1.
Paper size
–
Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, the A and B series of ISO216, which includes the commonly used A4 size, are the standard used by almost every country. In some areas under strong US influence, Letter is more prevalent, Paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The international standard for envelopes is the C series of ISO269, the international paper size standard is ISO216. It is based on the German DIN476 standard for paper sizes, ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of square root of 2, or approximately 1,1.4142. There are different series, as well as several extensions, the following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets, A3, A4, A5, B4, B5. The base A0 size of paper is defined as having an area of 1 m2, rounded to the nearest millimetre, that is 841 by 1,189 millimetres. Successive paper sizes in the series A1, A2, A3 and this also effectively halves the area of each sheet. The most frequently used paper size is A4 measuring 210 by 297 millimetres, folded brochures of any size can be made by using sheets of the next larger size, e. g. A4 sheets are folded to make A5 brochures. The system allows scaling without compromising the aspect ratio from one size to another—as provided by office photocopiers, similarly, two sheets of A4 can be scaled down and fit exactly on 1 sheet without any cutoff or margins. The behavior of the ratio is easily proven, on a sheet of paper, let a be the long side and b be the short side, thus. When the sheet of paper is folded in half widthwise, let c be the length of the new short side, c = a/2. If we take the ratio of the folded paper we have, b c = b a 2 =2 a b =22 =2 Therefore. The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of √2 were first noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France on proposition of the mathematician Lazare Carnot, early in the 20th century, Dr Walter Porstmann turned Lichtenbergs idea into a proper system of different paper sizes. Porstmanns system was introduced as a DIN standard in Germany in 1922, even today, the paper sizes are called DIN A4 in everyday use in Germany and Austria. The DIN476 standard spread quickly to other countries, by 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in the world except the United States, in Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and the Philippines, the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard
Paper size
–
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series and a comparison with American letter and legal formats.
2.
Dmitry Muratov
–
Dmitry Muratov is the editor-in-chief of the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta. The Novaya Gazeta has been called the only truly critical newspaper with national influence in Russia today by the Committee to Protect Journalists, the journal is known for its thorough reporting on sensitive topics such as governmental corruption and human rights violations. In 2007, he won an International Press Freedom Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists, the award is given to journalists who show courage in defending press freedom in the face of attacks, threats or imprisonment. On January 18,2010, he received the Legion of Honor order, Frances highest decoration, on May 29,2010 he received for the Novaya Gazeta the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech in Middelburg, the Netherlands
Dmitry Muratov
–
Dmitry Muratov at a ceremony
3.
Liberalism
–
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
Liberalism
–
The
Agreement of the People (1647) was a manifesto for political change, proposed by the
Levellers during the
English Civil War. It called for
freedom of religion, frequent convening of
Parliament and equality under the law.
Liberalism
–
John Locke was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the right to
private property and the
consent of the governed.
Liberalism
–
The
Bill of Rights was a landmark piece of liberal legislation.
Liberalism
–
The
Philadelphia Convention in 1787 adopted the
United States Constitution, which is still in effect.
4.
Russian language
–
Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
Russian language
–
Russian language street sign in
Russia.
Russian language
–
Russian minimarket in
Limassol, Cyprus; translation: "Teremok market. Russian goods. Phone number: 96 74 19 63"
Russian language
–
This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter
П.
Russian language
–
The
Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest
East Slavic book known, one of many medieval
illuminated manuscripts preserved in the
Russian National Library.
5.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
6.
Four Freedoms Award
–
The annual award is handed out in alternate years in New York, New York, by the Roosevelt Institute and in Middelburg, Netherlands, by the Roosevelt Stichting. The awards were first presented in 1982 on the centennial of President Roosevelts birth as well as the bicentennial of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands, in 1990,1995,2003 and 2004 there were also special awards. In even years the ceremony is held in Middelburg and honours non-Americans. The choice of Middelburg was motivated by the suspected descendance of the family Roosevelt from Oud-Vossemeer in the municipality Tholen, the first is freedom of speech and expression — everywhere in the world. Roosevelt, January 6,1941 The second is freedom of person to worship God in his own way — everywhere in the world
Four Freedoms Award
–
President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, painted by
Frank O. Salisbury, 1947
Four Freedoms Award
–
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Four Freedoms Award
–
One of the medals
Four Freedoms Award
7.
Anna Politkovskaya
–
It was her reporting from Chechnya that made Politkovskayas national and international reputation. For seven years she refused to give up reporting on the war despite numerous acts of intimidation, Anna was arrested by Russian military forces in Chechnya and subjected to a mock execution. From 2000 onwards, she received international awards for her work. In 2004, she published Putins Russia, an account of Russia for a Western readership. On 7 October 2006, she was murdered in the elevator of her block of flats, in June 2014 five men were sentenced to prison for the murder, but it is still unclear who ordered or paid for the contract killing. Politkovskaya was born Anna Mazepa in New York City in 1958, some sources say that her birth name was actually Hanna Mazeppa. Other sources state that she was born in Chernihiv region of Ukraine and her parents, Soviet diplomats at the United Nations, were Ukrainian. Politkovskaya spent most of her childhood in Moscow, she graduated from Moscow State Universitys school of journalism in 1980, while there, she defended a thesis about the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva and married fellow student Alexander Politkovsky. They had two children, Vera and Ilya, at first Alexander was better known, joining TV journalist Vladislav Listyev as one of the hosts on the late-night TV programme Vzglyad. Apart from her years, Politkovskaya spent no more than a few weeks outside Russia at any one time. She was a U. S. citizen and had a U. S. passport, Politkovskaya worked for Izvestia from 1982 to 1993 as a reporter and editor of the emergencies and accidents section. From 1994 to 1999, she worked as the assistant chief editor of Obshchaya Gazeta, headed by Yegor Yakovlev, where she wrote frequently about social problems, particularly the plight of refugees. From June 1999 to 2006, she wrote columns for the biweekly Novaya Gazeta and she published several award-winning books about Chechnya, life in Russia, and Russia under Vladimir Putin, including Putins Russia. Politkovskaya won a number of awards for her work and she also chronicled human rights abuses and policy failures elsewhere in the North Caucasus. One of her last investigations was into the mass poisoning of Chechen schoolchildren by a strong. This included Putins pursuit of the Second Chechen War, S the Chekists have become entrenched in power, we have let them see our fear, and thereby have only intensified their urge to treat us like cattle. The KGB respects only the strong and we of all people ought to know that. She also wrote, We are hurtling back into a Soviet abyss, all we have left is the internet, where information is still freely available
Anna Politkovskaya
–
Politkovskaya during a 2005 interview in Leipzig, Germany.
Anna Politkovskaya
–
Near her house,
Moscow, 2006
Anna Politkovskaya
–
Grave of Anna Politkovskaya at the
Troyekurovskoye Cemetery in Moscow
8.
Anastasia Baburova
–
Anastasia Baburova was a journalist for Novaya Gazeta and a student of journalism at Moscow State University. She was born in Sevastopol, Ukraine, a member of Autonomous Action, she investigated the activities of neo-Nazi groups. She was shot and killed together with human rights lawyer Stanislav Markelov, Anastasia Baburova was the only child of her parents Eduard Fyodorovich Baburov and Larisa Ivanovna Baburova who were both professors at the Sevastopol National Technical University. In 2000, she began studying at the Management-Faculty of the Black Sea branch of the Moscow State University in Sevastopol, together with her mother she became a Russian citizen in the year 2000. She went to Moscow in 2001 and became a student in law at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. In 2003, she married a fellow student, Alexander Frolov. In 2004, Baburova became a journalist student at the Moscow State University, along with her studies, she worked as a freelance journalist for Vechernyaya Moskva, Rossiyskaya Gazeta and Izvestia. In the summer of 2007, Baburova and Frolov divorced, beginning in October 2008, she investigated Russian Neo-Nazi Groups for Novaya Gazeta. Besides Russian and Ukrainian, which she considered her native languages, she also spoke English and they waved Sieg Heil towards the tram and ran off. Baburova was active in the anarchist environmentalist movement, in July 2008, Baburova participated in a demonstration against the felling of the Khimkinsky Forest. For her involvement in another protest against the eviction of former factory workers from the Moscow factory, Smena. The day before her murder, Anastasia appeared at the anarcho-communist unity event Autonomous Action, earlier she had written an article on behalf of the journal Avtonom. Baburova became the fourth Novaya Gazeta journalist to be killed since 2000, Baburova died a few hours after the attack at a Moscow hospital. Then President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko sent her parents a condolence telegram on 23 January 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev gave his condolences 6 days later. On 26 January 2009, Baburova was buried in the city cemetery of her home town of Sevastopol. In November 2009, Russian authorities declared the end of the criminal investigation, the murder suspects were 29-year-old Nikita Tikhonov and his girlfriend, 24-year-old Eugenia Khasis, members of a radical neo-Nazi nationalistic group. According to investigators, Tikhonov was the one who committed the murder, while Khasis reported to him, by cell phone, the motive of the murder was revenge for Markelovs prior work as a lawyer in the interests of anti-Russian activists. The murder suspects were arrested, and were reported to have confessed, in May 2011, Tikhonov was sentenced to life imprisonment, and Khasis was sentenced to 18 years in prison
Anastasia Baburova
–
Anastasia Baburova
9.
Mikhail Gorbachev
–
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 and he was the countrys head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family and he graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party, in 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief interregna of Andropov and Chernenko, before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in Western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level. Gorbachevs policies of glasnost and perestroika and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War. He was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 and this was Gorbachevs third attempt to establish a political party, having started the Social Democratic Party of Russia in 2001 and the Union of Social Democrats in 2007. Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family of migrants from Voronezh, as a child, Gorbachev experienced the Soviet famine of 1932–1933. He recalled in a memoir that In that terrible year nearly half the population of my village, Privolnoye, starved to death. Both of his grandfathers were arrested on charges in the 1930s. His father was a combine harvester operator and World War II veteran and his mother, Maria Panteleyevna Gorbacheva, was a kolkhoz worker. He was brought up mainly by his Ukrainian maternal grandparents, in his teens, he operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law, in 1967 he qualified as an agricultural economist via a correspondence masters degree at the Stavropol Institute of Agriculture. While at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and soon very active within the party. Gorbachev met his wife, Raisa Titarenko, daughter of a Ukrainian railway engineer. They married in September 1953 and moved to Stavropol upon graduation and she gave birth to their only child, daughter Irina Mikhailovna Virganskaya, in 1957. Raisa Gorbacheva died of leukemia in 1999, Gorbachev has two granddaughters and one great granddaughter. Gorbachev attended the important twenty-second Party Congress in October 1961, where Nikita Khrushchev announced a plan to surpass the U. S. in per capita production within twenty years, Gorbachev rose in the Communist League hierarchy and worked his way up through territorial leagues of the party
Mikhail Gorbachev
–
Gorbachev in 1987
Mikhail Gorbachev
–
Gorbachev in 1966
Mikhail Gorbachev
–
U.S. President
Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev shaking hands at the American-Soviet summit in Washington, D.C., in 1987
Mikhail Gorbachev
–
Gorbachev at the
Brandenburg Gate in 1986 during a visit to
East Germany
10.
Nobel Peace Prize
–
Per Alfred Nobels will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year, the prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, the Norwegian Nobel Institute, and the Parliament. Due to its nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history. Alfred Nobels will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category, as he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear, some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobels way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime, ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company and it is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobels death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, the Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was again in 2010 with 237 nominations, in 2011. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for review is created. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a decision, but this is not always possible. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year, the Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount, as of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK
Nobel Peace Prize
–
Alfred Nobel
Nobel Peace Prize
–
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
–
The
Norwegian Nobel Institute in
Oslo, Norway
Nobel Peace Prize
–
The
14th Dalai Lama and
Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize laureates
11.
Sergey Pugachyov
–
Sergei Viktorovich Pugachev, also spelled Sergey Pugachyov, is an international investor, public activities, politics, citizen of the French Republic. Doctor of Technical Sciences, full member of the International Engineering Academy, writer of 3 monographs and 40 research papers. From 1991 to 1994 resided in USA, from 1994 to the present lives in France, major projects in the United States, France, Luxembourg, Russia and the United Kingdom. The billionaire Pugachev is an influential figure in Russian politics. From the end of the 80s he took a business role. From 1991 to 1994 he lived with his family in America, making visits to Russia. In the 90s, he was a member of the circle of the first President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin. Pugachev, played in the film by Gregory Hlady, in 1991 S. V. Pugachev established one of the first cooperative banks in the USSR, the Northern Commercial Bank. In 1993 he sold his share, in 1992 he organized one of the leading banks in the RF — International Industrial Bank. At the end of the 90s he acquired Yenisei Industrial Company, in the process of exploration and experimental production together with the worlds leading mining companies the largest coking coal deposit in the world was opened up. In 2000 Yenisei Industrial Company obtained a licence for exploration and production of coal at the Elegest deposit, at the start of the 2000s he consolidated his assets under the management of the United Industrial Corporation the total value was more than 12 billion US dollars. In 2004, the controlled by Pugachev signed an investment agreement for an ambitious project for reconstruction. From 2010 to 2014, all of the Senators Russian assets were expropriated, in 2011, at the request of Sergei Pugachev, criminal proceedings were instituted in France concerning extortion and threats from the senior staff of DIA. In 2012, he notified the Russian authorities about the preparation of the claim in the International tribunal in The Hague, in December 2013, the Russian government filed a claim about the accountability of Pugachev for subsidiary responsibility in the Moscow Court of Arbitration. At the end of 2014, the Russian Interpol bureau posted on its information about Sergei Pugachev being wanted. In 2013, criminal proceedings were instituted against Pugachev in the Russian Federation, in June 2014, the Russian Federation appealed in the London High Court concerning interim measures in support of a subsidiary civil suit in the Moscow arbitration court. On 2 March 2015, Judge Smith prohibited Pugachev from travelling outside England and Wales and ordered all his passports, in May 2015, Scotland Yard personnel found explosive devices under Pugachevs car. Investigation of this case was taken on by the Counter Terrorism Command, SO15, Sergei Pugachev has repeatedly been targeted by attacks, both in Russia and abroad
Sergey Pugachyov
12.
Bank of New York
–
The Bank of New York was a global financial services company established in 1784 by the American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. It existed until its merger with the Mellon Financial Corporation on July 2,2007, the company now continues under the new name of The Bank of New York Mellon or BNY Mellon. The Bank of New York was founded on June 9,1784, Alexander Hamilton wrote the new banks constitution, and became the individual most actively involved in the organization of The Bank of New York, guiding it through its early stages. The bank opened for business at the Walton House in Lower Manhattan only a few months after the departure of British troops from American soil and it opened with a capitalization of $500,000. William Seton, future father-in-law of Saint Elizabeth Seton, was named director in 1786,1792, The Bank of New York was the first corporate stock to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. 1922, The Bank merged with the New York Life Insurance & Trust Company,1948, The Bank acquired The Fifth Avenue Bank. 1966, The Bank acquired the Empire Trust Company,1968, The Bank formed its holding company, The Bank of New York Company, Inc. 1990s, The Bank acquired the National Community Banks in New Jersey,2003, The Bank of New York acquired Pershing LLC, a provider of correspondent clearing and outsourcing services for broker dealers, asset managers. That same year, the Bank integrated Lockwood Financial Services, Inc. into Pershing, creating one of the largest providers of managed account programs with client assets totaling nearly US$18 billion. Late 2005, The Bank of New York settled with federal regulators for US$38 million regarding a money laundering scandal that began in 1996. The illegal operation involved two Russian emigres—one who was a Vice President of the bank—moving over US$7 billion via hundreds of wires, and ended in the prosecution of at least nine individuals. April 7,2006, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. announced they would swap their corporate trust unit for Bank of New York Co. s retail, may 2007, Russia filed a US$22.5 billion lawsuit against the bank for money laundering. The suit was settled for $14 million. Talks of a merger began when Tom Renyi approached Robert Kelly about an amalgamation between the Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation. The US$16.5 billion deal was finalized on July 1,2007, with Kelly as the Chief Executive Officer of the new company, and Renyi as Executive Chairman. Per the deal, the new Board of Directors is composed of ten directors appointed by the Bank of New York, the Bank of New York Mellon launched its new brand identity as on October 1,2007. In October,2011, the Justice Department and New Yorks attorney general filed civil lawsuits against the Bank of New York, the suits hold that the bank deceived pension-fund clients by manipulating the prices assigned to them for foreign currency transactions. Allegedly, the selected the days lowest rates for currency sales and highest rates for purchases
Bank of New York
–
Bank of New York at
48 Wall St.
Bank of New York
–
Madison Avenue branch
13.
Russian ruble
–
The Russian ruble is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks, the ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union. Today apart from Russia, Belarus and Transnistria uses currencies with the same name, the ruble was the worlds first decimal currency, it was decimalised in 1704 when the ruble became legally equal to 100 kopeks. In 1992 the Soviet ruble was replaced with the Russian ruble at the rate 1 SUR =1 RUR. In 1998 following the crisis, the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new code RUB. Today, although RUB being the code of the Russian ruble. The ruble is the oldest national currency after the Pound sterling in the world, the ruble has been used on the Russian territories since the 13th century. The modern Russian ruble actually appeared in December 1991 in parallel with the Soviet ruble, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993. The Russian ruble with the ISO4217 code is RUR and number 810 replaced the Soviet ruble at the rate 1 SUR =1 RUR. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1,5,10,20,50 and 100 rubles, the coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend Банк России. It is exactly the same eagle, that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as a coat of arms for the Russian Republic. The 1 and 5 ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20 ruble coins in cupro-nickel, in 1993, aluminium-bronze 50 ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100 ruble coins were issued, and the material of 10 and 20 ruble coins s was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50 ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, as high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used. During this period the commemorative one ruble coin was regularly issued and it was practically identical in size and weight to a 5 Swiss franc coin. For this reason, there have been instances of ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland. In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1,3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes for 10,25,50 and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1,3 and 5 ruble notes and also introduced 200,500 and 1,000 ruble notes, although the 25 ruble note was no longer issued
Russian ruble
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5,000 rubles (2006)
Russian ruble
Russian ruble
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Russian ruble
Russian ruble
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Five hundred rubles featuring
Peter the Great and a
personification of
Mother Russia, 1912
14.
Krasnodar Krai
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Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar and it had a population of 5,226,647. The krai is sometimes referred to as Kuban, a term describing a region of southern Russia. The Republic of Adygea is completely encircled by the krai territory, the krais Taman Peninsula is situated between the Sea of Azov in the north and the Black Sea in the south. In the west, the Kerch Strait separates the krai from the Crimean Peninsula, at its widest extent, the krai stretches for 327 kilometers from north to south and for 360 kilometers from east to west. The krai is split into two parts by the Kuban River, which gave its name to this entire geographic region. The northern part is a zone which shares continental climate patterns. The height of the mountains exceeds 3,000 meters, with Mount Tsakhvoa being the highest at 3,346 meters, Mount Fisht, at 2,867 meters, is the Great Caucasus westernmost peak with a glacier. The Black Sea coast stretches from the Kerch Strait to Adler and is shielded by Caucasus Mountains from the northern winds. Numerous small mountain rivers flow in the areas, often creating picturesque waterfalls. Lake Abrau, located in the region of Abrau-Dyurso, is the largest lake in the northeastern Caucasus region. Lake Ritsa is considered to be one of the most picturesque lakes in the region, in 631, Kubrat was founded on the Kuban State and the Great Bulgar Khans dynasty began. The territory of Krasnodar Region from the 8th to the 10th centuries was part of the Khazars, after the defeat of the Khazar Khanate in 965 Kievan prince Svyatoslav conquered the area, it came under the rule of Kievan Rus, and it then formed the Tmutarakan principality. Later, due to the claims of Byzantium at the end of the 11th century. In that period of history, Russian Circassians first appeared under the name Kasogs, for example, Rededi Prince Kasozhsky was mentioned in The Tale of Igors Campaign. In 1243-1438 the current territory of the Kuban was part of the Golden Horde, after the collapse of the latter, parts of Kuban were held under the Crimean Khanate, Circassia, and the Ottoman Empire, which dominated the region. The Tsardom of Russia began to challenge the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire in the area during the Russian-Turkish wars, in April 1783, by decree of Catherine II, right-bank Kuban and Taman Peninsula were annexed to the Russian Empire. During the campaign for control of the North Caucasus to Russia in 1829 pushed the Ottoman Empire, border was marked on the Black Sea coast
Krasnodar Krai
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A hilly landscape near
Goryachy Klyuch
Krasnodar Krai
Krasnodar Krai
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Mount Tsakhvoa is the highest peak in Krasnodar Krai
Krasnodar Krai
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Pshadskiye Waterfalls
15.
Yulia Latynina
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Yulia Leonidovna Latynina is a Russian writer and journalist. She is a columnist for Novaya Gazeta and the most popular host at the Echo of Moscow radio station, Yulia Latynina has authored more than twenty books, including fantasy and crime fiction. Yulia Latynina was born in Moscow on 16 June 1966 and her father is poet Leonid Latynin and her mother is literary critic Alla Latynina. Yulia Latynina studied philology at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute from 1983 to 1988, in 1993, she defended her PhD at the Gorky Institute of World Literature. Latynina worked for periodicals Segodnya, Izvestia, Expert, Sovershenno Secretno, Ezhednevny Zhurnal and she also worked for television channels NTV, ORT, TVS and REN TV. Currently, she is a columnist for Novaya Gazeta and a host of the show Access Code at radio station Echo of Moscow, Latynina was a member of the Committee 2008. In 2007, Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera named her best foreign journalist in a ceremony dedicated to Maria Grazia Cutuli. In 2008, Yulia Latynina received the Freedom Defenders Award from the United States Department of State, Yulia Latynina is known for her sharp and polemic statements. She argues that universal suffrage is bad for poor countries and she also criticizes western liberalism and human rights organizations which she thinks prevent winning the War on Terror. Yulia Latynina is generally regarded as an opponent of Russian political establishment, but has also scolded supporters of Igor Sutyagin, lawyer Boris Kuznetsov, who represented Sutyagin, hinted that the Russian Federal Security Service benefited from her columns, which she vigorously denied. List of Russian-language novelists Biography at the official website A Superpower in What, Yulia Latynina at the Cato Institute Yulia Latynina at The Moscow Times Yulia Latynina at Novaya Gazeta Yulia Latynina at Echo of Moscow Yulia Latynina at Lib. ru Yulia Latynina at Goodreads
Yulia Latynina
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Yulia Latynina
Yulia Latynina
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Condoleezza Rice presents Latynina with the Freedom Defenders Award in 2008
16.
State Duma
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The State Duma in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square and its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma was introduced in 1906 and was Russias first elected parliament, the first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II to make it active were ineffective. Subsequently, each of these Dumas was dissolved only a few months. The third Duma was the one to last to the end of its 5-year term. After the 1907 electoral reform, the third Duma, elected in November 1907, was made up of members of the upper classes. The establishment of the Duma after the 1905 Revolution was to herald significant changes to the Russian autocratic system, in the December 1993 elections pro-Yeltsin parties won 175 seats in the Duma versus 125 seats for the left bloc. The balance of power lay with the sixty four deputies of the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, only parties that won more than five percent of the vote were given party-list seats, eight passed the threshold in 1993. In addition to eight parties, a pool of thirty five deputies was entitled to form a registered group to reflect regional or sectoral interests. Business was governed by a committee, the Duma Council. The most important task was dividing up the positions in the Duma’s twenty three committees, which was done as part of a power-sharing package deal. During the second half of the 1990s the Duma became an important forum for lobbying by regional leaders and businessmen looking for tax breaks and legislative favors. The work of the committees, such as those for defense, foreign affairs, or budget, attracted a good deal of media attention. In the early 2000s, following the 1999 parliamentary elections, the pro-presidential Unity party, a 2016 exposé by Dissernet showed that 1 in 9 members of the State Duma had obtained academic degrees with theses that were substantially plagiarized and likely ghostwritten. The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia, decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All bills are first approved by the State Duma and are debated and approved by the Federation Council. Relatively few roll call votes have been published that identify individual deputies votes, the votes of individuals are recorded only if the voting is open and the electronic method is used. While not all votes are officially roll call votes, every time a deputy electronically votes a computer registers the individual deputys vote, the State Duma forms committees and commissions
State Duma
State Duma
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State Duma Госуда́рственная ду́ма Gosudarstvennaya Duma
State Duma
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Duma Building on Manege square (right of photo).
State Duma
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Identity card of a Deputy of the State Duma (6th convocation: 2012—16)
17.
Sergey Kiriyenko
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Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko is a Russian statesman and politician. He served as the 31st Prime Minister of Russia from 23 March to 23 August 1998 under President Boris Yeltsin, between 2005 and 2016 he was the head of Rosatom, the state nuclear energy corporation. Sergei Kiriyenko, son of a Jewish father, was born in Sukhumi, the capital of the Abkhazian ASSR and he adopted Ukrainian surname of his mother. After graduation from school, Kiriyenko enrolled in the shipbuilding faculty at the Nizhny Novgorod Water Transport Engineers Institute. Kiriyenko was appointed Prime Minister after the dismissal of Viktor Chernomyrdins Second Cabinet, along with Deputy Prime minister Boris Nemtsov and Anatoly Chubais, Kirienko became known as one of young reformists. They tried to improve the Russias economy using International Monetary Fund credits, kirienkos cabinet defaulted the GKO-OFZ government bond coupons which led to devaluation of the Russian ruble and 1998 Russian financial crisis. Responsible for the crisis, the minister resigned on 23 August. The newspaper went on to claim that Kiriyenko had used some of the funds to purchase real estate in the United States. The Moscow newspaper, The eXile, announced it had sent the letter as a prank, together with Boris Nemtsov, and Irina Hakamada, Kirienko formed the Union of the Right forces. The party finished fourth on 1999 elections, Kirienko was appointed to head Rosatom, the Federal Atomic Energy Agency, on November 30,2005. He is also chairman of the board of directors of the vertically integrated Atomenergoprom nuclear company. He said on 18 September 2006 while in Vienna, that the reactor in the Bushehr nuclear plant in Iran should be operational by September 2007 and he advocated President Vladimir Putins idea of creating an international system of uranium enrichment centers. A uranium enrichment center could be operational in Russia in 2007, responding to a reporters question, Kiriyenko said that the Bushehr power plant would not affect nuclear non-proliferation and that there was nothing preventing Iran-Russia energy cooperation. The Government of Russia planned to deliver fuel to the plant in March 2007. Spent nuclear fuel from the plant will be sent back to Russia, sergei Kiriyenkos Cabinet Federal agency on atomic energy of Russia
Sergey Kiriyenko
–
Sergey Kiriyenko Серге́й Кирие́нко
18.
International Monetary Fund
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The International Monetary Fund is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D. C. It now plays a role in the management of balance of payments difficulties. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR477 billion, the rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets. The IMF provides alternate sources of financing and this assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the economy after the Great Depression. As well, to provide investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure. The IMFs role was altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971. It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy, the IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery. Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates and their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates. In addition, the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality, nonconcessional loans, which include interest rates, are provided mainly through Stand-By Arrangements, the Flexible Credit Line, the Precautionary and Liquidity Line, and the Extended Fund Facility. The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument to members facing urgent balance-of-payments needs, the IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries. This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international cooperation, the responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members’ policies. In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively, the system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country. It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals, some countries initially used the GDDS, but later upgraded to SDDS. The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform, if the conditions are not met, the funds are withheld. The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 Executive Board decision, conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment
International Monetary Fund
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IMF "Headquarters 1" in Washington, D.C.
International Monetary Fund
–
Coat of arms
International Monetary Fund
–
The Gold Room within the
Mount Washington Hotel where the
Bretton Woods Conference attendees signed the agreements creating the IMF and
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
–
First page of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, 1 March 1946. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives
19.
Prime Minister of Russia
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The official residence of the prime minister is Gorki-9 in Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast, but his working residence is in Moscow. Under Article 24 of the Federal Constitutional Law On the Government of the Russian Federation, the Russian Prime Minister is considered the second highest position in the government, after the President. Due to the role of the President of Russia in the political system. The use of the term Prime Minister is strictly informal and is never used by the Russian Constitution, Federal Laws, the current prime minister is Dmitry Medvedev of United Russia, who was appointed on May 8,2012. Since the office evolved rather than being created, it may not be totally clear-cut who was the first Prime Minister. However, these bodies had been only Advisory functions, and had no independence, the office of Chairman of those bodies were more decorative and do not bear any responsibility, besides, simultaneously the position of Chairman could hold several people. For example, from 1726 to 1727, the government headed by six people simultaneously, Alexander Menshikov, Fyodor Apraksin, Gavriil Golovkin, Andrey Osterman, Dmitry Golitsyn and Pyotr Tolstoy. From 1905 to 1917, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the modern post of Prime Minister appeared in 1905, after the transformation of the Committee of Ministers to the Council of Ministers. 6 November 1905, Sergei Witte was appointed the first Prime Minister of Russia, the position of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire, lasted 12 years, during this time,7 people took this post. The position was abolished after the Russian revolution, the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, during the Russian Provisional Government in 1917, the official title of the prime minister was Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government. This position was held by two people, Georgy Lvov and Alexander Kerensky. The position lasted about six months, and after the October Revolution, was replaced by Chairman of the Council of peoples Commissars of the Russian SFSR. In the era of the Soviet Union, the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars, people who held those positions are sometimes referred to as the prime ministers. They may have also referred to as Premier of Ministers. Currently, the title is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. After the election of Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia, the head of the government was personally Yeltsin and he headed the Russian SFSR Council of Ministers about six months. In fact, Yeltsin was the first Head of Government of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, after Yeltsin, Acting Prime Minister became Yegor Gaidar, but the Russian Supreme Soviet refused to approve him as Prime Minister. 14 December 1992, the Prime Minister was appointed Viktor Chernomyrdin, in general, the Prime Minister serves more of an administrative role, nominating members of the Cabinet and implementing domestic policy
Prime Minister of Russia
–
Incumbent
Dmitry Medvedev since 8 May 2012
Prime Minister of Russia
–
Coat of arms of the Russian Federation
20.
Colin Powell
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Colin Luther Powell is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. Powell was born in Harlem as the son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U. S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, Powell was born in New York City and was raised in the South Bronx. His parents, Luther and Maud Powell, immigrated to the United States from Jamaica, Powell was educated in the New York City public schools, graduating from the City College of New York, where he earned a bachelors degree in geology. He also participated in ROTC at CCNY and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1958 and his further academic achievements include a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University. Powell was a soldier for 35 years, during which time he held myriad command and staff positions. His last assignment, from October 1,1989 to September 30,1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during this time, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He also formulated the Powell Doctrine, following his military retirement, Powell wrote his best-selling autobiography, My American Journey. In addition, he pursued a career as a speaker, addressing audiences across the country. He was nominated by President Bush on December 16,2000 as Secretary of State, after being unanimously confirmed by the U. S. Senate, he was sworn in as the 65th Secretary of State on January 20,2001. Powell is the recipient of numerous U. S. and foreign military awards, several schools and other institutions have been named in his honor and he holds honorary degrees from universities and colleges across the country. Powell is married to the former Alma Vivian Johnson of Birmingham, the Powell family includes son Michael, daughters Linda and Anne, daughter-in-law Jane, and grandsons Jeffrey and Bryan. In 2016, while not a candidate, Powell received three votes for the office of President of the United States. Powell was born on April 5,1937, in Harlem and his parents were both of mixed African and Scots ancestry. Luther worked as a clerk and Maud as a seamstress. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, while at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up Yiddish from the eastern European Jewish shopkeepers and some of the customers. He also served as a Shabbos goy, helping Orthodox families with needed tasks on the Sabbath and he received his BS degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and has said he was a C average student. He later earned an MBA degree from the George Washington University in 1971, despite his parents pronunciation of his name as /ˈkɒlᵻn/, Powell has pronounced his name /ˈkoʊlᵻn/ since childhood, after the heroic World War II flyer Colin P. Kelly Jr
Colin Powell
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Powell's official portrait as the Secretary of State
Colin Powell
Colin Powell
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Powell in April 1989, as the
Commanding General of
FORSCOM.
Colin Powell
–
President
Ronald Reagan and National Security Advisor Powell in 1988
21.
Philip Crane
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Philip Miller Phil Crane was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005, at the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House. Crane was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Cora Ellen and George Washington Crane III and he was educated at Hillsdale College, the University of Vienna, and Indiana University, where he received a PhD in history in 1961. Crane served in the United States Army and he also attended DePauw University and the University of Michigan. His brother Dan Crane served alongside him as the Congressman from another Illinois district for three terms, another brother, David Crane, ran for Congress from Indiana a few times simultaneously with Phil and Dan. The brothers were dubbed the Kennedys of the Right, however, David never won a seat in Congress, and Dan ended up being defeated for re-election in 1984 due, in part, to his having sexual relations with a 17-year-old girl. Philip began to battle alcoholism, which he acknowledged after winning reelection in 2000. Crane was a dark horse candidate in a field of seven aspirants for the Republican nomination, despite the opposition of the Chicago North Shore GOP monied establishment, he prevailed, though by only 2,100 votes. He then won the election with 58 percent of the vote. He was handily elected to a term in 1970, and was reelected 16 times. His district number changed as Illinois lost congressional seats—from the 13th to the 12th to the 8th and his district was long considered the most Republican district in the Chicago area, if not in all of Illinois. He almost always won with 70 percent or more of the vote until the 1990s and this new group was known as the Republican Study Committee, and Crane served as its first chairman. He remained a member of the group for the remainder of his time in Congress, in 1970, Crane visited the South Vietnamese prison at Côn Sơn Island, and stated that the tiger cages were cleaner than the average Vietnamese home. In 1974 Crane helped initiate the first, and probably last public and this experience was shared by 12 congressmen and 100 journalists, and hosted by Mary Brooks, then director of the United States mint. From 1977 to 1979, Crane was the chairman of the American Conservative Union, during his tenure the group waged a nationwide campaign against President Jimmy Carters proposed cession of the Panama Canal and against the proposed SALT II arms limitation treaty with the USSR. As a result of efforts, the organizations budget, staff. In 1978, shortly before the election, Crane announced that he would be a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1980. This surprised many observers, as Crane had supported Ronald Reagan for president two years earlier, however, Crane did stay in the race after Reagans entry
Philip Crane
–
Phil Crane
Philip Crane
–
Rep. Phil Crane early in his congressional tenure
22.
Mike Pence
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Michael Richard Mike Pence is an American politician, lawyer, and the 48th Vice President of the United States. He previously served as the 50th Governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017, born and raised in Columbus, Indiana, Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice. After losing two bids for a U. S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990, he became a conservative radio and he served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011. Pence positioned himself as an ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement, noting he was a Christian, a conservative. Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions, including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the race, gender. He later signed an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people. Michael Richard Mike Pence was born June 7,1959, in Columbus, Indiana, one of six children of Nancy Jane and Edward J. Pence and his family were Irish Catholic Democrats. He was named after his grandfather, Richard Michael Cawley, who emigrated from County Sligo, Ireland, to the United States through Ellis Island and became a bus driver in Chicago and his maternal grandmothers parents were from Doonbeg, County Clare. Pence graduated from Columbus North High School in 1977 and he earned a BA degree in history from Hanover College in 1981, and a JD degree from the Indiana Universitys Robert H. McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis in 1986. While at Hanover, Pence joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, after graduating from Hanover, Pence was an admissions counselor at the college from 1981 to 1983. In his childhood and early adulthood, Pence was a Roman Catholic, kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. While in college, Pence became an evangelical, born-again Christian, after graduating from law school in 1986, Pence was an attorney in private practice. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in 1988 and in 1990. He became the president of the Indiana Policy Review Foundation, a self-described free-market think tank in 1991, Pence left the Indiana Policy Review Foundation in 1993, a year after beginning to host The Mike Pence Show, a talk radio program based in WRCR-FM in Rushville, Indiana. Pence called himself Rush Limbaugh on decaf since he considered himself politically conservative while not as outspoken as Limbaugh, the show was syndicated by Network Indiana and aired weekdays 9 a. m. to noon on 18 stations throughout the state, including WIBC in Indianapolis. From 1995 to 1999, Pence also hosted a political talk show from Indianapolis. In 1988, Pence ran for Congress against Democratic incumbent Phil Sharp and he ran against Sharp again in 1990, quitting his job in order to work full-time in the campaign, but once again was unsuccessful. During the race, Pence used political donations to pay the mortgage on his house, his credit card bill, groceries, golf tournament fees
Mike Pence
–
Mike Pence
Mike Pence
–
Governor Mike Pence speaking at the 2015
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland on February 27, 2015.
Mike Pence
–
Mike Pence at the
Indianapolis 500 Festival Parade, 2015
23.
Charlie Norwood
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Charles Whitlow Charlie Norwood, Jr. D. D. S. was an American politician and dentist, serving as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 until his death in 2007. At the time of his death, Norwood was the Representative of the 10th District of Georgia, born in Valdosta, Georgia, Norwood graduated from Baylor School, then a military academy, in Chattanooga, TN. He then attended Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, GA and Georgetown University in Washington, before entering the House, Norwood operated a successful dentistry practice in Augusta. He married his wife, Gloria, in 1962 and they had two sons, Charles and Carlton, and lived in Evans, Georgia, a suburb of Augusta. Norwood served as a Captain in the United States Army from 1967 to 1969, beginning with an assignment to the U. S. Army Dental Corps at Sandia Army Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1968 he was transferred to the Medical Company of the 173rd Airborne Brigade in Vietnam, and served a tour at Quin Yon, An Khe. During his tour, he participated in experimental military dental practices that are now standard procedure for the armed forces, Norwood was one of the first participants in the Armys outreach program that delivered dentists to forward firebases in lieu of transferring patients to rear treatment areas. He provided some of the first field-based dental treatment of military guard dogs, in recognition of his service under combat conditions, Norwood was awarded the Combat Medical Badge and two Bronze Stars. After Vietnam, Norwood was assigned to the Dental Corps at Fort Gordon, Georgia and he remained a member of the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Military Order of the World Wars until his death. In late 1993, Norwood sold his practice to run for Congress in the 1994 elections as a Republican in the Augusta-based 10th District. In that election, he routed freshman Democratic incumbent Don Johnson by a shocking 31-point margin—one of the largest margins of defeat of the 1994 election cycle and he became the first Republican to represent his northeastern Georgia district since Reconstruction. Norwood was nearly defeated in 1996, winning by four points. He easily turned back spirited challenges in 1998 and 2000, to make up for the loss in population, Norwoods district picked up some more Republican territory in the North Georgia mountains. Norwood was reelected from this now heavily Republican district with 73 percent of the vote, in 2004, Norwood received 74 percent of the vote against Democrat Bob Ellis. In 2006, his district was renumbered the 10th once again, Athens was home to Democratic 12th District Congressman John Barrow, and Barrow was forced to move to Savannah rather than face certain defeat. Norwood was handily reelected, taking 68 percent of the vote against Democrat Terry Holley, Norwood was a staunch supporter of tight immigration control, and called for putting nearly 40,000 troops on the U. S. -Mexico border. He co-wrote a provision to the recent Deficit Reduction Act that bars illegal aliens from getting Medicaid, the Washington Post wrote the following in a summary of his career, In 2004, Norwood underwent a lung transplant due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In December 2006, he underwent chemotherapy for cancer, which had spread to his liver, the disease was believed to be caused by the immunosuppressants Norwood had to take due to the lung transplant
Charlie Norwood
–
Charlie Norwood
Charlie Norwood
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This plaque commemorates the re-dedication of the
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center and sits at the main entrance of the "uptown" facility.
24.
Dan Burton
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Danny Lee Dan Burton is an American politician. Representative for Indianas 5th congressional district, and previously the 6th district and he is a member of the Republican Party and the Tea Party Caucus. Burton was born in Indianapolis, the son of Bonnie L. and his father, a former policeman, was abusive to his mother, and never held a job for very long. The family moved constantly, living in parks, cabins. In June 1950, some years after the couple divorced, his mother went to the police and he responded by kidnapping Burtons mother. Burton and his brother and sister were briefly sent to the Marion County Childrens Guardian Home. After his mother escaped, Burtons father went to jail for two years, Burtons mother remarried, and Burton and his younger brother and sister had happier teenage years. Burton worked as a caddy at a country club in order to make ends meet. He graduated from Shortridge High School in 1957, and attended Indiana University and he served in the United States Army from 1956 to 1957, before leaving active duty to return to college but remained in the Army Reserves from 1957 to 1962. After school, Burton became a real estate broker and he founded the Dan Burton Insurance Agency in 1968. Burton was a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968 and again from 1977 to 1980, Burton first ran for Congress in 1970, losing to Democratic incumbent Andy Jacobs in Indianas 11th congressional district. Burton ran again in 1972, losing in the Republican primary to William Hudnut, after the 1980 census, the Republican-controlled state legislature reconfigured the 6th District into a heavily Republican district focused on the suburbs north of Indianapolis. The districts four-term Democratic incumbent, David W. Evans, opted to challenge Jacobs in the Democratic primary rather than face certain defeat. Burton jumped into the Republican primary halfway into his stint in the state senate. He then defeated Democrat George Grabianowski in the general election 65%–35% and he would be reelected 14 times, never dropping below 62% in a general election. His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 2000 census, Burton defeated McGoff 52% to 45% in the closest Republican primary election of his career. 2010 In 2010, he faced six challengers in the Republican primary and he won the primary with a plurality of 30%. He defeated State Representative Luke Messer, McGoff, State Representative Mike Murphy, Brose McVey, Andy Lyons, Burton only carried a majority in one county, Huntington
Dan Burton
–
Dan Burton
25.
Henry Bonilla
–
Henry Bonilla is a former congressman who represented Texass 23rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He was defeated in his bid for re-election by Ciro Davis Rodriguez and his term expired January 3,2007 when the 110th Congress officially began. Bonilla was born in San Antonio, the son of Anita Arellano, when he was young he joined a TRIO Educational Talent Search program, which provides academic support and college awareness activities to students. He graduated from South San Antonio High School in 1972 and received his Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1976, before entering politics, he was a television news executive at San Antonios CBS affiliate, KENS-TV. His former wife, Deborah Knapp, continues as an anchor at the station and he has since married the former Sheryl White Shelby. In March 1992, Bonilla won the 23rd districts Republican nomination for a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, in March 1999, Governor George W. Bush named Bonilla as the only Texan on his presidential exploratory committee. Bonilla often represented Bush on national programs and as a surrogate speaker. Even though the 23rd had a slight Democratic lean, Bonilla developed a conservative voting record. However, Hutchison decided to run for another term in the Senate, Bonilla defends his PACs record of assisting minority candidates, saying, We did the best we could. In all,27 minority office-seekers, predominantly Hispanic-American, received money, but Bonilla said it was sometimes difficult to find good, solid minority candidates to expend the funds on. In July 2003, the treasurer of the PAC pleaded guilty to embezzling $119,021 between 1999 and 2003 and was sentenced to 15 months in prison, the thefts were not discovered until almost four years after they began. It was a mark on my judgment, Bonilla said in a 2004 interview. In its place, Bonilla received several heavily Republican San Antonio suburbs that had previously been in the nearby 21st District, all, meanwhile, Cuellar entered and won the 2004 primary against the 28ths incumbent Democrat Ciro Rodriguez and then went on to win the general election. Bonilla contributed money from his American Dream PAC to the redistricting effort, the proposal would have allowed Tom DeLay to remain as Majority Leader despite having been indicted by the Travis County district attorneys office for possible campaign finance violations. Many constituents believed that Bonilla was blatantly repaying a favor to DeLay for having favorably redrawn the 23rd District. The Court declared that the Texas legislature violated the rights of Latino voters when it cut most of Laredo out of the 23rd, even though the reconfigured 23rd was still 55 percent Latino, only 46 percent of the districts voting-age population was Latino. The justices held that as a result, the new district didnt have enough Latinos to pass muster under the Voting Rights Act, since the legislature hadnt created an acceptable majority-Latino district, the reconfigured 23rd had to be struck down as well. Because of the size of the 23rd, the ruling forced the redrawing of nearly every district from El Paso to San Antonio
Henry Bonilla
–
Henry Bonilla
Henry Bonilla
–
The Henry Bonilla Healthcare Facility off
Texas State Highway 359 South in
Laredo,
Texas
26.
The eXile
–
In October 2006, co-editor Jake Rudnitsky summarized the eXiles editorial policy to The Independent, We shit on everybody equally. The newspaper is now published in an online-only format, newsweek correspondent Owen Matthews called The eXile brilliant and outrageous. Its history saw several practical jokes, including reportedly getting Mikhail Gorbachev to enter negotiations to secure a position as coordinator for the New York Jets. Jonathan Shainin of Salon. com also wrote in 2005 that the eXile ran serious press criticism salted with vicious attacks on reporters. On June 10,2008, columnist Gary Brecher published a letter on the website asking for donations from readers, saying it takes money and we have none, zero, arent even getting paid any more. On June 19,2008, The Daily Telegraph reported that following a government audit, a month after shutting down, the newspaper launched a web site called eXiled Online. According to Mark Ames, the new site is to more on the United States. In 1997, Ames was editor of the English-language Moscow newspaper Living Here, the concept of Living Here was first proposed by Manfred Witteman, who convinced his partner Marina Pshevecherskaya to provide $10,000 of start-up capital. Citing Manfred and Marinas incessant petty squabbles over money and title Ames quit Living Here, Manfred and Marina hired Matt Taibbi to counter this rebellion, but he became disillusioned after producing one issue of Living Here. Taibbi also defected and became co-editor of the eXile, some of the contributors, including Ames, Taibbi, Alexander Zaitchik, and John Dolan, previously worked for the New York Press. Articles published in the eXile have focused both on Moscow- and Russia-related topics, as well as issues of general interest. The eXile was known for its descriptions of Moscow life, andrew Meier, who served as Time magazines Russia correspondent from 1996 until 2001, was quoted by Rolling Stone as saying, No one describes expat life in Moscow better than the eXile. They hit it right on its ugly head, the 90s in Moscow were a great time, Ames told The New York Observer, like what they say about the 20s in Paris or the early 30s in Berlin. Whore-R Stories, in which Mark Ames describes an encounter with a prostitute, death Porn, which describes and categorizes gruesome and unusual violent crimes occurring in Russia. This section adopts the graphic and cynical style of Moskovskij Komsomoletss Срочно в Номер section, mandela Porn, in which Natasha Marchetti covers violent crime and law enforcement in South Africa, with an emphasis on particularly vicious and dim-witted criminals. In December 2006, nearly two years after her relocation to Sweden, she renamed the column Viking Porn and has since been writing about crime in Sweden, gandhi Porn in which Alexander Zaitchik covers and reflects on news from India. Contains letters to the editor and the eXiles response, the War Nerd, in which self-proclaimed war nerd Gary Brecher provides commentary and analysis of past and present military conflicts. The eXiles Field guide to Moscow, a description of the colorful characters that can be encountered in Moscow
The eXile
–
The eXile
27.
Chechnya
–
The Chechen Republic, commonly referred to as Chechnya, is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in the North Caucasus, situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe, the capital of the republic is the city of Grozny. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was split into two parts, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic, the latter proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which sought independence. Following the First Chechen War with Russia, Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Russian federal control was restored during the Second Chechen War. Since then there has been a reconstruction and rebuilding process, though sporadic fighting continues in the mountains. According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Vainakh ancestor Kavkas, dr. Henry Harpending, University of Utah, supports her claims. People living in prehistoric mountain cave settlements used tools, mastered fire, traces of human settlement that date back to 40,000 BC were found near Lake Kezanoi. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other evidence indicates continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. 10, 000–8000 BCE Migration of Nakh peoples to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent, Invention of agriculture, irrigation, and the domestication of animals. Pottery is known to the region, settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were discovered settlements made out of stone and surrounded by walls, 4000–3000 BCE Invention of the wheel, horseback riding, metal works, dishes, armor, daggers, knives, arrow tips. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz, Abbey-Gove 900–1200 AD The kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania, german scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people were the direct descendants from Alania. The Alan tribes build fortresses, castles, and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders, part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols. 1500 AD First Russian involvement in the Caucasus,1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help against Vainakh tribes from Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuks daughter Maria Temryukovna, alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. Chechnya was a nation in the Northern Caucasus that fought against foreign rule continually since the 15th century, the Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment. Notable in Chechen history, this particular Russo-Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh, as the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian-ruled Dagestan, Peters forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them
Chechnya
–
1855 Atlas Map of Turkey and the North Caucasus. Map of the American cartographer J.H.Colton. Top right corner, Chechnya is labeled as Gelia, with Chechen cities: Grosnaja (
Grozny), Basdet and Leshistan cities: Andi, Metiro.
Chechnya
Chechnya
–
Imam Shamil of Chechnya and Dagestan surrendering to Russian general Baryatinsky in 1859
Chechnya
–
Map of the Caucasian
Isthmus by J. Grassl, 1856
28.
Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya
–
The assassination of Anna Politkovskaya, a Russian journalist, writer and human rights activist, took place on 7 October 2006. She was known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and for criticism of Vladimir Putin and she authored several books about the Chechen wars, as well as Putins Russia, and received numerous international awards for her work. Her murder, believed to be a killing, sparked a strong international reaction. Politkovskayas book, Putins Russia, Life in a Failing Democracy, criticized Putins federal presidency, as the Chekists have become entrenched in power, we have let them see our fear, and thereby have only intensified their urge to treat us like cattle. The KGB respects only the strong and we of all people ought to know that. She also wrote, We are hurtling back into a Soviet abyss, all we have left is the internet, where information is still freely available. For the rest, if you want to go on working as a journalist, otherwise, it can be death, the bullet, poison, or trial—whatever our special services, Putins guard dogs, see fit. Finishing it—and the book—with the words, If anybody thinks they can take comfort from the optimistic forecast and it is certainly the easier way, but it is the death sentence for our grandchildren. She had been poisoned, with some accusing the former Soviet secret police poison facility. In fact, one can even get killed for giving me information, I am not the only one in danger. I have examples that prove it and she often received death threats as a result of her work, including being threatened with rape and experiencing a mock execution after being arrested by the military in Chechnya. According to Russian state security officer Alexander Litvinenko, Politkovskaya asked him if her life was in imminent danger before the assassination and he confirmed the danger and recommended her to escape from Russia immediately. He also asserted that presidential candidate Irina Hakamada warned Politkovskaya about threats to her life coming from Putin. Hakamada later denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, according to Berezovsky, Putin uttered that Hakamada and her colleagues will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively if they open the mouth about the Russian apartment bombings. On 7 October 2006, Politkovskaya was found dead in the elevator of her apartment block in central Moscow. Police found a Makarov pistol and four shell casings beside her body, reports indicated a contract killing, as she was shot four times, once in the head. The assassination occurred on Vladimir Putins birthday, and some noted the coincidence. The funeral was held on Tuesday,10 October 2006, at 2,30 p. m. at the Troyekurovsky Cemetery, before Politkovskaya was buried, more than 1,000 people filed past her coffin
Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya
–
'Spontaneous' citizens' memorial at entrance to Anna Politkovskaya's Moscow apartment 10 October 2006
29.
Moscow Kremlin
–
It is the best known of the kremlins and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace, the complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. It had previously used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union. Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics, the site has been continuously inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples since the 2nd century BC. Vyatichi built a structure on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the grad of Moscow, the word Kremlin was first recorded in 1331. The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156, destroyed by the Mongols in 1237, dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls, this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh. Dmitris son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin, the newly built Annunciation Cathedral was painted by Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, and Prokhor in 1406. The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitris tutor, Metropolitan Alexis, while his widow, Eudoxia and it was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and the Palace of Facets were constructed. The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, built in 1505–08, the Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495. Spasskie gates of the wall bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design. After construction of the new walls and churches was complete. The Kremlin was separated from the merchant town by a 30-meter-wide moat. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfathers palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery and boasted the graceful tower church of St. Sergius, during the Time of Troubles, the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlins liberation by the army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky. During his reign and that of his son Alexis, the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, Armorial Gate, Terem Palace, Amusement Palace, following the death of Alexis, the Kremlin witnessed the Moscow Uprising of 1682, from which czar Peter barely escaped. As a result, both of them disliked the Kremlin, three decades later, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, Saint Petersburg
Moscow Kremlin
–
View of the Kremlin from the
Moskva River (
Borovitskaya Tower and the
Kremlin Wall in the foreground)
Moscow Kremlin
–
Tsar Cannon and
Tsar Bell, two of the Kremlin's visitor attractions
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin
–
Bird's Eye View of the Kremlin from the southwest
30.
Stanislav Markelov
–
Stanislav Yuryevich Markelov was a Russian human rights lawyer. Markelov was murdered on 19 January 2009 in Moscow, Markelov was a president of the Russian Rule of Law Institute. He also defended people who were victims of the Moscow theater hostage crisis, Markelov was shot to death on 19 January 2009 while leaving a news conference in Moscow less than half a mile from the Kremlin, he was 34. Anastasia Baburova, a journalist for Novaya Gazeta who tried to come to Markelovs assistance, was also shot, the BBC reported that Markelov planned to appeal the early release of Budanov. Budanov, sentenced to ten years in prison, was released early because he had repented, when reached for a comment, Budanov denounced the killings as a provocation aimed at fueling animosity between Russians and Chechens and offered condolences to the families of the deceased. According to Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer, the details of the murder indicate the involvement of Russian state security services, the offices of Russias rulers President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin have not issued any statements expressing indignation or offering any condolences after the two murders. This follows the usual pattern of the authoritarian Putin regime when its critics are murdered in cold blood. ”The President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko sent a telegram to the parents of Anastasia Baburova on 23 January 2009. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev offered his condolences six days later, the distrust stimulated the wide discussion of the murder and protests. Close to 300 young people protested in Moscow with slogans such as United Russia is a fascist country, more than 2,000 people took to the streets of Grozny. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International requested an impartial investigation, other groups hailed Markelovs killing in Internet chatter, but it is unclear whether they were connected to it. A hate crimes expert, Galina Kozhevnikova, said in February 2009 that she received an e-mailed threat warning her to get ready to join Markelov, in November 2009, Russian authorities declared the end of the criminal investigation. Initially, “Russkiy Obraz” was a magazine, set up by Tikhonov, both were students of history at Moscow State University. According to Tikhonov, the identitarian organization BORN was founded by him, according to investigators, Tikhonov was the one who committed the murder, while Khasis reported to him, by cell phone, the movements of Markelov and Baburova right before the assault. The motive of the murder was revenge for Markelovs prior work as a lawyer in the interests of Trotskyite activists, the murder suspects were arrested, and were reported to have confessed. In May 2011, Tikhonov was sentenced to imprisonment. In 2015 another member of the BORN nationalis group Ilya Goryachev was sentenced for murder of Markelov
Stanislav Markelov
–
Stanislav Markelov at a Moscow seminar in Bilingua club on November 13, 2007
31.
Yuri Budanov
–
Yuri Dmitrievich Budanov was a Russian military officer convicted by a Russian court of kidnapping and murder in Chechnya. Budanov was highly controversial in Russia, despite the conviction, Budanov enjoyed widespread support of Russian households as polled by public opinion, at the same time, he was broadly hated in Chechnya, even by the pro-Russian Chechens. In December 2008, a court in the south Russian Ulyanovsk Oblast granted a petition for early release, after eight years in prison, he was released on parole on 15 January 2009. On 10 June 2011, Budanov was shot dead in Moscow by an unknown perpetrator, Budanov was born in 1963 in Khartsyzk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. He graduated from the Tank Military School in Kharkiv and went on officer career in the Soviet Army, particularly, serving with the Soviet base in Hungary. At the fall of the Soviet Union, Budanov was serving in Belarus, but he refused Belarusian citizenship and was transferred to the Siberian Military District, in 1999 Budanov graduated from the military academy, receiving the rank of Guards Colonel. According to the father of Budanovs victim, Budanovs tank regiment had been encamped just outside Tangi-Chu since February 2000 and he admitted killing her in a fit of rage, but denied the rape charges. He was assassinated on 10 June 2011 in Moscow, Russia, Budanov was arrested on March 29,2000. According to press reports, Budanov claimed that Kungaeva was a sniper. Kvashnin accused Budanov of humiliating and murdering Kungayeva, and denounced the colonels behavior as barbaric, in a stark contrast, Lieutenant-General Vladimir Shamanov, who was Budanovs commanding officer, exhibited strong sympathy towards him. He said that Budanov was one of his best commanders and offered this challenge, To enemies I say, the Chechen rebels offered to exchange nine recent OMON special police captives for Budanov. After the Russian side refused the offer, the prisoners were executed on the morning of April 4,2000, no charges have been brought expressly for the beating and torture Kungaeva endured prior to her death. He was also charged in the beating up an officer, threatening superior officers with a weapon. Budanov claimed that he detained Kungaeva on suspicion of being a sniper, the investigation, however, reportedly found that no member of the Kungaev family had in any way been suspected of involvement in the anti-Russian activity. Three of Budanovs subordinates, Sergeants Li En Shou and Grigoriev, charges against all three were simultaneously brought and dropped under the May 26,2000 amnesty law. The trial began on April 9,2003, in Rostov-on-Don, legal proceedings against Budanov, who underwent several retrials, lasted a total of 2 years and 3 months. Witnesses included Yahyayev, the person in the administration, who according to Budanov had given him the picture representing Chechen snipers. However, Yahyayev said he had no such picture to Budanov
Yuri Budanov
–
Budanov in the courtroom on his trial
32.
Dmitri Medvedev
–
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev is a Russian politician who is the current Prime Minister. From 2008 to 2012, Medvedev served as the third President of Russia, born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Leningrad State University Law Department in 1987. Medvedev defended his dissertation in 1990, and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed the Saint Petersburg State University, Medvedevs political career began as the Election Campaign Manager, and later as an adviser of the St. Petersburg Mayor, Anatoly Sobchak. During this time, Medvedev befriended Vladimir Putin, in November 1999, Medvedev was hired by the Russian Presidential Administration, where he worked as the Deputy Chief of Staff. In the 2000 Russian Presidential Elections, Medvedev was Putins Campaign Manager, on 14 November 2005, Medvedev was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister, and was tasked with overseeing National Priority Projects. Medvedev worked as the Chairman of Gazproms Board of Directors, a post that he held until 2008, Medvedevs candidacy was backed by the popular outgoing President, Vladimir Putin, thus giving a significant boost to his popularity. The 2008 Presidential election, held on 2 March 2008, was won by Medvedev with 70. 28% of the popular vote, and he was inaugurated on 7 May 2008. Medvedev did not run for a term as President, and therefore was appointed Prime Minister by President Vladimir Putin. On 26 May 2012, Medvedev was appointed to be the Leader of United Russia Party, during Medvedevs tenure, Russia emerged victorious in the Russo-Georgian War, and recovered from the Great Recession. Medvedev launched a campaign, and initiated a substantial law enforcement reform. Dmitry Medvedev was born on 14 September 1965 in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union and his father, Anatoly Afanasyevich Medvedev, was a chemical engineer teaching at the Leningrad State Institute of Technology. Dmitrys mother, Yulia Veniaminovna Medvedeva, studied languages at Voronezh University, later, she would also work as a tour guide at Pavlovsk Palace. The Medvedevs lived in a 40 m² apartment at 6 Bela Kun Street in the Kupchino Municipal Okrug of Leningrad, Dmitry was his parents only child. The Medvedevs were regarded as Soviet intelligentsia family of the time and his maternal grandparents were Ukrainians, whose surname was Kovalev, originally Koval. Medvedev traces his roots to the Belgorod region. As a child, Medvedev was bookish and studious, described by his first grade teacher Vera Smirnova as a dreadful why-asker, after school, he would spend some time playing with his friends before hurrying home to work on his assignments. In the third grade, Medvedev studied the ten-volume Small Soviet Encyclopedia belonging to his father, in the second and third grades, he showed interest in dinosaurs and memorized primary Earths geologic development periods, from the Archean up to the Cenozoic. In the fourth and fifth grades, he demonstrated interest in chemistry, conducting elementary experiments, in grade seven, adolescent curiosity blossomed through Svetlana Linnik, his future wife, studying at the same school in a parallel class
Dmitri Medvedev
–
Dmitry Medvedev Дмитрий Медведев
Dmitri Medvedev
–
Dmitry Medvedev in 1967 at the approximate age of 2
Dmitri Medvedev
–
The
Faculty of Law building of
Saint Petersburg State University, The place where Medvedev studied and later taught.
Dmitri Medvedev
–
Facade of the
Smolny Institute, meeting place of the City Hall's Committee for Foreign Affairs where Medvedev worked as a consultant.
33.
Denial of service attack
–
A DoS attack is analogous to a group of people crowding the entry door or gate to a shop or business, and not letting legitimate parties enter into the shop or business, disrupting normal operations. Criminal perpetrators of DoS attacks often target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks or credit card payment gateways, revenge, blackmail and activism can motivate these attacks. Denial-of-service attacks are characterized by an attempt by attackers to prevent legitimate users of a service from using that service. In a distributed denial-of-service attack, the traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources – potentially hundreds of thousands or more. There are two forms of DoS attacks, those that crash services and those that flood services. The most serious attacks are distributed, court testimony shows us the first demonstration of DoS attack was made by Khan C. A distributed denial-of-service is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator uses more than one unique IP address, the scale of DDoS attacks has continued to rise over recent years, by 2016 exceeding a terabit per second. APDoS attacks represent a clear and emerging threat needing specialised monitoring and incident response services and this type of attack involves massive network layer DDoS attacks through to focused application layer floods, followed by repeated SQLi and XSS attacks. These attacks can persist for several weeks- the longest continuous period noted so far lasted 38 days and this APDoS attack involved approximately 50+ petabits of malicious traffic. Some vendors provide so-called booter or stresser services, which have simple web-based front ends, additional symptoms may include, disconnection of a wireless or wired internet connection long-term denial of access to the web or any internet services. A wide array of programs are used to launch DoS-attacks, in cases such as MyDoom the tools are embedded in malware, and launch their attacks without the knowledge of the system owner. Stacheldraht is an example of a DDoS tool. Agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker, using automated routines to exploit vulnerabilities in programs that accept remote connections running on the remote hosts. Each handler can control up to a thousand agents, in other cases a machine may become part of a DDoS attack with the owners consent, for example, in Operation Payback, organized by the group Anonymous. The LOIC has typically used in this way. Along with HOIC a wide variety of DDoS tools are available today, including paid and free versions, there is an underground market for these in hacker related forums and IRC channels. UKs GCHQ has tools built for DDoS, named PREDATORS FACE, various DoS-causing exploits such as buffer overflow can cause server-running software to get confused and fill the disk space or consume all available memory or CPU time. Other kinds of DoS rely primarily on brute force, flooding the target with a flux of packets
Denial of service attack
–
DDoS
Stacheldraht attack diagram.
34.
LiveJournal
–
LiveJournal / LJ or Zhivoy Zhurnal /ZheZhe in Russia, is a Russian social networking service where users can keep a blog, journal or diary. A wide variety of political pundits also use the service for political commentary, particularly in Russia, as with many other social networks, a wide variety of public figures use the network. LiveJournal was started on April 15,1999 by American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, blogging software company Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, in December 2006, the service quietly re-located its servers to Russia, and in April 2017, LiveJournal became subject to Russian law. The unit of networking on LiveJournal is quaternary. Two users can have no relationship, they can list each other as friends mutually, on LiveJournal, friend is also used as a verb to describe listing someone as a friend. A users list of friends will often include several communities and RSS feeds in addition to individual users, generally, friending allows the friends of a user to read protected entries and causes the friends entries to appear on the users friends page. Friends can also be grouped together in groups, allowing for more complex behavior. Features common to all accounts Each journal entry has its own web page, in addition, each user has a journal page, which shows all of his or her most recent journal entries, along with links to the comment pages. The most distinctive feature of LiveJournal is the friends list, which gives the site a strong social aspect in addition to the blog services, the friends list provides various syndication and privacy services as described below. Each user has a page, which collects the most recent journal entries of the people on his or her friends list. LiveJournal allows users to customize their accounts, the S2 programming language allows journal templates to be modified by members. Users may upload graphical avatars, or userpics, which next to the username in prominent areas as it would on an Internet forum. Paid account holders are given access to S2 management and more userpics. Currently LiveJournal has five account levels, basic, plus, early adopters who were registered prior to 14 September 2000, paid, and permanent. Permanent accounts are not available to the average user, there have been occasional sale days or special offers. Prior to March 12,2008, basic accounts were ad-free, in August,2008, LiveJournal resumed new basic account creation, basic users also see advertising, but not on other basic journals. As well as allowing embedded videos from sites, LiveJournal can host videos
LiveJournal
–
Brad Fitzpatrick
LiveJournal
–
LiveJournal
35.
Botnet
–
A botnet is a number of Internet-connected devices used by a botnet owner to perform various tasks. Botnets can be used to perform Distributed Denial Of Service Attack, steal data, send spam, allow the access to the device. The owner can control the botnet using command and control software, the word botnet is a combination of the words robot and network. The term is used with a negative or malicious connotation. Botnets sometimes compromise computers whose security defenses have been breached and control ceded to a third party, each such compromised device, known as a bot, is created when a computer is penetrated by software from a malware distribution. Botnets are increasingly rented out by criminals as commodities for a variety of purposes. Botnet architecture has evolved over time in an effort to evade detection and disruption, traditionally, bot programs are constructed as clients which communicate via existing servers. This allows the bot herder to perform all control from a remote location, many recent botnets now rely on existing peer-to-peer networks to communicate. These P2P bot programs perform the actions as the client-server model. The first botnets on the internet used a model to accomplish their tasks. Typically, these botnets operate through Internet Relay Chat networks, domains, infected clients access a predetermined location and await incoming commands from the server. The bot herder sends commands to the server, which relays them to the clients, clients execute the commands and report their results back to the bot herder. In the case of IRC botnets, infected clients connect to an infected IRC server, the bot herder sends commands to the channel via the IRC server. Each client retrieves the commands and executes them, clients send messages back to the IRC channel with the results of their actions. IRC is a favored means of C&C because of its communication protocol. A bot herder creates an IRC channel for infected clients to join, messages sent to the channel are broadcast to all channel members. The bot herder may set the topic to command the botnet. An example response, bot1. bot1@compromised. net PRIVMSG #channel I am ddosing www. victim. com by a bot client alerts the bot herder that it has begun the attack
Botnet
–
How a botnet works
36.
Dutch language
–
It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after English and German. Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English and is said to be roughly in between them, Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e. g. Hollands, West-Vlaams. The use of the word Vlaams to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands, the Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe. It literarily means the language of the people, that is. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the language of writing. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, later, theudisca appeared also in the Oaths of Strasbourg to refer to the Germanic portion of the oath. This led inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages, owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers, Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole. In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian Low Dietsch dialects in northeast Belgium, Nederlands, the official Dutch word for Dutch, did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, one of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, High Dutch, meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language. g, in English, too, Netherlandic is regarded as a more accurate term for the Dutch language, but is hardly ever used. Old Dutch branched off more or less around the same time Old English, Old High German, Old Frisian and Old Saxon did. During that period, it forced Old Frisian back from the western coast to the north of the Low Countries, on the other hand, Dutch has been replaced in adjacent lands in nowadays France and Germany. The division in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch is mostly conventional, one of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age, the Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups, East, West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period, Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German and High German
Dutch language
–
The Utrecht baptismal vow Forsachistu diobolae...
Dutch language
–
Distribution of the Dutch language and its dialects in
Western Europe
Dutch language
–
Second edition of this column decorated with a title of
Charles V 's portrait, with archaic Dutch inscriptions
Dutch language
–
Dutch language street sign in the Netherlands
37.
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
Contact with the aircraft, a Boeing 777-200ER, was lost about 50 km from the Ukraine–Russia border and wreckage of the aircraft landed near Torez in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine,40 km from the border. The crash occurred in a controlled by the Donbass Peoples Militia during the Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion. The crash is the deadliest airliner shootdown, and was Malaysia Airlines second aircraft loss during 2014 after Flight 370 on March 8, in October 2015, the Dutch Safety Board concluded that the airliner was downed by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine. The JIT had established the identities of approximately 100 people, witnesses or suspects, who were linked to the transporting of the Buk, the DSB and JIT findings confirmed earlier claims by American and German intelligence sources and the Ukrainian government as to the missile type and launch area. In 2014, Ukraine and US intelligence had also said that Russia had supplied the Buk missile to pro-Russian insurgents, also in 2014, German intelligence sources reported that they believed insurgents had stolen the missile from the Ukrainian military. Several theories about the crash have since appeared in Russian media, and as of September 2016, between November 2014 and May 2016, UK-based investigative collective Bellingcat made a series of allegations, based on their examination of photos in social media and other open-source information. In July 2015, Malaysia proposed that the United Nations Security Council set up a tribunal to prosecute those deemed responsible for the downing of the plane. The Malaysian resolution gained a majority on the Security Council, but was vetoed by Russia, Flight 17 was operated with a Boeing 777-2H6ER, serial number 28411, registration 9M-MRD. The 84th Boeing 777 produced, it first flew on 17 July 1997, exactly 17 years before the incident, powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines and carrying 280 seats, the aircraft had recorded more than 76,300 hours in 11,430 cycles before the crash. The aircraft was in a condition at departure. The Boeing 777, which entered service on 7 June 1995, has one of the best safety records in commercial aircraft. In June 2014 there were about 1,212 aircraft in service, the incident is the deadliest airliner shootdown incident to date. All 283 passengers and 15 crew died, the crew were all Malaysian and about two-thirds of the passengers were Dutch, while many of the other passengers were Australians and Malaysians. By 19 July, the airline had determined the nationalities of all 298 passengers, many initial reports had erroneously indicated that around 100 delegates to the conference were aboard, but this was later revised to six. Also on board were Dutch Senator Willem Witteveen, Australian author Liam Davison, at least twenty family groups were on board the aircraft, and eighty of the passengers were under the age of 18. The flight had two captains, Wan Amran Wan Hussin from Kuala Kangsar and Eugene Choo Jin Leong from Seremban, some airlines started to avoid eastern Ukrainian airspace in early March 2014 due to the Crimean crisis. In April, the International Civil Aviation Organization warned governments that there was a risk to commercial passenger flights over south-eastern Ukraine and this warning did not include the MH17 crash region. On 14 June 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft was shot down on approach to Luhansk International Airport, on 29 June, Russian news agencies reported that insurgents had obtained a Buk missile system after having taken control of a Ukrainian air defence base
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
9M-MRD, the aircraft shot down, photographed in October 2011
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
Aircraft involved, 9M-MRD, photographed at
Perth Airport in 2010
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
Dutch and Australian police at the crash site on 3 August 2014
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
–
A mobile
Buk surface-to-air missile launcher, similar to that concluded to have been used in the incident
38.
United Civil Front
–
United Civil Front is a social movement in Russia founded and led by chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov. It is part of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition active in Moscow, upon the organizations founding, in 2005, Kasparov stated that the UCF will work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia. The bottom line is to preserve the Russians’ right to elect a responsible government, the programme was accepted at the 3rd conference on February 25,2006. It is founded on the four principles, fair democratic elections Competition of electoral programmes, removability and responsibility of the power. Equal access of the parties to mass-media, change electoral system from party-list proportional representation to majoritarian. Restoration of federalism To restore federal mechanism of the government, to liquidate a dangerous disbalance in population incomes between Moscow and other regions. The democratic solution of problems in the national republics, elimination of nomenklatura system Reduction of presidential powers. Liquidation of system of privileges and preferences for civil servants of all echelons, liquidation of the Presidential Administration, reduction of staff and functions of the president office. Enact into law for secret services intrusion in a social life, act of disqualification for the present high-ranking officials and secret services chiefs. Enact into law the criminal liability for illegal enrichment of public persons, government for people, but not people for government To repay old government debts to the citizens. To establish social priority of the state budget, to implement the constitutional rights in education and health services. To cancel compulsory military service, to make army professional, to ensure access of citizens to the all information on activity and decisions of the state and local governments. The UCF participated in the organisation almost all the Dissenters Marches, one member of the Murmansk branch of the United Civil Front, Larisa Arap, is believed to be victim of psychiatric abuse. In 2010 UCF activists held pickets in Moscow to support the Internet campaign Putin must go, the UCF official site Manifesto of the United Civil Front
United Civil Front
–
United Civil Front
39.
Yabloko
–
The party logo consists of a red circle and a green isosceles triangle, suggesting an apple in a constructivist style. The party dates back to early 1990s, the immediate predecessor of the Yabloko party was the electoral cartel Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin, formed for the legislative elections of 1993. Yabloko is an acronym of the names of its founders, Я for Grigory Yavlinsky, Б for Yuri Boldyrev, and Л for Vladimir Lukin, the party stands for free markets and civil liberties in Russia, better relations with the United States and membership in the European Union. The party opposed president Boris Yeltsins and his prime ministers policies, similarly, it has continued to oppose Vladimir Putin for what they see as his increasing authoritarianism and has called for the removal of his government by constitutional means. Originally established as a organization in 1993, it transformed into a political party in 2001. It contested the elections of 1993,1995,1999. It is argued that the vote-count in the 2003 Russian parliamentary election was marred by fraud, Vladimir Putin himself telephoned Yavlinsky on the night of the election to congratulate his party on making it back into the Duma. However, most of these polls had a margin of error. Official results announced by the Central Election Commission gave Yabloko 4. 30% of the vote, only four Yabloko candidates won in individual district races and were elected to the Duma. The Commission on the Unification of Democratic Forces, under the chairmanship of Boris Nemtsov, was established by the Union of Rightist Forces on February 16,2006, however, the merger plans were discarded in December 2006 since the differences seemed too large. The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko had been an observer of the Liberal International since 2002, the partys central office is located in Moscow. In the Russian legislative election,2007, Yabloko lost its representation in the State Duma, the first chairman of the party was Grigory Yavlinsky. 22 June 2008 15th Congress of the Yabloko Party elected Sergey Mitrokhin as the chairperson,19 December 2015 18th Congress of the party decided that no person shall hold the chairperson position for more than two periods, thus, preventing Mitrokhin from continuing in his position. The congress elected a Karelian activist of the party, Emilia Slabunova as the chairperson, Liberal democracy Liberalism in Russia Hale, Henry. Yabloko and the Challenge of Building a Liberal Party in Russia, the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko, Opposition in a Managed Democracy, Burlington, Ashgate
Yabloko
–
Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"
40.
Popular science
–
Popular science is interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad-ranging and it may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science, the purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers as to the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders of the significance of data and conclusions, by contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. The Literature of Science, Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing, the University of Georgia Press, Athens,1993
Popular science
–
An image from the March 1883 issue of Popular Science Monthly. The article from this issue is called "Queer Phases of Animal Life", and the image is captioned "
Total depravity ".
Popular science
–
Art
41.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
42.
Henri Nannen Prize
–
Gruner + Jahr AG & Co KG is Europes largest printing and publishing firm. In 1969, Richard Gruner retired, and thanks to the entrepreneurship of Reinhard Mohn, over the next fifteen years, the firm grew by expansion, acquisition and merger. By 1976, Bertelsmann owned a 74. 9% stake, and the Hamburg publishing family Jahr owned 25. 1%, in 1978, Gruner + Jahr became the first German publishing house to expand into other European and International markets. Over the next twenty years, publishing houses in France, the USA, and Spain were purchased, and a number of new magazines were started in Germany including Impulse, Schöner Essen, and Gala. In 1990 Gruner + Jahr moved into its new headquarter at Neustadts Baumwall, in 2005, Gruner + Jahr exited the U. S. magazine business, selling its womens magazine portfolio to the Meredith Corporation and its business magazine portfolio to Mansueto Ventures. In 2005-2006, Gruner + Jahr participated in the Du bist Deutschland marketing campaign, in 2006, Gruner + Jahr surpassed Hubert Burda Media to become the largest European publisher, based on market share. Gruner + Jahr publishes approximately 285 magazines and newspapers in 22 countries, including Poland, Spain, Russia, France, as of 2007, Gruner + Jahr publications include, Bernd Kundrun is Chairman of the Board, and also a member of the executive committee of Bertelsmann. Gruner + Jahr has more than 12,500 employees and had gross profits for 2005 of 2.62 billion euro, in addition to direct publishing, Gruner + Jahr own interests in a number of other publishers and printers. They own 60% of Sächsische Zeitung, 56% of the NEWS Publishing Group,25. 5% of Spiegel Publishing and 95% of Henri-Nannen-Schule, on 22 November 2011, it was announced that Gruner + Jahr AG & Co. KG transferred its entire 37. 45-percent stake in the Prinovis Ltd. & Co, KG gravure joint venture to Arvato, another Bertelsmann division. Gruner + Jahr owns several publishers and printers outright, including the second largest magazine printer in France, Gruner + Jahr established operations in India in 2008. On 1 July 2011, Gruner + Jahr acquired a 78.75 percent interest in one of the publishing houses in India. This was followed by acquisition of digital ad network Networkplay March 2012, in May 2014, Gruner + Jahr acquired a 50 percent interest in one of the leading Word-of-Mouth Marketing company in Europe trnd, to complete its adverting sales in press. Gruner + Jahr annually awards the Henri Nannen Prizes, in five categories, best reportage, best investigative report, best documentary, best humor piece. The prizes are awarded in May for the previous year, gruner+Jahr AG & Co KG homepage in English G+J Media in English
Henri Nannen Prize
–
Headquarters of Gruner + Jahr, seen from the tower of
St. Michaelis Church
Henri Nannen Prize
–
Gruner + Jahr
Henri Nannen Prize
–
G+J headquarters, seen from the Elbe river front near
Baumwall.
43.
Copenhagen
–
Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
Copenhagen
–
From upper left:
Christiansborg Palace,
Frederik's Church,
Tivoli Gardens and
Nyhavn.
Copenhagen
–
Reconstruction of Copenhagen c. 1500
Copenhagen
–
The
Tøjhus Arsenal (
1604)
Copenhagen
–
The
Børsen, former stock exchange (completed
1640)
44.
Politiken
–
Politiken is a leading Danish daily broadsheet newspaper, published by JP/Politikens Hus in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was founded in 1884 and played a role in the formation of the Danish Social Liberal Party, since 1970 it has been independent of the party but maintains a liberal and centre-left stance. It now runs a newspaper, politiken. dk. The papers design won international awards, and a number of its journalists won the Cavling Prize. Dagbladet Politiken was founded on 1 October 1884 in Copenhagen by Viggo Hørup, Edvard Brandes, Hørup and Brandes formed the newspaper after being fired as editors from the Morgenbladet over political differences. Hørup led the paper as editor-in-chief for fifteen years from its start in 1884, in 1904, the tabloid Ekstra Bladet was founded as a supplement to Politiken and was later spun off as an independent newspaper on 1 January 1905. The paper established its present location in central Copenhagen at The City Hall Square in 1912, in 1987 Politiken started its business supplement. The paper was published by Politikens Hus until 1 January 2003 when the merged with Jyllands-Posten A/S to form JP/Politikens Hus. Thus, Jyllands-Posten became its sister paper, Politiken is published in broadsheet format. The newspaper also publishes an international edition named Politiken Weekly which compiles the most important stories of the week for Danes living abroad, on 28 April 1940, three weeks after the German invasion of Denmark, Politiken ran an editorial in which Winston Churchill was called a dangerous man. To have been to please the German occupation force, though no other Danish newspaper took such steps at the time, usually, it was enough to keep within the newly introduced censorship. The article led to 15,000 readers, about 10% of subscribers, during the early 1900s Politiken had a cultural radical political stance. Historically the paper was connected to the Danish Social Liberal Party, the paper has a far-leaning social, liberal and centre-left stance. Seidenfaden explained that Politiken has never intended to reprint the cartoon drawing as a statement of opinion or values. Politiken started with a circulation of 2,000 copies. Its circulation was 23,142 copies in 1901, in 1910 its circulation rose to 41,400 copies. Later it became one of Denmarks leading newspapers in terms of both circulated copies and number of readers and its circulation was 165,615 copies in 1950. During the last six months of 1957 the paper had a circulation of 148,169 copies on weekdays and it fell to 142,847 copies in 1960
Politiken
Politiken
–
Politiken building on
The City Hall Square,
Copenhagen
45.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
The Times
–
Front page of The Times from 4 December 1788
The Times
–
Roy Thomson
The Times
–
A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the
Crimean War, in
John Everett Millais ' painting
Peace Concluded.
The Times
–
John Walter, the founder of The Times
46.
France 24
–
France 24 is a 24-hour international news and current affairs television network, based in Paris. Its channels broadcast, respectively, in, French, English, and Arabic, based in Issy-les-Moulineaux, in the suburbs of Paris, the service started on 6 December 2006. The stated mission of the three channels is to provide a public service and a common editorial stance. The budget is approximately €m100 million per year, France 24 is broadcast on three channels, in French, in English, and in Arabic. France 24s programming is divided more or less equally between news coverage and news magazines or special reports, along with 260 journalists of its own, France 24 can call on the resources of the two main French broadcasters as well as partners such as AFP and RFI. The CEO of France 24 is Alain de Pouzilhac, from 19 May 2010, France 24 unveiled a new schedule that prioritizes the morning and evening slots, anchored live by the networks editorial staff. More programming space than ever before goes to business, sport, culture, as from 2016, France 24 shares its night programming with the France-based France Info. Format and Magazines France 24 broadcasts on a cycle with a live news bulletin. In Sunday, all programs are rebroadcasts, except Revisited at 9, the First Gulf War of 1990, relayed across the world by CNN International in particular, revealed the power of international news channels and their role in the formation of opinion. A parliamentary minister, Philippe Séguin, wished to create a French-language equivalent, in 1996, after nineteen governmental reports in ten years, Prime Minister Alain Juppé asked Radio France Internationale president Jean-Paul Cluzel to create a French international news channel. Cluzel proposed in 1997 to group TV5, RFI, and CFI within a corporation entitled Téléfi, admittedly, we have with Agence France-Presse a remarkable information tool that we must continue to reinforce, notably in its international mission. Indeed, everyone here recognises the recent progress made by RFI, by TV5, by CFI, thanks to the efforts of their teams and to the determination of the public bodies. But everybody notices that we are far from having a large international news channel in French. The recent crises have shown the handicap that a country suffers, an area, which doesnt possess a sufficient weight in the battle of the images. It is essential for the influence of our country, an international version of LCI, proposed by Groupe TF1, which asked for a state subvention for the service. Strengthening of TV5s news service, as suggested by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on 19 March 2003, Matignon opened offers to, Elicit the development of an international news channel. The international news channel must contribute to a strategy of influence of France in the world. Brochard attempted to group both Groupe TF1 and Groupe Canal+, with no success, after a press conference in January 2004, President Chirac wished for a launch of the channel towards the end of the year
France 24
–
Inaugural News presenter, François Picard
France 24
–
France 24
France 24
–
The News title 2006–2011
47.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
48.
Mark Ames
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Mark Ames is a writer known for his work as a Moscow-based expatriate American journalist and editor. Ames was raised in Saratoga, California, an urbanized town in the San Francisco Bay Areas Silicon Valley. He graduated from Saratoga High School in 1983, after leaving Saratoga, Ames attended the University of California, Berkeley, while living with his father. We had a lot of back then, big dreams about getting famous. Everything seemed possible then, world war, literary fame, anyway, something Really Big, with us at the center of it all. Wed ridicule the boring lefties, our enemies, wed drop all sorts of drugs and go to the underground shows, Scratch Acid, Hüsker Dü, Sonic Youth. It felt like something might happen, and soon, after college, Ames lived in New York City, Boston, San Francisco, and Prague, and played briefly in a punk band. In August 1991 he visited Europe, spending two weeks in St. Petersburg, though he returned to live in Foster City, California, he continued thinking of Russia, and delved into Russian literature. After spending mid 92 to early 93 in Prague, Ames moved to Moscow, in 1995 he published The Rise and Fall of Moscows Expat Royalty in the English-language Moscow newspaper The Moscow Times, and was shortly thereafter hired by its competitor Living Here. In 1997 he left to establish the eXile, where he served as writer, in The eXile, Ames wrote on such topics as politics, organized crime in Russia, prostitution, and drug use. The paper played practical jokes on Pravda staffers and public figures including Mikhail Gorbachev, the Exile has kept up a holy racket, railing away against stupidity, corruption, and influence peddling. In June 2008, the website was closed down and Ames moved back to the U. S. Ames continues to edit the eXile in an online-only format. In February 2010, Vanity Fair profiled Ames and The eXile, Ames became senior editor at Paul Carrs Not Safe For Work Corporation website in August 2012. The Exile, Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia, co-authored with Matt Taibbi, and published in 2000 with a foreword by Edward Limonov. В Россию с любовью, Мама Пресс,2002, the title can be translated as To Russia with Love. Going Postal, Rage, Murder, and Rebellion, From Reagans Workplaces to Clintons Columbine and Beyond,2005. S
Mark Ames
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Mark Ames
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The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
The Washington Post
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Front page for May 21, 2015
The Washington Post
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The headquarters of The Washington Post in
Washington, DC.
The Washington Post
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Washington Post building in 1948
The Washington Post
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The Monday, July 21, 1969, edition, with the headline
"'The Eagle Has Landed' — Two Men Walk on the Moon"
