1.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
5.
Westmount, Quebec
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Westmount is an affluent suburb on the Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is an enclave of the city of Montreal, with a population of 19,931 as of the Canada 2011 Census. Westmount is home to schools, an arena, a pool, a public library, the city operates its own electricity distribution company Westmount Light & Power. The city is also the location of two Canadian Forces Primary Reserves, The Royal Montreal Regiment and 34th Signals Regiment, traditionally, the community of Westmount has been a wealthy and predominantly anglophone enclave, having been at one point the richest community in Canada. It now competes with the Vancouver neighborhoods of Shaughnessy, and Kerrisdale, and the Toronto neighborhoods of Lawrence Park, Forest Hill, Rosedale, a former farmhouse from this era, Hurtubise House, still stands and is currently under renovation. The Village of Côte St-Antoine was first incorporated in 1874 and it later became the Town of Côte St-Antoine. It was renamed Westmount, in 1895, reflecting the location of the city on the southwest slope of Mount Royal. During the twentieth century, Westmount became a wealthy Montreal suburb, in the twentieth century, Westmount was home to some of Montreals wealthiest families including the Bronfmans and the Molsons. This made the city a symbolic targets of Front de libération du Québec terrorist bombings in the 1960s, following the death of former Quebec Premier René Lévesque in 1987, the city of Montreal renamed Dorchester Boulevard to René Lévesque Boulevard. After the city of Montreal changed the name, Westmount retained the name of Dorchester on their portion, when asked for comment, Quebec Premier Bernard Landry said the minister had his full support and that the opposition was little more than Quebec bashing. On January 1,2002, as part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, it was merged into the city of Montreal, however, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, it was re-constituted as an independent city on January 1,2006. The city is roughly 4 km2, and occupies an area of land on the face of the southern peak of Mount Royal. The city, most of which is on terrain, extends from the summit to the end of the narrow plateau at the foot of the mountain. Most of the city is residential, homes increase in size and value toward the top of the mountain, with the largest and most expensive being on or near Summit Circle. There are several parks within the city, including King George Park, a forest area is located at Westmount Summit, within Summit Circle. The landscaping design was undertaken in 1912 by M. J. Manning, and comprises large playing fields at the east and south sides, the central area contains an extensive playground, foot paths, ponds and wading pools, and tennis courts. Westmount Public Library, built in 1897, Victoria Hall, Municipal Since regaining its status as a city, Westmount is governed by a City Council made up of a mayor and eight district councillors. The current mayor of Westmount is Peter Trent, in addition to the local city council, Westmount is represented by its mayor on the Montreal Agglomeration Council
6.
Montreal West, Quebec
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Montreal West is an on-island suburb in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Island of Montreal. Montreal West is a small, close-knit community made up primarily of single-family dwellings, the town is largely composed of young families, and has a population of 5,184, as of the 2006 census. The towns area is 1.6 km², about 66% of the population of Montreal West speak English as their first language. The core business area of Montreal West is located on Westminster Avenue between Milner and Curzon, following a change of government and a 2004 referendum in which the population voted to de-merge by a wide margin, Montreal West was reconstituted as an independent city on January 1,2006. The Town of Montreal West is served by its mayor, Beny Masella, the towns various codes and ordinances are upheld by its Public Security Department, consisting of a Lieutenant with a team of By-Law Enforcement Constables under his supervision. 1897 - William Smithson Lingley 1898 - Charles McClatchie 1899 - B. W, grigg 1900 - J. J. Kirkpatrick 1901 - Walter C. Flyfe 1902 - Edward J. Bedbrook 1903 - C. C, the riding is known as Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount and its Member of Parliament is Liberal Marc Garneau. Provincially, Montreal West again shares a riding with Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, the riding is known as Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and its Member of National Assembly is Liberal Kathleen Weil. Montreal West is notable for having Quebecs highest rated Anglophone public high school and it also has two Anglophone elementary schools, Elizabeth Ballantyne Elementary School and Edinburgh Elementary School which offers French immersion. These schools are part of the English Montreal School Board, the town has a public childrens library located in Elizabeth Ballantyne school. A library for all age groups is located on Westminster Avenue, Montreal West is serviced by six Société de transport de Montréal bus lines. Each of these connects to a corresponding Montreal Metro station, the Montréal-Ouest Train Station also services the area. Trains that run through this station connect passengers to downtown Montreal on one end, bus routes servicing Montreal-West, Montreal West includes three medium-sized churches. One is United, one is Anglican, and the final is Presbyterian, the Montreal West United Church also rents space to a Pentecostal service. Canada Day is the largest community event of the year in Montreal West, residents organize a parade route that mainly runs down the main street of Westminster and ends at Strathern Park. Floats represented in the parade include organizations and clubs located in town, in some years, there have been water fights between sidelined residents and members of the parade. Water fights during these years have seen water balloons and super soaker water guns, organizers have tried to minimize these activities in recent years so as not to detract from the parade itself, with varying success. Following the parade, residents converge on Strathern Park for a giant picnic/BBQ, many childrens games and activities go on at the park, as well as in the nearby Percival park
7.
Hampstead, Quebec
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Hampstead is an affluent on-island suburb of Montreal, Quebec. Despite its status as an independent municipality, the town itself is engulfed by the boroughs of Montreal creating a city setting within an urban environment. The Town of Hampstead was founded in 1914 and it was designed to be an exclusive garden city. There are no retail shops within municipal boundaries, houses were assigned relatively large lots to allow space for trees and shrubbery. The towns roads were designed with curves in order to slow traffic and to create an interesting. Despite its rather flat topography—much of the territory was once a golf course—the town was named after another garden city, the London suburb of Hampstead Village. Like its namesake, Hampstead is the home of many affluent citizens, however, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, all three were re-constituted as independent cities on January 1,2006. Hampstead Park has a pool, two basketball courts, three baseball fields, ten tennis courts, soccer fields, a beach volleyball court and a play area for children. In the winter two ice rinks are built where the play and skate. In the November 6,2005 municipal elections, William Steinberg was elected mayor of Hampstead, Steinberg was the first new mayor after 4 years of civic control by Gérald Tremblay, when Hampstead was part of Montreal. Until Hampstead merged with Montreal, Irving Adessky had been mayor for 27 years, in his honour, the community centre has been renamed after him. Steinberg was re-elected on November 1,2009 defeating former town councillor David Sternthal with 61% of the vote, on November 3,2013 Mayor Steinberg was reelected for a third term defeating former town councillor Bonnie Feigenbaum with 61. 21% of the vote. Religion Almost 90% of the population uses English as their official language. In terms of tongue, the 2006 census found that, including multiple responses, almost 63% of residents spoke English. The next most commonly reported first languages learned were Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish, two major thoroughfares exist in Hampstead. One is Queen Mary Road and the other is Fleet Road, while it is difficult to drive quickly down Queen Mary, Fleet Road is geared for automobile traffic, with synchronized traffic lights. Hampstead is accessible by the following STM bus lines,51 Édouard-Montpetit,66 The Boulevard,161 Van Horne,166 Queen Mary, there were various stages of development for Hampstead. The newer areas tend to be to the north and to the west, there are no commercial properties in the city
8.
Saint-Jacques Escarpment
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The Saint-Jacques Escarpment is a green space along an escarpment in the city of Montreal, west of downtown Montreal and adjacent to the neighbourhood of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. The wooded area stretches 3 km long, covering over 20 ha, the land at the foot of the escarpment was previously known as a body of water named Lac St-Pierre. The lake started losing its water with the opening of the Lachine Canal in the year 1825, the escarpment had served as a dumping ground before it was purchased by the City of Montreal for use as parkland, but it is not open to the public
9.
Mount Royal
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Mount Royal is a large volcanic-related hill or small mountain in the city of Montreal, immediately west of downtown Montreal, Quebec, the city to which it gave its name. The hill is part of the Monteregian Hills situated between the Laurentians and the Appalachian Mountains and it gave its Latin name, Mons Regius, to the Monteregian chain. The hill consists of three peaks, Colline de la Croix at 233 m, Colline dOutremont at 211 m, some tourist guidebooks, such as the Michelin Guide to Montreal, state that Mount Royal is an extinct volcano. The mountain is the extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex. The main rock type is a composed of pyroxene, olivine. During and after the stage of intrusion, the gabbros and surrounding rocks were intruded by a series of volcanic dikes. Subsequently, the softer sedimentary rock was eroded, leaving behind the resistant igneous rock that forms the mountain. The mineral montroyalite, discovered in Montreal, is named after the mountain that provided the definition sample, the first European to scale the mountain was Jacques Cartier, guided there in 1535 by the people of the village of Hochelega. He named it in honour of his patron, Francis I of France and he wrote in his journal, And among these fields is situated and seated the said town of Hochelaga, near to and adjoining a mountain. We named this mountain, Mount Royal, on one theory, the name of the Island of Montreal derives from mont Réal, as it was spelled in Middle French. And yet, Cartiers 1535 diary entry refers to le mont Royal, the name was first applied to the island and was unofficially applied to the city, formerly Ville-Marie, by the 18th century. In 1643, De Maisonneuve made a pilgrimage to the top, in 1876, land owner and farmer James Swail began residential subdivisions on the western slope of Mount Murray, in what is now the Cote-des-Neiges district. In 1906, a housing development was started in the area, called Northmount Heights. Much of this area has been expropriated by the Université de Montréal, in 1914–1918, a railway tunnel was dug under the mountain by the Canadian Northern Railway, a predecessor of the Canadian National. It is currently used by the AMTs Montreal/Deux-Montagnes commuter rail line, the area was briefly considered as the site for Expo 67, before the exposition grounds were ultimately built on islands in the St. Lawrence River. For the 1976 Summer Olympics, the park hosted the individual road race cycling event. Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m -high illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste and it was converted to fibre-optic light in 1992, and then to LEDs in 2009. The cross is lit in white, but can now be changed to any colour
10.
Perche
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Perche is a former province of northwestern France extending over the departments of Orne, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher and Sarthe, which were created from Perche during the French Revolution. Perche is bounded by Normandy to the north and west, Maine to the south-west, Vendomois and Dunois to the south, Beauce to the east and Thimerais to the north-east. Stock-raising and dairy-farming are flourishing in the Perche, which is famous for the production of a breed of large and powerful horses, cider-apples and pears are grown throughout the district. In the Middle Ages, the Count of the Perche governed the region between Normandy and Maine, of which Corbon, Mortagne and Nogent-le-Rotrou were successively the capitals and it was held by an independent line of counts until 1226. Geoffroy V, comte du Perche, would have been a leader of the Fourth Crusade had he not died before the forces could depart. The county then became a possession of the crown, which removed part of it to create the county of Alençon, after 1325, both counties were generally held by a member or members of a cadet branch of the House of Valois. Upon the death without children of the last Duke of Alençon in 1525, the returned to the crown. Under the ancient regime it formed, together with Maine, a government of which Mortagne was the capital and it had its own customary law until the French Revolution. In the 17th century, a proportion of immigrants to New France came from Perche. Many Percherons were recruited in the 1630s and 1650s to work for the church missionaries, while the total number of emigrants was small, Perche had a much higher rate of emigration to New France than most other regions of France. Nearly all French Canadians have some ancestors from the villages of Perche, lords, counts and dukes of Perche This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Le Perche, emigration to Quebec in the 17th century Perche in the New York Times’ T-Style magazine
11.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
12.
Atwater Avenue
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Atwater Avenue is a major north-south street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It links Doctor Penfield Avenue in the Ville-Marie borough to the north and it is named for Edwin Atwater. The street runs through the Atwater Tunnel near the Atwater Market in Saint-Henri, the Montreal Forum, Place Alexis-Nihon, Dawson College, Atwater and Lionel-Groulx stations of the Montreal Metro, and the Atwater Market are located on this street. Below downtown Montreal, it runs through the Little Burgundy district and, by way of the Atwater Tunnel under the Lachine Canal and it is named after Edwin Atwater. It was in 1871, that Montreal City Council named the street after Atwater
13.
Lachine, Quebec
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Lachine is a borough within the city of Montreal on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It was formerly a city until 2002. When he returned without success, he and his men were derisively named les Chinois, the name was adopted when the parish of Saints-Anges-de-la-Chine was created in 1678, with the form Lachine appearing with the opening of a post office in 1829. On August 4,1689, more than 1500 Mohawk warriors raided the village and burned it to the ground in retaliation for the ravaging of the Seneca lands by governor Denonville. The Lachine massacre left 80 dead, Lachine was incorporated as a city in 1872. In 1999, it merged with the town of Saint-Pierre before being merged into Montreal in 2002 and its logo during its municipality days is still in use as of today. The borough is located in the southwest portion of the island of Montreal, at the inlet of the Lachine Canal and it was a separate city until municipal mergers on January 1,2002 and did not demerge on January 1,2006. Its western limit is the shore of Lac Saint-Louis and the Saint Lawrence River and it has an area of 17.83 km² and a population of 41,391. Autoroute 20 passes through Lachine, which is served by the Lachine commuter train station. Most noticeable of Lachines features is the Lachine Canal and its recreational facilities, other historic buildings are also located near the canals inlet. A memorial to Air India Flight 182 is located in Monk Island, the Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools. Pearson School Board operates Anglophone public schools, the Montreal Public Libraries Network operates the Saint-Pierre Branch and the Saul-Bellow Branch in Lachine. Shmuel Schecter, rabbi and Torah educator Montreal Merger Municipal reorganization in Quebec Lachine Canal opened in 1825
14.
Quebec Autoroute 15
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Autoroute 15 is a highway in western Quebec, Canada. It was, until the extension of Autoroute 25 was opened in 2011, A-15 begins at the end of Interstate 87 at the United States border at Saint-Bernard-de-Lacolle to Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts with an eventual continuation beyond Mont-Tremblant. The total length of A-15 is currently 164 km, including a concurrency with Autoroute 40 that connects the two main sections. This is one of the few autoroutes in Quebec that does not have any spinoff highways and this was the former Route 9, and connected with US9 on the western shore of Lake Champlain. In Brossard, it joins up with A-10 and A-20 across the Champlain Bridge into Montreal and it will also give a quicker access from there to areas west of Montreal and also Ottawa and Gatineau. It was built on an expanse of vacant land, donated to the City by the Décarie estate on the condition that only a streetcar line be established. The decommissioning of the system in 1959 left the right-of-way as an obvious choice for a highway. South of Queen Mary Road, however, were a significant number of houses that were demolished, after its concurrency with A-40, the northern section of A-15 is the main freeway route to the Laurentians until it downgrades to Route 117. It also links up to the suburbs of Montreal, as well as provides a connection to the A-440, A-640. The first section from A-40 to Saint-Jérôme was opened in 1958 as a toll road and this section was also the first to be designed as an autoroute in the province. It was named Autoroute Montréal-Laurentides during the 1960s and this section is numbered separately from the southern section as if it were a different route. The northern route is part of the Trans-Canada Highway. Exit numbering resets at the two interchanges with Autoroute 40 in Montréal, sixteen beams weighing about 70 tons each fell. The contractor was faulted for shoddy work, the expressway has also seen flooding. On July 14,1987, a torrential downpour caused by an HP supercell thunderstorm dumped over 100 millimetres of rain in just over one hour across the city. The Décarie Expressway, which is below-grade, was heavily flooded, at some locations, the water reached a maximum of 3.6 metres in depth on the roadway. Over 300 vehicles were abandoned when they were submerged, two people were killed by the storm. One 80-year-old man on the Expressway drowned and another one was killed by electrical wires, on July 5,2005, another torrential downpour flooded portions of the Expressway after several manhole covers blew open from the storm sewers below them being overloaded
15.
Saint-Henri, Montreal
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Saint-Henri is a neighbourhood in southwestern Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the borough of Le Sud-Ouest. Saint-Henri is usually considered to be bounded to the east by Atwater Avenue, to the west by Autoroute 15, to the north by Autoroute 720, Saint-Henri is well known as a historically French-Canadian, Irish and black working class neighbourhood. Often contrasted with wealthy Westmount looking down over the Falaise Saint-Jacques, the bustle of a nearby passenger rail station was immortalized in the song Place St. Henri by Oscar Peterson. Saint-Henri is part of the district of Saint-Henri–Petite-Bourgogne–Pointe-Saint-Charles. The borough hall for Le Sud-Ouest is located in a factory in Saint-Henri. Église Saint-Henri was so named to commemorate Fr, henri-Auguste Roux, the superior of Saint-Sulpice Seminary. The municipality was incorporated into the City of Montreal in 1905, well-known people from Saint-Henri include strongman Louis Cyr, who served as a police officer there, the Place des Hommes-Forts and the Parc Louis-Cyr are named for him. Celebrated jazz pianist Oscar Peterson grew up in Little Burgundy which is the adjacent to Saint-Henri. Stand-up comedian Yvon Deschamps has described the struggle of Saint-Henris citizens with humorous melancholy. Saint-Henri and Little Burgundy are considered to have a common social makeup. Historically, Saint-Henri was occupied predominantly by European blue-collar workers while Little Burgundy was occupied primarily by African-Canadians who worked on the railroads, today both neighbourhoods have a population of varied ethnicity and social class, especially in the recent housing developments that have sprouted along the Lachine Canal. A great number of teenagers from neighboring districts attend Polyvalente Saint-Henri, many of the districts notable Art deco buildings, including Atwater Market and the historic No.23 fire hall, were designed by Ludger Lemieux. The neighbourhood is served by the Lionel-Groulx and Place-Saint-Henri Metro stations, the districts working-class character was most memorably recorded by Gabrielle Roy in her novel The Tin Flute. Saint-Henri has been the subject of two National Film Board of Canada documentaries, each capturing one day in the life of the district, in 1962 Hubert Aquin directed À St-Henri le cinq septembre
16.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
17.
Snowdon, Montreal
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Snowdon is a neighbourhood located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough, the area is centred on the intersection of the Décarie Expressway and Queen Mary Road. Snowdon is bordered by Macdonald Street in the west, Victoria Avenue in the east, Côte-Saint-Luc Road to the south and Vezina Street, furthermore, the northwest end borders Côte Saint-Luc and the southeast end borders Westmount. The neighbourhood is served by the Snowdon Metro station, notable buildings in the neighbourhood include the former Snowdon Theatre. The district was named for James Snowdon, who owned a farm where the now stands
18.
Island of Montreal
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The Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, is located at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. It is separated from Île Jésus by the Rivière des Prairies and it is the largest island in the Hochelaga Archipelago, and the second largest in the Saint Lawrence River. It is the most populous island in Canada and the 37th most populous island on earth, Montreal Island is the second most populous river island in the world, as well as the most populous of any island in the world on fresh water. Saint Helens Island and Notre Dame Island are in the Saint Lawrence southeast of downtown Montreal, the Ottawa widens and becomes Lac des Deux-Montagnes north-west of the island. The Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal, between the tip of the island and Île Perrot, connects Lac des Deux-Montagnes and Lake Saint-Louis. Another outlet of Lac des Deux-Montagnes, the Rivière des Prairies, flows along the shore of the island. The island is approximately 50 km long and 16 km wide at its widest point, the island of Montreal has a shoreline of 266 km. At its centre are the three peaks of Mount Royal, the island of Montreal is the major component of the territory of the city of Montreal, along with Île Bizard, Saint Helens Island, Notre Dame Island, Nuns Island, and some 69 smaller islands. With a population of 1,861,900 inhabitants, it is by far the most populous island in Canada and it is also the 6th most populous island of the Americas and the 37th most populated island on earth, outranking Manhattan Island in New York City. Montreal and the municipalities on the island compose the administrative region of Montréal. The crossings which connect the island to its surroundings are some of the busiest bridges in the country, the Champlain Bridge and the Jacques Cartier Bridge together accommodate 101 million vehicles a year. However, by 1632 Champlain referred to the Isle de Mont-real in another map, the island derived its name from Mount Royal, and gradually spread its name to the town, which had originally been called Ville-Marie. In the Kanien’kéha, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te, in Anishninaabemowin, the land is called Mooniyaang. Flags and Coats of Arms List of rivers and water bodies of Montreal Island
19.
Expo 67
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It is considered to be the most successful Worlds Fair of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating. It also set the attendance record for a worlds fair. Expo 67 was Canadas main celebration during its centennial year, the project was not well supported in Canada at first. It took the determination of Montreals mayor, Jean Drapeau, defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time. After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the continued on as an exhibition called Man and His World. By that time, most of the buildings — which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition — had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use. The exposition was offered first to Toronto but politicians there rejected the idea, however, Montreals mayor, Sarto Fournier, backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the Bureau International des Expositions. At the BIEs May 5,1960 meeting in Paris, Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austrias, in April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns. Montreals new mayor, Jean Drapeau, lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was Mount Royal Park, to the north of the downtown core, but it was Drapeaus idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, and to enlarge the existing Saint Helens Island. The choice overcame opposition from Montreals surrounding municipalities, and also prevented land speculation, Expo did not get off to a smooth start, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. Another more likely reason for the resignations was that on April 22,1963. Canadian diplomat Pierre Dupuy was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963, one of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo. Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, dupuys right-hand man was Robert Fletcher Shaw, the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the corporation. He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee, C. F, Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition. Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager, the management group became known as Les Durs - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo. To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added, all ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada, Companions for Dupuy and Shaw, Officers for the others
20.
Canadian Confederation
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Canadian Confederation was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1,1867. Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec, along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current configuration of ten provinces and three territories. Canada is a federation and not an association of sovereign states. It is nevertheless considered to be among the worlds more decentralized federations. To contemporaries of Confederation the con- prefix indicated a strengthening of the centrist principle compared to the American federation, the term is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, such as in the Fathers of Confederation. Provinces and territories became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into. The term is used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation and post-Confederation periods. All the former colonies and territories that became involved in the Canadian Confederation on July 1,1867, were part of New France. Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James VI, the British acquired present-day mainland Nova Scotia by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the Acadian population was expelled by the British in 1755. They called Acadia Nova Scotia, which included present-day New Brunswick, the rest of New France was acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years War. From 1763 to 1791, most of New France became the Province of Quebec, however, in 1769 the present-day Prince Edward Island, which had been part of Acadia, was renamed St Johns Island and organized as a separate colony. It was renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the first English attempt at settlement had been in Newfoundland, which would not join the Confederation until 1949. The Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol began to settle Newfoundland and Labrador at Cupers Cove as far back as 1610, in the wake of the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America. The British created the colony of New Brunswick in 1784 for the Loyalists who settled in the western part of Nova Scotia. The War of 1812 and Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the border with the United States from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada. As a result of Durhams report, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840, the new province was divided into two parts, Canada West and Canada East. Governor General Lord Elgin granted ministerial responsibility in 1848, first to Nova Scotia, in the following years, the British would extend responsible government to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. The area which constitutes modern-day British Columbia is the remnants of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia District and New Caledonia District following the Oregon Treaty
21.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
22.
Concordia University
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Concordia University is a public comprehensive university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1974 following the merger of Loyola College and Sir George Williams University, as of the 2014-2015 academic year, there were 46,378 students enrolled at Concordia, making the university among the largest in Canada by enrolment. With four faculties, a school of studies and numerous colleges, centres and institutes, Concordia offers over 300 undergraduate and 100 graduate programs. The universitys John Molson School of Business is consistently ranked within the top 10 Canadian business schools, Concordia is a non-sectarian and coeducational institution, with more than 200,000 living alumni worldwide. The universitys varsity teams, known as the Stingers, compete in the Quebec Student Sport Federation of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, Loyola College traces its roots to an English-language program at the Jesuit Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal at the Sacred Heart Convent. In 1896, Loyola College was established at the corner of Bleury Street, Loyola College was named in honour of Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus. On March 10,1898, the institution was incorporated by the Government of Quebec, the same year, following a fire, the college was relocated, further west on Drummond Street, south of Saint Catherine. Although founded as a collège classique, Loyola began granting university degrees through Université Laval in 1903, the college moved into the present west-end campus on Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1916. The School of Sociology opened in 1918, in 1920, the institution became affiliated with the Université de Montréal, which began granting degrees instead of Université Laval. Memorial bronze honour roll plaques in the hall, administrative offices are dedicated to those from Loyola College who fought in the First and Second World Wars. The inter-war period was marked by the shift of education in the institution, the collège classique education was replaced by humanistic education in 1940, Loyola College never became a chartered university, and never had the ability to grant its own university degrees. Theology and philosophy were taught to all students until 1972, in 1940, the Faculty of Science and the Department of Engineering, which became a faculty in 1964, were created. In addition to providing the same programs as other colleges. Students could enrol in Academic majors starting in 1953 and honours programs in 1958, students graduating from Loyola could afterwards pursue graduate-level education in other universities, with a few earning Rhodes Scholarships. Starting in 1958, Loyola also began offering its first evening courses for students not being able to go to school full-time, new courses were given in library science and faith community nursing. Since its creation, Loyola College had welcomed almost exclusively young English-speaking Catholic men as students and it became co-ed in 1959 and became less homogeneous with the ever increasing number of foreign students. Obtaining a university charter was an important issue in the 1960s, although many wanted the Loyola College to become Loyola University, the Quebec government preferred to annex it to Sir George Williams University. Negotiations began in 1968 and ended with the creation of Concordia University on August 24,1974, in 1851, the first YMCA in North America was established on Ste-Helene street in Old Montreal
23.
McGill University Health Centre
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The McGill University Health Centre is one of two major healthcare networks in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and it is the only bilingual teaching hospital in the province. It is affiliated with McGill University and is one of the largest medical institutions in Canada, most of its funding comes from Quebec taxpayers through the Ministry of Health and Social Services as mandated by the Canada Health Act. In 2008, the Hôpital de Lachine joined the merged entity, every year, more than 700,000 patients are admitted for care at the MUHC. The Royal Victoria Hospital, established in 1893 and located on Pine Avenue on the flank of the Mount Royal, is the largest campus in the MUHC network with 517 beds. The hospital maintains an emergency room with level II trauma care capabilities, the Royal Victoria Hospital moved on April 26,2015 to the Glen site. The MCH contains 144 beds, including 12 intensive care beds, Montreal Childrens Hospital moved to the Glen site on May 24,2015. Founded in 1903 as a response to an epidemic in the city. The Montreal Chest Institute moved to the Glen site on June 14,2015, the Montreal General Hospital, established in 1819 on the southern flank of Mount Royal, is one of the worlds first teaching hospitals. Today, it functions as a full service hospital as part of the MUHC, with 479 beds, the Lachine hospital, located on Saint Antoine Street in the Lachine borough of Montreal, is the only primarily French-language facility in the MUHC network and in the West Island. After a long and troubled process, the new centre was built for an estimated cost of 1.3 billion dollars. The project was completed in 2015, the MUHCs new hospital was built on the site of the former Glen railyard near the Vendôme intermodal station. The Glen site hospital will include 500 individual rooms, more than 25 centralized ambulatory clinics, the project was completed in late 2014 and the facility is now fully functional since mid 2015. A tunnel under the tracks directly to the north of the health centre provides access to the Vendôme Metro station on De Maisonneuve Boulevard. The short tunnel opened in June 2015, the megafacility replaced the existing facilities of the Royal Victoria Hospital, the Montreal Childrens Hospital, and the Montreal Chest Institute. The new megahospital will not replace either the Montreal General Hospital or the Hôpital de Lachine, after receiving these payments, Porter awarded the firm with a $1.3 billion contract related to the construction of the hospital. These dealings were found to be in violation of the Quebec Health Act, nevertheless, the hospitals board of directors came out in support of Porter, who, in light of mounting media and public pressure, voluntarily resigned on December 5,2011. Further investigation of the case by Quebec anti-corruption investigators resulted in allegations to the involvement of SNC-Lavilin and health centre employees in fraud and forgery. The investigators then issued a warrant for Porters arrest on February 27,2013, on charges of fraud, conspiracy, breach of trust, taking secret commissions and money laundering
24.
Black Canadians
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Black Canadians is a designation used for people of Black African descent, who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada. The majority of Black Canadians are of Caribbean origin, though the population consists of African American immigrants and their descendants. Black Canadians and other Canadians often draw a distinction between those of Afro-Caribbean ancestry and those of other African roots, many Blacks of Caribbean origin in Canada reject the term African Canadian as an elision of the uniquely Caribbean aspects of their heritage, and instead identify as Caribbean Canadian. Black Canadians have contributed to many areas of Canadian culture, Black Canadians form the third-largest visible minority group in Canada, after South Asian and Chinese Canadians. According to the 2006 Census by Statistics Canada,783,795 Canadians identified as black, of the black population, 11% identified as mixed-race of white and black. The five most black-populated provinces in 2006 were Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, the ten most black-populated census metropolitan areas were Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Calgary, Vancouver, Edmonton, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Halifax, and Oshawa. Preston, in the Halifax area, is the community with the highest percentage of blacks, with 69. 4%, according to the 2011 Census, a total of 949,665 Black Canadians were counted, comprising 2. 9% of Canadas population. At times, it has claimed that Black Canadians have been significantly undercounted in census data. One of the controversies in the Black Canadian community revolves around appropriate terminologies. Black Nova Scotians, a distinct cultural group, of whom some can trace their Canadian ancestry back to the 1700s. For example, there is an Office of African Nova Scotian Affairs, the term Afro-Caribbean-Canadian is occasionally used in response to this controversy, although as of 2017, this term is still not widely seen in common usage. The first recorded person to set foot on land now known as Canada was a free man named Mathieu de Costa. Travelling with navigator Samuel de Champlain, de Costa arrived in Nova Scotia some time between 1603 and 1608 as a translator for the French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts. The first known person to live in what would become Canada was a slave from Madagascar named Olivier Le Jeune. As a group, black people arrived in Canada in several waves, the first of these came as free persons serving in the French Army and Navy, though some were enslaved or indentured servants. At the time of the American Revolution, inhabitants of the United States had to decide where their future lay and those loyal to the British Crown were called United Empire Loyalists and came north. Many White American Loyalists brought their African-American slaves with them, numbering approximately 2,500 individuals, during the war, the British had promised freedom to slaves who left rebel masters and worked for them, this was announced in Virginia through Lord Dunmores Proclamation. Slaves also escaped to British lines in New York City and Charleston and they transported 3,000 to Nova Scotia
25.
Immigration
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As for economic effects, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have effects on world GDP. Development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction. Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, many animals have migrated across evolutionary history, including pre-humans. Human migration started with the out of Africa into the Middle East, and then to Asia, Australia, Europe, Russia. This is discussed in the article pre-modern human migration, recent history is discussed in the articles history of human migration and human migration. When people cross national borders during their migration, they are called migrants or immigrants from the perspective of the country which they enter, from the perspective of the country which they leave, they are called emigrant or outmigrant. Sociology designates immigration usually as migration, as of 2015, the number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide, which reflects a 41% increase since 2000. One third of the worlds international migrants are living in just 20 countries, the largest number of international migrants live in the United States, with 19% of the worlds total. Germany and Russia host 12 million migrants each, taking the second, Saudi Arabia hosts 10 million migrants, followed by the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any major area in the world. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million, in most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with an age of 29, followed by Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean, while migrants were older in Northern America, Europe. Nearly half of all international migrants originate in Asia, and Europe was the birthplace of the second largest number of migrants, india has the largest diaspora in the world, followed by Mexico and Russia. The other top desired destination countries were Canada, France, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Germany, one theory of immigration distinguishes between push and pull factors. Push factors refer primarily to the motive for immigration from the country of origin, in the case of economic migration, differentials in wage rates are common. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in ones country, he or she may choose to migrate
26.
Monkland Village
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Monkland Village is a neighbourhood of the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce district in the Montreal borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. It is located between Beaconsfield Avenue and the Décarie Expressway/Décarie Boulevard, and between de Terrebonne Street and Côte-St-Antoine Road, the neighbourhood derives its name from Monkland Avenue, the commercial street at the heart of it. The Villa Maria metro station is located at the end of Monkland Avenue. Both the neighbourhood and the avenue are named after James Monk, who was the general of Lower Canada. This area in particular associated with Monk due to the estate he built in 1804 known as Monklands. This estate would become the Governor Generals residence, and was later sold to the Congregation de Notre-Dame who would use the building for the Villa Maria private Catholic girls school. Monkland Avenue has been a street since the 1930s and has gone through various highs. Today the strip is transforming into a more upper-scale commercial street and is doing very well. It is home to small businesses including restaurants, cafés, bars, food stores, unique boutiques. In the summer of 2013 the Monkland Merchants Association organized a very successful street Festival that attracted more than 90,000 people over a three-day period. Since 2014, Monkland now boasts one of the citys largest street festivals lasting 3 days and attracts more than 250,000 attendees, over 20 food trucks and 50 independent merchants. 2015 marks the arrival of new such as Café Di Mercanti, LE cheese, casa de Mateo, food detoi, bistro amerigo
27.
Empress Theatre (Montreal)
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The Empress Theatre, is an abandoned Egyptian-style theatre located on Sherbrooke Street West in the N. D. G. district of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has been closed since 1992, built in 1927 and designed by Joseph-Alcide Chaussé, with interiors by Emmanuel Briffa, it is the only theatre in Canada designed in the Egyptian style. Opened as the Empress Theatre, the building was a theatre for burlesque. In 1962 it was a theatre called the Royal Follies. In 1968 it became a two-tiered art-movie cinema called Cinema V-Salle Hermes, in 1974 it was briefly named The Home of the Blue Movies and in 1975 it became Cinema V, a repertory cinema. In 1988 it was acquired by Famous Players and showed first-run films, in 1992 a fire caused damage to the theater resulting in its permanent closure. The abandoned building is deteriorating and its perimeter fenced off. In 2005 community organizers opened a one room office on the ground floor as a headquarters for the buildings restoration. The office was closed by the city in December 2011, leaving the building vacant, Geordie Productions, Black Theatre Workshop, McGill Music Conservatory and the City of Montreal had planned to restore the building. The estimated cost was $11.8 million, the theatre was to be used for performance and visual arts and included a cafe/art gallery and a 246-person concert hall. It was to be home to Geordie Productions and Black Theatre Workshop, in August 2010 the provincial government pulled funding and announced ownership would be returned to the city of Montreal by November. Residents of NDG formed Renaissance Empress, a dedicated to preserving the theatre and transforming it into a cultural centre. On August 15,2011 the city seized ownership, effectively canceling the project, in January 2012, the borough of N. D. G. announced any non-profit group with a new plan for the building present it by May 11,2012. The city stated it would not provide any funding for the building, on September 5,2012, the borough voted to accept Cinema NDGs proposal. Their plan was to open a theater with four screening rooms. Restoration of the building was estimated at $12 million, Cinema NDG was given until December 31,2013 to find financial backing, but failed to meet the deadline, two extensions were granted in both 2014 and 2015 but Cinema NDG failed to meet these as well. On November 2,2015 the city voted to grant a third and final extension, for June 30,2016, but yet again Cinema NDG failed to meet the deadline, forfeiting the project. In late September 2016, in hope of a new start, Cinema NDG submitted a revised and scaled back plan to the city, the fate of the building, abandoned 25 years now, remains in limbo
28.
Seigneurial system of New France
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The manorial system of New France was the semi-feudal system of land tenure used in the North American French colonial empire. Manorial land tenure was introduced to New France in 1627 by Cardinal Richelieu, to achieve this, the Company subinfeudated almost all of the land awarded to it by Cardinal Richelieu. Despite the official arrangement reached between Cardinal Richelieu and the Company of One Hundred Associates, levels of immigration to French colonies in North America remained extremely low, the resulting scarcity of labor had a profound effect on the system of land distribution. In practice, the lands were arranged in long, narrow strips, called seigneuries or fiefs, along the banks of the St. Lawrence River, its estuaries, both in nominal and legal terms, all French territorial claims in North America belonged to the French king. French monarchs did not impose feudal land tenure on New France, instead, landlords were allotted land holdings and presided over the French colonial agricultural system in North America. This physical layout of manorial property developed as a means of maximizing ease of transit, commerce, and communication by using natural waterways and the relatively few roads. A desirable plot had to be directly bordering or in close proximity to a river system. Estates in free socage were the most macro-level of land division in New France but, within them, immediately below the level of free socage was that of the villeinage. Throughout New France, there came to exist several thousand estates in villeinage, furthermore, these villein tenancies were remarkably uniform in terms of size. Barring extreme cases, it is estimated that around 95% of all estates were between 40 and 200 square arpents, or in size, though most were likely 120 arpents or less. Estates of less than 40 square arpents were considered to be of value by villein socagers. Typically, the proportions of such rectangles coincided with the ratio of 1,10 for width and length, however, extremes all the way up to 1,100 are known to have occurred. By ordinance of the Intendant in 1682, a socager could not hold more than two villeinages. The lord of the manor rented most of the land to tenants, known as censitaires or habitants, who cleared the land, built houses and other buildings, and farmed the land. A smaller portion of the land was kept as a demesne which was significant in the early days of settlement though less thereafter. Manorial land tenure in New France differed somewhat from its counterpart in France, fiefs in North America were granted to military officers and – as in France – many were owned by the Catholic clergy. This could lead to a number of women, generally widows. In order to each of the heirs access to the river or road
29.
Loyola College (Montreal)
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Loyola College was a Jesuit college in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It ceased to exist when it was incorporated into Concordia University in 1974, a portion of the original college remains as a separate entity called Loyola High School. Loyola College traces its roots to an English-language program at the Jesuit Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal at the Sacred Heart Convent, in 1896, Loyola College was established at the corner of Bleury Street and Saint Catherine Street. Loyola College was named in honour of Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus, in 1898, following a fire, the college was relocated, further west on Drummond Street, south of Saint Catherine. On March 10,1899, the institution was incorporated by the Government of Quebec, although founded as a collège classique, Loyola began granting university degrees through Université Laval in 1903. The college moved into the present west-end campus on Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1916, frank Peden with Walter J. Murray designed several Loyola College buildings, Administration Building, Junior Building, dormitories and refectory. War memorial bronze plaques in the hall are honour rolls dedicated to those from Loyola College who fought in the First and Second World Wars. The School of Sociology opened in 1918, in 1920, the institution became affiliated with the Université de Montréal, which began granting degrees instead of Université Laval. Although associated with universities in order to grant degrees, Loyola College nevertheless had full curriculum control. The inter-war period was marked by the shift of education in the institution, the collège classique education was replaced by humanistic education in 1940, Loyola College never became a chartered university, and never had the ability to grant its own university degrees. Theology and philosophy were taught to all students until 1972. In 1940, the Faculty of Science and the Department of Engineering, in addition to providing the same undergraduate programs as other colleges, the institution also offered innovative fields of study at the time, such as exercise science and communication studies. Students could enroll in Academic majors starting in 1953 and honors programs in 1958, students graduating from Loyola could afterwards pursue graduate-level education in other universities, with a few earning Rhodes Scholarships. Starting in 1958, Loyola also began offering its first evening courses for students not being able to go to school full-time, new courses were given in library science and faith community nursing. Since its creation, Loyola College had welcomed almost exclusively young English-speaking Catholic men as students and it became co-ed in 1959 and became less homogeneous with the ever increasing number of foreign students. In 1964, the Loyola High School Corporation was founded to run Loyola High School separately from the College, in 1966, a new church was built outside of the school, St. Ignatius of Loyola Church. Before this, parishioners worshipped in a chapel within the school grounds, when Loyola College merged with Sir George Williams University in 1974, title to the land that Loyola High occupied was transferred from the college. Obtaining a university charter was an important issue in the 1960s, although many wanted Loyola College to become Loyola University, the Quebec government preferred to annex it to Sir George Williams University
30.
Walkability
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Walkability is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. Walkability has health, environmental, and economic benefits, Walkability is an important concept in sustainable urban design. One proposed definition for walkability is, The extent to which the environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area. Walkability is also examined based on the built environment. Reid Ewing and Robert Cerveros five Ds of the environment, density, diversity, design, destination accessibility. Combinations of these influence a individuals decision to walk. Before cars and bicycles were mass-produced, walking was the way to travel. It was the way to get from place to place for much of human history. In the 1930s, economic growth led to increased automobile manufacturing, cars were also becoming more affordable, leading to the rise of the automobile during the Post–World War II economic expansion. The detrimental effects of automobile emissions soon led to concern over pollution. Alternatives, including improved public transportation and walking infrastructure, have attracted attention from planners and policymakers. Walkability indices have been found to correlate with both Body Mass Index and physical activity of local populations, physical activity can prevent chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, depression, and osteoporosis. A further justification for walkability is founded upon evolutionary and philosophical grounds, after millennia of human development firmly based upon gait, the modern city has separated walking from thinking. Because there are cars, less walking is detracting from human progress. One of most important benefits of walkability is the decrease of the footprint in the community. Carbon emissions can be reduced if more people choose to walk rather than drive or use public transportation, the benefits of less emissions include improved health conditions and quality of life, less smog, and less of a contribution to global climate change. The benefits of walkability are best guaranteed if the system of public corridors is walkable - not limited to certain specialized routes. More sidewalks and increased walkability can promote tourism and increase property value, in recent years, the demand for housing in a walkable urban context has increased
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Doug Harvey (ice hockey)
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Douglas Norman Harvey was a Canadian professional hockey player who played in the National Hockey League from 1947 until 1964, and from 1966 until 1969. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen ever to play the game, winning the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the leagues top defenceman on seven occasions. On January 1,2017, in a prior to the Centennial Classic. He then played one season with the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League and he made the jump to the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL in the 1947–48 NHL season and remained with the team until 1961. Under coach Dick Irvin, Harvey was named to the All-Star team 11 consecutive times and he won his first of seven James Norris Memorial Trophies in 1955, as the leagues best defenceman. In an era when the role did not include scoring points, Harvey used his skating speed. He earned six Stanley Cups, all with Montreal, in 1954, however, he scored a Cup-losing own-goal when he tipped the puck with his glove, after a deflected shot by Tony Leswick of the Detroit Red Wings and past goalie Gerry McNeil. McNeil was so crushed by the goal, he retired to coach junior hockey the next season, Harvey became an outspoken critic of the hockey establishment who owned players for life. In Harvey’s day, players were paid a pittance compared to the millions being earned by the team owners. A superstar such as Harvey, who today would be paid millions, was earning less than $30,000 a season at the peak of his career while playing every game in front of sell-out crowds. Harvey was one of the first to organize the players association which so infuriated the Canadiens’ owners that in 1961 they traded him to the then lowly New York Rangers. One of the individuals secretly blacklisted by the owners, Harvey responded by winning still another Norris Trophy as a Ranger. He remained with New York until 1963, and then played for minor league teams before finishing his NHL career in 1969 with the St. Louis Blues. Harvey served as player-coach during his first season in New York but was never comfortable with this dual role. In addition, he was listed as Coach for the Kansas City Blues. In 1964 Harvey, Gump Worsley, and Red Berenson played for the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in a game against the Soviet national team, Harvey played almost 50 minutes during the 3–2 loss. Although he was voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973, because of his involvement with the players association. For years, Harvey battled alcoholism while suffering from bipolar disorder, in 1985 he was offered a job with the Montreal Canadiens as a scout
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Lower Canada College
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Lower Canada College, located in Montreal, Quebec, is an elementary and secondary level private school. The school offers education from Kindergarten through Grade 12, students graduate from Grade 11, and then have the option of leaving the school and going on to a Pre-University college, unique to the Quebec system, or returning to LCC for the Pre-University year. Once boys-only, LCC is now co-educational, with roughly 40 percent of the population being girls, girls were first admitted to Grade 12 in 1992 and were phased into the other grades beginning in the 1995–96 school year. Until recently, LCC was one of the few remaining schools with an outdoor ice hockey rink. This has been replaced by a new athletics centre as well as a new arena, in addition to hockey, LCC has been known for fielding strong Lions teams in Canadian football, soccer, basketball and rugby union. LCCs traditional rival in sports and other matters is Selwyn House School, the annual fees for attending LCC range from $17,415 to $20,066. Lower Canada College was opened on Royal Avenue by Dr. Charles Fosbery on September 20,1909, LCC can trace its roots to 1861 when the boarding school St. Johns School was started by the Church of St John the Evangelist. LCC, like many other Commonwealth schools, divides its students into houses and these eight houses are named after alumni. There is also one house specifically for Grade 12 students, prior to 2008, this day was known as House Wars. However, the etymology of the term evoked backlash and pressure from parents. Conversely, the Tug of war event has yet to be renamed as a politically correct euphemism, in 2013, LCC began implementing the International Baccalaureate programme for some students in its grade 11 class. They plan on extending the program to grade 12 in 2014, currently, there are approximately 25 students in the IB programme. As of 2013 LCC receives subsidies from the government and therefore abides by the French Language Charter. Alumni include, W. R. Scott Upper Canada College Lower Canada College website
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Senior League World Series
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The Senior League World Series is a baseball tournament for children aged 13 to 16 years old that began in 1961. Since 2002, the tournament has been annually in Bangor. It is patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball since 2002, the Senior League World Series is one of nine tournaments sponsored by Little League International. Each of them brings baseball or softball teams from around the world together in one of four age divisions, the tournament structure for each divisions World Series is similar to that used for the Little League Baseball World Series. The Senior League World Series has been held at four different sites, the Senior League World Series is the only Little League division that places its nine regional champions into two mixed pools that combine U. S. and international regions. A host team was re–introduced in 1990 in an effort to boost attendance, because of the mixed pools, it does not have international and United States champions. The semi-final winners play for the championship, televised on a network of ESPN, all semi-final and championship matches are single-elimination games. From 2002-2014, a play format was used. Beginning in 2015, each pool will play a modified double-elimination format until only 2 teams remain in each pool, the two remaining teams in their respective pools will play in a single elimination semi-final match, with the two winning teams playing in the championship. Prior to 2002 the tournament was straight double-elimination, from 1990-2001 a placement bracket was used to determine third place. List of Little League World Series champions by division Baseball awards#Little League Baseball Little League Baseball official website
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Villa-Maria station
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Villa-Maria is a station on the Orange Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal. It is located in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce area of the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in Montreal, Quebec, the station is a normal side platform station, and has an entrance at its south end. The entrance is located in a bus loop, the station was designed by André Léonard and contains mural sculptures by the architect. Villa-Maria station takes its name from the nearby Villa Maria school, the surrounding lands were once owned by the Decarie family. The land was sold in 1795 to Sir James Monk and the Monk residence built in 1804 and this is the central section of the present-day Villa Maria school. In 1844, the building was leased to the Crown as a residence for the Governors-Generals of Canada, the metro station was built at the foot of the Villa Maria property. com 2011 STM System Map Metro Map
