1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Natchitoches, Louisiana
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Natchitoches is a small city and the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana, the City of Natchitoches was not incorporated until after Louisiana had become a state, on February 5,1819. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the region, Natchitoches sister city is Nacogdoches, Texas. It is also the location of Northwestern State University, Natchitoches was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico, French traders settled there as early as 1699. The post was established near a village of Natchitoches Indians, after whom the city was named, after the United States Louisiana Purchase of 1803, migration into the territory increased from the US, and Natchitoches experienced a population boom. Several plantations were built along the Red River, in the 1820s and early 1830s, Natchitoches was a freight transfer point for cotton from parts of east Texas. Cotton shippers used a route crossing the Sabine River to Natchitoches, where the freight was transferred to boats. However, the course of the river shifted, bypassing Natchitoches, a 33-mile lake was left in the rivers previous location. It became known as Cane River Lake, the lake runs through the city’s downtown historic district and Plantation Country. During the Civil War, Natchitoches was set on fire by Union soldiers who retreated through the town after their attempt to capture Shreveport. Confederate cavalry pursued the soldiers and arrived in time to help extinguish the flames before the town was destroyed. In the spring of 1863, Confederate General Richard Taylor and his men passed through Natchitoches en route to Shreveport, andrew W. Hyatt, one of Taylors line officers, wrote in his diary, reaching the banks of Cane River. We are now on a race from the enemy, and are bound for Grand Ecore. Three days later on May 11,1863, Hyatt penned, Natchitoches is quite a town, and the galleries were crowded with pretty women, who waved us a kind reception as we passed through town. Around Natchitoches and its environs,12,556 bales of Confederate cotton were stored, a match factory also opened in the city during the war. Natchitoches often engaged in fund-raising activities to relieve the destitute during the war, winters observed, Eggnog parties and other social affairs during the Christmas holiday season lifted the morale of civilians as well as that of the soldiers. Natchitoches was the site of the 1973 plane crash claimed the life of singer-songwriter Jim Croce
3.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
6.
Northwestern State Demons and Lady Demons
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The Northwestern State University athletic teams go by the Demons, with womens athletic teams generally called the Lady Demons, and its mascot is Vic the Demon. Once a member of the SIAA conference, the school now competes in the Southland Conference, fork em is a hand gesture and slogan used by students at Northwestern State University in their celebration of sports teams. NSU was the team to advance to the second round in 2006. NSUs mens basketball also won the inaugural play-in game, beating the Winthrop University Eagles 71–67 in 2001 NCAA Mens Basketball Tournament to advance to the 16th-seeded spot. In doing so, the Demons became the first #16 seed to earn a victory in the NCAA Tournament, NSU also has the distinction of being the only NCAA division IAA/FCS member to have 2 NFL rookies of the year. In 1981, Delaney, running back for the Kansas City Chiefs, was awarded the AFC Rookie of the year by UPI, in 1988, Stephens, another former Demon running back, of the New England Patriots, was named Offensive/AFC Rookie of the year. No other 4-year institution in the state of Louisiana has more than one, the pair of awards is more than won by Ohio State, Texas A&M and UCLA. Northwestern State sponsors 12 varsity athletic teams,5 mens teams and 7 womens teams, each season, Stephen F. Austin State University of Nacogdoches, Texas and Northwestern State play for the countrys largest football trophy. In 1961, longtime rivals SFA and Northwestern State decided to award the winner of the game a trophy, according to the stipulations of that particular match, the loser would have to present the winner with a tree chopped down from a nearby forest. In March 1962, the Lumberjacks of SFA in Nacogdoches, Texas, the black gum tree weighed over a ton and was thirty inches in diameter. An Indian statue, Chief Caddo, was chosen because of the founding of Natchitoches, Louisiana and Nacogdoches. Natchitoches means chinquapin eaters and Nacogdoches means persimmon eaters and it was carved by Harold Greene in Logansport and required over 200 hours of labor. The name “Chief Indian Caddo” was selected in honor of the ancient federation of Caddo Indian tribes, the final painting of the statue was done at Northwestern. The finished product stands around 7.6 feet tall and weighs about 320 pounds, the first game for Chief Caddo was September 15,1962. Tradition has it that the winner of the annual NSU and SFA football game keeps Chief Caddo on their respective campus, currently, Chief Caddo is the largest college football trophy in the nation. On November 23,2013, the NSU Demons brought home the Chief Caddo trophy after a 40 to 27 win over the Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks
7.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
8.
Southland Conference
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The Southland Conference is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States. It participates in the NCAAs Division I for all sports, for football, the Southland sponsors 17 sports, nine for women and eight for men, and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators. Tom Burnett was named the Southlands sixth commissioner on Dec.23,2002, from 1996 to 2002, for football only, the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League. The conferences offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco, founded in 1963, its members were Abilene Christian College, Arkansas State College, Arlington State College, Lamar State College of Technology, and Trinity University. Since its founding, the Southland Conference has been the home for 18 college, in addition, the conference has also been home to some schools for one sport only. In the case of football, Troy University fielded a team from 1996 to 2000, notes Abilene Christian re-joined the Southland Conference in 2013 after joining the NAIA and Lone Star Conference after the 1972–73 season. Lamar re-joined the Southland Conference after competing in the American South, notes Full members Full members Associate members 1. - Southwestern Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 1999, - Northeast Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Monroe in 1999. The Southland Conference sponsors championship competition in eight mens and nine womens NCAA sanctioned sports, the Southland was instrumental in founding the Independence Bowl, and the Southland champion served as the automatic home team for that bowl from 1976–1980. On May 21,2014, the Southland Conference approved the use of instant replay at all its home games becoming the first FCS league to fully commit to having all games utilize instant replay. Among notable NBA stars attending Southland Conference schools include Karl Malone, Joe Dumars, Scottie Pippen, Jeff Foster, former member Louisiana-Monroe advanced to the 1985 NCAA Womens Final Four. Notes, Texas A&M–Corpus Christi uses off-campus Whataburger Field as their field for some high-profile games. Abilene Christian will move its football program into the new Wildcat Stadium for the 2017 season, Abilene Christians new Elmer Gray Stadium opened on April 10,2015. The stadium is used for both Track & Field and Soccer, the new stadium replaces the original Elmer Gray Stadium, which was demolished to make way for Wildcat Stadium. The Conference began its own syndicated broadcast entity in 2008, the Southland Conference Television Network and it aired in over 25 markets in the leagues four-state region, plus on national networks such as Fox College Sports, ESPN GamePlan, and ESPN3. In 2008-09, the network featured 35 broadcasts, and over 30 in each of the four seasons. For 2013 and 2014, the network was restricted to only regular season football games. ESPN3 also carried a package of football games beyond the syndicated networks schedule
9.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
10.
Leesville, Louisiana
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Leesville is a small city and the parish seat of Vernon Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 6,612 at the 2010 United States Census and it is part of the Fort Polk South Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city is home to the Fort Polk U. S. Army installation, the populations of Fort Polk and Leesville, if combined, would result in a city with a population of more than 20,000. Leesville is located at 31°8′37″N 93°16′16″W and has an elevation of 254 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.49 square miles. This climatic region is typified by hot, humid summers and mild winters, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Leesville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,753 people,2,841 households, the population density was 1,238.7 people per square mile. There were 3,389 housing units at a density of 621.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 55. 49% White,35. 33% African American,1. 47% Native American,2. 09% Asian,0. 56% Pacific Islander,2. 25% from other races, and 2. 81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 92% of the population, nearly 36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,11. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $23,864, and the median income for a family was $30,435. Males had an income of $27,267 versus $21,661 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,360, about 24. 5% of families and 28. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42. 0% of those under age 18 and 15. 1% of those age 65 or over. High, 7th and 8th grade Leesville High School, 9th through 12th grade The Vernon Parish Public Library operates the Main Library, played in the German League and currently with Spanish Joventut Badalona. Keith Munyan - Born in Leesville in 1961 but moved away as a toddler, dAnthony Smith National Football League Born in Berlin, Germany, but spent his teen years in Leesville while family was stationed at Fort Polk
11.
Fort Polk
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Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, approximately ten miles east of Leesville, Louisiana, and thirty miles north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana. It was named in honor of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, the first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana, and a distinguished Confederate general in the American Civil War. The post encompasses approximately 198,000 acres—100,000 acres are owned by the Department of the Army—98,125 acres by the U. S. Forest Service, Fort Polk is the only Combat Training Center that also trains and deploys combat units. In 2013, there were 10,877 troops stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana officials lobbied the Army and the United States Congress to keep troop strength at full capacity despite looming defense cuts. Fort Polk began as a base for the Louisiana Maneuvers in the 1940s and it served the 1st Armored Division in the 1950s, and became a basic training post during Vietnam War years of the 1960s and 70s. It hosted the 5th Infantry Division in the 1970s-1980s, and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the 1990s and the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, and the 162nd Infantry Brigade in the 2000s. The land that is now Fort Polk is part of a region of cultural resources, including sites, historic houses and structures. Construction of Camp Polk began in 1941, thousands of wooden barracks sprang up quickly to support an Army preparing to do battle on the North African, European and Pacific fronts. Soldiers at Polk participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, which were designed to test U. S. troops preparing for World War II, until 1939, the Army had mostly been an infantry force with supporting artillery, engineer, and cavalry units. Few units had been motorized or mechanized, as U. S. involvement in World War II became more likely, the Army recognized the need to modernize the service. But it also needed large-scale maneuvers to test a fast-growing, inexperienced force and that is where Fort Polk and the Louisiana Maneuvers came in. The Maneuvers involved half a million soldiers in 19 Army Divisions, the troops were divided equal armies of two notional countries, Kotmk and Almat. These countries were fighting over navigation rights for the Mississippi River, the Maneuvers gave Army leadership the chance to test a new doctrine that stressed the need for both mass and mobility. Sixteen armored divisions sprang up during World War II after the lessons learned during the Louisiana Maneuvers were considered and these divisions specialized in moving huge combined-arms mechanized units long distances in combat. On the defensive front, U. S. doctrine was based on two needs, the ability to defeat Blitzkrieg tactics, and how to deal with numbers of German tanks attacking relatively narrow areas. As such, the Maneuvers also tested the concept of the tank destroyer, in this concept, highly mobile guns were held in reserve until friendly forces were attacked by enemy tanks. Then, the destroyers would be rapidly deploy to the flanks of the penetration. Tank destroyers employed aggressive, high-speed hit-and-run tactics, the conclusion drawn was that tank destroyer battalions should be raised
12.
Alexandria, Louisiana
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Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It lies on the bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state. It is the city of the Alexandria metropolitan area which encompasses all of Rapides. In 2010, the population was 47,723, an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census, located along the Red River, the city of Alexandria was originally home to a community which supported activities of the adjacent Spanish outpost of Post du Rapides. In 1805, Fulton and business partner Thomas Harris Maddox laid out the town plan and that same year Fulton was appointed coroner in Rapides Parish by territorial Governor William C. C. Alexandria was incorporated as a town in 1819 and received a city charter in 1832, in the spring of 1863, Alexandria was occupied by Union forces under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Nathaniel P. Banks. Porter arrived with his gunboats on May 7, later in the day Banks reached Alexandria with his cavalry, whose members had marched twenty-five miles to reach the city that day. According to the historian John D, Banks posted guards and declared martial law. Porter left behind the gunboat USS Lafayette in Alexandria and posted the USS Pittsburg on the Black River to the northeast, in 1864, Admiral Porter, back in the area, and General Banks quarreled over possession of cotton supplies. Porter seized three hundred bales of Confederate cotton from warehouses in Alexandria and stamped it U. S. N. Prize, referring to the United States Navy, Porter sent his sailors into the country to search for unginned cotton. After the crop was located, it was brought to Alexandria to be ginned and baled, the sailors also seized molasses and wool. Winters writes that Porter took all cotton wherever he found it, cotton belonging to the Confederate government, cotton belonging to the rebels, Winters continues, Banks was furious with Porter when he learned that the admiral was scouring the interior for cotton. Since he had no authority to stop Porters speculative activities, Banks could only try to beat him to the remaining cotton, army wagons were sent out in large numbers to collect the cotton. Thousands of bales were brought in by the troops and stored for future shipment, the federal army made itself as comfortable as possible during its long stay in Alexandria. Winters writes that lumber and tools were foraged, and the men busied themselves by building wooden tent floors, benches, Alexandria with a zigzag line of fortifications. Confederate citizens as a whole were most fearful of the Union, according to Winters, most had never before seen a Yankee soldier expected the worse from the invader. Some cried, some cursed, some whined, and some overcome with fear, hid themselves in the woods, negroes were responsible for much of the plunder and pillage
13.
Louisiana State Legislature
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The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is a body, comprising the lower house, the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives, and the upper house. Members of both houses are elected from single-member constituencies, the State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Members of both houses of the serve a four-year term, with a term limit of three terms. Term limits were passed by voters in a constitutional referendum in 1995 and were subsequently added as Article III, §4. The year 2007 saw legislators termed out of office for the first time, the term limits are consecutive rather than lifetime. The officers of each house of the Legislature are elected at the beginning of term to serve for four-year terms. The Louisiana House of Representatives elects from among its members a speaker and speaker pro tempore, although the procedure is not mandated constitutionally, the speaker of the House is traditionally recommended by the governor of Louisiana to the body. The current speaker, Taylor Barras, a Republican, presides over the House, the House also elects its chief clerical officer, the clerk of the House, who is not an elected member. The Louisiana Senate elects its presiding officer, the President of the Senate, from among its membership, the current President is John Alario. Each house provides for the election of its officers, originally the Lieutenant Governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1853 until the adoption of the Louisiana constitution of 1974. Today, the Lieutenant Governor exercises powers delegated to him by the Governor as provided by law and he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, if the Governor is unable to act as governor, or is out of the state. Since the Lieutenant Governor no longer serves as president of the Senate, he has made an ex-officio member of each committee, board. Additionally, the Lieutenant Governor serves as head of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, in even-numbered years, a state legislature convenes at noon on the last Monday in March to extend for no longer than 60 legislative days during a period of 85 days. In odd-numbered years, a limited jurisdiction session convenes at noon on the last Monday in April for no longer than 45 legislative days during a period of 60 days, the legislature also may convene for extraordinary sessions and for veto sessions. The legislature is required to meet in a session, which cannot exceed three days, on the date its members take office. A special session may be called by the Governor or may be convened by the officers of both houses upon a written petition of a majority of the elected members of each house. A special session is limited to the number of days stated in the proclamation, the power to legislate in a special session is limited to the objects specifically enumerated in the proclamation
14.
Sylvan Friedman
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Sylvan N. Friedman was a Louisiana politician, a rare Jewish member of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. He served from Natchitoches Parish in the House of Representatives from 1944 to 1952, Friedman was born in Natchez in Natchitoches Parish, not to be confused with the larger and better known Natchez in Mississippi. He was a landowner, a farmer, and a cattleman. Prior to his service, Friedman was a member of the Natchitoches Parish Police Jury. During his tenure, Natchitoches Parish in 1939 erected its existing courthouse in downtown Natchitoches, in the state House, Friedman and Numa T. Delouche, a Roman Catholic from Cloutierville, filled the Natchitoches Parish seats vacated in 1944 by John O. Williams and Arthur C. Watson, an attorney and bank director who later was chairman of the Louisiana Democratic State Central Committee, as a senator, Friedman served with four governors, Robert F. Kennon, Earl Kemp Long, Jimmie Davis, and John J. McKeithen. During his lengthy career, he was a member of the budget committee. He also served on committees on education, finance. Friedman unseated the 28-year-old one-term state Senator Lloyd F. Wheat of Coushatta in Red River Parish in the Democratic primary, at various times, in addition to Natchitoches Parish, he represented Red River, Winn, Grant, and a portion of Rapides parishes. In 1963, then freshman State Representative Paul L. Foshee did not seek reelection, in his last term from 1968 to 1972, Friedman and Cecil R. Blair, an Alexandria businessman, represented a since disbanded two-member multi-parish district, which included Grant Parish. Friedman served a term as Senate President Pro Tempore, in which capacity he was the governor if the chief executive. The position made him third in succession to the governorship, a personal friend of Earl Long, Friedman frequently dined with the governor, eating cornbread, greens, sweet potatoes, and drinking buttermilk in the old Governors Mansion in Baton Rouge. During Longs tenure, Friedman had a room reserved at the mansion and was a late night political talking companion, Friedman lost his bid for a sixth term in the 1971-1972 election cycle, having been eliminated as the third-place candidate in the primary. Former Representative Paul Foshee then defeated state Senator Willard L. Rambo of Georgetown in the runoff election, thereafter, Foshee prevailed against Bob Reese, a weak Republican opponent in the general election held on February 1,1972. In 1975, Foshee was unseated by Donald G. Kelly, a Natchitoches attorney and horse breeder, Friedman was a member of the Southern Regional Education Board. He was a former Man of the Year of the Natchitoches Parish Chamber of Commerce, in 1988, Northwestern State University renamed its student center in Friedman’s honor. As a senator, Friedman had been instrumental in obtaining the student center, as well as Prather Coliseum and several residential halls, Friedman died at the age of seventy. He was part of a small but influential Jewish community in Natchitoches Parish, one of whose members, a long-time member of Congregation Gemiluth Chassodim in nearby Alexandria, Louisiana, he is interred next to his wife, Elizabeth H. Friedman, at the Jewish Cemetery in Natchitoches
15.
Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
16.
Physics
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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
17.
John S. Kyser
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John Schenebly Kyser was an American historian and geographer who served as the president of Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana, from 1954-1966. Kyser was born in El Paso, a city in Woodford County in north central Illinois. His parents were John Hamilton Kyser and the former Elizabeth Schuman and he was educated in Illinois public schools and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921 from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan. His doctoral dissertation is entitled The Evolution of Louisiana Parishes in Relation to Growth, from 1921-1923, Kyser served a year each on the faculty of LSU and Tulane University in New Orleans. In 1923, he came to Northwestern State, then known as Louisiana Normal College and he headed the Department of Social Sciences from 1924 until May 15,1954, at which time he was elevated to the presidency of the institution, then known as Northwestern State College. Along with several other institutions in the state, NSU was elevated to university status in 1970. In 1935, Kyser organized and developed the first statewide field study-tours with college credit and he was a pioneer of audio-visual education and was instrumental in the development of first closed-circuit television instruction program in Louisiana. Kyser also launched the first graduate program in any state institution of higher education below the level of LSU. Kyser was the chairman of the Geography Section of the Southwestern Social Sciences Association and he was a president of the North Louisiana Historical Association and in 1960 headed the Louisiana Historical Association. On September 8,1924, Kyser married the former Thelma Zelenka of Houma and she was a daughter of Dr. Rudolph Louis Zelenka and the former Eva Bazet. The couple had one child, Janet, Thelma Kyser died ten days before her 100th birthday. He is interred beside his wife at Memory Lawn Cemetery in Natchitoches and his papers are located at the Eugene P. Watson Memorial Library on the NSU campus. A tribute to Kyser is found in a 1975 issue of North Louisiana History, Kyser Hall, which houses the department of history at NSU, is named in his honor
18.
History
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History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents
19.
Mathematics
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Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
20.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
21.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
22.
Arnold R. Kilpatrick
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Arnold Roy Kilpatrick was a Louisiana educator, coach, and businessman who was the president of Northwestern State University in Natchitoches from 1966 to 1978. Kilpatrick was born in tiny Eros in Jackson Parish and he first attended the University of Louisiana at Monroe, formerly known as Northeast Louisiana Junior College. He later earned his bachelors degree from Northwestern State and masters degree and he served in the U. S. Air Force during World War II. In 1946, he began his career as a teacher. He built a basketball program at the school. The team won the Class A state championship in 1951, when it achieved forty-five victories, Kilpatrick joined Northeast Louisiana State College in 1951 as a faculty member and assistant football and basketball coach and later head basketball coach and the director of athletics. In his three seasons at Northeast, his teams had three consecutive winning seasons. Kilpatrick guided the team to its first 20-win season in 1954–1955 and he was honored by the Louisiana Sports Writers Association that season as Coach of the Year in the Gulf States Conference. Kilpatrick was also a force in the success of the conference, having served as vice-president. In 1957, Lenny Fant became the Northeast basketball coach and guided the team to eighteen victorious seasons, culminating in his final year, after leaving coaching, Kilpatrick remained on the Northeast faculty and served as head of the Department of Education at the college in 1965 to 1966. He was appointed dean of the college at Northwestern State in March 1966, during Kilpatricks tenure as the NSU president, enrollment increased substantially, and a number of buildings were constructed or renovated. He also pushed successfully for the renovation of Turpin Stadium, Prather Coliseum, and it was during Kilpatricks administration a new home for the president was constructed. The previous presidential home was converted years later into the renovated NSU Alumni Center. Under Kilpatrick, NSU established a campus at Fort Polk near Leesville. The institution achieved university status, and the name was changed from Northwestern State College to Northwestern State University in 1970, Kilpatrick remained active in athletic activities during his presidency at Northwestern. He served on the U. S. Olympic Committee board of directors and as president of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Kilpatricks tenure at NSU corresponded in part with that of George T. Walker, a former NSU dean, Jackson Parish native, under Walker ULM, then known as Northeast Louisiana University, expanded fourfold in enrollment. Jay Taylor was president of the NSU sports rival, Louisiana Tech University, ralph Waldo Emerson Jones was president of historically black Grambling State University during this same period
23.
El Paso, Illinois
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El Paso is a city in Woodford and McLean counties in the U. S. state of Illinois. The population was 2,810 at the 2010 census, the Woodford County portion of El Paso is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. In addition, El Paso is a stop for Chicago-Peoria traffic via U. S. Highway 24. El Paso was founded by George Gibson and James Wathen, El Paso is located at 40°44′20″N 89°0′58″W. According to the 2010 census, El Paso has an area of 2.13 square miles. As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 2,695 people,980 households, the population density was 1,743.9 people per square mile. There were 1,022 housing units at a density of 661.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 89% White,0. 15% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 22% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population. 25. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city, the population was out with 26. 6% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,28. 7% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $47,745, and the median income for a family was $55,286. Males had an income of $36,406 versus $25,174 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,730, about 1. 6% of families and 3. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 1% of those under age 18 and 6. 6% of those age 65 or over. CUSD #11s schools are split between El Paso and Gridley
24.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
25.
Space Shuttle Columbia
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Space Shuttle Columbia was the first space-rated orbiter in NASAs Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12,1981, construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell Internationals principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. It is also named after the Command Module of Apollo 11, Columbia was also the female symbol of the United States. After construction, the arrived at Kennedy Space Center on March 25,1979. Columbia was originally scheduled to lift off in late 1979, however the date was delayed by problems with both the SSME components, as well as the thermal protection system. On March 19,1981, during preparations for a ground test, workers were asphyxiated while working in Columbias nitrogen-purged aft engine compartment, resulting in two or three fatalities. Columbia spent 610 days in the Orbiter Processing Facility, another 35 days in the Vehicle Assembly Building, Columbia then undertook three further research missions to test its technical characteristics and performance. Its first operational mission, with a crew, was STS-5. At this point Columbia was joined by Challenger, which flew the next three missions, while Columbia underwent modifications for the first Spacelab mission. At that time the fleet was expanded to include Discovery. Columbia returned to space on January 12,1986, with the launch of STS-61-C, the missions crew included Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of the House of Representatives to venture into space, Bill Nelson. The next shuttle mission, STS-51-L, was undertaken by Challenger and it was launched on January 28,1986, ten days after STS-61-C had landed, and ended in disaster 73 seconds after launch. In the aftermath NASAs shuttle timetable was disrupted, and Columbia was not flown again until 1989, sTS-93, launched on July 23,1999, was the first U. S. space mission with a female commander, Lt. Col. Eileen Collins. This mission deployed the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Columbias final successful mission was STS-109, the fourth servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope. Its next mission, STS-107, culminated in the loss when it disintegrated during reentry. Consequently, President Bush decided to retire the Shuttle orbiter fleet by 2010 in favor of the Constellation program, the Constellation program was later cancelled with the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 signed by President Obama on October 11. Due to its weight, Columbia could not have used the planned Centaur-G booster, the retention of the internal airlock allowed NASA to use Columbia for the STS-109 Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, along with the Spacehab double module used on STS-107. The upgrade also involved replacing many of the white LRSI tiles on the surfaces with Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation blankets that had been used on Discovery
26.
Louisiana Scholars' College
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The Scholars College was initially developed as an experiment in higher education. In reviewing the development of Western thought both in science and the humanities, it welcomes students into this progression with the tools needed to excel, central to this learning method is the seminar format. The Scholars College was established in 1987 by the Louisiana Board of Regents, by completing the Common Curriculum, all students satisfy the requirements for the Certificate of Excellence in undergraduate education awarded by the State Board of Regents. Read on for a detailed description of the Common Curriculum. Scholars students move into the dorm the week before classes begin and this class starts with a general convocation ceremony, and then moves on to several sessions on academic survival skills, led by upper-class Scholars students. This course ensures that each student in the College is familiar with the resources available to them. Skills taught include familiarity with the Colleges word processing programs, presentation, in addition, students are assigned an e-mail account and are shown how to access the Universitys internet packages. The College recognizes that there is no definitive list of Great Books, continuing the concept of the Texts and Traditions seminars, Democratic Vistas explores essential works from the American cultural tradition. As with T n T, the reading list for DV is revised annually, while addressing important areas of knowledge in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Ecology, and Mathematics, the Paradigms of Nature courses emphasize the relations between and among these disciplines. The one credit-hour Science Seminar is a component of our curriculum in which students read, discuss. Writing-intensive seminars are offered to students on various topics. These courses are designed to each students powers of analysis, debate, and written argument, while engaging important writers, major thinkers. Offerings have included Music and World Cultures, Selfhood and Community, Writing About Film, Southern Fiction, and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Gender. The College offers options in French, German, Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Latin, each student is assisted in this decision making process by an academic advisor within the Scholars College. Some students may find that their interests are more broad than those involved in a major, or that the traditional major does not quite suit their educational needs. For these students, Scholars College offers the Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and these are particularly apt for students who wish to pursue a profession such as a law or medicine, or who plan on attending graduate school. Students must complete all requirements, or their equivalent, for this major as detailed in the NSU catalog, in some cases, the student will be assigned an advisor within the appropriate NSU department in addition to his or her Scholars College major advisor. Back to Top The Senior Colloquium, which extends over the senior year, examines some issue of contemporary concern, chosen collaboratively by the faculty of the College
27.
Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts
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The Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts is located in Natchitoches, Louisiana on the campus of Northwestern State University. It is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science, LSMSA is the brainchild of State Representative Jimmy D. Long of Natchitoches and Robert A. Alost, president of NSU, the school was conceived to offer a unique experience to the states brightest students while supplying Natchitoches with an influx of commerce and attention. Treen named trustees of the school, including Democratic State Senator Donald G. Kelly of Natchitoches, renovation of the High School Building, was completed in 1984, and the ceremonial ribbon was cut by then Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards. The Louisiana School was the second state-supported residential school of its kind - the first being the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, the school was founded in the early 1980s with the first class enrolling as juniors in the fall of 1983, graduating in 1985. Academically, the school is similar to the North Carolina School of Science, studies focus on mathematics, science, and the humanities. Like NCSSM math and science schools, it has an arts program, with instruction in music, theater, visual art. Impulse, the dance company, travels across the state performing. LSMSA currently enrolls 83 sophomores,111 juniors, and 106 seniors, most students begin as sophomores or juniors and are selected from a pool of applicants representing at least 65% of the state’s public school districts, as well as private schools. The student body, therefore, represents the ethnic, cultural, around 40% of the Class of 2014 will be in the first generation of their families to attend college. LSMSA is approved as a Special School by the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, as LSMSA recruits students from all of Louisiana, it can be described as a statewide magnet school. Prospective students apply during the fall of their freshman or sophomore year, applicants submit application forms, grade transcripts, SAT or ACT results, and four letters of recommendation with one optional recommendation form. Applicants to the curriculum also submit a portfolio of artwork or audition. Also, a number of students in their junior year may apply for admission for their senior year only. As of the 2007–2008 school year, LSMSA added its first sophomore class,65 students have been invited to be in the 2008–2009 Sophomore class. Students who attend LSMSA live in dorms, away from their families, the dormitories are single-sex, girls in Caddo Hall and boys in Prudhomme Hall. At Caddo and Prudhomme, students of the sex are only allowed in the dormitory lobbies unless accompanied by an SLA. Caddo Hall was renovated during the semester of 2011 and the girls lived in Varnado Hall for that time
28.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
29.
Convent
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A convent is either a community of priests, religious brothers or religious sisters, or the building used by the community, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. The term derives via Old French from Latin conventus, perfect participle of the verb convenio, meaning to convene, the original reference was to the gathering of mendicants who spent much of their time travelling. Technically, a monastery or nunnery is a community of monastics, whereas a friary or convent is a community of mendicants, and a canonry a community of canons regular. The terms abbey and priory can be applied to both monasteries and canonries, an abbey is headed by an Abbot, and a priory is a dependent house headed by a Prior. In English usage since about the 19th century the term convent almost invariably refers to a community of women, in historical usage they are often interchangeable, with convent especially likely to be used for a friary. When applied to houses in Eastern Orthodoxy and Buddhism, English refers to all houses of male religious as monasteries. Christian monasticism Enclosed religious orders Herbermann, Charles, ed. Convent, carmelite Monastery of the Sacred Hearts —- an example of a modern-day convent Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Convent
30.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
31.
Leopold Caspari
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Leopold Caspari was a French-born businessman and politician from Natchitoches, Louisiana. In 1884, in his role as representative, he pushed for the establishment of Northwestern State University. Caspari was born in Lauterbourg in northeastern France, to David Caspari and he was a young apprentice in a dry goods store. In 1849 at the age of nineteen, five years after the death of his mother, and he first settled as a merchant in Cloutierville in Natchitoches Parish south of the city of Natchitoches, where he lived after 1858. He served in the Confederate States of America Army as a member of Pelican Rangers No.1 at the rank of second lieutenant, by the end of the Civil War, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. In 1884, Caspari was elected as a Democrat to the Louisiana House of Representatives, from 1900 to 1908, he served in the Louisiana State Senate. After a years absence, he returned to the Senate in 1909, Caspari remained in the Senate until 1914, shortly before his death. At the time there were no limits in the Louisiana legislature. Caspari led the campaign that selected Natchitoches as the site for Northwestern State University, then known as Louisiana State Normal School and he was a president of the Peoples Bank and the Red River Valley Railroad, both based in Natchitoches. He also engaged successfully in farming, for years, he was active in the Confederate veterans organization, the Knights of Pythias, and the anti-defamation league, Bnai Brith, a Jewish organization. Caspari also served for eight years on the Natchitoches Parish School Board, Caspari was married to the former Amanda Woods. Their children were Richard L. Samuel, Joseph, David, Emanuel, Charles, Gustave, Julia and he died in Natchitoches and is interred at the historic American Cemetery on Second Street across from NSU. Caspari lost two grandsons in December 1903, bertrand Leopold Glover and Claude Alban Glover died seventeen days apart at the ages of seven and two, respectively. Their mother was Julia Caspari Julie Glover, Caspari Hall and Caspari Street at NSU are named in Casparis honor
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John McKeithen
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John Julian McKeithen was the 49th governor of Louisiana, with service from 1964 to 1972. A Democrat from the town of Columbia, he was the first governor of his state in the twentieth century to serve two consecutive terms. He strongly advocated the construction of the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, McKeithen was born in the village of Grayson just south of Columbia in Caldwell Parish, the son of contractor and farmer, Jesse J. McKeithen and the former DeEtte Eglin. He graduated from school there and first attended college in High Point. In 1942, he earned his law degree from Louisiana State University Law Center in the city of Baton Rouge. From 1942–1946, during World War II, McKeithen served as a first lieutenant in the 77th Infantry Division and he fought in the battles of Guam, Gulf of Leyte, Ie Shima, and Okinawa. He was awarded two Bronze Star Medals and the Distinguished Service Cross, after the war, McKeithen started practicing law in Columbia. On June 14,1942, he married a teacher, the former Marjorie Margie Howell Funderburk. Marjorie, who was reared in Winnsboro in Franklin Parish, graduated from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston and she taught mathematics and chemistry at Jena High School in Jena in LaSalle Parish and, thereafter, at the Ward 5 School in Caldwell Parish. The McKeithens had six children, including the future State Representative and their oldest son was Jesse Jay McKeithen. Their daughters are Rebecca Ann, Melissa Sue, Pamela Clare, as a legislator, McKeithen consistently voted for tax increases. The anti-Longs, led that year by Judge Robert F. Kennon of Minden, won the governorship, in a runoff election, McKeithen lost the lieutenant governors race to C. E. Cap Barham of Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, who had run on the gubernatorial intraparty ticket with U. S. Representative Thomas Hale Boggs, Sr. of New Orleans, Barham then switched to the Kennon ticket in the runoff against McKeithen. Once in office, however, Kennon and Barham were often at odds, McKeithen then served on the Louisiana Public Service Commission from 1955 to 1964. He emerged successful in the 1954 Democratic primary for the PSC by defeating incumbent Harvey Broyles and he was then unopposed in the general election. McKeithen represented Huey Longs old north Louisiana district, and emulated Long with his populist attacks on the Southern Bell Telephone Company. He was credited with preserving the traditional nickel telephone call, when most states had gone to a dime or higher at pay phone outlets
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A. A. Fredericks
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Albert Asa Fredericks was an educator and a Democratic politician from Natchitoches, Louisiana, who was affiliated with the powerful Long political faction. Known principally as A. A. Fredericks, he was born in the Clear Lake Community in Natchitoches Parish to Nolberry Fredericks and he was educated in local schools and at Northwestern State University, then known as the Louisiana State Normal College, which primarily trained teachers. Fredericks obtained his certificate in 1912. From 1912 to 1913, at the age of twenty-one, he was a principal of a school in the Sharp Community in Rapides Parish. He taught at rural Gorum in Natchitoches Parish from 1913 to 1914 and he continued in college, earning his Bachelor of Arts at LSU in Baton Rouge in 1917. Fredericks worked as the county agent for the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service for East Feliciana and he was the state dairy agent for the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1918. He returned to Northwestern State, appointed as director of rural education, during this period, he also completed a Master of Arts degree at LSU in 1925. In 1934, Fredericks was appointed as the NSU president and served until 1941, Fredericks had gotten active in the Democratic Party, the only effective party in the state after disfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century. In 1932, he was elected to the Louisiana State Senate from Natchitoches and neighboring Red River Parish, at the time state senate districts were not numbered, as there was no one-man, one-vote requirement. He was the president of his alma mater during a portion of his term in the Senate. When Fredericks left the part-time Senate position in 1948, he was elected to the Louisiana State Board of Education that year and he retained this role until 1966. After Governor Earl Kemp Long was elected, whom Fredericks had supported, Long appointed him as his executive secretary, in 1950, Long appointed Fredericks as the Louisiana State Commissioner of Public Welfare, a position that he retained until the governors tenure ended in 1952. Fredericks was so regarded by Long that the governor invited him back in 1959 as his executive secretary in the last two years of his last term,1959 to 1960. Fredericks also worked as an agent of the Kansas City Southern Railroad from 1946 to 1973. This company also employed former Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, James Edward Jimmy Fitzmorris, Fredericks was long active in the Democratic Party at both state and national levels. Governor John J. McKeithen, considered a friend, appointed him to the Louisiana Educational Television Authority, in the 1960s, U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson named him to the National Council on Aging. On August 22,1922, Fredericks married the former Marjorie Jackson May, the daughter of Thomas Wilson May of Cherry Valley, Arkansas, the couple had one daughter Emily May Fredericks. Fredericks was a member and vestryman of the Trinity Episcopal Church in Natchitoches and he and his wife Marjorie Fredericks are interred at the American Cemetery in Natchitoches
34.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
35.
Earl Long
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Earl Kemp Long was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Louisiana, serving three non-consecutive terms. Long, known as “Uncle Earl, ” connected with voters through his folksy demeanor and he departed from other southern politicians of his time by promoting a progressive agenda, including expanding school lunch programs, teacher pay, public works projects, and minority voting rights. His sometimes erratic behavior – including a liaison with New Orleans stripper Blaze Starr – appeared to be of consequence to his electoral success. Long served as governor from 1939 to 1940,1948 to 1952 and he was also elected as lieutenant governor and served from 1936 to 1939. Trying to keep a hand in state government, Long failed in three other bids to be elected lieutenant governor,1932,1944, and 1959. Long was born in Winnfield, the seat of government of Winn Parish, in north central Louisiana to Huey Pierce Long, Sr. and the former Caledonia Palestine Tyson and he was the younger brother of U. S. Representative George Shannon Doc Long and Governor and U. S and their younger sister was Lucille Long Hunt, who married John S. Hunt, II, of Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, in north Louisiana. Their son John S. Hunt, III, was one of three members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission, based in Monroe. Long attended Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where his roommate was John Jones Doles, Sr. a future state senator from Plain Dealing. Long graduated from Loyola University College of Law in New Orleans, Fournet of St. Martinville for lieutenant governor. In his autobiography, Every Man a King, Huey Long said that Earl Longs first candidacy for lieutenant governor brought forth charges of a dynasty in the making. I sought to discourage, stating that it would be disastrous for a brother to undertake to have a brother succeed him or to have him elected as lieutenant governor. It was already being charged that I was a dictator and that I had allowed many relatives to be placed on the state payrolls, to have added a family name to the head of the ticket either for governor or lieutenant governor would have been disastrous to the whole ticket. My brothers and sisters, however, could not see the matter in that light, I gave everyone to understand that I was irrevocably committed to Allen for Governor and Fournet for Lieutenant Governor. Richard W. Leche of New Orleans was elected governor in 1936, but he resigned in scandal in 1939, Long failed to win a gubernatorial term of his own in the election of 1940. During his abbreviated term, Long appointed a cousin, Floyd Harrison Long, Earl Longs brief first tenure corresponded with the Louisiana Hayride scandals that engulfed both Governor Leche and the president of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, James Monroe Smith. Long was defeated in the Democratic primary by the conservative attorney Sam H. Jones of Lake Charles, after the abbreviated governorship, with Coleman Lindsay of Minden as the lieutenant governor, Long was indicted in New Orleans on charges of embezzlement and extortion. The charges involved placing a deadhead on the payroll of a state board
36.
Eugene P. Watson
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Eugene Payne Watson was from 1940 until his death the head librarian and professor of library science at Northwestern State University in his native Natchitoches, Louisiana. He fought to gain greater recognition of librarians. In 1950, Watson founded Alpha Beta Alpha, the first coeducational undergraduate library science fraternity in the United States, the fraternity held its first biennial convention on the NSU campus in 1952. At the time of Watsons death, the fraternity had twenty-nine chapters nationally, Watson was born to Arthur William Watson and the former Marie Eugenie Chopin. He had an older brother Arthur Chopin Watson, a Natchitoches attorney, philanthropist, state representative, like his brother, Watson was educated at the Roman Catholic St. Marys Academy and St. Marys High School in Natchitoches. He received the Ph. D. in 1951 from the University of Texas at Austin, from 1959 to 1960, he completed advanced studies at Columbia University in New York City. Watson joined the NSU faculty as an English instructor in 1934 and he was promoted to head librarian in 1940, a post that he held for the remainder of his life. His articles on education and literary subjects were published in magazines, as book reviews. He established the Louisiana Room at the then Russell Library on the NSU campus and he was a member of the Catholic Knights of Columbus mens organization. He was also active in Rotary International, Chamber of Commerce, the United Fund, American Red Cross, Watson is interred at the Catholic Cemetery in Natchitoches. A national library science scholarship is named in his honor, after Watsons death at the age of fifty-two, the Russell Library at NSU was renamed the Eugene P. Watson Memorial Library
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Librarian
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A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library, providing access to information and sometimes social or technical programming. In addition, librarians provide instruction on information literacy and they are usually required to hold a graduate degree from a library school such as a Masters degree in Library Science or Library and Information Studies. Traditionally, a librarian is associated with collections of books, as demonstrated by the etymology of the word librarian, the role of a librarian is continually evolving to meet social and technological needs. Appreciation for librarians is often included by authors and scholars in the acknowledgment sections of books, for history in North America, see Librarians in North America. The Sumerians were the first to train clerks to keep records of accounts, Masters of the books or Keepers of the Tablets were scribes or priests who were trained to handle the vast amount and complexity of these records. The extent of their duties is unknown. Sometime in the 8th century BC, Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, Ashurbanipal was the first individual in history to introduce librarianship as a profession. All of these tablets were cataloged and arranged in order by subject or type. The Great Library of Alexandria, created by Ptolemy I after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, was created to house the entirety of Greek literature. It was notable for its famous librarians, Demetrius, Zenodotus, Eratosthenes, Apollonius, Aristophanes, Aristarchus and these scholars contributed significantly to the collection and cataloging of the wide variety of scrolls in the librarys collection. Most notably, Callimachus created what is considered to be the first subject catalogue of the library holdings, the pinakes contained 120 scrolls arranged into ten subject classes, each class was then subdivided, listing authors alphabetically by titles. The librarians at Alexandria were considered the custodians of learning, near the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire, it was common for Roman aristocrats to hold private libraries in their home. Many of these aristocrats, such as Cicero, kept the contents of their libraries to themselves. Others, such as Lucullus, took on the role of lending librarian by sharing scrolls in their collection, many Roman emperors included public libraries into their political propaganda to win favor from citizens. While scholars were employed in librarian roles in the various emperors libraries, for example, Pompeius Macer, the first librarian of Augustus library, was a praetor, an office that combined both military and judicial duties. A later librarian of the library was Gaius Julius Hyginus. Christian monasteries in Europe are credited with keeping the institution of libraries alive after the fall of the Roman Empire and it is during this time that the first book enters popularity, the parchment codex. Within the monasteries, the role of librarian was often filled by an overseer of the scriptorium where monks would copy out books cover to cover, a monk named Anastasias who took on the title of Bibliothecarius following his successful translations of the Greek classicists
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Library science
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Rather than classifying information based on nature-oriented elements, as was previously done in his Bavarian library, Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order. The first American school for science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887. It is an aspect of the field of librarianship. Historically, library science has also included archival science, LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library and information science can also be seen as an integration of the two fields of science and information science, which were separate at one point. Library philosophy has been contrasted with science as the study of the aims. The earliest text on library operations, Advice on Establishing a Library was published in 1627 by French librarian, Naudé wrote prolifically, producing works on many subjects including politics, religion, history, and the supernatural. He put into all the ideas put forth in Advice when given the opportunity to build. Martin Schrettinger wrote the textbook on the subject from 1808 to 1829. The Jefferson collection provided the start of what became the Library of Congress, the term library economy was common in the U. S. until 1942, with the library science predominant through much of the 20th century. Later, the term was used in the title of S. R. Ranganathans The Five Laws of Library Science, published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butlers 1933 book, An introduction to library science. S. R. Ranganathan conceived the five laws of science and the development of the first major analytico-synthetic classification system. In India, he is considered to be the father of science, documentation. He was one of the first faculty at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School and this research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of library economy, which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries. While Ranganathans approach was philosophical it was tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library. A reworking of Ranganathans laws was published in 1995 which removes the constant references to books, in more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching library science, the Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world. The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of Library Economy and this report had a significant impact on library science training and education
39.
Historian
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A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race, if the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although historian can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. Historian became an occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany. Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, while ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. Understanding the past appears to be a human need. What constitutes history is a philosophical question, the earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region, the earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus who later became known as the father of history. Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men and he was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis. The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, while early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder, was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, livy records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history, in Chinese historiography, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. Sima Qian was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing and his written work was the Shiji, a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages and they wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, muslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammads life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, to evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the science of biography, science of hadith and Isnad
