1.
United States Atomic Energy Commission
–
President Harry S. Truman signed the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act on August 1,1946, transferring the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands, effective from January 1,1947. This shift gave the first members of the AEC complete control of the plants, laboratories, equipment, during its initial establishment and subsequent operationalization, the AEC played a key role in the institutional development of Ecosystem ecology. Specifically, it provided financial resources, allowing for ecological research to take place. Perhaps even more importantly, it enabled ecologists with a range of groundbreaking techniques for the completion of their research. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the AEC also approved funding for numerous projects in the Arctic and near-Arctic. These projects were designed to examine the effects of energy upon the environment and were a part of the Commission’s attempt at creating peaceful applications of atomic energy. By 1974, the AECs regulatory programs had come under strong attack that Congress decided to abolish the agency. On August 4,1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, at the same time, the McMahon Act which created the AEC also gave it unprecedented powers of regulation over the entire field of nuclear science and technology. President Truman appointed David Lilienthal as the first Chairman of the AEC, Congress gave the new civilian Commission extraordinary power and considerable independence to carry out its mission. To provide the Commission exceptional freedom in hiring scientists and professionals, the National Laboratory system was established from the facilities created under the Manhattan Project. Argonne National Laboratory was one of the first laboratories authorized under this legislation as a facility dedicated to fulfilling the new Commissions mission. The Commissions first order of business was to inspect the scattered empire of plants, the AEC was furthermore in charge of developing the United States nuclear arsenal, taking over these responsibilities from the wartime Manhattan Project. It also implemented the program to develop the hydrogen bomb. It began a program of nuclear testing both in the Pacific Proving Grounds and at the continental Nevada Test Site. While it also supported much basic research, the vast majority of its budget was devoted to atomic weapons development. Within the AEC, high-level scientific and technical advice was provided by the General Advisory Committee, in its early years, the GAC provided a number of controversial decisions, notably its decision against building the hydrogen bomb in 1949. As a result, Senator Brien McMahon influenced the decision not to reappoint J. Robert Oppenheimer to the GAC in 1952 after his six-year statutory term expired. David Lilienthal, then AEC Chair, agreed with Oppenheimer and opposed a program to build the hydrogen bomb ahead of any other nation
United States Atomic Energy Commission
–
Seal of the United States Atomic Energy Commission
United States Atomic Energy Commission
–
President
Harry S. Truman signs the
Atomic Energy Act of 1946.
United States Atomic Energy Commission
–
David E. Lilienthal, who chaired the AEC from its creation until 1950.
United States Atomic Energy Commission
–
Gordon Dean, who chaired the AEC from 1950 to 1953.
2.
North Bethesda, Maryland
–
North Bethesda is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It borders the city of Rockville, as an unincorporated area four miles northwest of Washington, D. C. North Bethesdas boundaries are not officially defined, according to the United States Census Bureau, the North Bethesda CDP has a total area of 8.9 square miles. Significant through-roads in North Bethesda include Interstates 270 and 495 and Maryland State Highways 187,355, the Twinbrook, White Flint, and Grosvenor-Strathmore Washington Metro stations all serve the area, as does the Ride On bus system. That region continues to bear the name, and is the location of the headquarters of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, a government agency that oversees nuclear regulation, major shopping centers include Congressional Plaza, Pike & Rose, Montrose Crossing, Federal Plaza, and Wintergreen Plaza. White Flint Mall, demolished in 2016, was also a shopping center. Other landmarks in the area are Walter Johnson High School, the Georgetown Preparatory School, archaeological evidence suggests that Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland Native Americans lived nearby, along the banks of the Potomac River. These peoples traveled along an ancient route known as the Seneca Trail, like many ancient roads, the Seneca Trail followed a ridge line – in this case, the high ground between the Potomac River and Rock Creek. Much later, development would spring up along this route, the recorded history of the area commences with the colonial era. Settlements formed along Rock Creek and the Seneca Trail in the 17th Century, with recorded land grants in area known originally as “Dan” and “Leeke Forest. ”In the early 19th century, much of the area was part of a 3. One of the Rileys slaves, Josiah Henson, is thought by historians to be the inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, in 1806, the Washington Turnpike Company was chartered to improve the old Seneca route, by then known as the Georgetown-Frederick Road. The road was opened in 1828, but had washed away by 1848. The Riley plantation house was located on road, and the plantation houses kitchen still stands near the course of this road. By the late 19th century, the area was privileged with stops along a train route, during this time, development bloomed around train and trolley stops, and a number of wealthy families, including those of Captain James Frederick Oyster and Charles I. Corby, lived or summered in the area, nonetheless, the area remained sparsely populated through the 1920s. The arrival of the automobile eventually transformed the area into a suburb of Washington. By the 1950s, the area had sprouted a number of developer-conceived neighborhoods with tract houses for the middle-class, today, the area remains largely a commuter suburb, with most residents traveling an average of 29 minutes to their workplace
North Bethesda, Maryland
–
The Riley plantation house and kitchen, located in the Tilden Woods neighborhood on Old Georgetown Road
North Bethesda, Maryland
–
Location of North Bethesda, Maryland
3.
Radioactive materials
–
A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Certain highly excited short-lived nuclear states can decay through neutron emission, or more rarely, however, for a collection of atoms, the collections expected decay rate is characterized in terms of their measured decay constants or half-lives. This is the basis of radiometric dating, the half-lives of radioactive atoms have no known upper limit, spanning a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude, from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe. A radioactive nucleus with spin can have no defined orientation. If there are multiple particles produced during a single decay, as in decay, their relative angular distribution. Such a parent process could be a previous decay, or a nuclear reaction, the decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide, and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from an excited state. When the number of changes, an atom of a different chemical element is created. The first decay processes to be discovered were alpha decay, beta decay, alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle. This is the most common process of emitting nucleons, but highly excited nuclei can eject single nucleons, or in the case of cluster decay, specific light nuclei of other elements. Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron, the nucleus may capture an orbiting electron, causing a proton to convert into a neutron in a process called electron capture. All of these result in a well-defined nuclear transmutation. By contrast, there are radioactive decay processes that do not result in a nuclear transmutation, another type of radioactive decay results in products that vary, appearing as two or more fragments of the original nucleus with a range of possible masses. For a summary table showing the number of stable and radioactive nuclides in each category, there are 29 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive. They are those that contain 34 radionuclides that date before the time of formation of the solar system, well-known examples are uranium and thorium, but also included are naturally occurring long-lived radioisotopes, such as potassium-40. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel and these materials glow in the dark after exposure to light, and he suspected that the glow produced in cathode ray tubes by X-rays might be associated with phosphorescence. He wrapped a photographic plate in black paper and placed various phosphorescent salts on it, all results were negative until he used uranium salts. The uranium salts caused a blackening of the plate in spite of the plate being wrapped in black paper and these radiations were given the name Becquerel Rays
Radioactive materials
–
Pierre and Marie Curie in their Paris laboratory, before 1907
Radioactive materials
–
Alpha decay is one type of radioactive decay, in which an atomic nucleus emits an
alpha particle, and thereby transforms (or "decays") into an atom with a
mass number decreased by 4 and
atomic number decreased by 2.
Radioactive materials
–
Taking an X-ray image with early
Crookes tube apparatus in 1896. The Crookes tube is visible in the centre. The standing man is viewing his hand with a
fluoroscope screen; this was a common way of setting up the tube. No precautions against radiation exposure are being taken; its hazards were not known at the time.
Radioactive materials
–
Gamma-ray energy spectrum of uranium ore (inset). Gamma-rays are emitted by decaying
nuclides, and the gamma-ray energy can be used to characterize the decay (which nuclide is decaying to which). Here, using the gamma-ray spectrum, several nuclides that are typical of the decay chain of 238 U have been identified: 226 Ra, 214 Pb, 214 Bi.
4.
Radionuclide
–
A radionuclide is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay, the unstable nucleus is more stable following the emission, but will sometimes undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a process at the level of single atoms. However, for a collection of atoms of an element the decay rate. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms have no known limits, Radionuclides occur naturally and are artificially produced in nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators. There are about 730 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 60 minutes, with the longest half lives are the 32 primordial radionuclides that have survived from the creation of the Solar System. Over 60 further radionuclides are detectable in nature, either as daughters of these, more than 2400 radionuclides have half-lives less than 60 minutes. Most of those are produced artificially, and have very short half-lives. For comparison, there are about 254 stable nuclides, even the lightest element, hydrogen, has a well-known radionuclide, tritium. Elements heavier than lead, and the elements technetium and promethium, unplanned exposure to radionuclides generally has a harmful effect on living organisms including humans, although low levels of exposure occur naturally without harm. However, radionuclides with suitable properties are used in medicine for both diagnosis and treatment. An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a radioactive tracer, a pharmaceutical drug made with radionuclides is called a radiopharmaceutical. On Earth, naturally occurring radionuclides fall into three categories, primordial radionuclides, secondary radionuclides, and cosmogenic radionuclides, Radionuclides are produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions along with stable nuclides. Most decay quickly but can still be observed astronomically and can play a part in understanding astronomic processes, primordial radionuclides, such as uranium and thorium, exist in the present time because their half-lives are so long they have not yet completely decayed. It is possible decay may be observed in other nuclides adding to this list of primordial radionuclides, secondary radionuclides are radiogenic isotopes derived from the decay of primordial radionuclides. They have shorter half-lives than primordial radionuclides and they arise in the decay chain of the primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238 and uranium-235. Examples include the natural isotopes of polonium and radium, cosmogenic isotopes, such as carbon-14, are present because they are continually being formed in the atmosphere due to cosmic rays. Many of these radionuclides exist only in trace amounts in nature, secondary radionuclides will occur in proportion to their half-lives, so short-lived ones will be very rare
Radionuclide
–
Americium-241 container in a smoke detector.
Radionuclide
–
Americium-241 capsule as found in smoke detector. The circle of darker metal in the center is americium-241; the surrounding casing is aluminium.
5.
Spent fuel
–
Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor. See Large, John H, Radioactive Decay Characteristics of Irradiated Nuclear Fuels, in the oxide fuel, intense temperature gradients exist which cause fission products to migrate. The zirconium tends to move to the centre of the fuel pellet where the temperature is highest, the pellet is likely to contain lots of small bubble-like pores which form during use, the fission xenon migrates to these voids. Some of this xenon will then decay to form caesium, hence many of these contain a large concentration of 137Cs. In the case of mixed oxide fuel, the xenon tends to diffuse out of the areas of the fuel. The neodymium tends to not be mobile, also metallic particles of an alloy of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd tend to form in the fuel. Other solids form at the boundary between the uranium dioxide grains, but the majority of the products remain in the uranium dioxide as solid solutions. A paper describing a method of making a non-radioactive uranium active simulation of spent oxide fuel exists, 3% of the mass consists of fission products of 235U and 239Pu, these are considered radioactive waste or may be separated further for various industrial and medical uses. Many of the products are either non-radioactive or only short-lived radioisotopes. But a considerable number are medium to long-lived radioisotopes such as 90Sr, 137Cs, 99Tc, about 1% of the mass is 239Pu and 240Pu resulting from conversion of 238U, which may be considered either as a useful byproduct, or as dangerous and inconvenient waste. If the reactor has been used normally, the plutonium is reactor-grade, not weapons-grade, it more than 19% 240Pu and less than 80% 239Pu. If the irradiation period has been short then the plutonium is weapons-grade, 96% of the mass is the remaining uranium, most of the original 238U and a little 235U. Usually 235U would be less than 0. 83% of the mass along with 0. 4% 236U, reprocessed uranium will contain 236U, which is not found in nature, this is one isotope which can be used as a fingerprint for spent reactor fuel. If using a fuel to produce fissile U-233, the SNF will have U-233. This will affect the long-term radioactive decay of the spent fuel, if compared with MOX fuel, the activity around one million years in the cycles with thorium will be higher due to the presence of the not fully decayed U-233. For natural uranium fuel, Fissile component starts at 0. 71% 235U concentration in natural uranium, at discharge, total fissile component is still 0. Some natural uranium fuels use chemically active cladding, such as Magnox, traces of the minor actinides are present in spent reactor fuel. These are actinides other than uranium and plutonium and include neptunium, americium and curium, the amount formed depends greatly upon the nature of the fuel used and the conditions under which it was used
Spent fuel
–
Spent fuel pool at a nuclear power plant
Spent fuel
–
Spent nuclear fuel stored underwater and uncapped at the
Hanford site in
Washington, USA
Spent fuel
–
Activity of U-233 for three fuel types
6.
Nuclear power in the United States
–
As of 2016, there are four new reactors under construction with a gross electrical capacity of 5,000 MW, while 33 reactors have been permanently shut down. The United States is the worlds largest supplier of nuclear power. As of October 2014, the NRC has granted license renewals providing a 20-year extension to a total of 74 reactors. In early 2014, the NRC prepared to receive the first applications of license renewal beyond 60 years of life, as early as 2017. Licenses for 22 reactors are due to expire before the end of the next decade if no renewals are granted, the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant was the most recent nuclear power plant to be decommissioned on December 29,2014. Most reactors began construction by 1974, following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and changing economics, more than 100 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s, bankrupting some companies. Up until 2013, there had also been no ground-breaking on new reactors at existing power plants since 1977. Then in 2012, the NRC approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants, Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 began on March 9,2013. A few days later, on March 12, construction began on the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4, in addition, on October 19,2016 TVAs Unit-2 reactor at the Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station became the first US reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. There was a revival of interest in power in the 2000s, with talk of a nuclear renaissance. As of August 2013, there are construction delays at Vogtle, Research into the peaceful uses of nuclear materials began in the United States under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission, created by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946. This led to the introduction of the Price-Anderson Act in 1957, the Price-Anderson Act. shields nuclear utilities, vendors and suppliers against liability claims in the event of a catastrophic accident by imposing an upper limit on private sector liability. Without such protection, private companies were unwilling to become involved, no other technology in the history of American industry has enjoyed such continuing blanket protection. Argonne National Laboratory was assigned by the United States Atomic Energy Commission the lead role in developing nuclear energy beginning in the 1940s. Argonne and a number of other AEC contractors built a total of 52 reactors at the National Reactor Testing Station, two were never operated, except for the Neutron Radiography Facility, all the other reactors were shut down by 2000. Electricity from a generator connected to Experimental Breeder Reactor I flowed through them and this was the first time that a usable amount of electrical power had ever been generated from nuclear fission. Only days afterward, the reactor produced all the electricity needed for the entire EBR complex, one ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 million kilowatt-hours of electricity — this is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil. More central to EBR-I’s purpose than just generating electricity, however, was its role in proving that a reactor could create more nuclear fuel as a byproduct than it consumed during operation, in 1953, tests verified that this was the case
Nuclear power in the United States
–
NRC regions and locations of nuclear reactors, 2008
Nuclear power in the United States
–
The
Shippingport reactor was the first full-scale PWR nuclear power plant in the United States.
Nuclear power in the United States
–
President
Jimmy Carter leaving
Three Mile Island for
Middletown, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1979
Nuclear power in the United States
–
A clean-up crew working to remove
radioactive contamination after the
Three Mile Island accident.
7.
Nuclear safety and security
–
The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new and safer reactor designs. However, a perfect safety cannot be guaranteed, according to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks, insider sabotage, and cyberattacks are also conceivable, in his book, Normal accidents, Charles Perrow says that multiple and unexpected failures are built into societys complex and tightly-coupled nuclear reactor systems. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around, to date, there have been three serious accidents in the world since 1970, involving five reactors, corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. There are ongoing concerns about terrorist groups acquiring nuclear bomb-making material, the IAEA Convention on Nuclear Safety was adopted in Vienna on 17 June 1994 and entered into force on 24 October 1996. The convention was amended in 2015 by the Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety This resulted in the principles,1. Reasonably practicable or achievable safety improvements are to be implemented in a timely manner, many nations utilizing nuclear power have specialist institutions overseeing and regulating nuclear safety. Civilian nuclear safety in the U. S. is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, however, critics of the nuclear industry complain that the regulatory bodies are too intertwined with the industries themselves to be effective. S. Bajaj, was previously an executive at the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The book argues that safety is compromised by the suspicion that, as Eisaku Sato, formerly a governor of Fukushima province, has put it of the regulators. The safety of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U. S. government for research, weapons production, in the UK nuclear safety is regulated by the Office for Nuclear Regulation and the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator. The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency is the Federal Government body that monitors and identifies solar radiation and it is the main body dealing with ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and publishes material regarding radiation protection. Any complex system, no matter how well it is designed and engineered, veteran journalist and author Stephanie Cooke has argued, The reactors themselves were enormously complex machines with an incalculable number of things that could go wrong. When that happened at Three Mile Island in 1979, another line in the nuclear world was exposed. The accident revealed serious deficiencies in a system that was meant to protect public health, the 1979 Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrows book Normal Accidents, where a nuclear accident occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of an accident because it was unexpected. Perrow concluded that the failure at Three Mile Island was a consequence of the immense complexity. Such modern high-risk systems, he realized, were prone to failures however well they were managed and it was inevitable that they would eventually suffer what he termed a normal accident
Nuclear safety and security
–
IAEA headquarters in Vienna, Austria
Nuclear safety and security
–
Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station surrounded by the
2011 Missouri River Floods on June 16, 2011
Nuclear safety and security
–
Angra Nuclear Power Plant in
Rio de Janeiro state,
Brazil.
Nuclear safety and security
–
Spent nuclear fuel stored underwater and uncapped at the
Hanford site in
Washington, USA.
8.
Energy Research and Development Administration
–
The United States Energy Research and Development Administration was a United States government organization formed from the split of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1975. It assumed the functions of the AEC not assumed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the agency was created as part of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which was passed on October 11,1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. The Energy Research and Development Administration was activated on January 19,1975, the first Administrator was Robert Seamans, followed by Robert W. Fri. In 1977, ERDA was combined with the Federal Energy Administration to form the United States Department of Energy, DOE. gov, History of ERDA—Energy Research and Development Administration
Energy Research and Development Administration
–
Energy Research and Development Administration
9.
Nuclear weapon
–
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from small amounts of matter. The first test of a bomb released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10 million tons of TNT, a thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds can produce an explosive force comparable to the detonation of more than 1.2 million tons of TNT. A nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate a city by blast, fire. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of destruction, and their use. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in nuclear warfare, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II, the bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from acute injuries sustained from the explosions. The ethics of the bombings and their role in Japans surrender remain the subject of scholarly, since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for the purposes of testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them, israel is also believed to possess nuclear weapons, though in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands are nuclear weapons sharing states, south Africa is the only country to have independently developed and then renounced and dismantled its nuclear weapons. Modernisation of weapons continues to occur, all existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as bombs or atom bombs. This has long noted as something of a misnomer, as their energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. The latter approach is considered more sophisticated than the former and only the approach can be used if the fissile material is plutonium. A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is to ensure that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range from the equivalent of just under a ton to upwards of 500,000 tons of TNT, all fission reactions necessarily generate fission products, the radioactive remains of the atomic nuclei split by the fission reactions. Many fission products are highly radioactive or moderately radioactive. Fission products are the radioactive component of nuclear fallout
Nuclear weapon
–
The
mushroom cloud of the
atomic bombing of the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 rose some 11 miles (18 km) above the bomb's
hypocenter.
Nuclear weapon
–
Nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapon
–
Edward Teller, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"
Nuclear weapon
–
A demilitarized and
commercial launch of the Russian
Strategic Rocket Forces R-36
ICBM; also known by the NATO reporting name:
SS-18 Satan. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest
throw weight missile delivery system ever built.
10.
Non-destructive testing
–
The terms nondestructive examination, nondestructive inspection, and nondestructive evaluation are also commonly used to describe this technology. Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Common NDT methods include ultrasonic, magnetic-particle, liquid penetrant, radiographic, remote visual inspection, eddy-current testing, innovations in the field of nondestructive testing have had a profound impact on medical imaging, including on echocardiography, medical ultrasonography, and digital radiography. NDT methods may rely upon use of radiation, sound. The inside of a sample can be examined with penetrating radiation, such as X-rays, sound waves are utilized in the case of ultrasonic testing. Contrast between a defect and the bulk of the sample may be enhanced for visual examination by the eye by using liquids to penetrate fatigue cracks. One method involves using dyes, fluorescent or non-fluorescent, in fluids for non-magnetic materials, another commonly used NDT method used on ferrous materials involves the application of fine iron particles that are applied to a part while it is in an externally magnetized state. The particles will be attracted to leakage fields within the test object, Magnetic particle testing can reveal surface & some sub-surface defects within the part. Thermoelectric effect uses thermal properties of an alloy to quickly and easily characterize many alloys, the chemical test, or chemical spot test method, utilizes application of sensitive chemicals that can indicate the presence of individual alloying elements. Electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical fatigue crack sensors, utilize the tendency of metal structural material to oxidize readily in order to detect progressive damage, analyzing and documenting a non-destructive failure mode can also be accomplished using a high-speed camera recording continuously until the failure is detected. Detecting the failure can be accomplished using a detector or stress gauge which produces a signal to trigger the high-speed camera. These high-speed cameras have advanced recording modes to capture some non-destructive failures, after the failure the high-speed camera will stop recording. The capture images can be played back in slow motion showing precisely what happen before, during and after the non-destructive event, NDT is used in a variety of settings that covers a wide range of industrial activity, with new NDT methods and applications, being continuously developed. In manufacturing, welds are used to join two or more metal parts. Because these connections may encounter loads and fatigue during product lifetime, the typical welding defects could cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture. Welding techniques may also be monitored with acoustic emission techniques before production to design the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials. In the case of stress or safety critical welds, weld monitoring will be employed to confirm the specified welding parameters are being adhered to those stated in the welding procedure. This verifies the weld as correct to procedure prior to nondestructive evaluation, structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads during their lifetime, e. g. Lithium-ion batteries
Non-destructive testing
–
Chest radiography indicating a peripheral
bronchial carcinoma.
Non-destructive testing
–
1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye. 2. Penetrant is applied to the surface. 3. Excess penetrant is removed. 4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.
Non-destructive testing
–
An example of a 3D replicating technique. The flexible high-resolution replicas allow surfaces to be examined and measured under laboratory conditions. A replica can be taken from all solid materials.
11.
Nuclear power
–
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion, since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc. during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq/kWh, there is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, there have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution. In 2015, Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, seven reactors were permanently shut down. 441 reactors had a net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. 67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. The same year, his doctoral student James Chadwick discovered the neutron, further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow neutrons to increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons led Fermi to believe he had created a new, transuranic element and they determined that the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces, contradicting Fermi. Numerous scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, recognized that if fission reactions released additional neutrons, a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, this led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2,1942. In 1945, the pocketbook The Atomic Age heralded the untapped atomic power in everyday objects and depicted a future where fossil fuels would go unused. One science writer, David Dietz, wrote that instead of filling the gas tank of a car two or three times a week, people travel for a year on a pellet of atomic energy the size of a vitamin pill. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the USSR proceeded over the course of the late 1940s, electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20,1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. Work was also researched in the US on nuclear marine propulsion
Nuclear power
–
The 1200
MWe,
Leibstadt fission-electric power station in Switzerland. The
boiling water reactor (BWR), located inside the dome capped cylindrical structure, is dwarfed in size by its
cooling tower. The station produces a yearly average of 25 million
kilowatt-hours per day, sufficient to power a city the size of
Boston.
Nuclear power
–
The
Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the largest in the US with 3
pressurized water reactors (PWRs), is situated in the
Arizona desert. It uses
sewage from cities as its
cooling water in 9 squat mechanical draft cooling towers. Its total
spent fuel /"waste" inventory produced since 1986, is contained in
dry cask storage cylinders located between the artificial body of water and the
electrical switchyard.
Nuclear power
–
U.S. nuclear powered ships,(top to bottom) cruisers
USS Bainbridge, the
USS Long Beach and the
USS Enterprise, the
longest ever naval vessel, and the first nuclear-powered
aircraft carrier. Picture taken in 1964 during a record setting voyage of 26,540 nmi (49,190 km) around the world in 65 days without refueling. Crew members are spelling out
Einstein 's
mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc 2 on the flight deck.
Nuclear power
–
The Russian
nuclear-powered icebreaker NS Yamal on a joint scientific expedition with the
NSF in 1994.
12.
United States Department of Energy
–
The United States Department of Energy is a Cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material. It also directs research in genomics, the Human Genome Project originated in a DOE initiative, DOE sponsors more research in the physical sciences than any other U. S. federal agency, the majority of which is conducted through its system of National Laboratories. Former Governor of Texas Rick Perry is the current Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by a 62 to 37 vote in the United States Senate on March 2,2017. In 1942, during World War II, the United States started the Manhattan Project, after the war in 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission was created to control the future of the project. The 1973 oil crisis called attention to the need to consolidate energy policy, on August 4,1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, which created the Department of Energy. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon, a DOE spokesperson denied that phrases had been banned. In December 1999, the FBI was investigating how China obtained plans for a nuclear device. Wen Ho Lee was accused of stealing nuclear secrets from Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Peoples Republic of China, Federal officials, including then-Energy Secretary Bill Richardson, publicly named Lee as a suspect before he was charged with a crime. The U. S. Congress held hearings to investigate the Department of Energys mishandling of his case, republican senators thought that an independent agency should be in charge of nuclear weapons and security issues, not the Department of Energy. All but one of the 59 charges against Lee were eventually dropped because the investigation proved that the plans the Chinese obtained could not have come from Lee. Lee filed suit and won a $1.6 million settlement against the federal government, the department is under the control and supervision of a United States Secretary of Energy, a political appointee of the President of the United States. The Energy Secretary is assisted in managing the department by a United States Deputy Secretary of Energy, also appointed by the president, the department also has three under secretaries, each appointed by the president, who oversee the major areas of the departments work. The president also appoints seven officials with the rank of Assistant Secretary of Energy who have line management responsibility for major elements of the Department. The Energy Secretary assigns their functions and duties. S.4 billion budget request for DOE for fiscal year 2010, including $2.3 billion for the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The budget aims to expand the use of renewable energy sources while improving energy transmission infrastructure. It also makes significant investments in hybrids and plug-in hybrids, in smart grid technologies, most of the stimulus spending was in the form of grants and contracts. The contractor guarantees the energy improvements will generate savings, and after the contract ends, in loan guarantees, a conditional commitment requires to meet an equity commitment, as well as other conditions, before the loan guarantee is completed. The DOE budget includes $280 million to fund eight Energy Innovation Hubs, yet another hub will develop smart materials that will allow the electrical grid to adapt and respond to changing conditions
United States Department of Energy
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James Forrestal Headquarters Complex in
Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Energy
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Seal of the U. S. Department of Energy
United States Department of Energy
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Organizational chart of the U.S. Department of Energy as of July 2015
United States Department of Energy
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Sign in front of the United States Department of Energy Forrestal Building on 1000
Independence Avenue in
Washington D.C.
13.
National Nuclear Security Administration
–
The National Nuclear Security Administration is the U. S. agency responsible for enhancing national security through the military application of nuclear science. Established by the United States Congress in 2000, NNSA is an agency within the United States Department of Energy. S. The first NNSA administrator appointed was Air Force General John A. Gordon, NNSA has four missions with regard to national security, To manage the U. S. nuclear weapon stockpile. To reduce global danger from weapons of destruction and to promote international nuclear safety. To provide the United States Navy with safe, militarily effective nuclear propulsion plants and to ensure the safe, to support United States leadership in science and technology. One of NNSAs primary missions is to maintain the safety, security, after the Cold War, the U. S. stopped production of new nuclear warheads and voluntarily ended underground nuclear testing. NNSA also uses multiple supercomputers to run simulations and validate experimental data, the organization provides safe and secure transportation of nuclear weapons and components and special nuclear materials, and conducts other missions supporting national security. It has responsibility to develop, operate, and manage a system for the safe, shipments are transported in specially designed equipment and are escorted by armed federal agents. Among its goals are to prevent proliferation, ensure peaceful nuclear uses, NNSAs Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program is responsible for providing militarily effective nuclear propulsion plants. It provides the design, development and operational support required to power the U. S. Navys aircraft carriers, NNSA is responsible for responding to radiological and nuclear emergencies and working with law enforcement agencies to prevent nuclear or radiological terrorism. Experts at its national laboratories maintain a level of readiness to deploy resources capable of responding to nuclear or radiological incidents worldwide. Key capabilities looking for and identifying radiological material, rendering safe nuclear devices, NNSA provides expertise, practical tools and technically informed policy recommendations to advance U. S. nuclear counterterrorism and counterproliferation objectives. It is responsible for understanding nuclear threat devices and foreign nuclear weapons that cause proliferation concerns. S, in June 2006, The New York Times reported that sensitive information on nuclear weapons workers had been stolen from the NNSA. In 2008, the NNSA, in cooperation with Russia and other agencies and this operation was conducted by American and Russian officials to ensure the safe disposal of the radioactive uranium that is highly enriched and weapons-grade. The Hungarian reactor is now being converted to use low-enriched uranium that cannot be used in a weapon and will not be a potential terrorist target. S. S
National Nuclear Security Administration
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National Nuclear Security Administration
14.
Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
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Two units were planned, but the second unit was never completed due to construction delays, cost overruns and troubles obtaining financing. The construction permit for the plant was granted in 1976, full power operation of Unit 1 began in 1990. Unit 2 has been canceled and most of its major components sold to other plants, with its 1, 244-megawatt electrical output, Seabrook Unit 1 is the largest individual electrical generating unit on the New England power grid. It is the second largest nuclear plant in New England after the two-unit Millstone Nuclear Power Plant in Connecticut, the construction of Seabrook Station was completed ten years later than expected, with a cost approaching $7 billion. The large debt involved led to the bankruptcy of Seabrooks major utility owner, at the time, this was the fourth largest bankruptcy in United States corporate history. The plant was owned by more than 10 separate utility companies serving five New England states. In 2002, most sold their shares to FPL Energy, later known as NextEra Energy Resources, NextEra Energy now owns 88. 2% of Seabrook Station. The remaining portion is owned by utilities in Massachusetts. The station is one of five nuclear generating facilities operated by FPL Group, the other four are St. G4S Secure Solutions, formerly known as the Wackenhut Corporation, provides plant security to three of the four sites. Seabrook, St. Lucie, and Turkey Point experienced security related problems between 2004 and 2006, in the eight years before construction started at Seabrook, residents had opposed the plant before regulatory agencies and in a town meeting vote. Spurred on by the failure of these methods, and the success of a large anti-nuclear site occupation in Whyl, Germany, on August 1,1976,600 protestors rallied at the Seabrook Station construction site. In May 1977, more than 2,000 protestors, including 1,400 members of the Clamshell Alliance, of the protestors,1,414 were arrested and held for two weeks after they refused bail. The NRC had stipulated that workable evacuation plans needed to be in place for all towns within a 10-mile radius of the plant, four Massachusetts towns were within the ten-mile radius, and thus Governor Dukakis approval of evacuation plans was required. A lawsuit complaining that the NPP would cause thermal pollution was launched by anti-nuclear opposition and this was rejected without merit, but it delayed construction by 7.5 months. These protests and lawsuits are the reason the plant cost double initial estimates, in 2010, the plant applied to have its operating license extended from 2030 to 2050. In September 2012, Massachusetts Reps. Edward Markey and John F. Tierney filed HR6554, the bill would prevent nuclear plants from receiving 20-year license extensions from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission if they apply more than 10 years before their current 40-year licenses expire. The legislation was aimed at Seabrook Station, which is currently experiencing aging-related problems 22 years into its operating license. The representatives have asserted that granting the plant a license extension covering operation from 2030 to 2050 based on inspections done in 2012 is illogical, as of February 2012, there are safety concerns about concrete degradation at the plant
Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
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Seabrook Station (2009)
Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
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Seabrook Station behind the
Blackwater River seen from
Route 1A in Seabrook, New Hampshire
Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
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Seabrook Station seen from Powwow Hill in nearby
Amesbury, Massachusetts
15.
University of California Press
–
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California and its headquarters are located in Oakland, California. It also distributes titles published by the Huntington Library, Watershed Media, each year it publishes approximately 180 new books and 31 journals in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences and keeps about 3,500 book titles in print. The Press commissioned as its corporate typeface University of California Old Style from type designer Frederic Goudy from 1936-8, finley Joan of Arc, The Image of Female Heroism, Marina Warner Strong Democracy, Participatory Politics for a New Age, Benjamin R. These titles were selected for their merit and for their illumination of California history. The Ford by Mary Austin Thieves Market by A. I, by Al Young Official University of California Press website California Digital Library - University of California Libraries Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection Mark Twain Project Online
University of California Press
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2008 conference booth
16.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
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Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
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Presidential Seal
President of the United States
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Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
17.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
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United States Senate
United States Senate
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Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
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The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
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A typical Senate desk
18.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
Donald Trump
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Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
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The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.
Donald Trump
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Trump Tower, at 725
Fifth Avenue, in
Midtown Manhattan
19.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
George W. Bush
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George W. Bush
George W. Bush
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Lt. George W. Bush while in the
Texas Air National Guard
George W. Bush
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George W. Bush with his father outside the White House, April 29, 1992
George W. Bush
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Governor Bush (right) with father, former president
George H. W. Bush and wife, Laura, in 1997
20.
Gregory Jaczko
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Jaczko was a Chairman of the U. S. A physicist with public policy experience in academia and serving on Congressional staffs, he has been interested in the development of nuclear power. On May 21,2012, he announced his resignation pending the confirmation of the person to fill this role. On July 9,2012, Jaczko was replaced by Allison Macfarlane, Jaczko was raised in Albany, New York. He studied physics and philosophy at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and he earned a doctorate in theoretical particle physics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, in 1999. He is married to journalist Leigh Ann Caldwell, Jaczko served as a Congressional Science Fellow in the office of U. S. Representative Ed Markey in Washington, D. C. on the basis of an AAAS Science and he also worked as an adjunct professor for Physics and Public Policy under Dr. Francis Slakey at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. He later advised the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on issues regarding nuclear power and he served as appropriations director for U. S. Senator Harry Reid and as Reids science policy advisor, Jaczko was first sworn in as a Commissioner of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on January 21,2005. On May 13,2009, President Obama designated him the organizations Chairman, i. e. its principal executive officer, the chairman is responsible for long-range planning as well as budgetary and certain personnel functions of the NRC. “He also has authority for all NRC functions pertaining to an emergency involving an NRC licensee”. Jaczko has asserted that the greatest possible openness furthers the Nuclear Regulatory Commissions work on the protection of the environment and of public health and he encourages “licensees, vendors, state and local governments, interest groups, and the general public” to participate in the Commissions policy-making efforts. Efforts by Jaczko to strengthen security regulations for power plants have included requiring new such plants to be able to withstand an aircraft crash. He cited safety concerns stemming from Japans 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, a report by Nuclear Regulatory Commission Inspector General Hubert T. Bell accused Jaczko of strategically withholding information from his colleagues in an effort to keep plans for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository from advancing. In October 2011, all the other four NRC commissioners—two Democrats, on December 14,2011, Commissioner William Ostendorff, a Republican, told a House oversight committee that Jaczkos bullying and intimidation. Should not and cannot be tolerated, “One woman told me that she felt the chairman was actually irritated with someone else, but took it out on her, ” Magwood said. “Another said she was angry at herself for being brought to tears in front of male colleagues, a third described how she couldn’t stop shaking after her experience
Gregory Jaczko
–
Gregory Jaczko
Gregory Jaczko
–
Senator
Harry Reid swearing in Jaczko
21.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
–
Obama with his half-sister
Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother
Ann Dunham and grandfather
Stanley Dunham, in
Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after
ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
–
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
22.
Allison Macfarlane
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Allison M. Macfarlane directs the Center for International Science and Technology Policy at George Washington University, where she is Professor of Public Policy and International Affairs. She was the chairman of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission from July 9,2012, to December 31,2014. Macfarlane was educated at the University of Rochester, where she earned B. Sc. in Geological Sciences in 1987 and she held fellowships at Radcliffe College, Harvard University, Stanford University, and MIT. She was also assistant professor of science and international affairs at Georgia Tech from 2003-4. Prior to taking the top position at the NRC, Dr. Macfarlane was a professor of environmental science. While at GMU, MacFarlane was a member of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas Nuclear Future from 2010 to 2012, the panel was charged by the Secretary of Energy to examine the issues associated with nuclear waste disposal in the United States. When NSC commission chair Gregory Jaczko was forced to step down before the end of his term in May 2012 and she was then reconfirmed for a full five-year term by the United States Senate on July 1,2013. As Chairman of the NRC, Dr. S. nuclear power plants were being decommissioned than built and she also pushed to make the NRC a more family-friendly workplace. Macfarlane departed from the position at NRC before the completion of her term to take the GWU professorship in December 2014. In her 2006 book Uncertainty Underground Macfarlane critiqued plans to store spent nuclear fuel in a mountain near Las Vegas called Yucca Mountain and she said the seismic and volcanic activity as well as oxidizing in the environment would make the nuclear waste unstable. MacFarlane has supported storing nuclear waste at sites in dry casks. Macfarlane is married to Hugh Gusterson, a professor of anthropology and author of works on nuclear culture, speech to Institute for Nuclear Power Operations, Atlanta, November 6,2012. 2014 On leadership and nuclear power Washington Post interview August 6,2013, new York Times profile November 17,2014. Washington Post profile October 21,2014, galison, Peter & Robb Moss, Containment, Independent Lens, premiered January 9,2017 on U. S. PBS. Interviewed as part of review of nuclear power and waste disposal
Allison Macfarlane
–
Allison M. Macfarlane
23.
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
–
The Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, usually known by the acronym NRR, is a subordinate part of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Office should not be confused with the NRCs Nuclear Regulatory Research, the Offices current Director is William Dean. It has deputy directorates for two areas, Reactor Safety Programs and Engineering and Corporate Support and it has program management, policy development and analysis staff as well as an array of divisions. The Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation is responsible for ensuring the health and safety through licensing. However, the evaluation of license renewal applications, known as LRAs, is conducted by the Division of License Renewal. The Office is in charge of nuclear reactor safety for the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and it frequently works in conjunction with the NRC regional organizational structure and other task focused offices for these purposes. The NRC also coordinates at the Commission level with other Federal agencies including its superordinate agency, in 1979, the NRR played a key role in the Three Mile Island accident that occurred in Pennsylvania. The Offices Director at the time, Harold Denton, personally advised President Jimmy Carter throughout the crisis and this direct liaison is notable in that it was NRC Chairman Joseph Hendrie, Dentons superior, who interacted with Pennsylvanias governor Dick Thornburgh. This event provoked considerable public interest that coincided with release of the film The China Syndrome, given this context, President Carter was advised to walk into the crisis zone in person in order to demonstrate that the dangers were not as high as many believed
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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James Forrestal headquarters complex in Washington, D.C.
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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Seal of the Department of Energy
24.
Nuclear power whistleblowers
–
There have been a number of nuclear whistleblowers, often nuclear engineers, who have identified safety concerns about nuclear power and nuclear weapons production. In 1976 Gregory Minor, Richard Hubbard and Dale Bridenbaugh blew the whistle on safety problems at nuclear plants in the United States. George Galatis was a nuclear engineer who reported safety problems at the Millstone 1 Nuclear Power Plant, relating to reactor refueling procedures. Other nuclear power whistleblowers include Arnold Gundersen and David Lochbaum, the first prominent nuclear whistleblower was Karen Silkwood, who worked as a chemical technician at a Kerr-McGee nuclear fuel plant. Silkwood became an activist in the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union in order to protest health, in 1974, she testified to the United States Atomic Energy Commission about her concerns. A few months later she died in a car crash under mysterious conditions on the way to a meeting with a New York Times reporter, the 1983 film Silkwood is an account of this story. On February 2,1976, Gregory C, Hubbard, and Dale G. Bridenbaugh blew the whistle on safety problems at nuclear power plants, and their action has been called an exemplary instance of whistleblowing. The three engineers gained the attention of journalists and their disclosures about the threats of nuclear power had a significant impact, the consulting firm they formed, MHB Technical Associates, was technical advisor for the movie, The China Syndrome. The three engineers participated in Congressional hearings which their disclosures precipitated, browns Ferry nuclear power plant construction went underway in 1966. It was located in Alabama and in 1967 it earned a Federal construction permit, the plant received new design standards which call for “physical separation of electrical cables. ”There was an issue with the instructions on how to accomplish this so the AEC inspector F. U. Bower requested that the AEC elaborate, however, there was no response from the organization and installation went on, still, no instructions were issued after five failed inspections in 1970. The lack of cable separation instructions led to the sacrifice of safety coolant systems in two of the units in order to one with severe safety violation. The ignorance of the AEC led to the fire occurred on March 22,1975. The substance separating the wires caught fire when tests to find air leaks with a candle ignited it thus resulting in damage to the control systems, with damage to the control systems, the cooling system that keeps the units from leaking radiation did not work properly. Somehow the situation was avoided and the units were put out of service, throughout the occurrence of these events Bridenbaugh had been discussing his reservations on the safety at the plant in vain and in 1976 a year later Bridenbaugh, Hubbard and Minor resigned. Lou Putney came on the scene of the Crystal River 3 plant after receiving a call from a plant engineer, the engineer claimed that the managers hired engineers based on good ol boy mentality. The plant had experience numerous shut downs since 1978, along with this concern, the engineer was not confident that the manager possessed the qualifications to be a manager. Although the engineer pursued nothing further with his complaint, it prompted Putney to purchase shares of stock in the company that would allow him to file shareholder resolutions, Putney had looked into the nuclear reactors that were built of an unsafe material for emergency cooling procedures
Nuclear power whistleblowers
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2000 candles in memory of the
Chernobyl disaster in 1986, at a commemoration 25 years after the nuclear accident, as well as for the
Fukushima nuclear disaster of 2011.
25.
Rockville, MD
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Rockville is a city located in the central region of Montgomery County, Maryland. It is the county seat and is an incorporated city of Montgomery County. The 2010 census tabulated Rockvilles population at 61,209, making it the third largest incorporated city in Maryland, behind Baltimore, Rockville is the largest incorporated city in Montgomery County, Maryland, although the nearby census-designated place of Germantown is more populous. The city also has several upscale regional shopping centers and is one of the major hubs in Montgomery County. Situated in the Piedmont region and crossed by three creeks, Rockville provided an excellent refuge for semi-nomadic Native Americans as early as 8000 BC. By the first millennium BC, a few of these groups had settled down into year-round agricultural communities that exploited the native flora, including sunflowers and marsh elder. By AD1200, these groups were increasingly drawn into conflict with the Senecas and Susquehannocks who had migrated south from Pennsylvania. Within the present-day boundaries of the city, six sites have been uncovered and documented. By the year 1700, under pressure from European colonists, the majority of original inhabitants had been driven away. The indigenous population carved a path on the ground, known as Sinequa Trail. Later, the Maryland Assembly set the standard of 20 feet for main thoroughfares, in the mid-18th century, Lawrence Owen opened a small inn on the road. The location of the road, near the present Rockville Pike, was located on higher ground making it dry year-round. The first land patents in the Rockville area were obtained by Arthur Nelson between 1717 and 1735, within three decades, the first permanent buildings in what would become the center of Rockville were established on this land. Being a small, unincorporated town, early Rockville was known by a variety of names, including Owens Ordinary, Hungerfords Tavern, the first recorded mention of the settlement which would later become known as Rockville dates to the Braddock Expedition in 1755. Owens Ordinary was a small rest stop on Rock Creek Main Road, which stretched from George Town to Frederick Town, the southern portion of the county, of which Rockville was a part, was named Montgomery County. The most populous and prosperous urban center in this new county was George Town, Rockville, a small, but centrally located and well-traveled town, was chosen as the seat of the countys government. At the time, Rockville did not have a name, it was generally called Hungerfords Tavern, after being named the county seat, the village was referred to by all as Montgomery Court House. The tavern served as the county courthouse, and it held its first such proceedings on May 20,1777, in 1784, William Prather Williams, a local landowner, hired a surveyor to lay out much of the town
Rockville, MD
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Downtown Rockville in 2001, the Montgomery County Judicial Center in 2010, the Rockville Town Square in 2010, the Beall-Dawson House in 2005, and downtown Rockville in 2008.
Rockville, MD
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The Rockville Town Center in January 2006
Rockville, MD
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The Beall-Dawson House, on West Montgomery Avenue near Rockville Town Center in January 2005. Built in 1815, the home was owned by Upton Beall, Clerk of the Montgomery County Court.
Rockville, MD
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A stone marker on the corner of Vinson Street and Maryland Avenue in May 2010. It was originally placed there in 1803 when Rockville's streets were laid out. "BR" stands for "Beginning of Rockville".
26.
Walnut Creek, California
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Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located 16 miles east of the city of Oakland in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments, restaurants, as of 2014, the citys total estimated population is 67,673. Diablo, and the Tactan at Danville and Walnut Creek, on San Ramon Creek, todays Walnut Creek is located amidst the earlier site of four Mexican land grants. One of these land grants – measuring 18,000 acres – belonged to Juana Sanchez de Pacheco, Ygnacio Sibrian, one of the grandsons, created the first roofed home in the valley in about 1850. The grant was called Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones, named after the principal waterway, the Arroyo de las Nueces was named for the occurrence in the valley of the native species of walnut tree, the California Walnut. With the coming of American settlers following the Mexican-American War, a settlement called The Corners emerged, named because it was the place where roads from Pacheco. The site of this first American settlement is today at the intersection of Mt. Diablo Boulevard. The first town settler was William Slusher, who built a dwelling on the bank of Walnut Creek, in the year 1855, Milo Hough of Lafayette built the hotel named Walnut Creek House in the corners. A blacksmith shop and a store soon joined the hotel, two decades later, the community changed its name from The Corners to Walnut Creek. In December 1862 a United States Post Office was established, the downtown street patterns laid out in 1871–1872 by pioneer Homer Shuey on a portion of one of his familys large cattle ranches are still present today. Walnut Creek began to grow with the arrival of Southern Pacific Railroad service in 1891, on October 21,1914, the town and the surrounding area of 500 acres ), were incorporated as the 8th city in Contra Costa County. A branch line of the Southern Pacific railroad ran through Walnut Creek until the late 1970s, the East Bay Regional Park Districts Iron Horse Trail, used by walkers, runners and bikers, runs over what were portions of that branch line. The mainline of the Sacramento Northern Railway passed through Walnut Creek, today, the Pittsburg/Bay Point – SFO Line line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit serves Walnut Creek with a station adjacent to Highway 680. Walnut Creek is located at 37°54′23″N 122°03′54″W, portions lie in both the San Ramon Valley and the Ygnacio Valley below the western slopes of Mount Diablo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19.8 sq mi,0.06 percent of which is water. Walnut Creek owns more open space per capita than any community in the state of California. In 1974, Walnut Creek voters approved a $6.7 million bond measure that allowed the city to purchase 1,800 acres of undeveloped hillsides, ridge lines, and park sites. Walnut Creek owns parts of Lime Ridge Open Space, Shell Ridge Open Space, Acalanes Ridge Open Space, the East Bay Regional Park District operates Diablo Foothills Regional Park and Castle Rock Regional Recreation Area, both in Walnut Creek
Walnut Creek, California
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Walnut Creek as seen from Acalanes Open Space
Walnut Creek, California
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Downtown Walnut Creek
Walnut Creek, California
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Shell Ridge Open Space
Walnut Creek, California
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Northgate community, looking towards Mt. Diablo
27.
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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King of Prussia is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,936, the community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn, which was named after King Frederick the Great of Prussia. Like the rest of Montgomery County, King of Prussia continues to experience rapid development, the largest shopping mall in the United States in terms of leaseable space and size, the King of Prussia Mall, is located here. Also located here is the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region I, King of Prussia is considered to be an edge city of Philadelphia, consisting of large amounts of retail and office space situated at the convergence of four highways. The eponymous King of Prussia Inn was originally constructed as a cottage in 1719 by the Welsh Quakers William and Janet Rees, the cottage was converted to an inn in 1769 and did a steady business in colonial times as it was approximately a days travel by horse from Philadelphia. Settlers headed west to Ohio would sleep at the inn on their first night on the road, in 1774 the Rees family hired James Berry to manage the inn, which henceforth became known as Berrys Tavern. Parkers spy map, created by a Tory sympathizer of the Kingdom of Great Britain, listed the inn as Berrys in 1777 and it was possibly renamed in honor of Benjamin Franklins pro-American satirical essay An Edict by the King of Prussia. At some point a wooden signboard of the inn depicted King Frederick II of Prussia, the inn is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The inn was forced to move with the expansion of U. S. Route 202, U. S.202 is a major north-south highway that passes through the town from southwest to northeast. For more than a century the inn was marooned on a median island. It was sealed up for years, surrounded by a high fence, the inn was successfully relocated in 2000 and opened to the public in October 2002. Before 1960, the Greater King of Prussia area was known for more than being the place of Washingtons winter respite in 1777-8. The growth in King of Prussia developed around the convergence of four highways with the construction of the King of Prussia Mall, a business park. Daniel Berrigan and his brother Philip Berrigan began their Plowshares Movement at the General Electric Weapons Plant in King of Prussia in 1980. That event and the subsequent court proceedings surrounding the Plowshares Eight were dramatically depicted by Emile de Antonio in the 1983 motion picture In the King of Prussia, the proposed development needed to be rezoned but Upper Merion Township officials and local residents were opposed to the plans. After several court battles, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled in Maloomians favor in 2003, the planned development became known as the Village at Valley Forge and would include a suburban downtown, apartments, townhouses, and offices. The retail area would be known as the King of Prussia Town Center, the first part of the town center was completed in 2014 with the opening of a Wegmans grocery store. This was followed by the construction of the area with several stores
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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Location of King of Prussia in Pennsylvania
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
28.
Northeastern United States
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The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The Census Bureau-defined region has an area of 181,324 sq mi with 162,257 square miles of that being land mass. Though lacking a unified identity, the Northeastern region is the nations most economically developed, densely populated. Of the nations four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its residing in urban areas. The region is subdivided into New England and the Mid-Atlantic States and this definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation. C. Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland, the narrowest definitions include only the states of New England. Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are, Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D. C. and West Virginia Delaware, Maryland, Washington, most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those made up the Iroquois nations. In the United States of the 21st century,18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast, the two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories. The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, the Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth, and two towns consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in recent history. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life. In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New England played a prominent role in early American education
Northeastern United States
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High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point,
Sussex County, the
highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level
Northeastern United States
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The states shown in the two darkest red shades are included in the
United States Census Bureau Northeast Region, with states in lighter shades included in other regional definitions (see
Composition).
Northeastern United States
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Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts
Northeastern United States
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The Palisades along the
Hudson River, New Jersey
