1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Counties of England
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Counties of England are areas used for the purposes of administrative, geographical, cultural or political demarcation. For administrative purposes, England outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly is divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and these counties may consist of a single district or be divided into several districts. As of April 2009,27 of these counties are divided into districts and have a county council, all of England is also divided into 48 ceremonial counties, which are also known as geographic counties. Most ceremonial counties correspond to a metropolitan or non-metropolitan county of the same name, the current arrangement is the result of incremental reform. Many of the counties have their origins in the Middle Ages, although the larger counties of Yorkshire, the geographic counties which existed before the local government reforms of 1965 and 1974 are referred to as ancient counties or historic counties. From 1889 to 1974 areas with county councils were known as administrative counties, from 1974 to 1996 the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties, some of which were established only in 1974, corresponded directly with the ceremonial counties. For the purpose of sorting and delivering mail, England was divided into 48 postal counties until 1996, in these counties most services are provided by the county council and the district councils have a more limited role. Their areas each correspond exactly to ceremonial counties and they are Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands and West Yorkshire. In these counties the district councils provide the majority of services, similarly, Berkshire is a non-metropolitan county with no county council and multiple districts and maps directly to a ceremonial county. Bristol, Herefordshire, Isle of Wight, Northumberland and Rutland are ceremonial counties consisting of a county of a single district. In total, there are 39 unitary authorities that do not share the names of any of the ceremonial counties, bedfordshire and Cheshire are counties that consist of a number of unitary authorities, none of which has the same name as the ceremonial county. The City of London and Greater London are anomalous as ceremonial counties that do not correspond to any metropolitan or non-metropolitan counties, large ceremonial counties often correspond to a single police force. For example, the four unitary authorities which make up Cheshire correspond to the area as the Cheshire Constabulary. Some counties are grouped together for this purpose, such as Northumberland with Tyne, in other areas a group of unitary authorities in several counties are grouped together to form police force areas, such as the Cleveland Police and Humberside Police. Greater London and the City of London each have their own forces, the Metropolitan Police Service. The fire service is operated on a basis, and the ambulance service is organised by the regions of England. Most ceremonial counties form part of a region, although Lincolnshire. Economic development is delivered using the regions, as is strategic planning, as of 2009, the largest county by area is North Yorkshire and the smallest is the City of London
3.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
5.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
6.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
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East Midlands
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The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. The eastern part of the Midlands, it consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, the region has an area of 15,627 km2, and was home to over 4.5 million people in 2011. The regions relative proximity to London and its connectivity on the national motorway and it is also the location of East Midlands Airport in north Leicestershire. The high point at 636 m is Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of the southern Pennines in northwest Derbyshire near Glossop. Other upland, hilly areas of 95 to 280 m in altitude, together with lakes and reservoirs, rise in and around the Charnwood Forest north of Leicester, and in the Lincolnshire Wolds. The regions major rivers, the Nene, the Soar, the Trent and the Welland, flow in a direction towards the Humber. The Derwent, conversely, rises in the High Peak before flowing south to join the Trent some 2 miles before its conflux with the Soar, the centre of the East Midlands area lies roughly between Bingham, Nottinghamshire and Bottesford, Leicestershire. The geographical centre of England lies in Higham on the Hill in west Leicestershire, some 88% of the land is rural in character, although agriculture accounts for less than three per cent of the regions jobs. Lincolnshire is the only county of the six, with a true North Sea coastline of about 30 miles due to the protection afforded by Spurn Head. Church Flatts Farm in Coton in the Elms, South Derbyshire, is the furthest place from the sea in the UK, in April 1936 the first Ordnance Survey trig point was sited at Cold Ashby in Northamptonshire. The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and The Wildlife Trusts are based next to the River Trent, the National Centre for Earth Observation is at the University of Leicester. The region is home to large quantities of limestone, and the East Midlands Oil Province, Charnwood Forest is noted for its abundant levels of volcanic rock, estimated to be approximately 600 million years old. 25% of the UKs cement is manufactured in the region at three sites in Hope and Tunstead in Derbyshire, and in Ketton Cement Works in Rutland. Of the aggregates that are produced in the region, 25% is from Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire each produce around 30% of the regions sand and gravel output. Barwell in Leicestershire had Britains largest meteorite on 24 December 1965, the 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake was 5.2 magnitude. Rockingham Forest was designated as a hunting forest by William the Conqueror. The National Forest is a project in central England run by The National Forest Company. It stretches from the outskirts of Leicester in the east to Burton upon Trent in the west
8.
Historic counties of England
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The historic counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires established by the Anglo-Saxons and others. They ceased to be used for administration with the creation of the counties in 1889. They are alternatively known as ancient counties or traditional counties, where they are not included among the modern counties of England they are also known as former counties. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military and they continue to form the basis of modern local government in many parts of the country away from the main urban areas, although sometimes with considerably altered boundaries. The name of a county often gives a clue to how it was formed, either as a division took its name from a centre of administration. The majority of English counties are in the first category, with the name formed by combining the central town with the suffix -shire, for example Yorkshire. Former kingdoms, which became earldoms in the united England did not feature this formulation, so for Kent, Counties ending in the suffix -sex are also in this category and are former Saxon kingdoms. Many of these names are formed from compass directions, the third category includes counties such as Cornwall and Devon where the name corresponds to the tribes who inhabited the area. County Durham is anomalous in terms of naming and origin, not falling into any of the three categories, instead it was a diocese that was turned into the County Palatine of Durham, ruled by the Bishop of Durham. The expected form would otherwise be Durhamshire, but it was rarely used, there are customary abbreviations for many of the counties. In most cases these consist of simple truncation, usually with an s at the end signifying shire, some abbreviations are not obvious, such as Salop for Shropshire, Oxon for Oxfordshire, Hants for Hampshire and Northants for Northamptonshire. Counties were often prefixed with County of in official contexts, such as County of Kent and those counties named after central towns lost the -shire suffix, for example Yorkshire would be known as County of York. This usage was sometimes followed even where there was no town by that name, the -shire suffix was also appended for some counties, such as Devonshire, Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, despite their origin. There is still a Duke of Devonshire, Great Britain was first divided into administrative areas by the Romans, most likely following major geographical features such as rivers. Before their arrival there were distinct tribal areas, but they were in a constant state of flux as territory was gained, the areas that would later form the English counties started to take shape soon afterwards, with the Kingdom of Kent founded by settlers around 445. Once the Kingdom of England was united as a whole in 927 it became necessary to subdivide it for convenience and to this end. The whole kingdom was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, robert of Gloucester accounts for thirty-five shires and William of Malmesbury thirty-two, Henry of Huntingdon, thirty-seven. In most cases the counties or shires in medieval times were administered by a sheriff on behalf of the monarch, after the Norman conquest the sheriff was replaced and the shires became counties, or areas under the control of a count, in the French manner
9.
Ceremonial counties of England
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The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that areas that were part of an administrative county would be part of the county for all purposes. The greatest change was the creation of the County of London, which was both an administrative county and a county, it included parts of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent. Other differences were small and resulted from the constraint that urban sanitary districts were not permitted to straddle county boundaries, apart from Yorkshire, counties that were subdivided nevertheless continued to exist as ceremonial counties. In 1974, administrative counties and county boroughs were abolished, at this time, Lieutenancy was redefined to use the new metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties directly. Following a further rearrangement in 1996, Avon, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester, Cleveland was partitioned between North Yorkshire and Durham. Hereford and Worcester was divided into the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Humberside was split between Lincolnshire and a new county of East Riding of Yorkshire. Rutland was restored as a ceremonial county, many county boroughs were re-established as unitary authorities, this involved establishing the area as an administrative county, but usually not as a ceremonial county. Most ceremonial counties are therefore entities comprising local authority areas, as they were from 1889 to 1974, the Association of British Counties, a traditional counties lobbying organisation, has suggested that ceremonial counties be restored to their ancient boundaries, as nearly as practicable. In present-day England, the ceremonial counties correspond to the shrieval counties, the Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines counties for the purposes of lieutenancies in terms of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties as well as Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. Although the term is not used in the Act, these counties are known as ceremonial counties. gov. uk
10.
White Irish
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Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to the present. There has been a movement of people between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain due to their proximity. This tide has ebbed and flowed in response to politics, economics, today, Ireland is divided between the independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from Ireland or have Irish ancestry and it is estimated that as many as six million people living in the UK have at least one Irish grandparent. The Irish diaspora refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland and this article refers to those who reside in Great Britain, the largest island and principal territory of the United Kingdom. During the Dark Ages, significant Irish settlement of western Britain took place and this is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. However, recently some archeologists have argued against this view, saying there is no archeological or placename evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small group of elites. Due to the growth of Dál Riata, in size and influence, Scotland became almost wholly Gaelic-speaking until Northumbrian English began to replace Gaelic in the Lowlands. Gaelic remained the dominant languages of the Highlands into the 19th century, modwenna and others were significant in the following century. Some English monarchs, such as Oswiu of Northumbria, Aldfrith and Harold Godwinson were either raised in or sought refuge in Ireland, alfred the Great may have spent some of his childhood in Ireland. In the year 902 Vikings who had forced out of Ireland were given permission by the English to settle in Wirral. An Irish historical record known as The Three Fragments refers to a group of settlers living among these Vikings as Irishmen. Historically, Irish immigrants to the United Kingdom in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were considered over-represented amongst those appearing in court, some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain between the 16th and 19th centuries, Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde, died 1635. Richard Brinsley Sheridan George Monro, 1700–57, arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Thomas Moore, died 1852. It is estimated more than one million people died. A further wave of emigration to England also took place between the 1930s, and 1960s by Irish escaping poor economic conditions following the establishment of the Irish Free State. This was furthered by the labour shortage in Britain during the mid-20th century. Irelands population fell from more than 8 million to just 6.5 million between 1841 and 1851, a century later it had dropped to 4.3 million
11.
Other White
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The category does not comprise a single ethnic group but is instead a method of identification for white people who are not represented by other white census categories. This means that the Other White group contains a collection of people with different countries of birth, religions. Along with White British and White Irish, the category does not appear in Northern Ireland, in the 2001 UK Census, the majority of people living in England and Wales ticking the Other White ethnic group specified their ethnicity as European. Four out of five of the Other White category were born overseas, a third were born in a Western European country other than the UK, and one in seven were born in an Eastern European country. The Other White group is largely of working age, with one in ten aged over 65. This does vary according to the country of birth, with people born in the UK being disproportionately young. Polish and Italian respondents had a proportion of over 65s. A wide number of religions are represented in the Other White group, classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
12.
British Asian
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British Asians are persons of Asian descent who reside in the United Kingdom. In British English usage, the term Asians usually includes British originating only from South Asia, prior to the formation of the United Kingdom, immigration of South Asian ethnic groups to England began with the arrival of the East India Company to the Indian subcontinent. This continued during the British Raj and increased in volume after the independence of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from the British rule, chiefly for education and economic pursuits. A major influx of Asian immigrants, mostly Hindus and Muslims, in Britain, the word Asian usually refers specifically to people of South Asian ancestry. This usage contrasts to that in the United States, where it is used to refer to people of East Asian origin, the United Kingdom Census 1991 was the first to include a question on ethnicity. The question had tick-boxes for Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi, there was also a Chinese tick box, as well as a general Any other ethnic group option for those not wishing to identify with any of the pre-set tick boxes. South Asian ethnic groups mostly originate from a few places in South Asia. British Indians tend to originate mainly from the two Indian States, Punjab and Gujarat, evidence from Bradford and Birmingham have shown, Pakistanis originate largely from the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir. In the London Borough of Waltham Forest there are numbers of Pakistani people originating from Jhelum. Studies have shown 95 per cent of Bangladeshis originate from the Sylhet region in the north east of Bangladesh, in Tower Hamlets, people have origins in different zones in the Sylhet region, mainly from Jagannathpur, Beanibazar and Bishwanath. The language spoken by Indians are, Punjabi, Gujarati, Kutchi, Hindustani, Bengali, Tamil, people from Pakistan speak Urdu, Punjabi, Mirpuri, Hindko, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Pashto, and Seraiki. Gujaratis who emigrated from India and East Africa speak Gujarati, Hindi, Bangladeshis from Sylhet speak Sylheti and Bengali. People from Sri Lanka speak Tamil and Sinhala and those who speak dialects mainly refer their language to the main language, for example Sylheti speakers say they speak Bengali or Mirpuri speakers say they speak Punjabi. The reason for this is because they do not expect outsiders to be informed about dialects. The unemployment rate among Indian men was slightly higher than that for White British or White Irish men,7 per cent compared with 5 per cent for the other two groups. On the other hand, Pakistanis have higher unemployment rates of 13-14%, with the exception of Bangladeshi women, every other group of South Asians, have higher attendance at university than the national average. GCSE pass rates have been rising for all South Asians, according to the United Kingdom Census 2001, South Asian men from all South Asian ethnic groups intermarried with another ethnic group more than South Asian women. Among South Asians, British Indians intermarried with a different ethnic group the most both absolutely and proportionately, followed by British Pakistanis and British Bangladeshis, there have been three waves of migration of Hindus in the United Kingdom. The first wave was before Indias independence in 1947
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British African-Caribbean people
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British African Caribbean people are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were primarily natives or indigenous to Africa. African-Caribbean people are present throughout the United Kingdom with by far the largest concentrations in London, pauls in Bristol, or Handsworth and Aston in Birmingham or Moss Side in Manchester. According to the 2011 census, the largest number of African-Caribbean people are found in Croydon, there is now a view that the term should not be hyphenated and that indeed, the differences between such groups mean the people of African and Caribbean origins should be referred to separately. The Guardian and Observer style guide prescribes the use of African-Caribbean for use in the two newspapers, specifically noting not Afro-Caribbean, New World slavery was originally focused on the extraction of gold and other precious raw materials. Africans were then set to work on the vast cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas for the economic benefit of these colonial powers. One impact of the American Revolution was the historical development of African-American and African-Caribbean people. Whereas the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws, slavery did not exist under English common law and was prohibited in England. Slaves cannot breathe in England, if their lungs receive our air and they touch our country, and their shackles fall. Thats noble, and bespeaks a nation proud, spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein. There are records of small communities in the ports of Cardiff, Liverpool, London and these communities were formed by freed slaves following the abolition of slavery. Typical occupations of the migrants were footmen or coachmen. Walter Tull, footballer and soldier, Andrew Watson, footballer, Robert Wedderburn, Spencean revolutionary Nathaniel Wells, landowner and yeomanry officer. The growing Caribbean presence in the British military led to approximately 15,000 migrants arriving in the north-west of England around the time of World War I to work in munitions factories. The Jamaican poet and communist activist, Claude McKay came to England following the First World War and became the first Black British journalist, in February 1941,345 West Indian workers were brought to work in and around Liverpool. They were generally better skilled than the local Black British, there was some tension between them and West Africans who had settled in the area. Since World War II, many African-Caribbean people migrated to North America and Europe, especially to the United States, Canada, the UK, France, and the Netherlands. As a result of the losses during the war, the British government began to mass immigration from the countries of the British Empire. The British Nationality Act 1948 gave British citizenship to all living in Commonwealth countries
14.
Non-metropolitan county
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A non-metropolitan county, or colloquially, shire county, is a county-level entity in England that is not a metropolitan county. The counties typically have populations of 300,000 to 1.4 million, the term shire county is, however, an unofficial usage. Many of the non-metropolitan counties bear historic names and most end in the suffix -shire such as Wiltshire or Staffordshire, of the remainder, some counties had the -shire ending and have lost it over time, such as Devon and Somerset. Shire county is, strictly, a dual-language tautology since the French-derived county means the same as the older Anglo-Saxon word shire, prior to 1974 local government had been divided between single-tier county boroughs and two-tier administrative counties which were subdivided into municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts. The Local Government Act 1972, which came into effect on 1 April 1974, divided England outside Greater London, each county was divided into anywhere between two and fourteen non-metropolitan districts. As originally constituted, the counties were largely based on existing counties. Some counties were based on areas surrounding large county boroughs or were formed by the mergers of smaller counties, examples of the first category are Avon and Cleveland. Examples of the category are Hereford and Worcester and Cumbria. The Royal Mail adopted the counties for purposes in most areas. A Local Government Commission was appointed in 1992 to review the structure of the non-metropolitan counties. It was anticipated that a system of unitary authorities would entirely replace the two-tier system, the Commission faced competing claims from former county boroughs wishing to regain unitary status and advocates for the restoration of such small counties as Herefordshire and Rutland. The review led to the introduction of local government in some areas. In the majority of unitary authorities an existing district council took over powers from the county council, the 1972 Act required that all areas outside Greater London form part of a non-metropolitan county, and that all such counties should contain at least one district. Accordingly, the instruments that effected the reorganisation separated the unitary districts from the county in which they were situated and constituted them as counties. An exception was made in the case of Berkshire, which was retained with its boundaries in spite of the abolition of its county council. This was done in order to preserve its status as a royal county, with the creation of numerous new non-metropolitan counties, the areas used for lieutenancy and shrievalty began to diverge from local government areas. This led to the development of counties for these purposes. A further wave of unitary authorities were created in 2009 under the terms of the Local Government, while a number of new county counties were created, several of the new authorities continued to have the boundaries set in 1974
15.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
16.
West Bridgford
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West Bridgford is a town in the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire, England, immediately south of the city of Nottingham, delimited by the River Trent. It forms an urban area with Nottingham, effectively making it a suburb of the city. The population of the town at the 2011 census was 45,039, as part of the Rushcliffe constituency its MP is The Rt Hon Kenneth Clarke, QC. The headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Council moved to the town in 1959 from the county town of Nottingham. The town is enclosed by the A52 and the River Trent, most of the main roads in central West Bridgford are named after wealthy families that dominated the towns early history. There are also, however, new developments that are, in effect, for example, the Gamston development has roads named after the Lake District, and Compton Acres has roads named after Dorset and the Purbeck Coast. There are no Streets in West Bridgford, when the town was planned in the Victorian period the roads were originally named as streets, for example, Musters Street and South Street. However, the planners decided that the term Street was too urban, so today the town has Musters Road. West Bridgford is notably different from the suburbs of Nottingham in a variety of ways. During the Victorian period, Nottingham was growing rapidly, but development in West Bridgford was restricted, at the end of the First World War the Musters family sold the Trent Bridge Inn and the Trent Bridge Cricket ground to the cricket club. The club only briefly owned the inn as they resold it to a brewery for a sum in excess of the money they had paid to the Musters. After much pressure, the Musters sold land for building, and this estate was planned over a grid of tree-lined streets. The main roads such as Musters Road had restrictions on the density of housing, all houses were specified to contain a certain number of bedrooms. Smaller houses were permitted on side streets, and terraces were erected on such as Exchange Road for the servants of the wealthy Nottingham merchants who bought up property in West Bridgford. What has resulted from these plans is a community that is still very separate from Nottingham. The town has no ties with Nottingham. Chris Arnot in the Independent commented, Bread and lard, not likely – its all ciabatta and tapenade these days. Plans had been made to include West Bridgford in future phases of the project
17.
NUTS statistical regions of the United Kingdom
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NUTS2006 came into force on 1 January 2008. NUTS2010 came into force on 1 January 2012, the two areas of UKD51 and UKD21 were amended by the transfer of Halton from the latter to former to from the new areas of UKD71 and UKD61. Bedfordshire CC UKH22 was replaced by UKH24 and UKH25 NUTS2013 came into force on 1 January 2015. Thus NUTS2 of Inner London West UKI11 becoming the NUTS3 area of UKI3 and likewise, Inner London East, Outer London East and North East, Outer London South and Outer London West and North West. The NUTS3 areas are now a single or a group of two or three boroughs
18.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire
19.
Rushcliffe
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Rushcliffe is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England. The population of the Local Authority at the 2011 Census was 111,129 and its council is based in West Bridgford. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by merging the West Bridgford Urban District, the member of parliament for Rushcliffe is the Conservative, Kenneth Clarke. As of the May 2010 general election, Rushcliffe is one of four Tory-held constituencies in Nottinghamshire, fifty councillors were elected at the borough council election in May 2011. There are thirty-six Conservatives, giving control of the council. There are also six Liberal Democrats, five from Labour, two Greens and one Independent, the next election is due in May 2015. It meets the River Devon near Cotham, then follows this river to the east southwards to where it meets the Leicestershire boundary, to the south, the Leicestershire/Rushcliffe boundary goes across the runways of the former RAF Langar with most of the airfield in Rushcliffe. Many of these lie in the Vale of Belvoir. The Grantham Canal threads from nearby Grantham through Rushcliffe to the River Trent, villages in the Vale of Belvoir include Redmile, Hickling, Harby, Stathern and Langar. Some of these cross the boundary, which is sometimes unclear i. e. Hickling is in Rushcliffe Borough Council. The borough also is home to numerous villages along the A60 corridor, heading to Loughborough some of these are, Bradmore, Bunny, the district was named after the old Rushcliffe wapentake. In 2001, there were around 43,600 households in the district, over a third of Rushcliffes population lives in West Bridgford. The average house price is the highest in Nottinghamshire and in the top three in the East Midlands, the district gets the best GCSE results within Nottinghamshire and throughout the East Midlands. Rushcliffe school and West Bridgford school have ranked regularly in the top 100 comprehensive schools in the UK for GCSE results and these scores are in the top 2% for all UK comprehensives. Sutton Bonington is in the south of the district, which has the Sutton Bonington Campus of the University of Nottingham, Bingham, Medium-sized market town on the A52. Radcliffe on Trent, Village on the A52 within Greater Nottingham, Cotgrave, Once a small village part of Greater Nottingham, but grew to be a town due to the presence of the Cotgrave Colliery. East Leake, A large village with four pubs, old village centre including historic St. Marys Church, Keyworth, A large village with several pubs, old village centre and secondary school on the edge within Greater Nottingham. Ruddington, Once the largest village in England, it has an area, several housing estates, a golf course
20.
Broxtowe
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Broxtowe is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England, west of the City of Nottingham. The population of the district as taken at the 2011 Census was 109,487 and it is part of the Greater Nottingham metropolitan area. Broxtowes neighbour to the west is the borough of Erewash, which is in Derbyshire, additionally a small part of Wollaton falls within Broxtowe. The Broxtowe Estate is not within the borough, but within the boundaries of the City of Nottingham, Broxtowe has ten civil parishes of which three have town councils. The district formed on 1 April 1974 by a merger of the Beeston and Stapleford urban district, the boroughs name was derived from the old Broxtowe wapentake of Nottinghamshire, which covered a larger area. The district was granted borough status in 1977, the first elections to the council took place in 1973, with the Conservatives gaining control. The party held power until 1995 when it lost control to the Labour party, from 2003 no party had overall control. After the 2009 elections the Liberal Democrats led the council with Labour support, following the 2011 elections Labour led the council with Liberal Democrat support, but the Conservatives had the largest representation on the council. In the 2015 elections the Conservatives gained a majority, since boundary changes in 2015,44 councillors have been elected from 20 wards. Each ward returns one to three councillors to the Borough Council, depending on the wards electorate/population, below is a summary list of the 20 wards and the number of councillors they each elect in brackets. Since 1983 Broxtowe has also been a parliamentary constituency, the constituency boundaries do not exactly match the borough boundaries, with some wards of Broxtowe borough being in the Ashfield constituency. The area of the constituency was very different, including Hucknall and Kirkby in Ashfield. Broxtowe is twinned with Gütersloh in Germany, broxtowes main attraction that receives visitors from all over the world is D. H. Lawrence Heritage in Eastwood. A small local attraction is the Hemlock Stone in Stapleford
21.
Ashfield
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Ashfield is a local government district in western Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 UK census, it has a population of 111,387, the district is mostly urban and contains parts of both the Nottingham Urban Area and the Mansfield Urban Area. The area has a tradition of coal mining, there are three towns in the district, the largest being Sutton-in-Ashfield. In spring 1986, all departments, except for Direct Works and these offices provide civic accommodation for members, together with a Council Chamber and two Committee Rooms. District Offices have been maintained at Watnall Road, Hucknall, and Fox Street, Sutton-in-Ashfield, to cater for housing matters, elections to the district are held every 4 years, with currently 33 councillors being elected from 15 wards. For much of the history of the council the Labour party has had a majority, liberal Democrat Jason Zadrozny became the youngest Council Leader in England, until the Labour party took control of the council. The last election in 2011 saw Labour retake majority control of the council and after the election the council is composed of the following councillors, Ashfield District Council
22.
Gedling
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Gedling is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England, whose council is based in Arnold, north-east of Nottingham. The population at the 2011 Census was 113,543 and it is part of the Nottingham Urban Area. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by merging the Arnold and Carlton urban districts and it is named after the village of Gedling. Other settlements include Burton Joyce, Calverton, Colwick and Ravenshead, the Borough is one of contrasts, Arnold, has a significant amount of council housing, whereas properties in the Newstead Abbey area of the borough often retail at between £1 million and £3 million. The area is split into a commuter base and rural farmland. Arnold’s Bonington Theatre is named after the landscape painter Richard Parkes Bonington, the borough’s most famous former resident is Lord Byron who resided at Newstead Abbey. In the older part of Gedling is All Hallows Anglican Church and it dates from the 11th century, with the oldest part of the church dating back to 1089. The Mary Hardstaff Homes were built on Arnold Lane in 1936, Gedling Borough Council is elected every four years, with currently 50 councillors being elected at each election. The Conservative Party controlled the council from the first election in 1973 through to 1995, since then both the Conservative and Labour parties have controlled the council, including a period between the 2003 election and the 2007 election when the parties shared power. The more urban part of the borough adjoining Nottingham is in the Gedling constituency and this was held by the Conservatives from its creation in 1950 until 1997 when it was taken by the Labour Party. Vernon Coaker has been the Member of Parliament since then
23.
Newark and Sherwood
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Newark and Sherwood is a local government district and is the largest district in Nottinghamshire, England. The district is rural, with some large forestry plantations, the ancient Sherwood Forest. Many settlements in the west of the district, such as Ollerton are former mining villages. Southwell is a small Georgian town with a Minster, the south-eastern settlements are home to many people who commute into Nottingham for work. Newark-on-Trent, together with Balderton, forms the largest urban concentration, Newark-on-Trent has many important historic features including Newark Castle, Georgian architecture and a defensive earthwork from the British Civil Wars. It was originally known just as Newark, the name was changed by the council effective 1 April 1995
24.
Mansfield District
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Mansfield is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England. The district is entirely unparished apart from Warsop, which retains a parish council, following the previous elections in 2011, MIF lost overall control having held majority seats from the 2003 and subsequent 2007 elections. At the 2011 elections, Mayor Egginton was again successful, but only by a small margin of 67 votes based on AV – secondary voting –. The council initially comprised 26 Labour members and 10 Mansfield Independent Forum, no Liberal Democrats or Conservatives were elected. One Labour member – elected for the Park Hall ward – died shortly after the election, two Labour members – elected to the Bull Farm and Pleasley Hill and Yeoman Hill wards – then changed their allegencies, creating their own Labour 2011 party. The Mayor assembled his Cabinet from Independents and Labour 2011, and, despite Labour holding the majority with 24 members, there was no Labour presence on the Mayors Cabinet. At the May,2015 elections, Labour gained overall control and it was also announced that the former Managing Director had departed by mutual arrangement, with another Director fulfilling the role of interim Head of Paid Service, a legally-required position. Soon after, another Director, who was also the councils monitoring officer – again, in late October 2015, a further Labour member switched allegiance to Mansfield Independent Forum, tallying Labour 17, MIF Coalition 19. Mansfield Mansfield District Council elections Mayor of Mansfield Mansfield Mansfield District Council Home Page
25.
Bassetlaw
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Bassetlaw is the northernmost district of Nottinghamshire, England, with an estimated population of 114,143 according to the Mid-2014 estimate by the Office for National Statistics. The borough is rural, with two towns, Worksop, site of the borough offices, and Retford. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the boroughs of Worksop and East Retford and most of Worksop Rural District and it is named after the historic Bassetlaw wapentake of Nottinghamshire. The district council is now a non-constituent partner member of the Sheffield City Region Combined Authority, the two main settlements in Bassetlaw are Worksop and Retford. The two main settlements of Retford and Worksop are the areas of the district that are unparished. Bassetlaw is split into 25 separate wards for elections, the first elections to the council took place in 1973, with Labour gaining control. The party held power until 1976, with no party in control until 1979. Labour gained control again in 1979 and held control until 2004. From 2004 to 2006 no party had control, But in 2006 the Conservatives gained control of the council. John Mann, of the Labour party, has been MP of Bassetlaw since 2001, the constituency was created in 1885 by the Redistribution of Seats Act. Bassetlaw is a seat for the Labour Party, with them having held it since 1935. In fact, Labour first won the seat in the 1929 general election, however its Member of Parliament Malcolm MacDonald was one of the few Labour MPs to join his father Ramsay MacDonalds National Government. MacDonald held the seat as a National Labour candidate in the 1931 election, MPs,1935 Frederick Bellenger 1968 Joe Ashton 2001 John Mann Bassetlaw District Council was founded in 1973 with Labour first gaining control. From 1976 to 1979, no party had control, until the 1979 local elections in which Labour gained control. Labour controlled the council for 25 years, until once again no party had overall control, in 2006, the Conservatives gained control of the council, and held control until 2010 when a series of by-election defeats caused them to lose their majority. In 2011 Labour gained control of the council for the first time in seven years, one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election. Farmers Branch, Texas, USA Garbsen, Germany Pfungstadt, Germany Aurillac, France
26.
Nottingham
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Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England, located 128 miles north of London, in the East Midlands. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle and it was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination, in 2011, visitors spent over £1.5 billion - the thirteenth highest amount in Englands 111 statistical territories. In 2015, Nottingham had an population of 321,550 with the wider urban area. Its urban area is the largest in the east Midlands and the second largest in the Midlands, the population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000. Its metropolitan economy is the seventh largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $50. 9bn, the city is also ranked as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. It is also a sporting centre, and in October 2015 was named Home of English Sport. The city also has rugby, ice hockey and cricket teams, and the Aegon Nottingham Open. This accolade came just over a year after Nottingham was named as the UKs first City of Football, on 11 December 2015, Nottingham was named a Unesco City of Literature, joining Norwich, Melbourne, Prague and Barcelona as one of only a handful in the world. The title reflects Nottinghams literary heritage, with Lord Byron, DH Lawrence and it has two universities, the University of Nottingham and Nottingham Trent University, which are attended by over 70,610 students. In modern Welsh it is known poetically as Y Ty Ogofog, when it fell under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot it became known as Snotingaham, the homestead of Snots people. Some authors derive Nottingham from Snottenga, caves, and ham, Nottingham Castle was constructed in 1068 on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen. Following the Norman Conquest the Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall, a settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later, defences, consisted initially of a ditch and bank in the early 12th century. The ditch was later widened, in the mid 13th century, a short length of the wall survives, and is visible at the northern end of Maid Marian Way, and is protected as a Scheduled Monument. On the return of Richard the Lionheart from the Crusades, the Castle was occupied by supporters of Prince John and it was besieged by Richard and, after a sharp conflict, was captured. In the legends of Robin Hood, Nottingham Castle is the scene of the showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw. By the 15th century Nottingham had established itself as a centre of an export trade in religious sculpture made from Nottingham Alabaster
27.
Kenneth Clarke
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Kenneth Harry Clarke, CH, QC, often known as Ken Clarke, is a British Conservative politician who has represented Rushcliffe in Nottinghamshire as a Member of Parliament since 1970. As of February 2017 he is the Father of the House, Clarke has been described by the press as a Big Beast. He served in various British Cabinets as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Lord Chancellor and Justice Secretary, Education Secretary, Health Secretary and he has been the President of the Tory Reform Group since 1997. Clarke contested the Conservative Party leadership three times – in 1997,2001 and 2005 – being defeated each time, opinion polls indicated he was more popular with the general public than with his Party, whose generally Eurosceptic stance did not chime with his pro-European views. Notably, he is President of the Conservative Europe Group, Co-President of the pro-EU body British Influence, Clarkes time as a minister is the fifth-longest in the modern era, having spent over 20 years serving under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher, John Major and David Cameron. Clarke was born in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, and was christened with the name as his father, Kenneth Clarke. He attended Nottingham High School before going to Cambridge University to read Law at Cambridges Gonville and Caius College, Clarke had initially held Labour sympathies, his grandfather having been a Communist, but while at Cambridge he joined the Conservative Party. Clarke opposed the admission of women to the Union, and is quoted as saying upon his election, Cambridge should wait a year to see what happens before any decision is taken on admitting them. Clarke is deemed one of the Cambridge Mafia, a group of prominent Conservative politicians who were educated at Cambridge in the 1960s, after leaving Cambridge, Clarke was called to the bar in 1963 at Grays Inn and took silk in 1980. Clarke sought election to the House of Commons almost immediately after leaving university and his political career began by contesting the Labour stronghold of Mansfield in the 1964 and 1966 elections. In June 1970, at the age of 29, he won the East Midlands constituency of Rushcliffe, south of Nottingham, from Labour MP Tony Gardner. Along with Dennis Skinner, who has served continually since the 1970 general election. He is the subject of a portrait in oil commissioned by Parliament, Clarke first served in the government of Margaret Thatcher as Parliamentary Secretary for Transport and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport, and then Minister of State for Health. He joined the Cabinet as Paymaster-General and Employment Minister, and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of the DTI with responsibility for Inner Cities. While in that position, Clarke announced the sale to British Aerospace of the Rover Group, a new name for British Leyland, Clarke came to work with John Major very closely, and quickly emerged as a central figure in his government. In May 1993, seven months after the impact of Black Wednesday had terminally damaged Norman Lamonts credibility as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Major sacked Lamont and appointed Clarke in his place. Clarke enjoyed a successful record as Chancellor, as the economy recovered from the recession of the early 1990s. He reduced the rate of income tax from 25% to 23%, reduced UK Government spending as a percentage of GDP
28.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
29.
Vernon Coaker
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Vernon Rodney Coaker is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Gedling since 1997. Born in Westminster, London, Coaker attended Drayton Manor Grammar School in London and he studied for an Economics and Politics BA at the University of Warwick, then obtained a PGCE at Trent Polytechnic. Coaker worked as a teacher, becoming a History teacher at Manvers Pierrepont School from 1976 to 1982, from 1989 to 1995, he was a senior teacher at Bramcote Park School and thence until 1997 he was Deputy Headmaster at Big Wood School in Bestwood, Nottingham. He is a member of the NUT, Coaker served as a district councillor for the Cotgrave Ward in Rushcliffe, Nottinghamshire from 1983 to 1997 and was leader of the Labour group on the council between 1987 and 1997. He contested the Rushcliffe constituency seat in 1983 and he contested Gedling in 1987 and 1992 before defeating Andrew Mitchell in the 1997 election, becoming the first Labour MP to win the Gedling seat. After a number of Parliamentary Private Secretary roles, Coaker became a government whip in May 2005 having been as assistant whip since June 2003. He served as a Minister of State at the Home Office between 2008 and 2009 before being moving to take up the role of Minister of State for Schools and Learning between 2009 and 2010. Following the Labour defeat at the 2010 General Election, Coaker was appointed as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in October 2011, Coaker joined dozens of shadow ministers in resigning from his position on 26 June 2016 in Labours parliamentary disquiet over the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn. Coaker supports the modernisation of the UK Trident missile system, and he supports the multilateral disarmament of nuclear weapons. His admission was made during a tour to evaluate the effectiveness of the governments drugs strategy. He also supports people taking part in shooting sports and angling, in January 2010, Coaker apologised for remarks that misled MPs. He had earlier told MPs that 70 police officers were hurt as a result of a global warming protest at Kingsnorth power station, in fact there were only 12 injuries that were legally reportable with just four of those involving contact with another person. The remaining eight injuries included wasp sting, an injury while sitting in a car, there were 68 injuries in total with the rest being treated by first-aiders at the scene. The whole operation had involved more than 1,000 officers and he married Jacqueline Heaton on 23 December 1978 in Basford, the couple have a daughter and a son. His wife, who is a teacher, was a councillor in Cotgrave
30.
Gloria De Piero
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Gloria De Piero is a British Labour Party politician and journalist who has been the Member of Parliament for Ashfield since 2010. She was previously known for her work on GMTV, after serving as a shadow minister from October 2010, De Piero was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 2013 as Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities. In 2015 she was appointed Shadow Minister for Young People and Voter Registration and she resigned that position on 26 June 2016. De Piero was born in Bradford, Yorkshire and is of Italian descent and she lived in the working class area of south-west Bradford known as Wibsey, traditionally a Labour-voting area. She attended Marshfields Primary School in Little Horton then Priestman Middle School on Thornton Lane in Little Horton until 1986, from around the time De Piero was 10, neither of her parents were in employment owing to her fathers ill-health. She attended the Roman Catholic Yorkshire Martyrs Catholic College on Westgate Hill Street and she completed her A Levels at Bradford and Ilkley College, and joined Socialist Organiser and the Labour Party at 18. She was involved in the Labour Student campaign of 1996–97 at the national base and she later obtained an MSc in Social and Political Theory from Birkbeck, University of London in 2001. De Piero began her career in journalism as a researcher on Jonathan Dimblebys TV programme from 1997 to 1998, from 2003 to February 2010 she was political correspondent and a relief newsreader for GMTV. De Piero has also been a presenter on the Weekend Breakfast. In 2009 and 2010, De Piero acted as a guest presenter on the Five magazine show Live from Studio Five, in the absence of presenters Kate Walsh and Melinda Messenger. In February 2010, De Piero resigned from GMTV to seek selection as the Labour Partys candidate for the Ashfield constituency in the 2010 general election. The position became available following the announcement that the constituencys Labour MP, former Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon, on 20 March 2010, De Piero was selected by the local Labour Party as its candidate. She was elected by a margin to the seat with a majority of 192 votes after a 17. 2% swing to the Liberal Democrats Jason Zadrozny – the second largest such swing in the 2010 election. At the 2015 general election, De Piero held Ashfield with a majority of 8,820. In October 2010, Labour leader Ed Miliband appointed De Piero as a shadow culture minister, in the 2011 reshuffle, De Piero became Shadow Minister for Crime Prevention, and in 2013, she was promoted to the shadow cabinet as Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities. In 2015, De Piero was elected to the Labour Partys Conference Arrangements Committee with 109,888 votes, in new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyns first shadow cabinet, De Piero was made Shadow Minister for Young People and Voter Registration, a new shadow cabinet-level role. She resigned that role on 26 June 2016, among dozens of her colleagues, in 2010, The Mail on Sunday reported that De Piero had posed for topless photos aged 15. The issue re-emerged on 17 October 2013 when De Piero accused and objected to a news agency of attempting to acquire the photos for a national newspaper
31.
Lilian Greenwood
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Lilian Rachel Greenwood is a British Labour Party politician, who has been the Member of Parliament for Nottingham South since the 2010 general election. She was brought up in Bolton, Lancashire, where she attended Canon Slade School before going up to St. Catharines College, Cambridge and she moved to Southwell in Nottinghamshire in 1999. She worked in Nottingham for the public sector union, UNISON for 17 years prior to 2010. She was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the 2010 general election after the incumbent Labour MP, Alan Simpson and she was elected with 37. 3% of the vote, a majority of 4. 4% over her closest rival. In July 2010, she was appointed to the Transport Select Committee and she was subsequently appointed as an Assistant Whip. In late September 2011, she was asked by Ed Miliband to take the role of Shadow Minister of Transport, following the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party, on 14 September 2015 she was named as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport. Following the Brexit referendum, Greenwood resigned, among dozens of her colleagues
32.
Chris Leslie (politician)
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Christopher Michael Leslie is a British Labour Co-operative politician, who has been the Member of Parliament for Nottingham East since 2010. In 2015, between May and September, he served as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in the cabinet of Acting Labour leader Harriet Harman and he was formerly the MP for Shipley from 1997 to 2005 and a minister in the Department for Constitutional Affairs from 2001 to 2005. Between 2005 and his 2010 re-election, he worked as the director of the New Local Government Network think-tank, born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, Leslie went to Bingley Grammar School. He gained a BA in Politics & Parliamentary Studies in 1994, from 1994 to 1996 he was an office administrator, going on to become a political research assistant in Bradford in 1996–97. He was elected to Parliament a month before his 25th birthday, Leslie won the seat of Shipley as a Labour Co-operative candidate in the 1997 general election by beating Marcus Fox, the seats Conservative MP since 1970. In the process, he overturned a 12,382 majority and it was the neighbouring seat to his hometown of Keighley, another seat won by Labour from the Conservatives in 1997. Leslie was the Baby of the House upon first entering the Commons and he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Lord Falconer for three and a half years. Leslie held his seat again in 2001 with a majority of 1,428. Shortly before his 30th birthday, Leslie became a minister in the Cabinet Office in 2001 following the recent election. In 2002, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and he would then move to spend almost two years as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, working again under Falconer from 2003 to 2005. He never rebelled against a Government position during his first time in Parliament including voting in favour of the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and he subsequently lost his seat to the Conservatives candidate Philip Davies during the 2005 general election by fewer than 500 votes. Leslie led Gordon Browns successful campaign for the leadership of the Labour Party in 2007, having lost his seat in Shipley, in 2005 he became the director of the New Local Government Network, which was described in the Local Government Chronicle in 2001 as a Blairite think-tank. In the 2010 general election Christopher Leslie returned to Parliament representing Nottingham East and he supported Ed Balls for the leadership of the Labour Party during the 2010 leadership election following the resignation of Gordon Brown, voting also for David Miliband as his second preference. He replaced Stephen Timms, who was made Shadow Minister of State for Employment, on 7 October 2013 he was promoted to Shadow Cabinet, becoming Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury. In May 2015, he was promoted to Shadow Chancellor, replacing Ed Balls, Leslie supported Yvette Cooper in the 2015 Labour leadership election, and was critical of the economic policies of Jeremy Corbyn, calling them starry-eyed, hard left. On 12 September 2015, Leslie resigned from the Labour front bench following the election of Jeremy Corbyn as leader of the party, in February 2005, he married Nicola Murphy, a special adviser to Gordon Brown, in Westminster, having become engaged the previous year. In April 2016 Nicola Murphy founded Labour Tomorrow, an organisation that funds groups that oppose Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader, official website Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Chris Leslie Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
33.
John Mann (British politician)
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John Mann is a Labour Party politician in England who has been the Member of Parliament for Bassetlaw since the 2001 general election, after the retirement of previous MP Joe Ashton. John Mann serves on the Treasury Select Committee, previously he had been Parliamentary Private Secretary to Tessa Jowell and Richard Caborn. Mann is the son of James and Brenda Mann née Cleavin and he attended Waterloo Infants school and Pudsey Waterloo Junior school in Pudsey, Yorkshire, then won a County Council scholarship to Bradford Grammar School. Mann has a degree in Economics from the University of Manchester, active in the Labour Party from his youth, his activities have taken him from residence in London, to Lewes in East Sussex, Baldock in Hertfordshire and Worksop in Bassetlaw. He was chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students in 1983 and 1984, Mann Was national trade union officer for the 1997 General Election. He also ran a company organising international conferences, Mann is a member of Community and GMB, YHA, the British Mountaineering Council and the Co-operative Party. Mann was first elected as MP for Bassetlaw in 2001, Mann served on the Treasury Select Committee twice, 2003–2005, and 2009–2015, during which time he raised issues around debt, financial misselling and claims handlers. Some commentators have noted Manns reputation for asking questions, particularly of senior bank executives. John Mann was the first Labour MP to call for Gordon Brown to resign after the 2010 General Election, some months earlier, when Brown was Prime Minister, Mann had written an open letter demanding a number of changes to the Labour party structures. Mann was also vocal in criticising other MPs over the expenses scandal and he criticised the shredding of documents related to expenses before 2010, saying it looks like MPs trying to protect MPs again. He was also responsible for lodging the complaint that resulted in an inquiry into Maria Millers expense claims, in 2014 Mann was responsible for compiling a dossier of historic allegations of child abuse, detailing allegations of 12 former ministers that may have been involved. He said he believes some of them were definitely child abusers, Mann was from the outset an opponent of Jeremy Corbyns leadership. In 2016, Mann opposed a leadership contest, calling for a period of reflection after the referendum, Mann announced he would vote to leave the EU in the June 2016 referendum, saying he believed Labour voters fundamentally disagree with Labours official stance. John Mann chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism, the Group commissioned the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism in 2005. The cross-party inquiry panel gathered written and oral evidence on antisemitism in Britain, in May 2009 John Mann received the American Jewish Committees Jan Karski Award in recognition of his commitment to fighting antisemitism in all of its forms. As Chair of the Inter-Parliamentary Coalitiom for Combating Antisemitism, John Mann MP has overseen three landmark conferences - in the UK, Canada and Germany. This year the conference, which was addressed by German Chancellor Angela Merkel, John Mann wrote in The Jewish Chronicle in early May, If Labour cannot combat racism then we are nothing – and racism always includes antisemitism. If we cannot do that now, then we have no reason to exist, on 28 April 2016, Mann publicly confronted Ken Livingstone over comments in which Livingstone had claimed that Hitler was supporting Zionism before he went mad and ended up killing six million Jews
34.
Robert Jenrick
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Robert Edward Jenrick is an English Conservative Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament for Newark since 2014. Jenrick attended Wolverhampton Grammar School before reading History at St Johns College, Cambridge and he was Thouron Fellow in Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania from 2003–2004. He subsequently studied law, gaining a diploma in law from The College of Law in 2005. In November 2013, Jenrick was selected as his partys parliamentary candidate for the Conservative stronghold of Newark. At a by-election held on 5 June 2014, he regained the seat for the Conservatives with a majority of 7,403, shortly after his election, Jenrick was elected to the House of Commons Health Committee. In Parliament, Robert Jenrick is Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on International Trade & Investment, Vice Chairman of the Groups on China, France and on Cultural Protection. He campaigned for a change in the law to tackle the illicit trade in antiquities, in his constituency, Robert Jenrick has campaigned for improvements in education and social mobility. He developed and campaigned for the establish of a school in Newark which was granted as the last act of the then out-going Prime Minister David Cameron. The new school will open in September 2017 and he has argued for infrastructure investments in and around Newark, including the proposed Newark A46 Northern By-Pass, which is currently being planned by Highways England. In February 2016, Channel 4 News broadcast a story alleging overspending in Jenricks 2014 by-election victory, Jenrick said he was very confident his election expenses had been compiled in complete compliance with the law. Nottinghamshire Police took no action on these claims as too much time had passed since the alleged offence, Jenrick was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum. Jenrick attended US President Donald Trump’s inauguration in January 2017, during the Newark by-election campaign, Jenrick was attacked in a personal campaign by UKIPs candidate Roger Helmer for owning several properties. Chris Grayling, the Justice Secretary, defended Jenrick, insisting that being self-made, the Jenricks bought the Grade I listed Eye Manor in Eye, Herefordshire, for £1. 1 million in 2009. They also own a £2.5 million house in Vincent Square, Westminster, official website Profile at the Conservative Party Profile at the Parliament of the United Kingdom Voting record at Public Whip
35.
Anna Soubry
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Anna Mary Soubry is a British Conservative Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament for Broxtowe in Nottinghamshire since the 2010 general election, Soubry was Minister for Small Business from the 2015 general election until July 2016, also attending meetings of the Cabinet, but has now returned to the backbenches. She had previously served as a minister at the Ministry of Defence. The Independents Simon Carr has stated that she has a record of free speech. Soubry was born, the daughter of David Soubry, a Nottinghamshire garage-owner, in Lincoln Hospital, Lincolnshire and was brought up in Dunham-on-Trent and Clumber Park, Soubry attended the Henry Hartland Grammar school from 1968 to 1970. In 1970 it became the Hartland Comprehensive and she stayed there until 1975 and she graduated in law from the University of Birmingham in 1979. Soubry was involved in student politics in the 1970s, becoming the only Conservative member of the National Union of Students executive committee, Soubry also presented and reported Granada Televisions This Morning in the late 1980s. She returned to Liverpools Albert Dock in October 2013 for the This Morning 25-year anniversary party and she was called to the bar in 1995 and is a member of the Criminal Bar Association. Soubry was the Conservative Party candidate for the Gedling constituency in the United Kingdom general election of 2005, during the campaign she said she was ashamed of living in Nottingham because it had a bad reputation for crime. She said she wasnt ashamed of the people of Nottingham, but was ashamed of what had happened to the city, Soubry was chosen as an A-List candidate and in 2006 was selected for the nearby Broxtowe Parliamentary seat. In a debate in front of sixth formers in 2006, she said an honest debate was needed to people taking Class A drugs. Soubry was one of the 49% of Conservative MPs who were elected to Parliament at the 2010 general election and she was considered one of the most formidable communicators of the new intake by Nicholas Watt of The Guardian, but is not a Thatcherite. In June 2010, Soubry was elected as a Conservative member of the Justice Select Committee, Soubry was a strong supporter of the Equal Marriage Bill stating at the time that she was very much in favour of legalising Same Sex Marriage. She voted in favour of the Marriage Act 2013 at both readings, David Thornhill of the Campaign for Better Transport expressed astonishment at her opinion and said the tram was definitely better value for money. Soubry said she was pro-tram, but that the route through her constituency was fundamentally flawed. Broxtowe Conservatives had always opposed the route, a subsequent report by the Campaign identified Nottingham as the least car dependent city in England and noted the expanding tram system. Collins subsequently agreed to meet her, and the outcome was a review into the packages available for affected businesses. The man, who was 20 at the time, was president of the University of Nottingham Conservative Association, Soubry said she was aware of his background but he had made a full apology and regretted doing something so stupid
36.
Nottinghamshire Police
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Nottinghamshire Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing the shire county of Nottinghamshire and the unitary authority of Nottingham in the East Midlands of England. The area has a population of just over 1 million, the force headquarters are found at Arnold. As of March 2013 the force had an establishment of 2,095 police officers, the Chief Constable is Chris Eyre, who has held the post since September 2012. Nottinghamshire Police Authority was disbanded on 15 November 2012 when the first Police, paddy Tipping was named as Nottinghamshire Police and Crime Commissioner on 16 November 2012. The Police Area covers the county of Nottinghamshire, which contains the following local authorities. Nottinghamshire Constabulary was established in 1840, the following year it absorbed Retford Borough Police. In 1947 it absorbed Newark-on-Trent Borough Police, in 1968 it amalgamated with Nottingham City Police to form Nottinghamshire Combined Constabulary. In 1965, Nottinghamshire Constabulary had an establishment of 1,026 officers, proposals made by the Home Secretary in March 2006 would have seen the force merge with the other four East Midlands forces to form a strategic police force for the entire region. However, in July 2006 the proposed merger was cancelled, in June 2006, the force was declared effective and efficient by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary after five years of intense scrutiny. In 2009, an assessment carried out by the government ranked the forces operational area as the third worst in the country. In March 2010, the HMIC rated the force as poor in three reviewed areas of, Local Policing, Confidence and Protecting from Harm, Nottinghamshire Police were the only force in England & Wales to receive such a rating. Although the HMIC did not attempt to place the 43 police forces in England & Wales in a comparable league table. The media portrayed the analysis as showing the force as the worst in England & Wales, 1860-1865 Joseph Hedington 1865-1869 John Freeman 1869-1872 Captain F. Parry 1872-1881 Major W. H. Poyntz 1881-1892 Samuel Stevens 1892-1912 Phillip Stephen Clay 1912-1930 Lt. Col. F. Lemon 1930-1959 Captain Athelstan Popkess 1960-1968 Thomas Moore OBE 1968-1970 J. E. S
37.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
38.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
39.
South Yorkshire
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South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and it has an area of 1,552 square kilometres and consists of four metropolitan boroughs, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 with Barnsley as its county town. The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the UK, South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshires two largest cities. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant, South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic house dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period, the main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north, there were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield. The proximity of the iron and coal made this an ideal place for steel manufacture. Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists National Union. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report, the Royal Commissions 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. Redcliffe-Mauds recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970, the Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council had been running since elections in 1973, South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements
United Kingdom
England
Nottinghamshire County Council
Nottinghamshire
