Kent, relations who were prosperous hop-growers and it was towards this branch of trade that young James was persuaded to direct his energies. In this business venture he achieved success and by the time of his marriage in 1764 he was firmly established as a hop-merchant in the High Street of Glasgow. Here, in the heart of the towns ancient University quarter, he settled with his wife, by the 1780s he reached the summit of his social aspirations when he purchased the property of Huntershill House, together with adjoining lands. Of Muirs mother, Margaret Smith, nothing of a biographical nature has been recorded, thus, early accounts describe him, not unnaturally, as ‘a pious child of modest, reserved nature’. Muirs education began at the age of five when his father acquired the services of William Barclay, a conscientious, rather than a brilliant pupil, Muir made steady progress and in 1775 at the early age of 10 was admitted to the gowned classes of Glasgow University. After attending classes regularly for 5 sessions he matriculated and at the desire of his parents embarked upon a study of Divinity and his religious convictions, both at this time and throughout the remainder of his life, were sincere and uncompromising. Like his parents he was a supporter of the ideals of the Auld Licht or popular party. As the only son of wealthy parents he wanted for nothing. He had discovered a natural flair for languages, and in furtherance of this interest he was soon the owner of a valuable. In 1782 at the age of 17 Muir graduated M. A and he was now influenced by the teachings of John Millar of Millheugh, Professor of Civil Law, and abandoned his studies for the Church. At the beginning of the 1783-4 term he was accepted as a student in Millars classes on Law and Government, in politics Millar was a Republican Whig and a critic of the so-called benevolent despotism of Henry Dundas. His target was Scottish political conservatism, in the form of the Faculty of Advocates, Muir joined students’ clubs and societies in which the major topics of the day were debated. Both, however, refused to interfere in the dispute, when Anderson returned from the summer vacation of 1784, he announced his intention of submitting similar petitions to the Secretary of State in London. Anderson received widespread support from the town and students, on 24 February 1785 the Glasgow Trades, by a large majority, voted in support of Andersons cause, but a few days later, after an appeal from Leechman, this vote was reversed. Senior students, particularly the M. A. s, responded by issuing a pamphlet entitled A Statement of Fact against Leechman
11.
Sydney Harbour Bridge
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The dramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of Sydney, and Australia. The bridge is nicknamed The Coathanger because of its arch-based design, under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works, the bridge was designed and built by British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough and opened in 1932. The bridges design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City and it is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring 134 m from top to water level. It was also the worlds widest long-span bridge, at 48.8 m wide, the southern end of the bridge is located at Dawes Point in The Rocks area, and the northern end at Milsons Point in the lower North Shore area. There are six lanes of road traffic through the main roadway. The main roadway across the bridge is known as the Bradfield Highway and is about 2.4 km long, making it one of the shortest highways in Australia. The arch is composed of two 28-panel arch trusses, their heights vary from 18 m at the centre of the arch to 57 m at the next to the pylons. The arch has a span of 504 m and its summit is 134 m above sea level. The total weight of the steelwork of the bridge, including the arch and approach spans, is 52,800 tonnes, about 79% of the steel was imported from England, with the rest being sourced from Newcastle. On site, the set up two workshops at Milsons Point, at the site of the present day Luna Park, and fabricated the steel into the girders. The bridge is held together by six million Australian-made hand-driven rivets supplied by the McPherson company of Melbourne, the rivets were heated red-hot and inserted into the plates, the headless end was immediately rounded over with a large pneumatic rivet gun. The largest of the rivets used weighed 3.5 kg and was 39.5 cm long, at each end of the arch stands a pair of 89 m high concrete pylons, faced with granite. The pylons were designed by the Scottish architect Thomas S. Tait, the stonemasons cut, dressed, and numbered the blocks, which were then transported to Sydney on three ships built specifically for this purpose. The Moruya quarry was managed by John Gilmore, a Scottish stonemason who emigrated, with his family to Australia in 1924. The concrete used was also Australian-made, abutments at the base of the pylons are essential to support the loads from the arch and hold its span firmly in place, but the pylons themselves have no structural purpose. They were included to provide a frame for the arch panels, the pylons were not part of the original design, and were only added to allay public concern about the structural integrity of the bridge. Although originally added to the bridge solely for their aesthetic value, the south-eastern pylon contains a museum and tourist centre, with a 360° lookout at the top providing views across the harbour and city. The south-western pylon is used by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority to support its CCTV cameras overlooking the bridge and the roads around that area
12.
St Leonards, New South Wales
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St Leonards is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. St Leonards was named after English statesman Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney of St Leonards, originally, St Leonards applied to the whole area from the present suburb of North Sydney to Gore Hill. The township of St Leonards in 1883 is now North Sydney, the oldest railway station on the North Shore line opened in 1890 in St Leonards and originally only ran to Hornsby. The Gore Hill cemetery was established on the Pacific Highway in 1868 and was the burial site for the area until its closure in 1975. It is still maintained as a site by the Department of Local Government and Lands, Willoughby Municipal Council. St Leonards has a centre that complements the role of Chatswood, Lane Cove. The NSW Department of Education and Training host their Information Technology Directorate in Herbert Street, Gore Hill Technology Park is the site of current Fox Sports television studios. The suburbs tallest building is the Forum Tower, with 483 apartments including many with views of the city skyline. Forum West is the second of the two buildings within the Forum Plaza, standing 25 stories tall with 290 apartments. Forum Tower was completed in August 1999 and Forum West 3 years later, both buildings boast a concierge, pool, spa, gym and private & public car parking facilities each. The Plaza also contains offices for Cisco Systems, Verizon Business, Getty Images and Carnival Cruise Lines, St Leonards railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network. The Pacific Highway is the road through the suburb. A major landuse in the suburb is the Royal North Shore Hospital which is the largest hospital north of Port Jackson in Sydney, the Northern Suburbs Rugby Club has its clubhouse in St. Leonards, featuring the Cabana Bar and Lounge. Gore Hill Oval is the ground of Australian Rules football club. Willoughby City Council Naremburn/St Leonards - community profile
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