1.
Archipelago
–
An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands. The word archipelago is derived from the Greek ἄρχι- – arkhi-, in Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Archipelago was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands. It is now used to refer to any group or, sometimes. Archipelagos may be isolated in large amounts of water or neighbouring a large land mass. For example, Scotland has more than 700 islands surrounding its mainland which form an archipelago, archipelagos are often volcanic, forming along island arcs generated by subduction zones or hotspots, but may also be the result of erosion, deposition, and land elevation. Depending on their origin, islands forming archipelagos can be referred to as oceanic islands, continental fragments. Oceanic islands are mainly of volcanic origin, continental fragments correspond to land masses that have separated from a continental mass due to tectonic displacement. Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Maldives, the Bahamas, Greece, Hawaii, the largest archipelagic state in the world by area and population is Indonesia. Island arc List of landforms List of archipelagos by number of islands List of archipelagos List of islands Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Archipelago
Archipelago
–
The
Ksamil Archipelago in
Albania.
Archipelago
–
The archipelago of
Fernando de Noronha in
Brazil.
2.
Mariana Islands
–
They lie south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea and east of the Philippines, demarcating the Philippine Seas eastern limit. The islands were named after the Spanish queen Mariana of Austria, spaniards, who in the early 16th century were the first Europeans to arrive, eventually annexed and colonized the archipelago. The indigenous inhabitants are the Chamoru and they further reported findings which suggested that Tinian is likely to have been the first island in Oceania to have been settled by humans. The Mariana Islands are the part of a submerged mountain range that extends 1,565 miles from Guam to near Japan. Geographically, the Marianas are the northernmost islands of an island group called Micronesia. The Mariana Islands have a land area of 1,005 km2. They are composed of two units, Guam, a US territory the Northern Mariana Islands, which make up a Commonwealth of the United States. In the northern volcanic group a maximum elevation of about 2,700 feet is reached, there are craters showing signs of activity, coral reefs fringe the coasts of the southern isles, which are of slight elevation. The lowest point on the Earths crust, the Mariana Trench, is near the islands and is named after them. The islands are part of a structure known as the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system. This subduction region, just east of the chain, forms the noted Mariana Trench. Owing to the moistness of the soil cryptogams are numerous, as are also most kinds of grasses, on most of the islands there is a plentiful supply of water. The fauna of the Marianas, though inferior in number and variety, is similar in character to that of the Carolines and certain species are indigenous to both island groups. The climate though damp is healthy, while the heat, being tempered by the winds, is milder than that of the Philippines. The majority of islands in the Marianas which still retain their indigenous names end in the letters -an, e. g. Guahan, Agrigan, Agrihan, Aguihan/Aguigan, Pagan, Sarigan, etc. The islands are part of a structure known as the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system. This water is heated and boiled as the plate is carried farther downward, archeological studies of human activity on the islands has revealed potteries with red-slipped, circle- and punctate-stamped designs found in the Mariana Islands dating between 1500 and 1400 BC. These artifacts show similar aesthetic with the found in Northern and Central Philippines, the Nagsabaran pottery
Mariana Islands
–
Geology of the southwest Pacific in the area of the Mariana Islands. The Mariana Islands are at map-right, east of the Philippine Sea and just west of the
Mariana Trench in the ocean floor.
Mariana Islands
–
The Mariana Islands are shown, with the territory of
Guam to the extreme south, and the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands (14 islands) to the north. Active volcanoes are shown with triangles
Mariana Islands
–
Ruins of
Guma Taga on Tinian. The pillars/columns are called latte (pronounced læ'di) stones, a common architectural element of prehistoric structures in the Mariana Islands, upon which elevated buildings were built. Earthquakes had toppled the other latte at this site by the time this photo was taken; an earthquake in 1902 toppled the one seen on the left, and today only the one on the right remains standing.
Mariana Islands
–
A stamp from the Marianas' late Spanish colonial period, 1898–99
3.
Flag of Northern Mariana Islands
–
The flag of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands was adopted in July 1985, by the Second Northern Marianas Constitution. The NMI flag was designed by Taga during the year 1985. Later during that year, they finalized the draft of the flag in the last CNMI constitutional convention and this was the most symbolic moment of the annexation of the CNMI. The flag consists of three symbols, the star for the USA, the latte stone for the chamorros, and the mwarmwar for the carolinians, and the mostly shaded blue areas for the ocean of the Marianas trench. Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands Flags of the U. S. states The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Flag of Northern Mariana Islands
–
The flag of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
4.
Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi
–
The Carolinian lyrics for the CNMI National Anthem were written by David Kapileo Peters Taulaamwarr the day before the signing of the Covenant in 1976. David Marciano edited the Carolinian lyrics and his contributions were incorporated before being published and recorded, vicente Kilili Sablan Sr. former Mayor of Saipan, assisted by translating the lyrics into English and Japanese for the Rematau band album. The Rematau Band was the first group to sing and record the Commonwealth National Anthem, in 1996, it became the official anthem by virtue of Public Law 10-28, authored in the Tenth CNMI Legislature and signed by then-Governor Froilan Cruz Tenorio into law. Both versions of the anthem are taught to students as well as displayed prominently in official programs, the melody of the song is taken from the German tune Im schönsten Wiesengrunde, written by Wilhelm Ganzhorn. Since the islands are a United States dependency, the anthem is still The Star-Spangled Banner Im schönsten Wiesengrunde The melody of the song Sheet of music Other sheet of music
Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi
–
Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi
5.
Chamorro language
–
Chamorro is an Austronesian language spoken by about 47,000 people. It is the native and spoken language of the Chamorro people who are the people of Guam. The Chamorro language is threatened, with a drop in language fluency over the past century. It is estimated that 75% of the population of Guam was literate in the Chamorro language around the time the United States captured the island during the Spanish–American War. A century later, the 2000 U. S. Census showed that fewer than 20% of Chamorros living in Guam speak their language fluently. A number of forces have contributed to the steep, post-World War II decline of Chamorro language fluency, a colonial legacy, beginning with the Spanish colonization of Guam in 1668, imposed power structures privileging the language of the regions colonizers. In Guam, the language suffered additional suppression when the U. S. government banned the Chamorro language in schools in 1922 and they collected and burned all Chamorro dictionaries. Similar policies were undertaken by the Japanese government when they controlled the region during World War II, even though these oppressive language policies were progressively lifted, the damage had been done. Subsequent generations were often raised in households where only the oldest family members were fluent, lack of exposure made it increasingly difficult to pick up Chamorro as a second language. Within a few generations, English replaced Chamorro as the language of daily life, there is a difference in the rate of Chamorro language fluency between Guam and the other Mariana Islands. On Guam the number of native Chamorro speakers has dwindled in the last decade or so, in the Northern Mariana Islands, young Chamorros speak the language fluently. Today, the NMI Chamorros and Guamanian Chamorros disagree strongly on each others linguistic fluency, an NMI Chamorro would say that Guamanian Chamorros do not speak the language correctly, whereas the Guamanian Chamorros believe that the NMI Chamorros are using an archaic form of the language. Representatives from Guam have unsuccessfully lobbied the United States to take action to promote, in 2013, Guam will be instituting Public Law 31-45, which increases the teaching of the Chamorro language and culture in Guam schools, extending instruction to include grades 7–10. Other efforts have made in recent times, most notably Chamorro immersion schools. One example is the Huråo Guåhan Academy, at the Chamorro Village in Hagåtña and this program is led by Ann Marie Arceo and her husband, Ray Arceo. According to Huråos official YouTube page, Huråo Academy is one if not the first Chamoru Immersion Schools that focus on the teaching of Chamoru language, Huråo was founded as a non-profit in June 2005. The academy has been praised by many for the continuity of the Chamoru language, other creative ways to incorporate and promote the Chamorro language have been found in the use of applications for smartphones, internet videos and television. From Chamorro dictionaries, to the most recent Speak Chamorro app, efforts are growing and expanding in ways to preserve and protect the Chamorro language, unlike most of its neighbors, Chamorro is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language
Chamorro language
–
"Hafa Adai" sign at
Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport in Guam
Chamorro language
–
Chamoru
6.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
7.
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, the poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a mens social club in London. To Anacreon in Heaven, with lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Keys poem and renamed The Star-Spangled Banner, it became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one octave and one fifth, it is known for being difficult to sing, although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom, hail, Columbia served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. My Country, Tis of Thee, whose melody is identical to God Save the Queen, following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them The Star-Spangled Banner, as well as America the Beautiful. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers, because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. On the morning of September 14, the flag had been lowered. During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the bombs bursting in air, Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimores Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History and it was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program. Aboard the ship the day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore and he completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it Defence of Fort MHenry. Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from a song by Key. The song, known as When the Warrior Returns, was written in honor of Stephen Decatur, absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. Professor Mark Clague has stated that the two verses of Keys lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 and in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery. Clague asserts that the used to refer to British professional soldiers but also the Corps of Colonial Marines which Key viewed as scoundrels
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence of Fort McHenry", a poem that later became the lyrics of the national anthem of the United States.
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem. It is now on display at the
Maryland Historical Society.
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
An artist's rendering of the battle at
Fort McHenry
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
The 15-star, 15-stripe "
Star-Spangled Banner " which inspired the poem
8.
Saipan
–
Saipan /saɪˈpæn/ is the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean. According to the 2010 United States Census, Saipans population was 48,220, the Commonwealths center of government is located in the village of Capitol Hill on the island. Since the entire island is organized as a municipality, most publications term Saipan as the Commonwealths capital. The current Mayor of Saipan is David M. Apatang, who was sworn into office on June 12,2015, Saipan is the second-largest island in the Mariana Islands archipelago, after Guam. It is located about 120 mi north of Guam and 5 nautical miles northeast of Tinian, Saipan is about 12 mi long and 5.6 mi wide, with a land area of 115.38 km2. The western side of the island is lined with sandy beaches, the eastern shore is composed primarily of rugged rocky cliffs and a reef. A narrow underwater bank of Marpi Reef lies 28 mi north of the Saipan, the highest elevation on Saipan is a limestone-covered mountain called Mount Tapochau at 1,560 ft. Unlike many of the mountains in the Mariana Islands, it is not an extinct volcano, to the north of Mount Tapochau towards Banzai Cliff is a ridge of hills. Mount Achugao, situated about 2 miles north, has interpreted to be a remnant of a stratified composite volcanic cone whose Eocene center was not far north of the present peak. Saipans flora is predominantly limestone forest, some developed areas on the island are covered with Leucaena leucocephala, also known as tangan-tangan trees, that were spread broadly some time after World War II. Tangan-Tangan trees were introduced, primarily, as an erosion-prevention mechanism, remaining native forest occurs in small isolated fragments on steep slopes at low elevations and highland conservation areas of the island. Coconuts, papayas, and Thai hot peppers – locally called donni såli or boonie peppers – are among the fruits grow wild. Mango, taro root, breadfruit, and bananas are a few of the many foods cultivated by local families, Saipan is home to a number of endemic bird species. Among them, the Mariana fruit dove, white-throated ground dove, bridled white-eye, golden white-eye, Micronesian myzomela and the endangered nightingale reed warbler. The island used to have a population of giant African land snails, introduced either deliberately as a food source, or accidentally by shipping. In the last few decades, its numbers have been controlled by an introduced flatworm. Unfortunately, possibly due to the flatworm, the native tree-snails also became extinct, Saipan has a tropical marine climate moderated by seasonal trade winds from the northeast from November to March, and easterly winds from May to October. Average year-round temperature is 84 °F, there is little seasonal temperature variation, and Saipan has been cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as having the least fluctuating temperatures in the world
Saipan
–
Topographic map of Saipan Island
Saipan
–
View of northern Saipan
Saipan
–
Mount Marpi in Saipan
Saipan
–
Marines march through
Garapan, July 1944
9.
Ethnic groups
–
An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
Ethnic groups
–
Before the 1970s, the
Korowai people of
Papua were an
uncontacted people. Their population numbers no more than 3,000.
Ethnic groups
–
The
Assyrians are the indigenous peoples of
Northern Iraq.
Ethnic groups
–
Some European ethnic groups, such as
Basque people, do not constitute a majority in any one country.
10.
Asian people
–
Asian people or Asiatic people are people who descend from a portion of Asias population. There are varieties of definition and geographical data presented by organizations, the Australian Census includes Central Asia. The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition, defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name, Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. Russians are classified as Southern and Eastern Europeans while Middle Easterners are classified as North African, the Canadian Census uses the term Asian pan-continentally and the list of visible minorities includes West Asian, South Asian, Central Asian and Southeast Asian. The Canadian government uses West Asian in its statistics, however people from the Arab countries of Western Asia are counted in a separate Arab category. New Zealands census undertaken by Statistics New Zealand defines the Asian to include people of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian, in less formal contexts, the term Asian often does not include South Asian people. Statistics Norway uses the term Asian pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries, Statistics Sweden uses the term Asian to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including the Middle East. In the United Kingdom, the term Asian is more associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis. The UK usage of the term Asian is reflected in the group section of UK census forms. Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, recommends privileging the term South Asian over the term Asian, earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro. Previously, Asian Americans were classified as other, but the 1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into Asian or Pacific Islander. By the 1990 Census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, the 2000 and 2010 U. S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian race includes those who originate from the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were identified as a race, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as Other Race. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the Asian ethnic group, sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how. as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as Asians in the census only in the 80s. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking Caucasian or Other, respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e. g. Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as Asian, unlike South Asians, Jewish Americans, Israeli Americans, Arab Americans, Iranian Americans and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U. S. Census Board. In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the Pacific Islands who are usually called Pacific Islanders, the term Asians and Pacific Islanders or Asia/Pacific was used on the 1990 US Census. However, in the 2000 US Census, the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, however, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent
Asian people
–
Labour Party politician
Shahid Malik
Asian people
–
Eugene H. Trinh, a
Vietnamese American biochemist who flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission
STS-50 as a
Payload Specialist
Asian people
–
Uyghur girl in Turpan, Xinjiang, China - she's a natural blond with
Epicanthus
11.
Overseas Filipino
–
An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin who lives outside of the Philippines. In 2013, the Commission on Filipinos Overseas estimated that approximately 10.2 million people of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad, remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure. In 2011, remittances were US$20.117 billion, in 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only 7 countries—United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE and Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan. Employment conditions abroad are relevant to the worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth. Poor working conditions for Filipinos hired abroad include long hours, low wages, women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic. These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a correlation between womens rights and the overall well being of children. It is therefore a question to promote womens rights in order to promote childrens capabilities. Philippine Labor Migration Policy has historically focused on removing barriers for migrant workers to increase accessibility for employment abroad, working conditions among Filipinos employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces International labor standards. The standards are set by the ILO, which is an UN agency that 185 of the 193 UN members are part of, Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that ILO only can register complaints. Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women, as women regularly are seen as symbols of national pride and dignity governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase gender inequality in the Philippines and thereby this public policy work against women joining the workforce, the Philippine government has recently opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the worlds demand for domestic workers and healthcare workers has increased. This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines, a healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the Philippines and other developing countries often create a nursing shortage in the home country. Nurse to patient ratio is down to 1 nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s the ratio was 1 nurse to between 15 and 20 patients and it seems inevitable that the healthcare sector losses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing. The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average, mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The Japanese Nursing Association supports equal or better working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses, yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market. Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad and this might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities
Overseas Filipino
–
Filipino migrant workers in
Hong Kong.
Overseas Filipino
–
Overseas Filipinos
Overseas Filipino
–
Lucky Plaza mall in Orchard Road hosts products and services that cater for Overseas Filipinos in Singapore.
12.
Overseas Chinese
–
Overseas Chinese are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Peoples Republic of China and Republic of China. People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves overseas Chinese, Overseas Chinese can be of the Han Chinese ethnic majority, or from any of the other ethnic groups in China. The Chinese language has various terms equivalent to the English Overseas Chinese which refers to Chinese citizens residing in other than China. The term haigui refers to returned overseas Chinese and guīqiáo qiáojuàn to their returning relatives, huáyì refers to ethnic Chinese residing outside of China. Literally, it means Tang people, a reference to Tang dynasty China when it was ruling China proper. It should be noted that this term is used by the Cantonese, Hoochew, Hakka and Hokkien as a colloquial reference to the Chinese people. The term shǎoshù mínzú is added to the terms for overseas Chinese to indicate those in the diaspora who would be considered ethnic minorities in China. The terms shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén, shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén, the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the PRC does not distinguish between Han and ethnic minority populations for official policy purposes. For example, members of the Tibetan diaspora may travel to China on passes granted to certain overseas Chinese. Various estimates of the overseas Chinese minority population include 3.1 million,3.4 million,5.7 million, cross-border ethnic groups are not considered overseas Chinese minorities unless they left China after the establishment of an independent state on Chinas border. Some ethnic groups who have connections with China, like the Hmong or Mongolians may not associate themselves as overseas Chinese. The Chinese people have a history of migrating overseas. One of the dates back to the Ming dynasty when Zheng He became the envoy of Ming. He sent people - many of them Cantonese and Hokkien - to explore and trade in the South China Sea, when China was under the imperial rule of the Qing Dynasty, subjects who left the Qing Empire without the Administrators consent were considered to be traitors and were executed. Their family members faced consequences as well, however, the establishment of the Lanfang Republic in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a tributary state of Qing China, attests that it was possible to attain permission. The republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned and these migrations are considered to be among the largest in Chinas history. Most of the nationalist and neutral refugees fled Mainland China to Southeast Asia as well as Taiwan, many nationalists who stayed behind were persecuted or even executed. Kuomintang members who settled in Malaysia and Singapore played a role in the establishment of the Malaysian Chinese Association
Overseas Chinese
–
1967 photo of Indonesian-Chinese family from Hubei ancestry, the second and third generations
Overseas Chinese
–
Hakka people in a wedding in
East Timor, 2006
Overseas Chinese
–
Overseas Chinese Museum, Xiamen, China
13.
Korean diaspora
–
The Korean diaspora consists of roughly seven million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigres from Korea. Nearly four-fifths of expatriate Koreans live in just three countries, China, the United States, and Japan, other countries with greater than 0. 5% Korean minorities include Canada, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and Vietnam. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners, thus, there is no single name for the Korean diaspora. Historically used term gyopo has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo. Dongpo has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, official appellation used by North Korea for Korean citizens living outside the Korean Peninsula is haeoe gugmin whereas South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin to refer to entire Korean diaspora. Both terms translate as overseas nation or overseas people, prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries, as Jaeeun Kim described it, The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted. Koreans amount to 40. 4% of the population of the country. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal aliens, however, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia in 1938. Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 and they are considered to be one of the major minorities. Their population grew to about 2 million, they stayed mostly in northeastern China and their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997. Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, a handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was an ally of South Korea. Thousands were adopted by American families in the following the war. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas, europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s, North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953, however, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry. Brazil has Latin Americas largest Koreatown in São Paulo, there are also Koreatowns in cities such as Buenos Aires, Argentina, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Lima, Peru, mexico Citys Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000
Korean diaspora
–
Bergen County (버겐 카운티),
New Jersey: Broad Avenue in
Koreatown (벼랑 공원 코리아타운),
Palisades Park, a
borough known as the Korean village, where
Koreans comprise the majority (52%) of the population, home to both the
highest Korean-American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States.
14.
Japanese diaspora
–
The Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as nikkei or nikkeijin, are the Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 2.5 million nikkei living in their adopted countries, the largest of these foreign communities are in Brazil, the United States, the Philippines, China, Canada and Peru. Descendants of emigrants from the Meiji period still hold recognizable communities in those countries, Nikkei is derived from the term nikkeijin in Japanese, used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. Emigration refers to permanent settlers, excluding transient Japanese abroad and these groups were historically differentiated by the terms issei, nisei, sansei, and yonsei. The term Nikkeijin may or may not apply to those Japanese who still hold Japanese citizenship, usages of the term may depend on perspective. On the other hand, in the U. S, the term nikkei has multiple and diverse meanings depending on situations, places, and environments. Nikkei also include people of mixed descent who identify themselves as Nikkei. Native Japanese also use the term nikkei for the emigrants and their descendants who return to Japan, many of these nikkei live in close communities and retain identities separate from the native Japanese. The definition was derived from The International Nikkei Research Project, a collaborative project involving more than 100 scholars from 10 countries and 14 participating institutions. Overseas Japanese have existed since the 16th century, many documents mention the large slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slaves were brought by the Portuguese to Macau, where some of them were enslaved to Portuguese, thus, the Portuguese might own Malay and African slaves, who in turn possessed Japanese slaves of their own. Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result. Some Korean slaves in Japan who had been among the thousands of prisoners of war taken during the Japanese invasions of Korea were bought by the Portuguese and taken to Portugal. Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the slave community in 1578. The Portuguese highly regarded Asian slaves like Chinese and Japanese, much more than slaves from sub-Saharan Africa, the Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese and Japanese slaves which is why they favored them more. In 1595 a law was passed by Portugal banning the sale of Chinese and Japanese slaves, from the 15th through the early 17th century, Japanese seafarers traveled to China and Southeast Asia countries, in some cases establishing early Japantowns. This activity ended in the 1640s, when the Tokugawa shogunate imposed maritime restrictions which forbade Japanese from leaving the country and this policy would not be lifted for over two hundred years. Travel restrictions were eased once Japan opened diplomatic relations with western nations, in 1867, the bakufu began issuing travel documents for overseas travel and emigration
Japanese diaspora
–
View of passengers arriving in Vancouver aboard the Kumeric
Japanese diaspora
–
The
Japanese community of the city of
São Paulo, Brazil, traditionally lived in the
Liberdade neighbourhood.
Japanese diaspora
–
Japanese woman on board Kumeric en route to Vancouver
Japanese diaspora
–
View of Ujo Nakano's farm house at Port Hammond, B.C.
15.
Bangladeshi diaspora
–
The Bangladeshi diaspora consists of people of Bangladeshi descent who have immigrated to or were born in another country. First generation migrants may have moved abroad from Bangladesh for better living conditions, to escape poverty, there is a large Bangladeshi diaspora population in Saudi Arabia, where there are almost 1.2 million. The United Kingdoms 2001 census found 300,000 British Bangladeshi mainly concentrated in east London boroughs, Bangladeshis in the Middle East form the largest part of the worldwide Bangladeshi diaspora. Approximately 2,820,000 live within the Middle East, with half of them in Saudi Arabia, Bangladeshis who come to the Middle East are primarily guest workers or day labourers. Saudi Arabia has over two million Bangladeshis, making it the largest Bangladeshi diaspora community. Bangladesh is one of the largest labour suppliers to Saudi Arabia, in 2007 Bangladeshi workers obtained the biggest share, there are over a million Bangladeshis residing in the United Arab Emirates as of 2013. Qatar has about 280,000 Bangladeshis as of the end of 2015, Bangladeshis in Malaysia form a large proportion of Malaysias foreign labour force. When both legal and illegal residents are included, their population was estimated to total 500,000 persons, in South Korea, there are more than 13,000 Bangladeshi foreign workers in the country. A few of them illegal immigrants. This has led to some prejudice towards Bangladeshi immigrants, an issue recently tackled by the 2009 Korean film Bandhobi, Bangladeshis in Japan form one of the smaller populations of foreigners in Japan. As of 2005, Japans Ministry of Justice recorded 11,055 Bangladeshi nationals among the population of registered foreigners in Japan. The national census of ethnicity and identity found over 400,000 people had Bangladeshi heritage in Britain, there is also a significant community in and around Westminster. Outside London, Westwood, Greater Manchester has the second largest concentration of Sylheti Bangladeshi diaspora in the United Kingdom, large numbers arrived during the 1970s mainly from the Sylhet region, for the need to find work and earn a better living. The influence of Bangladeshi culture and diversity can be seen across London in boroughs such as Tower Hamlets, Newham, Camden and Southwark. The street of Brick Lane has a history of Bangladeshis and has officially been dubbed as Banglatown. The census in 2000, found up to 95,300 were born in Bangladesh, therefore it is estimated there are at least 150,000 Bangladeshis in United States. It was until the 1990s when Bangladeshis started to move to the United States, and settled in areas such as New York, Paterson in New Jersey, Philadelphia. Although recent findings claim that Bangladeshis started arriving during the late 19th centuries from the part of current Bangladesh
Bangladeshi diaspora
–
A Bangladeshi family in
Saudi Arabia.
16.
Pacific Islands
–
The Pacific Islands is a term broadly referring to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Depending on the context, it may refer to countries and islands with common Austronesian origins, islands once or currently colonized, in English, the umbrella term Pacific Islands may take on several meanings. Sometimes it refers to only those islands covered by the continent of Oceania, there are many other islands located within the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean that are not considered part of Oceania. This list includes all islands found in the geographic Pacific Ocean, with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers
Pacific Islands
–
Pacific Islands leaders, all members of the
Pacific Islands Forum, at a meeting in
Samoa with US Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice (center), 26 July 2008
Pacific Islands
–
Three of the major groups of islands in the
Pacific Ocean.
17.
Chamorro people
–
Today, significant Chamorro populations also exist in several U. S. states including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, and Nevada. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 65,000 people of Chamorro ancestry live on Guam, another 93,000 live outside the Marianas in Hawaii and the West Coast of the United States. The Chamorros are primarily Austronesian, but many also have European, East Asian, the Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many derive from the Spanish language. The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers, Chamorro is often spoken in many homes, but is becoming less common. The most said phrase in Chamorro is, Hafa Adai, which means Hello in English, the Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from Southeast Asia at around 2000 BC. They are most closely related to other Austronesian-speaking natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan and they were expert seafarers and skilled craftspeople familiar with intricate weaving and detailed pottery-making. The latte, a rock pillar topped with a hemispherical capstone, was used by early Chamorros as foundation for buildings and has since been appropriated as a national symbol. Chamorro farmers were recorded during Spanish times to plant seeds according to the phases of the moon, for example, farmers on Guam often plant tuber crops such as sweet potatoes and yams at full moon during low tide. According to early Chamorro legend, the world was created by a brother and sister, Puntan. Upon dying, Puntan instructed his sister to make his body the ingredients for the universe and she used his eyes to create the sun and moon, his eyebrows to make rainbows, and most of the rest of his parts for various features of the Earth. After she had done, she turned herself into a rock on the island of Guahan/Guam, some believe that the rock was once located at the site of an Agat Church, while others believe it is the phallic-shaped Laso de Fua located in Fouha Bay in Umatac. Ancient Chamorus engaged in ancestor veneration, but did not practice religion in the sense that they worshipped deities, however, there is at least one account, provided by Christoph Carl Fernberger in 1623, that human sacrifice was practiced to curry the favor of a great fish. This claim may be related to a Chamoru legend about why the island of Guam is narrow in the middle, according to the legend, a massive fish was gradually eating away at the island from both sides. Although the ancient Chamoru supposedly had magical abilities, the huge creature eluded them, when the men were unsuccessful in hunting it down, the women used their hair to weave a net, which grew larger as they sang. The singing enchanted the fish, and lured it into the giant net, Chamorro society was divided into two main castes and continued to be so for well over a century after the Spanish first arrived. The Chamori caste was subdivided into the upper-middle class Achoti/Achaot and the highest, Achoti could graduate to Matua, and Matua could be reduced to Achoti, but Manachang were born and died as such and had no recourse to improve their status. Members of the Manachang and the Chamori were not permitted to intermingle, all three classes performed physical labor, but had different specified duties
Chamorro people
–
Chamorro people (1915)
Chamorro people
–
Chamorro girls in the 1930s
Chamorro people
–
Depiction of
latte stone colonnades on the island of
Tinian
Chamorro people
–
Chamorro performer elder
18.
Multiracial
–
Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races. Many terms exist for people of multiracial backgrounds. While some of the used in the past are considered insulting and offensive. Individuals of multiracial backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in parts of the world. In North America, studies have found that the population is continuing to grow. Because of a decline in racism, multiracial people no longer feel the need to hide their heritage, in many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, mixed-race people make up the majority of the population. While defining race is controversial, race remains a commonly used term for categorization, insofar as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of multiraciality will naturally be subjective. Some percentage of people who look black will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European. The revised OMB standards identify a minimum of five categories, White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian. Perhaps the most significant change for Census 2000 was that respondents were given the option to one or more races on the questionnaire to indicate their racial identity. Census 2000 race data are shown for people who reported a race either alone or in combination with one or more other races, in the English-speaking world, many terms for people of various multiracial backgrounds exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used. Mulato, zambo and mestizo are used in Spanish, mulato, caboclo, cafuzo, ainoko and mestiço in Portuguese and mulâtre and these terms are also in certain contexts used in the English-speaking world. In Canada, the Métis are an ethnic group of mixed European and First Nation descent. Half-breed is a term that referred to people of partial Native American ancestry, it is now considered pejorative. Mestee, once used, is now used mostly for members of historically mixed-race groups, such as Louisiana Creoles, Melungeons, Redbones. In South Africa, and much of English-speaking southern Africa, the term Coloured was used to describe a mixed-race person, while the term is socially accepted, it is becoming an outdated due to its association with the apartheid era. Charts and diagrams intended to explain the classifications were common, the well-known Casta paintings in Mexico and, to some extent, Peru, were illustrations of the different classifications. Most Brazilians of all groups are to some extent mixed-race according to genetic research
Multiracial
–
Barack Obama, the
President of the United States. Obama's mother's ancestors were European, Obama's father's ancestors were African.
Multiracial
–
Canadian film actor
Keanu Reeves is of
English,
Irish,
Portuguese, Native
Hawaiian, and
Chinese descent.
Multiracial
–
Jamaican dancehall artist
Sean Paul 's paternal grandfather was a
Sephardic Jew from
Portugal, and his paternal grandmother was
Afro-Caribbean; his mother is of
English and
Chinese Jamaican descent.
19.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
20.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
21.
Presidential system
–
A presidential system is a system of government where a head of government is also head of state and leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. The United States, for instance, has a presidential system, the executive is elected and often titled president and is not responsible to the legislature, which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. Presidential systems are numerous, but the following are true, The executive can veto legislative acts and, in turn. The veto is generally derived from the British tradition of royal assent in which an act of parliament can only be enacted with the assent of the monarch, the president has a fixed term of office. Members of the cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, cabinet ministers or executive departmental chiefs are not members of the legislature. However, presidential systems often need legislative approval of executive nominations to the cabinet, judiciary, a president generally can direct members of the cabinet, military, or any officer or employee of the executive branch, but cannot direct or dismiss judges. The president can often pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals, countries that feature a presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president. For example, a dictator, who may or may not have been popularly or legitimately elected may be, likewise, leaders of one-party states are often called presidents. Most parliamentary republics have presidents, but this position is ceremonial, notable examples include Germany, India, Ireland, Israel. The title is used in parliamentary republics with an executive presidency. In a full-fledged presidential system, a president is chosen directly by the people or indirectly by the party to be the head of the executive branch. Presidential governments make no distinction between the positions of head of state and head of government, both of which are held by the president, a few countries have powerful presidents who are elected by the legislature. These executives are titled president, whereas in practice they are similar to prime ministers, other countries with the same system include Botswana, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Suriname. By contrast, national presidents are figurehead heads of state, like constitutional monarchs, such symbolic presidents can be directly elected by the people or indirectly by a legislative vote. Only a few nations, such as Ireland, have a popularly elected ceremonial president, subnational governments, usually states, may be structured as presidential systems. All of the governments in the United States use the presidential system. On a local level, many cities use Council-manager government, which is equivalent to a parliamentary system, some countries without a presidential system at the national level use a form of this system at a subnational or local level. Supporters generally claim four basic advantages for presidential systems, Direct elections — in a presidential system and this makes the presidents power more legitimate than that of a leader appointed indirectly
Presidential system
–
Presidential republics with a full presidential system.
22.
Republic
–
It is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their ideology, composition, in the classical and medieval period of Europe, many states were fashioned on the Roman Republic, which referred to the governance of the city of Rome, between it having kings and emperors. The Italian medieval and Renaissance political tradition, today referred to as humanism, is sometimes considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust. Republics were not equated with classical democracies such as Athens, but had a democratic aspect, Republics became more common in the Western world starting in the late 18th century, eventually displacing absolute monarchy as the most common form of government in Europe. In modern republics, the executive is legitimized both by a constitution and by popular suffrage, for instance, Article IV of the United States Constitution guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government. The term originates as the Latin translation of Greek word politeia, cicero, among other Latin writers, translated politeia as res publica and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as republic. The term politeia can be translated as form of government, polity, or regime, and is therefore not always a word for a specific type of regime as the modern word republic is. And also amongst classical Latin, the term republic can be used in a way to refer to any regime. In medieval Northern Italy, a number of city states had commune or signoria based governments, in the late Middle Ages, writers, such as Giovanni Villani, began writing about the nature of these states and the differences from other types of regime. They used terms such as libertas populi, a free people, the terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of Ancient Rome caused writers to prefer using classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states writers, most importantly Leonardo Bruni, adopted the Latin phrase res publica. While Bruni and Machiavelli used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term can quite literally be translated as public matter. It was most often used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, in subsequent centuries, the English word commonwealth came to be used as a translation of res publica, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term res publica. Notably, during The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell the word commonwealth was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, likewise, in Polish, the term was translated as rzeczpospolita, although the translation is now only used with respect to Poland. Presently, the term republic commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the rather than from another basis. After the classical period, during the Middle Ages, many cities developed again. The modern type of itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world. Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the era that are today still called republics
Republic
–
Vaishali was the
capital of the
Vajjian Confederacy, an early republic.
Republic
–
A map of the
Roman Republic
Republic
–
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,
Neptune offers the wealth of the sea to Venice, 1748–50. This painting is an allegory of the power of the Republic of
Venice.
Republic
–
Beginning of the Republic of
Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman in 1289, by Auguste Migette.
Metz was then a
free imperial city of the
Holy Roman Emperor.
23.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
24.
Donald Trump
–
Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
Donald Trump
–
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
–
The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.
Donald Trump
–
Trump Tower, at 725
Fifth Avenue, in
Midtown Manhattan
25.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
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Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
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Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
26.
List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
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The following is a list of persons who served as Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands. The term of office is 4 years, parties Democratic Republican Covenant As of January 2017, five former governors were alive, the oldest being Pedro Tenorio. The most recent governor to die was Eloy Inos, on December 28,2015, Inos was also the most recently serving governor to die. High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Former CNMI Governor Guerrero Passes Away
List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
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Incumbent
Eloy Inos since February 20, 2013
List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
27.
Gregorio Sablan
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Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan /ɡrᵻˈɡɔːrioʊ kᵻˈliːli kəˈmɑːtʃoʊ səˈblɑːn/ is a Northern Mariana Islander politician and former election commissioner. Elected in 2008, Sablan became the first delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, elected as an independent, Sablan caucuses with the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives. In February 2009, Sablan became a Democrat, Sablan is the only Chamorro member of Congress. He was re-elected as a Democrat in the 2010 and 2012 elections, Sablan was born in Saipan, capital of the CNMI, on January 19,1955. He was the son of seven children. He grew up in a family, spending much time with his grandparents. His father was an employee of Bank of America and his uncle was the mayor of Saipan. At the age of eleven, Sablan began boarding at Xavier High School and he then returned to Saipan, where he graduated from Marianas High School. At the age of sixteen, Sablan began attending the University of Guam, however, he dropped out of college when his father lost his job. Upon returning to Saipan, Sablan married and then had three children and he later attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa from 1989 until 1990, but did not graduate. Sablan is married to Andrea, a Filipino American, and has six children, Sablan was elected for two terms in the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature from 1982 until 1986. He served in the legislature as a Democrat, Sablan was selected as a special representative to hold talks with the United States Assistant Secretary of the Interior to negotiate federal assistance for the CNMI during his tenure in office. He retired from the Commonwealth Legislature to become Special Assistant to Daniel Inouye, senator from Hawaii during the late 1980s. After this he returned to college before returning to the CNMI to serve as Special Assistant for Management. The other United States insular areas, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, the election of the first delegate was set for November 4,2008. Sitting Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio, a Republican, announced his candidacy for the new office, seven independents also ran for the office, including Sablan. Although Sablan was traditionally affiliated with the Democratic Party, he chose to run as an independent, in the CNMIs first federal election, fewer than 13,000 people registered to vote in the election, and 79 percent of those who registered voted in the election. He also supports federal funding for a United States Coast Guard station in the CNMI, Sablan was elected the CNMIs first delegate to the House of Representatives on November 4,2008, receiving 2,474 votes, or 23% of the vote
Gregorio Sablan
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Gregorio Sablan
28.
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature
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The Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature is the territorial legislature of the U. S. commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The legislative branch of the territory is bicameral, consisting of a 20-member lower House of Representatives, Representatives serve two-year terms and Senators serve four-year terms, both without term limits. The territorial legislature meets in the capital of Saipan. Similar to the United States Congress, the Senate seats are divided into three districts whose boundaries are identical to those of the municipalities, the Constitution provides for the creation of a fourth district for the Northern Islands when the population exceeds 1,000. In the first election after the ratification of the Constitution, the Senator with the third-highest number of votes held their seat for two years. Requirements for Senator are a minimum age of 25, residence in the Commonwealth for five years, the Constitution permits a higher residence requirement to be legislated. The House seats are elected from seven districts, two districts have one seat each, one for Rota and Aguijan and the other for Tinian. The remaining five districts elect multiple members, three with two members, and two with six members, and are all located on Saipan, with one including the Northern Islands. The Constitution provides for the Northern Islands to be a district when the population exceeds the number of people represented by any Representative. Reapportionment occurs every 10 years following the census, requirements for Representative are a minimum age of 21, residence in the Commonwealth for three years, and a registered voter in the district represented. As with the Senate, the Constitution permits the Legislature to enact a higher residence requirement, the Legislature also has a youth congress, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Youth Congress. The Commonwealth was officially established in January 1978, and as the constitution prescribed, over the years, as permitted by the constitution, House membership was increased to 20 beginning with the 16th Legislature in 2008, the Constitutional maximum. The Northern Mariana Islands election calendar was one of the few political divisions in the United States where general elections were held in odd-numbered years, Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives Northern Mariana Islands Senate List of Northern Mariana Islands Governors Official website
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature
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Northern Mariana Islands
29.
Upper house
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An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
Upper house
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The Canadian Senate chamber at
Parliament Hill in
Ottawa,
Ontario.
Upper house
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Inside the Australian Senate
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United States
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Wikimedia Atlas of Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage
