1.
State university system
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A state university system in the United States is a group of public universities supported by an individual state, or a similar entity such as the District of Columbia. These systems constitute the majority of public-funded universities in the country, each state supports at least one such system. State university systems should not be confused with federally funded colleges and universities, at which attendance is limited to military personnel, members of foreign militaries and governments also attend some schools. These schools include the United States service academies, Naval Postgraduate School, a state university system normally means a single legal entity and administration, but may consist of several institutions, each with its own identity as a university. Some states—such as California and Texas—support more than one such system, State universities get subsidies from their states. As more and more Americans attend college, and private tuition rates increase well beyond the rate of inflation, admission to universities is becoming more and more competitive. State university systems were a product of the demand for education in the newly formed United States. The tradition of publicly funded state colleges began primarily in the southern states, there remains significant debate about which institution or institutions are the oldest public universities in the United States. The University of Georgia is the countrys first chartered public university, however, the University of Georgia did not hold classes until 16 years later in the fall of 1801. The first collegiate-level classes conducted by an institution were at another Georgia institution. The school eventually dropped high school instruction, but remained a community college until becoming an institution in 1963. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, while chartered four years after Georgia in 1789, was the first state university to hold classes, classes began at UNC in 1795, and UNC is the only state university to have graduated students in the 18th century. The University of South Carolina was chartered in 1801 and held classes for the first time in 1805, determining which state university was the first is further complicated by the case of New Jerseys state university system. Rutgers University, which had previously been a school affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church, was designated as a state university by acts of the legislature in 1945 and 1956. It became a System with the absorptions of Newark University in 1946 and The College of South Jersey in 1950, becoming Rutgers Newark and Camden campuses, respectively. Rutgers was chartered in 1766, nineteen years before the University of Georgia, castleton State College in Vermont is the oldest state university in New England, chartered in 1787. This was soon followed by the charter of The University of Vermont in 1791, however, neither institution was a state university in the modern sense of the term until many decades later. Castleton State began as the Rutland County Grammar School and it did not become a postsecondary institution until the campus became home to the State Normal School in 1867
2.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Highland Heights, Kentucky
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Highland Heights is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 6,923 at the 2010 U. S. census, Highland Heights is home to Northern Kentucky University and General Cable, a Fortune 500 company whose present headquarters were constructed in 1992. Highland Heights is located in northern Campbell County at 39°2′24″N 84°27′21″W and it is bordered to the north by Fort Thomas, to the west by Wilder, and to the south by Cold Spring. Interstate 275, the beltway around Cincinnati, runs along the western and northern edges of Highland Heights and its interchange with Interstate 471 is at the northern border of Highland Heights. Via I-471, Highland Heights is 7 miles southeast of downtown Cincinnati, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles, all land. The area has known as the Highlands since the 19th century. The District of the Highlands was incorporated in 1867, Fort Thomas was separately incorporated from its northern reaches in 1914, the local post office was established in 1927, and the community of Highland Heights incorporated itself separately the same year. Northern Kentucky State College, previously sited in Park Hills, was relocated to a campus in the city in 1971. It is now known as Northern Kentucky University, and subsidiary businesses, as of the census of 2010, there were 6,923 people,2,610 households, and 1,282 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,881.9 people per square mile, there were 2,787 housing units at an average density of 1,225.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 8% White, 5% African American,0. 2% Native American, 2% Asian, less than 0. 01%% Pacific Islander,0. 5% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population,38. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the family size was 2.77. In the city, the population was out with 13. 6% under the age of 18,33. 7% from 18 to 24,20. 9% from 25 to 44,18. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26.3 years, for every 100 females there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,784, and the median income for a family was $48,090. Males had an income of $38,314 versus $29,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,651, about 5. 0% of families and 8. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 9% of those under age 18 and 9. 8% of those age 65 or over
5.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
8.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
9.
Horizon League
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The Horizon League is a 10-school collegiate athletic conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, whose members are located in and near the Midwestern United States. From 2005 to 2011, only seven conferences won a game in every NCAA Tournament, the six conferences. The Horizon League has been a multi-bid conference nine times, the Horizon League has had a team win at least one game in the NCAA Tournament 11 of the last 19 years, which also betters every non-BCS conference. Horizon League teams have advanced to the Sweet Sixteen five of the last 14 years, multiple Horizon League members have made Sweet 16, Elite Eight and Final Four appearances. The Horizon League currently holds the fifth best winning percentage among non-BCS conferences in the mens NCAA basketball Tournament, the Horizon League currently ranks 11th out of 32 NCAA Division I conferences in RPI, while having an average finish of 12th over the past seven seasons. Further progress was made through a series of early 1979 meetings in San Francisco, Chicago, and St. Louis that included participation by Butler, Creighton, Marquette, and Oral Roberts. On June 16,1979, the Midwestern City Conference was formed by charter members Butler, Evansville, Loyola, Oklahoma City, Oral Roberts, in 1980 the league established its headquarters in Champaign, Illinois. The MCC gained an automatic bid to the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in 1981, the University of Notre Dame joined the conference for all sports except basketball and football in 1982. The conference attained automatic qualification for the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship in 1984, the latter triggered Notre Dames temporary withdrawal from the league as its womens teams were contracted to the North Star Conference. ESPN began televising the MCC Championship game in 1986 and in 1987 Oral Roberts left the conference while Dayton joined, in 1989, the conference received its first at-large bid to the mens basketball tournament and automatic qualification to the NCAA Mens Soccer Championship. The conference won a bid to the NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Championship in 1991. Duquesne and La Salle joined the MCC in 1992, the year the conference gained an automatic berth to the NCAA Womens Volleyball Championship. Duquesne and Dayton left the conference in 1993, with Evansvilles departure to the Missouri Valley Conference, there were 12 league members. Xavier, Notre Dame, and La Salle withdrew the following summer of 1995, the conference changed its name to the Horizon League on June 4,2001, in part due to the initials causing confusion between the MCC and the Mid-Continent Conference. That year, Youngstown State University came to the Horizon League from the Mid-Con, as of the 2015–16 school year, eight of the 10 Horizon League members are former members of the Mid-Con, with the only exceptions being established member Detroit and new member Northern Kentucky. In addition, four members are currently in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The split of the original Big East Conference, leading to the formation of the current Big East, had further fallout involving the Horizon League. Loyola announced in April 2013 that it would leave the Horizon effective July 1 to join the Missouri Valley Conference, within a month, the Horizon had announced that Loyola would immediately be replaced by Oakland University, formerly of The Summit League
10.
Northern Kentucky Norse
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The Northern Kentucky Norse are the athletic teams of Northern Kentucky University, located in Highland Heights, Kentucky, United States. NKU is a NCAA Division I school competing in the Horizon League, the universitys teams for both men and women are nicknamed Norse. The Norse, or Northmen, were known as Ascomanni, ashmen, by the Germans, Lochlanach by the Irish. NKU began preparing to reclassify as a NCAA Division I institution in the fall of 2008, during the four-year reclassification, NKU was not eligible for Division I championships. The university ended its membership in the Great Lakes Valley Conference at the conclusion of the 2011–12 academic year, following the four years, NKU became a full Division I member. Prior to completing its transition to Division I, NKU changed its membership from the Atlantic Sun Conference to the Horizon League, the Norse won the Horizon League Tournament following the 2016-17 season, making them eligible for their first NCAA tournament appearance. The 2002–03 team was the NCAA Womens Division II national runner-up, one of the top coaches in NCAA Division II womens basketball, Nancy Winstel, was head coach of the team from 1983 until her retirement at the end of the 2011–12 season. Dawn Plitzuweit, an assistant at Michigan, was named the new NKU Womens Basketball coach on May 10,2012, on May 6,2016, Camryn Whitaker was named as the new head coach. In 2010, the NKU mens soccer won the NCAA Division II national championship by defeating Rollins 3-2 in a driving snowstorm in Louisville. The team was led by senior Steven Beattie, who was named Ron Lenz National Player of the Year in both 2008 and 2010, the womens soccer team was the NCAA Division II runner-up in 2000 and advanced to the NCAA Division II Final Four in 1999 and 2001. The Norse softball began in 1985 and is coached by Kathryn Gleasont. NKU made their first ever NCAA Womens College World Series Tournament in 2002 before falling in the opening game, the following season, in 2003, the Norse won the programs first NCAA Tournament win. The Norse hold the NCAA record for most consecutive wins in a season with 55, the Norse concluded the season going 55-2. In the program history the team holds a record of 621-445-1. In 2011, The Norse Dance Team placed in the Universal Dance Associations national competition in the hip hop category. Students have also organized club teams in ice hockey, taekwondo, fencing, boxing, lacrosse, rugby, kickball, skeet & trap, ultimate frisbee and these clubs are primarily organized through the Sport Club program. BB&T Arena, originally known as The Bank of Kentucky Center, is a 9 and it was completed in 2008 and is the home to mens and womens basketball teams, as well as graduation ceremonies. The arena is home and other non-university entertainment and sporting events
11.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
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Northern Kentucky
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Northern Kentucky is the name often given to the northernmost counties in Kentucky. Historically, Trimble, Mason, and Lewis counties have also included in Northern Kentucky. Immediately on the side of the Ohio River from Covington and Newport is Cincinnati. However, the core region is relatively densely populated, with these cities surrounded by many smaller towns which have little other than a city limit sign between them. The periphery of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell counties, namely the western half of Boone County, the area, primarily the three northernmost counties, has a high amount of German heritage and moderate Irish heritage, being across the river from Cincinnati. The four outer counties are primarily rural. Combined with the southeast corner of Indiana, and Southwestern Ohio, all seven counties are a part of the Greater Cincinnati area, beginning in the 1970s, many factors combined to create major growth. Its geographically central location makes it ideal for distribution centers, in addition to location, the Northern Kentucky area hosts several organizations which strive to enhance the quality of life and the local economy. The primary airport serving Cincinnati is located in Northern Kentucky, nickname, the nky Northern Kentucky is located within a climatic transition zone and is at the extreme northern limit of the humid subtropical climate. The common wall lizard, introduced from Italy in the 1950s, is an example of fauna in the area that lends a subtropical ambiance to areas near the core of Cincinnati. Northern Kentucky is considered to be within the periphery of both the Midwest and the Upland South, Northern Kentucky Convention and Visitors Bureau Northern Kentucky Area Directory
13.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
14.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
15.
Liberal arts education
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Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a part in education. In modern times, liberal arts education term that can be interpreted in different ways and it can refer to academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences, or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Bachelor of Arts degree, for both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. The four scientific artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the three arts of the humanities – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well as the Trivium. It was in that form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university. During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the parts of the Trivium. In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, the ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century. Some subsections of the arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts, arithmetic, geometry, music. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included, the liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students, in addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus, today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, here, the prefix pro is equivalent to pre. In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts, in most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, the term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium and they aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education in order to form personality with regard to a pupils own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills. Going back to the tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard, universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities, but do not make such activities part of the universitys curriculum
16.
Graduate school
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A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree with a high grade point average. The distinction between schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees. Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession, many universities award graduate degrees, a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. Those attending graduate schools are called students, or often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates. Degrees awarded to students include masters degrees, doctoral degrees. Producing original research is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities, sciences and this research typically leads to the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training, the degrees may consist solely of coursework, the term graduate school is primarily North American. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is common for graduate students to take coursework outside their specific field of study at graduate or graduate entry level. Some institutions designate separate graduate versus undergraduate staff and denote other divisions, Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. Lato sensu graduate degrees, degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a masters degree and a MBA. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time, stricto sensu graduate degrees, degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. Usually serves as qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a degree, meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Doctors / PhD, 3–4 years for completion, usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures and its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to a conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding. Admission to a masters program generally requires a degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher. Some schools require samples of the writing as well as a research proposal
17.
University of Cincinnati
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The University of Cincinnati is a comprehensive public research university in Cincinnati, in the U. S. state of Ohio, and a part of the University System of Ohio. In the 2010 survey by Times Higher Education, the university was ranked in the top 100 universities in North America, beginning with the 2011 edition of the U. S. This includes being the number 3 ranked university in the nation in the Up-and-Coming National Universities section of the 2014 edition, in 2014, U. S. News & World Report ranked UC in the top 200 of universities worldwide. The university garners roughly $400 million per annum in research funding, ranking 22nd among public universities in the United States. The school offers over 100 bachelors degrees, over 300 degree-granting programs, with an economic impact of over $3.5 billion per year, it is the largest single employer in Greater Cincinnati. In 1819, Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio were founded in Cincinnati, local benefactor Dr. Daniel Drake founded and funded the Medical College of Ohio. William Lytle of the Lytle family donated the land, funded the Cincinnati College and Law College, the college survived only six years before financial difficulties forced it to close. In 1835, Daniel Drake reestablished the institution, which joined with the Cincinnati Law School. In 1858, Charles McMicken died of pneumonia and in his will he allocated most of his estate to the City of Cincinnati to found a university, the universitys board of rectors changed the institutions name to the University of Cincinnati. By 1893, the University expanded beyond its primary location on Clifton Avenue, as the university expanded, the rectors merged the institution with Cincinnati Law School, establishing the University of Cincinnati College of Law. In 1896, the Ohio Medical College joined Miami Medical College to form the Ohio-Miami Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati in 1909. As political movements for temperance and suffrage grew, the university established Teachers College in 1905, the Queen City College of Pharmacy, acquired from Wilmington College, became the present James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy. In 1962, the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music was acquired by the university, the Ohio legislature in Columbus declared the university a municipally-sponsored, state-affiliated institution in 1968. During this time, the University of Cincinnati was the second oldest and second-largest municipal university in the United States, by an act of the legislature, the University of Cincinnati became a state institution in 1977. In 1989, President Joseph A. Steger released a Master Plan for a stronger academy, over this time, the university invested nearly $2 billion in campus construction, renovation, and expansion ranging from the student union to a new recreation center to the medical school. It included renovation and construction of buildings, a campus forest. Upon her inauguration in 2005, President Nancy L. Zimpher developed the UC|21 plan, in addition, it includes putting liberal arts education at the center, increasing research funding, and expanding involvement in the city. In 2009, Gregory H. Williams was named the 27th president of the University of Cincinnati and his presidency expanded the accreditation and property of the institution to regions throughout Ohio to compete with private and specialized state institutions, such as Ohio State University
18.
Miami University
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Miami University, is a public research university located on a 2, 138-acre campus in Oxford, Ohio,35 miles north of Cincinnati. Founded in 1809, although classes were not held until 1824, Miami University is the 10th oldest public university, the university also has regional campuses in Hamilton, Middletown and West Chester, as well as the Dolibois European Center in Luxembourg. Miami University is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a university with a high research activity. It is affiliated to the University System of Ohio, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the university 79th among national universities and the 30th top public university in the United States. Additionally, Miami University is ranked 2nd best national university for undergraduate teaching, Miami University is considered one of the original eight Public Ivy schools that provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. Miami University has a tradition of Greek life, five social Greek-letter organizations were founded at the university earning Miami the nickname “Mother of Fraternities. ”Today, Miami University hosts over 50 fraternity and sorority chapters. Miami is renowned for its campus beauty, having been called The most beautiful campus that ever there was by Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert Frost, additionally, Forbes ranked the city of Oxford first on its 2016 list of the best college towns in the United States. Miamis athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and are known as the Miami RedHawks. They compete in the Mid-American Conference in all varsity sports except ice hockey, the land was located within the Symmes Purchase, Judge John Cleves Symmes, the owner of the land, purchased the land from the government with the stipulation that he lay aside land for an academy. The Ohio Legislature appointed three surveyors in August of the year to search for a suitable township, and they selected a township off of Four Mile Creek. The Legislature passed An Act to Establish the Miami University on February 2,1809, and a board of trustees was created by the state, the township originally granted to the university was known as the College Township, and was renamed Oxford, Ohio, in 1810. The University temporarily halted due to the War of 1812. Cincinnati tried to move Miami to the city in 1822 and to divert its income to a Cincinnati college, Miami created a grammar school in 1818 to teach frontier youth, but, it was disbanded after five years. Robert Hamilton Bishop, a Presbyterian minister and professor of history, was appointed to be the first President of Miami University in 1824, the first day of classes at Miami was on November 1,1824. At its opening, there were 20 students and two faculty members in addition to Bishop, the curriculum included Greek, Latin, Algebra, Geography, and Roman history, the University offered only a Bachelor of Arts. An English Scientific Department was started in 1825, which studied modern languages, applied mathematics and it offered a certificate upon completion of coursework, not a full diploma. Miami students purchased a press, and in 1827 published their first periodical. It promptly failed, but it laid the foundation for the weekly Literary Register, the current Miami Student, founded in 1867, traces its foundation back to the Literary Register and claims to be the oldest college newspaper in the United States
19.
Xavier University
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Xavier University is a co-educational Jesuit, Catholic university in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is the sixth-oldest Catholic and fourth-oldest Jesuit university in the United States, Xavier has an undergraduate enrollment of 4,485 students and graduate enrollment of 2,165. Xavier is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, the school was founded in 1831 as a mens college in downtown Cincinnati next to St. Francis Xavier Church on Sycamore Street. The Athenaeum, as it was called, was dedicated to the patronage of Saint Francis Xavier by Bishop Edward Fenwick on October 17,1831. St. Xavier College moved in 1912 to its current North Avondale location, about 5 miles north of downtown Cincinnati, the original Anthenaeum is now the seminary of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. St. Xavier College and St. Xavier High School officially split in 1919, the schools name was changed a second time to its current name, Xavier University, in 1930. The Williams College of Business was established in 1961 and Xaviers first doctoral program in psychology began in 1997, Xavier fully admitted women in 1969, but women began attending the college in 1914 in the evening, weekend, and summer school divisions. Edgecliff College, another Catholic college in Cincinnati, merged with Xavier University in 1980, in 2000, Xavier opened its doors to the Cintas Center, an arena for the Musketeers. Xavier also opened the Gallagher Student Center in 2002, Smith Hall and the Conaton Learning Commons opened in 2010 as part of the James E. Hoff, S. J, Academic Quadrangle. Hoff was the Universitys 33rd President, 1991–2000, hoffs successor and 34th President, still serves Xavier. Fenwick Place, a complex, opened in the fall of 2011. At the center of campus are the Gallagher Student Center and Bellarmine Chapel, Bellarmine Chapels roof is in the shape of a hyperbolic paraboloid, also known as a saddle roof, that will not collapse, even if the Chapel walls were removed. The chapel is the home to the Bellarmine Catholic Parish, six buildings with castle architecture sit elevated overlooking Victory Parkway to the west and resemble a single fortress. Next to the Gallagher Student Center is Science Row, Lindner Hall, Logan Hall and it houses the Departments of Mathematics, Computer Science, English, History, Philosophy, and Theology. Schmidt Hall sits next as the University’s current Administration Building, followed by Edgecliff Hall, originally Alumni Science Hall, it was renamed after the former Edgecliff College and is home to the Department of Music. On the opposite side of the mall to the east stands the tallest structure on campus and it houses the Office of Admission and Office of Financial Aid as well as the Departments of Modern Languages, Classics, Communication Arts, Political Science, and Sociology. Next is McDonald Library followed by Alter Hall, which is being rebuilt, Alter Hall is the main classroom building on campus, and was scheduled to be reopened for the 2015 fall semester. Finally, Hailstones Hall, which was the home of the Williams College of Business, is adjoined behind Alter to the east
20.
Cincinnati metropolitan area
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The United States Census Bureaus formal name for the area is the Cincinnati–Middletown, OH–KY–IN Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, this MSA had a population of 2,114,580, the largest metropolitan area involving Ohio and 27th largest in the United States. The Census also lists the Cincinnati–Wilmington–Maysville, OH–KY–IN Combined Statistical Area, the Cincinnati metropolitan area is considered part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis. The Cincinnati, OH–KY–IN, MSA was originally formed by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 and consisted of the Kentucky counties of Campbell and Kenton and the Ohio county of Hamilton. As surrounding counties saw an increase in their population densities and the number of their residents employed within Hamilton County, the Hamilton–Middletown, OH MSA was also formed in 1950 and consisted solely of Butler County, Ohio. In 1990, the Census changed designation of the known as MSAs to Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area. From 1990 through 2005, the Cincinnati–Hamilton–Middletown CMSA included the Cincinnati–Hamilton, OH–KY–IN PMSA, as of December 2005, Census terminology changed again, eliminating the PMSA/CMSA terminology. Consolidated Statistical Areas combine more than one Core Based Statistical Area, newly defined MSAs and µSAs Statistical Areas are CBSAs. From 2005 to 2013, the Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington CSA included the Cincinnati–Middletown MSA, in 2013, the CSA was redefined again. The Cincinnati–Middletown MSA was renamed the Cincinnati MSA, the Wilmington, OH µSA remained in the CSA. The Maysville, KY µSA, which had consisted of Mason and Lewis Counties in Kentucky, was redefined as consisting solely of Mason County. The name of the CSA accordingly changed to the Cincinnati–Wilmington–Maysville CSA, the metropolitan areas population has grown 8.1 percent between Census 2000 and the 2009 Census population estimate, just under the national population growth rate of 9.2 percent over the same period. This growth rate is about in the middle of the rates of other similarly sized mid western metropolitan areas. For example, the Cleveland metropolitan area lost approximately 2% of population, while Louisville gained 8%, Columbus gained 12%, the 2009 population estimate from the US Census classifies population changes between natural population increases and net migration. Natural population increase contributes fundamentally all of Greater Cincinnatis population growth, a small amount of net international migration to the region is offset by a small amount of net domestic migration out of the region. Notes1For comparison purposes, population data is summarized using 2008 Census CSA/MSA county definitions, the CMSA/PMSA designation is no longer used by the US Census. S. Route 22 & State Route 3 U. S. Route 27 U. S. Route 42 U. S. Route 50 U. S. Route 52 U. S. Evidence of both humid subtropical climate and humid climate can be found here, particularly noticeable by the presence of plants indicative of each climatic region
21.
State universities
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In India, State universities are run and funded by the State government of each of the States of India. Following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950, education became a state responsibility, following a constitutional change in 1976, it became a joint responsibility of the states and the central government. The University Grants Commission list from 27 May 2011 lists 274 state universities, list of state universities in India Universities in India Colleges and institutes in India http, //www. ugc. ac. in/stateuniversitylist. aspx. id=31&Unitype=2
22.
University of Louisville
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The University of Louisville is a public university in Louisville, Kentucky, a member of the Kentucky state university system. When founded in 1798, it was the first city-owned public university in the United States, the university is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a Preeminent Metropolitan Research University. UofL enrolls students from 118 of 120 Kentucky counties, all 50 U. S. states, the University of Louisville School of Medicine is touted for the first fully self-contained artificial heart transplant surgery as well as the first successful hand transplantation. The University Hospital is also credited with the first civilian ambulance, the nations first accident services, now known as an emergency room, between 1999 and 2006 UofL was one of the fastest growing medical research institutions according to National Institutes of Health rankings. As of 2006, the melanoma clinic ranked third in among public universities in NIH funding, the research program fourth. UofL is also known for its Louisville Cardinals athletics programs, several of which are among the most successful in the country, the Louisville Cardinals Womens Volleyball program has three-peated as champions of the Big East Tournament, and were Atlantic Coast Conference Champions in 2015. Womens track and field program has won Outdoor Big East titles in 2008,2009 and 2010, the University of Louisville traces its roots to a charter granted in 1798 by the Kentucky General Assembly to establish a school of higher learning in the newly founded town of Louisville. It opened 15 years later and offered college and high school courses in a variety of subjects. It was headed by Edward Mann Butler from 1813 to 1816, despite the Jefferson Seminarys early success, pressure from newly established public schools and media critiques of it as elitist would force its closure in 1829. Eight years later, in 1837, the Louisville City council established the Louisville Medical Institute at the urging of renowned physician, as he had earlier at Lexingtons Transylvania University, Caldwell rapidly led LMI into becoming one of the leading medical schools west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1840, the Louisville Collegiate institute, a medical school, was established after an LMI faculty dispute. It opened in 1844 on land near the present day Health sciences campus, the university experienced rapid growth in the 20th century, adding new schools in the liberal arts, graduate studies, dentistry, engineering, music and social work. In 1923, the school purchased what is today the Belknap Campus, the school had attempted to purchase a campus donated by the Belknap family in The Highlands area in 1917, but a citywide tax increase to pay for it was voted down. The Belknap Campus was named after the family for their efforts, in 1931, U of L established the Louisville Municipal College for Negroes on the former campus of Simmons University, as a compromise plan to desegregation. As a part of U of L, the school had an equal standing with the other colleges. It was dissolved in 1951 when U of L desegregated, during World War II, Louisville was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. In the second half of the 20th century, schools were opened for business, education, talk of U of L joining the public university system of Kentucky began in the 1960s. As a municipally funded school, the movement of people to the suburbs of Louisville created budget shortfalls for the school, at the same time, the schools well established medicine and law schools were seen as assets for the state system
23.
Salmon P. Chase College of Law
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The law school was founded in 1893 and accredited by the American Bar Association in 1959. The school was named for U. S, chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase, who was appointed to the Court by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. He began practicing law in Cincinnati in 1830, and became an advocate for abolition, in 2013, members of Justice Chases family presented the Cincinnati Museum Center with a sterling silver pitcher given to Justice Chase in 1845 by a group of grateful African Americans. The Salmon P. Chase College of Law was initially founded as a law school affiliated with the Cincinnati YMCA. Classes were held in the YMCA building on Central Parkway in downtown Cincinnati from 1917 to 1972, in 1971, Chase merged into the Kentucky state university system by becoming a part of Northern Kentucky University. During the summer of 1972, the law moved from downtown Cincinnati across the Ohio River to NKUs Covington campus. In 1981, Chase moved to its present location on the NKU campus in Highland Heights, Kentucky, in 2006, the college of law was rebranded NKU Chase College of Law. NKU Chases moot court program was ranked number 22 by the Blakely Advocacy Institute at the University of Houston Law Center for the 2012–2013 academic year, ranking is based on points awarded for achievement in national moot court competitions
24.
University of Kentucky
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The University of Kentucky is a public co-educational university in Lexington, Kentucky. S. The institution comprises 16 colleges, a school,93 undergraduate programs,99 master programs,66 doctoral programs. The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus, young Library, a federal depository, hosting subjects related to social sciences, humanities, and life sciences collections. In recent years, the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research, the directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution, in terms of an overall ranking to be determined by the university itself, by the year 2020. Courses were offered at Ashland, The Henry Clay Estate, three years later, James Kennedy Patterson became the first president of the land-grant university and the first degree was awarded. In 1876, the university began to offer degree programs. Two years later, A&M separated from Kentucky University, which is now Transylvania University, for the new school, Lexington donated a 52-acre park and fair ground, which became the core of UKs present campus. A&M was initially a male-only institution, but began to admit women in 1880, in 1892, the official colors of the university, royal blue and white, were adopted. An earlier color set, blue and light yellow, was adopted earlier at a Kentucky-Centre College football game on December 19,1891, the particular hue of blue was determined from a necktie, which was used to demonstrate the color of royal blue. On February 15,1882, Administration Building was the first building of three completed on the present campus, three years later, the college formed the Agricultural Experiment Station, which researches issues relating to agribusiness, food processing, nutrition, water and soil resources and the environment. This was followed up by the creation of the universitys Agricultural Extension Service in 1910, the extension service became a model of the federally mandated programs that were required beginning in 1914. Patterson Hall, the schools first womens dormitory, was constructed in 1904, residents had to cross a swampy depression, where the Student Center now stands, to reach central campus. Four years later, the name was changed to the State University, Lexington, Kentucky upon reaching university status. The university led to the creation of the College of Home Economics in 1916, the College of Commerce was established in 1925, known today as the Gatton College of Business and Economics. In 1929, Memorial Hall was completed, dedicated to the 2,756 Kentuckians who died in World War I and this was followed up by the new King Library, which opened in 1931 and was named for a long-time library director, Margaret I. The universitys graduate and professional programs became racially integrated in 1949 when Lyman T. Johnson, African Americans would not be allowed to attend as undergraduates until 1954, following the US Supreme Courts Brown v. Board of Education decision. In 1939, Governor Happy Chandler appointed the first woman trustee on the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees and she served from 1939 to 1960. In 1962, Blazer Hall was opened as the Georgia M Blazer Hall for Women in tribute to her years of service as a University of Kentucky trustee
25.
Covington, Kentucky
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Covington is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky. It is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking rivers, cincinnati, Ohio, lies to its north across the Ohio and Newport, Kentucky, to its east across the Licking. Part of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, Covington had a population of 40,640 at the time of the 2010 U. S. census and it is one of its countys two seats, along with Independence. The city was incorporated by the Kentucky General Assembly a year later. Stewart Iron Works was established in 1862 and became the largest iron fence maker in the world, Covington experienced growth during most of the 19th century, only to decline during the Great Depression and the middle 20th century. The city has seen some redevelopment during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, instead, Covington was awarded a team in the new outlaw circuit, the Federal League. The city raised $13,500, with $6,000 budgeted to build the ballpark, bernard Wisehall, a prominent local architect, designed Federal Park with a capacity to 6,000. The playing field was tiny, believed to be smallest for any pro baseball park ever built, by June, Covington was seeing only a few hundred fans per contest. On June 26, the moved to Kansas City and ownership of the team reverted to creditors. Federal Park was used for other events the next few years, Covington has not hosted a professional team in any sport since. Covington claims 19 distinct neighborhoods, ranging in population from several hundred to 10,000 people, many of the neighborhoods are located in 12 historic districts that are predominantly found in the northern portion of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, Covington has an area of 13.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 43,370 people,18,257 households, the population density was 3,301.3 people per square mile. There were 20,448 housing units at a density of 1,556.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 05% White,10. 14% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 63% from other races, and 1. 57% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1. 38% of the population,36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 3.08. The age distribution was 25. 9% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,33. 3% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 33 years
26.
U.S. Route 27
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U. S. Route 27 is a north–south United States highway in the southern and midwestern United States. The southern terminus is at US1 in Miami, Florida, the northern terminus is at Interstate 69 in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It once extended north through Lansing, Michigan, to Cheboygan, Mackinaw City, US27 appeared in 1926, replacing what had been the western route of the Dixie Highway in many places. In Florida, US27 has been designated the Claude Pepper Memorial Highway by the Florida State Legislature and it was named after long-time Florida US Senator and congressman Claude Pepper. Nearly the entire length of US27 in Florida is a divided highway, US27 begins as North 36th Street in Midtown Miami, heading west from US1 for 4.4 miles before turning northwest to pass under the western terminus of the Airport Expressway. It then proceeds northwest for five miles as South Okeechobee Road, parallel to the Miami Canal, after an interchange with the Palmetto Expressway, it continues northwest as North Okeechobee Road for five miles before an interchange with the Homestead Extension of the Florida Turnpike. After another four miles, the curves to the north and, after passing the northern terminus of Krome Avenue. In Broward County, the highway passes protected wetlands and heavy duty power lines on the west, US27 then reaches an interchange with I-75 and Alligator Alley before curving to the northwest toward South Bay and Lake Okeechobee. The highway skirts the shore of Lake Okeechobee and then heads west at Clewiston. The road then proceeds in a direction toward the central Florida communities of Lake Placid, Sebring, Avon Park. Widening of US27 to a six-lane highway continues in Polk County, the northbound Turnpike interchange can be found further northwest. US441 later joins US27 in Leesburg and US301 in Belleview, US27 resumes its status as its own route until it reaches Williston and joins US41. This concurrency continues northward until US41 reaches High Springs, US27 heads west along the unsigned SR20 towards Perry and joins US19 until US19 breaks away in Capps, but not before resuming a westward direction. In Tallahassee, the road becomes Apalachee Parkway, a major east–west thoroughfare, constructed in 1957, the Apalachee Parkway starts at Monroe Street in front of the Florida State Capitol building. Past Tallahassee, US27 finally resumes its northwesterly direction, the highway goes through Havana before entering Georgia. In Georgia, US27 has been designated the Martha Berry Highway by the Georgia State Legislature and it was named after Martha Berry, founder of Berry College in Rome. US27 is a designated Governors Road Improvement Program developmental highway corridor which will eventually be widened to four lanes from the Florida state line to the Tennessee state line, all of US27 in Georgia is concurrent with Georgia State Route 1. In Chattanooga, a portion of US27 was once signed as I-124, though the designation still exists, it is no longer signed as such
27.
Interstate 471
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Interstate 471 is a 5. 75-mile-long United States Interstate Highway, linking Interstate 71 in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio to Interstate 275 in Highland Heights, Kentucky. South of I-275, the expressway south to U. S. Route 27 as unsigned Kentucky Route 471. The southern terminus of I–471 is at an interchange with I–275, I–471 heads northwest, then turns northeast having an interchange with US27 in Southgate. After US27, I–471 turns back northwest heading towards Cincinnati, on the way to Cincinnati, I–471 passes through the east side of Newport. On the east side of Newport, I–471 has an interchange with Kentucky Route 8, I–471 crosses the Ohio River using the Daniel Carter Beard Bridge, a Cincinnati landmark. After the Ohio River crossing, I–471 has an interchange with U. S. Route 50, after the interchange with US50, I–471 has an interchange with I–71 northwest of downtown Cincinnati. The northern terminus of I–471 is at the interchange with I–71, in effect, this connection would have provided for an alternative to Interstate 71, creating an inner loop system that would span both Ohio and Kentucky. Since this freeway would have hugged the southern riverfront, Interstate 471 would have prevented access to the Ohio River from Kentucky, by 1967, the freeway was planned for a new alignment, much like the one seen today, connecting Cincinnati with Newport, Kentucky. On December 10,1967, plans called for a north-south,4. 8-mile freeway that would connect Interstate 71 with Interstate 275 near the interchange with U. S.27, Interstate 471 would have three lanes in each direction. The bridge between Newport and Cincinnati was constructed between November 1971 and September 1976 and named Daniel Carter Beard after the founder of the Boy Scouts. Interestingly enough, it earned the nickname the Big Mac Bridge because its massive arches over the river resemble the golden arches of McDonalds restaurants, the Daniel Carter Beard Bridge was fully dedicated in 1981. Subsequent construction extended the south from the bridge in phases. In 1981, the cost to construct the freeway and bridge was calculated to be $85 million
28.
BB&T Arena
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BB&T Arena is a 10,000 seat multi-purpose arena in Highland Heights, Kentucky that was completed in 2008. The arena, on the campus of Northern Kentucky University, was topped off on June 21,2007, a grand opening ceremony was held on September 22,2008. The NKU mens and womens teams are the main tenants. It hosted the Elite Eight of the NCAA Mens Division II Basketball Tournament in 2012 and it was again set to host the Division II2013 Elite Eight, but the NCAA moved the event to Freedom Hall in Louisville as NKU joined Division I. On May 10,2011, The Bank of Kentucky Center hosted WWE live, the first basketball event at the arena saw the NKU mens and womens basketball teams play Louisville on November 8,2008. The arena hosted the KHSAA Girls Sweet Sixteen in high school basketball in 2016 and 2017, the Bank of Kentucky agreed to cover 10 percent of the cost of the arena, up to $6 million, in exchange for naming rights. It will also get a luxury suite, access to premium tickets, in 2015, the name of the arena was changed to the BB&T Arena after BB&T Corp. bought out The Bank of Kentucky. Beginning in spring of 2011, BB&T Arena was home to the Northern Kentucky River Monsters of the Ultimate Indoor Football League, after the season, the River Monsters agreed to part ways with the UIFL. The UIFL still had rights to place a team in the arena, so there will be an expansion team placed there, BB&T Arena also played host to the Black-n-Bluegrass Roller Girls, starting in 2012. The home dates for the league in 2012 were, May 19, June 16, July 21, August 18, September 22, the University of Cincinnati mens basketball team will play at BB&T Arena during the 2017–18 season while Fifth Third Arena undergoes construction. Official Website of BB&T Arena BB&T
29.
BB&T
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BB&T is one of the largest financial services holding companies in the U. S. with $219.3 billion in assets and market capitalization of $38.1 billion. BB&T dates back to 1872, when Alpheus Branch and Thomas Jefferson Hadley founded the Branch and Hadley merchant bank in their hometown of Wilson, North Carolina. After many transactions, mostly local farmers, Branch bought out Hadleys shares in 1887 and renamed the company to Branch and Company. Two years later, Branch, his father-in-law Gen. Joshua Barnes, Hadley and three men, secured a charter from the North Carolina General Assembly to operate the Wilson Banking. After numerous additional name changes, the company settled on the name Branch Banking. Branch remained a member in the company until his death in 1893. The 1903 Branch Banking and Trust Company Building at Wilson was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, BB&T sold Liberty Bonds during World War I and grew to have more than $4 million in assets by 1923. An insurance division was added in 1922, followed by a division in 1923. As banks across the nation failed as a result of the 1929 Stock Market Crash, BB&T survived, it was the only one to do so in the town of Wilson. World War II revived BB&T. BB&Ts prosperity continued into the 1960s and 1970s, as mergers, in 1995, BB&T and Southern National Bank, another bank with roots in the eastern part of the state, completed a merger of equals. In an unusual arrangement, the company retained the Southern National name for a few years. This gave the new BB&T437 branches in 220 cities in the Carolinas, in 1999, BB&T acquired MainStreet Financial Corp. The latter deal made BB&T the largest bank in West Virginia, from 2000 to 2005, BB&T acquired numerous smaller banks, expanding into Tennessee, Kentucky, and even Florida. By Dec.31,2005, BB&T Corporation had secured $109.2 billion in assets, operated more than 1,500 banking offices in 11 states and the District of Columbia, and had more than 28,000 employees. In early 2007, BB&T acquired Coastal Federal Bank which is located in Myrtle Beach. It has been one of the Carolinas fastest growing banks, after BB&Ts announcement of an opportunity for a merger of equals it was speculated that it would be a merger with either Regions Financial of Birmingham, Alabama or Fifth Third of Cincinnati. In late 2008, the bank accepted $3.1 billion in bailout money through the sale of its shares to the U. S. Treasurys Troubled Asset Relief Program. The bank said in June 2009 that it had received approval to repurchase the shares, on August 14,2009, it was announced that the deposits and loan accounts of the Colonial Bank were being transferred to BB&T as part of Colonial Banks receivership by the FDIC
30.
Williamstown, Kentucky
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Williamstown is a home rule-class city in Grant and Pendleton counties in the U. S. state of Kentucky. The population was 3,925 at the 2010 census, up from 3,227 as of the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Grant County. When Grant County was formed in 1820, William Arnold offered land for the county seat, Arnold was a veteran of the Revolutionary War and settled in the area in 1795. The town built there was named after him when it incorporated in 1825, the county grew slowly, reaching a population of just 281 by 1870. The Cincinnati Southern Railway was built through the county in 1877, finally, I-75 was built in the 1960s. Williamstown is located east of the center of Grant County at 38°38′28″N 84°33′39″W and it is bordered to the north by the city of Dry Ridge. The city limits extend northeast 5 miles along Falmouth Road and East Fairview Road to slightly enter Pendleton County, interstate 75 passes through the west side of the city, with access from Exits 154 and 156. I-75 leads north 37 miles to Cincinnati and south 45 miles to Lexington, U. S. Route 25 passes through the center of Williamstown as Main Street, US25 leads north 11 miles to Crittenden and south the same distance to Corinth. According to the United States Census Bureau, Williamstown has an area of 16.9 square miles, of which 16.4 square miles is land and 0.54 square miles. Williamstown Lake, a reservoir on the South Fork of Grassy Creek, is in the northeast part of the city, the climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Williamstown has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,925 people,1,279 households, the population density was 202.2 people per square mile. There were 1,375 housing units at a density of 86.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 72% White,1. 78% African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 36% Pacific Islander,0. 99% from other races, and 0. 71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 46% of the population,28. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.98. In the city, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 85.5 males
31.
Grant County, Kentucky
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Grant County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,662, the county was formed in 1820 and named for Colonel John Grant, who led a party of settlers in 1779 to establish Grants Station, in todays Bourbon County, Kentucky. Grant County is included in the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area, in the 19th century, Grant County contained multiple saloons. The Grant County News, established in 1906 and published in Williamstown, is preserved on microfilm by the University of Kentucky Libraries, the microfilm holdings are listed in a master negative database on the UK Libraries Preservation and Digital Programs website. Grant County was established in 1820 from land taken from Pendleton County, the present courthouse, built in 1939, replaced two earlier structures. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 261 square miles. The population density was 86 per square mile, there were 9,306 housing units at an average density of 36 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 31% White,0. 25% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 0. 54% from two or more races. 1. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.10. In the county, the population was out with 28. 70% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,31. 50% from 25 to 44,20. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,438, and the median income for a family was $42,605. Males had an income of $31,987 versus $23,669 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,776, about 9. 00% of families and 11. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 10% of those under age 18 and 13. 40% of those age 65 or over. Grant Countys only library is located in Williamstown, Kentucky, public transportation is provided by Senior Services of Northern Kentucky with demand-response service. Corinth Crittenden Dry Ridge Williamstown National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Kentucky Historical Texts and Images of Grant County
32.
Fidelity Investments
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Fidelity Investments is a multinational financial services corporation based in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was founded as Fidelity Management & Research by Edward C. Johnson II in 1946, in 1969, the company formed Fidelity International Limited to serve non-U. S. In 2010, it was rebranded as Fidelity Worldwide Investment, in 1982, the company started offering 401 products. In 1984, the company offered computerized stock trading, in 1997, Robert Pozen was named CEO. In 2010, Fidelity Ventures, its capital arm, was shut down. In 2011, Fidelity changed the name of its division from Fidelity International to Fidelity Worldwide Investment. In 2012, the company moved its Boston headquarters to 245 Summer Street, FMR has three fund divisions, Equity, High-Income and Fixed-Income. The companys largest equity mutual fund is Fidelity Contrafund, which has $107.4 billion in assets, the current manager of Contrafund is William Danoff. Fidelity Magellan is another large equity fund, with $15.5 billion in assets and its current manager is Jeffrey Feingold, who also manages the Fidelity Trend Fund. It was previously managed by Ned Johnson from May 2,1963 to Dec.31,1971, Fidelity Investments operates a major brokerage firm and has investor centers in over 140 locations throughout the US. National Financial was the custodian for over $443 billion in assets, other services provided include pension administration, health & welfare administration, stock plan administration as well as payroll and other record-keeping services. The companys Devonshire Investors arm is a division that gives the owners of the company the ability to other investments outside its funds. Assets include Veritude, an employment agency for jobs at Fidelity, the company has been a major investor of real estate, owning the Seaport Center and 2.5 million square feet of office space in Boston. It formerly owned Community Newspaper Company, the largest chain of newspapers in suburban Boston, Massachusetts, sold to the Boston Herald in 2000 and now owned by GateHouse Media. Fidelity has also invested in the telecom/managed services/data center industries, including COLT Telecom Group in Europe, MetroRED in South America. Since 2008, all MetroRED ownership has been completely divested and it was formerly heavily invested in commercial lumber and building materials. In 2013, they sold Boston Coach, a limousine and black-car service, founded in 1985 by Ned Johnson after waiting too long for a taxi and it formed ProBuild Holdings in 2006 and sold it to Builders FirstSource in 2015. Fidelity manages a fund, Fidelity Charitable, in 1991
33.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
34.
Phi Alpha Theta
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Phi Alpha Theta is an American honor society for undergraduate and graduate students and professors of history. The society has over 350,000 members, with about 9,500 new members joining each year through 860 local chapters, Phi Alpha Theta was established on March 17,1921 at the University of Arkansas by Professor Nels Cleven. Cleven had become convinced in his time at the university that a fraternity of scholars was important for the study of history and he invited students to a meeting to form the society on March 14, and the society was officially recognized on the 17th. In April, the decision was made for the society to be known by the Greek letters Phi Alpha Theta, Phi Alpha Theta publishes a quarterly historical journal entitled The Historian, which has over 12,500 individual subscribers and 1,000 library subscribers. The societys national headquarters and the editorial offices are located at the University of South Florida. The Historian splits the space in its quarterly issues between articles and book reviews, the book review section of the journal has been based at Ohio Wesleyan University since 1994. Voces Novae, Chapman University Historical Review was founded in the Spring of 2009 by the Alpha Mu Gamma Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta at Chapman University. Jochen Burgtorf of California State University-Fullerton is the current president of Phi Alpha Theta, kees Boterbloem of USF is managing editor of The Historian, and Richard Spall, Jr. of Ohio Wesleyan University is the journals book review editor. Undergraduate students must have a 3.0 overall grade point average, undergraduate candidates must also be in the top 35% of their class. Students enrolled at a university are not eligible for membership. Students need not be majoring in history, but must have taken at least four courses at the university level. Specific universities may develop higher qualifications, graduate students must have a GPA of better than 3.5 and have completed approximately 30% of the residence requirements for the masters degree. The societys official web site The Historian homepage hosted by Blackwell Publishing The Historians Book Review Section website
35.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
36.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
37.
Liberalism
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
38.
Mario Cuomo
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Mario Matthew Cuomo was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 52nd Governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994, Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1979 to 1982, and Secretary of State of New York from 1975 to 1978. Cuomo was known for his views and public speeches, particularly his keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention where he criticized Ronald Reagans policies. His legacy as a reluctant standard-bearer for the Democrats in presidential elections led to him being dubbed Hamlet on the Hudson, Cuomo was defeated for a fourth term as governor by George Pataki in the Republican Revolution of 1994, and he subsequently retired from politics. He was the father of five, including Andrew Cuomo, the current Governor of New York and he died of natural causes due to heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, on New Years Day,2015. Cuomo was born in the Briarwood section of the New York City borough of Queens to a family of Italian origin and his father, Andrea Cuomo, was from Nocera Inferiore, and his mother, Immacolata, was from Tramonti, Campania. The family owned a store in South Jamaica, Queens, in New York City, Cuomo attended New York City P. S. 50 and St. Johns Preparatory School, batting helmets were not yet required equipment, and Cuomos injury was severe enough that he was hospitalized for six days. After his recovery, Cuomo gave up baseball and returned to St. Johns, deciding on a legal career, Cuomo attended St. Johns University School of Law, from which he graduated tied for first in his class in 1956. Cuomo clerked for Judge Adrian P. Burke of the New York Court of Appeals, in addition to practicing law, Cuomo was an adjunct professor at St. Johns Law School. He later represented another Queens residents group, the Kew Gardens–Forest Hills Committee on Urban Scale, Cuomo described his experience in that dispute in the book Forest Hills Diary, and the story was retold by sociologist Richard Sennett in The Fall of Public Man. After Carey and Krupsak were elected, the new governor appointed Cuomo Secretary of State of New York in January 1975, two years later, Cuomo ran for Mayor of New York City at Careys urging. Incumbent Mayor Abraham Beame was very unpopular and Cuomo was one of five major challengers to Beame in the Democratic primary, in a close and highly fractured election, U. S. Representative Ed Koch finished first with 19. 81% of the vote, as no candidate cleared 40% of the vote, Koch and Cuomo advanced to a runoff. Koch emerged victorious with 54. 94% of the vote to Cuomos 45. 06%, during the mayoral campaign, placards appeared saying, Vote for Cuomo, not the homo in reference to rumors about Kochs sexuality. Cuomo ran on his opposition to the penalty, which backfired amongst New Yorkers as crime was very high. Cuomo then went negative with ads that likened Koch to unpopular former mayor John Lindsay, meanwhile, Koch backers accused Cuomo of antisemitism and pelted Cuomo campaign cars with eggs. Cuomo was also defeated by Koch in the election, taking 40. 97% to Kochs 49. 99%
39.
Alan Keyes
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Alan Lee Keyes is an American conservative political activist, pundit, author, former diplomat, and perennial candidate for public office. A doctoral graduate of Harvard University, Keyes began his career in the U. S. Foreign Service in 1979 at the United States consulate in Bombay, India, Keyes ran for President of the United States in 1996,2000, and 2008. He was the Republican nominee for the U. S. Senate in Maryland against Paul Sarbanes in 1988 and Barbara Mikulski in 1992, in all three cases, Keyes lost by large margins. Keyes hosted a radio show, The Alan Keyes Show, Americas Wake-Up Call. The show was briefly simulcast by National Empowerment Television, in 2002, he briefly hosted a television commentary show on the MSNBC cable network, Alan Keyes Is Making Sense. Since 1998, Keyes has served as a columnist for World Net Daily, born in a naval hospital on Long Island, New York, Keyes was the fifth child of mother Gerthina and father Allison L. Keyes, a U. S. Army sergeant and a teacher. Due to his fathers tours of duty, the Keyes family traveled frequently, Keyes lived in Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Virginia and overseas in Italy. After high school, Keyes attended Cornell University, where he was a member of the Cornell University Glee Club and he studied political philosophy with American philosopher and essayist Allan Bloom and has said that Bloom was the professor who influenced him most in his undergraduate studies. Keyes has stated that he received threats for opposing Vietnam war protesters who seized a campus building. Shortly thereafter, he left the school and spent a year in Paris under a Cornell study abroad program connected with Bloom, Keyes continued his studies at Harvard University, where he resided in Winthrop House, and completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in government affairs in 1972. During his first year of school, Keyess roommate was William Kristol. In 1988, Kristol ran Keyess unsuccessful U. S. Senate campaign in Maryland, Keyes earned his Ph. D. in government affairs from Harvard University in 1979, having written a dissertation on Alexander Hamilton and constitutional theory, under Harvey C. Due to student deferments and a draft number, Keyes was not drafted to serve in the Vietnam War. Keyes and his family were supporters of the war, in which his father served two tours of duty. Keyes was criticized by opponents of the war in Vietnam, but he says he was supporting his father and his brothers, Keyes is married to Jocelyn Marcel Keyes, of East Indian descent, from Calcutta. The couple has three children, Francis, Maya, and Andrew, Keyes is a traditional Catholic and a third-degree Knight of Columbus. He is also a friend of Brazilian conservative philosopher and journalist Olavo de Carvalho
