1.
States of Venezuela
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Venezuela is a federation made up of twenty-three states, a Capital District and the Federal Dependencies, which consist of a large number of islands and islets on the Caribbean Sea. Venezuela also claims the Guayana Esequiba territory which comprises six districts in the independent nation of Guyana, the states and territories of Venezuela are usually organized into regions, although these regions are mostly geographical entities and count with no administrative entities. Prior to the Federal War of, the country was divided into provinces rather than states, the victorious forces were supposed to grant more autonomy to the individual states, but this was not implemented. From 1863 to the early 1900s there were numerous changes, including the merger and splitting of states. States that existed during this time included Guzmán Blanco State, originally a renamed Aragua State, in 1881 the states of Miranda, Guárico, Nueva Esparta and the Vargas department of the Federal District were merged into the state. This was part of a territorial reorganisation reducing the number of states from 20 to 9, the 1990s saw the creation of three new states, Delta Amacuro, Amazonas, and Vargas. Venezuelas territory is divided into eight geographical regions, which are mostly used for geographical, cultural and planning purposes. Below is a list of the 23 states of Venezuela, the states are listed along with their correspondent emblems, data and location. Nueva Esparta is named for the heroism shown by its inhabitants during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Trujillo, for the capital city, Trujillo, itself named for Trujillo in Spain. Zulias name stems from a transliteration from the chibcha language
2.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Margarita Island
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Margarita Island is the largest island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta, situated off the northeastern coast of the country, in the Caribbean Sea. The capital city of Nueva Esparta, La Asunción, is located on the island, primary industries are tourism, fishing and construction. Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive on Margarita Island in 1498, the local natives were the Guaiqueries people. The coast of the island was abundant in pearls, which represented almost a third of all New World tribute to the Spanish Crown, Margarita Island was fortified against the increasing threat of pirate attacks, and some fortifications remain today. It was the center of Spanish colonial Margarita Province, established in 1525, in 1561, the island was seized by Lope de Aguirre, a notoriously violent and rebellious conquistador. Around 1675, the island was captured again, this time by Red Legs Greaves and he captured a fleet of Spanish ships off port, before turning the guns on the forts which he stormed and claimed a large booty of pearls and gold. Construction of the fort Santa Rosa was ordered by the governor, Juan Muñoz de Gadea, the island gained independence from the Spanish in 1814 after the collapse of the First Republic of Venezuela. It became the first permanently free territory in Venezuela, simón Bolívar was confirmed as Commander in Chief of the Second Republic of Venezuela on the island in 1816. From there he started a campaign to free Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Located in the Caribbean Sea between latitudes 10°52N and 11°11N and longitudes 63°48W and 64°23W, the island, along with the islands of Coche and Cubagua, the island is split into two peninsulas joined by an 18 kilometres long isthmus and covers an area of 1,020 km². It is 78 kilometres long and measures roughly 20 kilometres at its widest, the climate is sunny and dry with average temperatures ranging from 24 to 37 °C. Most of the islands 420,000 residents live in the developed eastern part of the island. The island can be reached by flights from Caracas or ferries from Puerto La Cruz, Cumaná. There are no flights to the island at present. The Macanao peninsula to the west has a mountain range in the east-west direction. The highest altitude is 760 metres at Pico de Macanao, several smaller ranges derive from this axis following a north-south orientation with deep valleys between them. The most notable of these valleys is San Francisco in the part of the peninsula. The Paraguachoa peninsula to the East is formed by a range in the north-south direction from Porlamar to Cabo Negro
5.
Coche, Venezuela
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This article is about an island. For the Coche language, see Camsá language, Isla de Coche is one of three islands forming the Nueva Esparta State of Venezuela, located in the Caribbean between Isla Margarita and the mainland. The other two islands are Isla Margarita, the island of the state, and Cubagua, the smallest. It covers an area of 55 km2, with a population of about 8,200, the highest elevation of the island is 60 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical, with a temperature of approximately 27 to 38 °C. The island is coincident with the municipality of Villalba, with the capital at San Pedro de Coche, other towns on Coche are El Bichar, Guinima, El Amparo, El Guamache and La Uva. The economy depends mainly on tourism, the island was discovered in 1498 by Christopher Columbus, populated by the Waikerio indigenous people. First efforts to settle Coche was made in the early 16th century, there was previous population of refugees originating from the city of Nueva Cádiz which was destroyed by a tropical storm on Cubagua Island. All settlers, mostly the pearl daughters, abandoned Isla Coche in 1574, the next successful settlement took place in the 19th century, and from this date Coche is still habitated. To the west of the island the conditions for windsurfing and kiteboarding and it can see the effect of strong winds and continued in the sparse vegetation of the island, as seen in the image of San Pedro de Coche. On the road can be practiced the cycling, naturally with sunscreen to prevent sunburn, the temperature, though high, is pleasant in the fresh sea air, considering that breeze rages precisely in the hottest hours of the afternoon. On the island there are good quality hotels that offer all the necessary facilities for a pleasant stay. It also offers rides and tours both aquatic and terrestrial, tourist purposes, Coche Island maintains close communication with Margarita Island and the Venezuelan mainland Sucre State. The story of the Polish writer Arkady Fiedlers novel Robison Crusoe Island took place in Coche Island, the protagonist Jan Bober, a half-Polish half-English Virginia pioneer, fled from government pursuit by a pirate ship. However it ran into water and wrecked near the island. Jan and his two Arawak companions Arnak and Wagura, the survivors of the shipwreck, lived in 1725-1726 in the island. Later they received in the island a group of fled slaves from Margarita Island and with combined forces defeated Spanish slaver pursuers, fearing Spanish revenge, Jan and his followers left the island on the captured ship. Their adventures continued in the two next Arkady Fiedlers novels Orinoco and The White Jaguar
6.
Cubagua
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Cubagua or Isla de Cubagua is the smallest and least populated of the three islands constituting the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta, after Isla Margarita and Coche. It is located 16 kilometres north of Araya Peninsula, the closest mainland area, the island is 9.2 by 3.6 km in size, an elliptical shape with the longer axis east-west. The coast consists of beaches as well as cliffs from 5 to 7 metres high in the south. The highest elevation of the island reaches 32 metres. It is dry and lacks surface water bodies, annual precipitation is 250 millimetres, which is the value of a dry desert. Temperatures are close to 25 °C year-round with little fluctuation, the island has small populations of hares, feral goats and a large population of dogs. The island of Cubagua has no streets or roads and it is served by ferries and other boats from Punta de Piedras, the capital of the municipality of Tubores located 8 km to the northeast on Isla Margarita. The passage takes less than 2 hours, the boat landing pier is located at the eastern end of Playa Charagato, the main settlement of Cubagua. The first human settlement on Cubagua has been dated to 2325 BC, in 1498, Cubagua was discovered by Christopher Columbus. In 1528, Cristóbal Guerra founded the city of Nueva Cádiz, the city became a synonym for the suppression by the Hispanic Conquistadores in South America. Nueva Cádiz, which reached a population between 1000 and 1500, was destroyed in an earthquake followed by a tsunami in 1541, the ruins have been declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979. Cubagua is part of the municipality of Tubores, one of 11 municipalities of the state of Nueva Esparta, human activity dates from the 24th century BC, but the first people did not settle here in a permanent fashion. Instead the island was used as a source of oysters, for food, the lack of vegetation or fresh water made permanent settlement nearly impossible. Today the island still has temporary fisherman, but few to no permanent residents, according to an unofficial population census conducted by the Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural in August 2007, the island had 51 residents of which 19 were children. Satellite images reveal about 5 buildings at that site, a small settlement of about 4 buildings can be made out about midway between Punta La Horca and Punta Arenas south of Punta El Lamparo. A pair of buildings can be seen on the bay of Manglecito just east of Punta Manglecito. The population exceeds 300 during the year when seasonal fishermen from the Venezuelan mainland state of Sucre are included. In 2015, Venezuelan director Jorge Thielen Armand made a documentary about the island of Cubagua
7.
Caribbean
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The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea, in a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15,1954, to October 10,2010, there was a known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations, the region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of Caribbean are KARR-ə-BEE-ən, with the accent on the third syllable. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the variant has been established for over 75 years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KARR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, usage is split within Caribbean English itself. The word Caribbean has multiple uses and its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea, to the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America, politically, the Caribbean may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the known as the Caribbean Community contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a member of the Caribbean Community. According to the ACS, the population of its member states is 227 million people. The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies, Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin and these islands include Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua
8.
Porlamar
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Porlamar is the largest city on Isla Margarita, Nueva Esparta State in Venezuela. The city was founded as Puerto de la Mar on the southeast coast in 1536, in 1680 the Council of the Indies ordered Margarita born Juan Fermín de Huidobro to build a fortress with four bastions and a watchtower known as San Carlos Borromeo. Porlamar was a fishing village until the arrival of air travel. Since then, it has become the hub of the island with shops, restaurants. Porlamar holds about one-third of Margarita Islands population, Porlamar is Margarita Islands center of commerce. Since it was granted free-port status in 1973, its boutique-lined avenues have been crowded with tourists, in the early 1990s, the economic downfall hit Porlamar. Del Caribe International General Santiago Marino Airport in Porlamar has charter services to Europe and Colombia, cancun, Mexico Cartagena, Colombia Miami, USA San Francisco Chronicle article
9.
Venezuelan War of Independence
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On July 5,1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake, only as part of Bolívars campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain. On 17 December 1819, the Congress of Angostura declared Gran Colombia an independent country, after two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most famous son, Simón Bolívar. Venezuela, along with the countries of Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, formed part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830. The French invasion of Spain in 1808 led to the collapse of the Spanish Monarchy, most subjects of Spain did not accept the government of Joseph Bonaparte, placed on the Spanish throne by his brother, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France. At the same time, the process of creating a government in Spain. This created a vacuum in the Spanish possessions in America. On 19 April 1810 the municipal council of Caracas headed a movement to depose the Spanish Governor and Captain General. A junta was established in Caracas, and soon other Venezuelan provinces followed suit, the reverberations of this act of independence could be felt throughout Venezuela almost immediately. Across Venezuela, towns and cities decided to side with the movement based in Caracas or not. The Caracas Junta called for a congress of Venezuelan provinces to establish a government for the region, as the Congress deliberated, a faction proposing outright independence quickly won favor. The Congress declared Venezuelas independence on 5 July 1811, establishing the Republic of Venezuela, two provinces, Maracaibo Province and Guayana Province, and one district, Coro, never recognized the Caracas Junta and remained loyal to the governments in Spain. Military expeditions to bring Coro and Guayana under the control of the Republic failed, in 1811 an uprising in Valencia against the Republic was successfully suppressed. By 1812 the situation increasingly became aggravated for the young Republic and it was short of funds, Spanish Regency set up a blockade, and on 26 March 1812, a devastating earthquake hit republican areas. In these desperate moments, Miranda was given powers, nevertheless he was unable to stem the royalist advance headed by Captain Domingo de Monteverde. By midyear, after the Battle of San Mateo, the Republic collapsed, Miranda capitulated to Monteverde and signed an armistice on 25 July 1812. Bolívar and other republicans continued the resistance from parts of the Spanish South America. In 1813 Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada, after winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the New Granadan Congress to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign
10.
Sparta
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Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon, while the name Sparta referred to its settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece, given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious. Spartas defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Spartas prominent role in Greece, however, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. It then underwent a period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages. Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek regional unit of Laconia, Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates, mothakes, perioikoi, Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world. Sparta was the subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in the West following the revival of classical learning and this love or admiration of Sparta is known as Laconism or Laconophilia. At its peak around 500 BC the size of the city would have been some 20,000 –35,000 free residents, plus numerous helots, olliers theory of the Spartan mirage has been widely accepted by scholars. The ancient Greeks used one of three words to refer to the location of the Spartans. The first refers primarily to the cluster of settlements in the valley of the Eurotas River. The second word was Lacedaemon, this was used sometimes as an adjective and is the name commonly used in the works of Homer. Herodotus seems to denote by it the Mycenaean Greek citadel at Therapne and it could be used synonymously with Sparta, but typically it was not. It denoted the terrain on which Sparta was situated, in Homer it is typically combined with epithets of the countryside, wide, lovely, shining and most often hollow and broken. The hollow suggests the Eurotas Valley, Sparta on the other hand is the country of lovely women, a people epithet. The name of the population was used for the state of Lacedaemon
11.
Ancient Greece
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Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and this was followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era that began with the Greco-Persian Wars, lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a influence on ancient Rome. For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization. Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is considered to have begun in the 8th century BC. Classical Antiquity in Greece is preceded by the Greek Dark Ages and this period is succeeded, around the 8th century BC, by the Orientalizing Period during which a strong influence of Syro-Hittite, Jewish, Assyrian, Phoenician and Egyptian cultures becomes apparent. The end of the Dark Ages is also dated to 776 BC. The Archaic period gives way to the Classical period around 500 BC, Ancient Periods Astronomical year numbering Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details The history of Greece during Classical Antiquity may be subdivided into five major periods. The earliest of these is the Archaic period, in which artists made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff, the Archaic period is often taken to end with the overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens and the start of Athenian Democracy in 508 BC. It was followed by the Classical period, characterized by a style which was considered by observers to be exemplary, i. e. classical, as shown in the Parthenon. This period saw the Greco-Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon, following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period, during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East. This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest, Herodotus is widely known as the father of history, his Histories are eponymous of the entire field. Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, most of these authors were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than those of many other cities. Their scope is limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic. In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to create the Greek alphabet. The Lelantine War is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period and it was fought between the important poleis of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war, a mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC, shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC
12.
Province of Margarita
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Margarita Province was one of the provinces of the Spanish Empire, then one of the provinces of Gran Colombia, and later one of the Provinces of Venezuela. In Gran Colombia it belonged to the Orinoco Department which was created in 1824, with the creation of the States of Venezuela in 1864 it became Nueva Esparta. The Province was named for its most important part, Isla Margarita, a partial list of governors, Citations Sources Archivo General de Indias, CONTRATACIÓN,5469, Nº2, R54
13.
Royal Audience of Santo Domingo
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The Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo was the first court of the Spanish crown in America. This audiencia would become part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain upon the creation of the two decades later. It also oversaw the provinces of Maracaibo, Margarita, Cumaná, Guyana, Barinas and Trinidad, from 1777 to 1786, the president of the Audiencia retained administrative oversight of Margarita, Cumaná and Caracas throughout the majority of the colonial period. Because Spain ceded Hispaniola to France in the Peace of Basel of 1795, the new Audiencia was set up the following year and called the Real Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe. This Audiencia maintained jurisdiction over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Louisiana, in 1838 the Real Audiencia of Havana was created, with the Puerto Príncipe retaining jurisdiction over the Eastern and Central departments of Cuba, since Spain had lost Florida and Louisiana. In 1831 the Real Audiencia of Puerto Rico was established, colony of Santo Domingo − Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Museo de las Casas Reales
14.
Viceroyalty of New Granada
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The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given on 27 May 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. The territory corresponding to Panama was incorporated later in 1739, in addition to these core areas, the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada included Guyana, southwestern Suriname, parts of northwestern Brazil, and northern Peru. Sporadic attempts at reform were directed at increasing efficiency and centralizing authority, the rough and diverse geography of northern South America and the limited range of proper roads made travel and communications within the viceroyalty difficult. The Wayuu had never subjugated by the Spanish. The two groups were in a more or less permanent state of war, there had been rebellions in 1701,1727,1741,1757,1761 and 1768. In 1718, Governor Soto de Herrera called them barbarians, horse thieves, worthy of death, without God, without law, of all the Indians in the territory of Colombia, the Wayuu were unique in having learned the use of firearms and horses. In 1769 the Spanish took 22 Wayuus captive, in order to put them to work building the fortifications of Cartagena, the reaction of the Wayuus was unexpected. On 2 May 1769, at El Rincón, near Riohacha, they set their village afire, burning the church, the Spanish immediately dispatched an expedition from El Rincón to capture the Wayuus. At the head of this force was José Antonio de Sierra, the Guajiros recognized him and forced his party to take refuge in the house of the curate, which they then set afire. Sierra and eight of his men were killed and this success was soon known in other Guajiro areas, and more men joined the revolt. According to Messía, at the peak there were 20,000 Wayuus under arms, many had firearms acquired from English and Dutch smugglers, sometimes even from the Spanish. This enabled the rebels to take all the settlements of the region. According to the authorities, more than 100 Spaniards were killed, many cattle were also taken by the rebels. The Spaniards took refuge in Riohacha and sent urgent messages to Maracaibo, Valledupar, Santa Marta and Cartagena, the rebels themselves were not unified. Sierras relatives among the Indians took up arms against the rebels to avenge his death, a battle between the two groups of Wayuus was fought at La Soledad. That and the arrival of the Spanish reinforcements caused the rebellion to fade away, New Granada was estimated to have 4,345,000 inhabitants in 1819. With the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the states of Ecuador, Venezuela, the Republic of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá, lasted from 1831 to 1856. The name Colombia reappeared in the United States of Colombia, the new name for the country having been introduced by a government after a civil war
15.
Gran Colombia
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Gran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. It included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, the first three were the successor states to Gran Colombia at its dissolution. Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903, since Gran Colombias territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast. Its existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized. The two men had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences had become public and were an important part of the political instability from that year onward, the official name of the country at the time was the Republic of Colombia. The name Colombia comes from the Spanish version of the eighteenth-century New Latin word Columbia and it was the term preferred by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to all American territories and colonies under Spanish rule. He used an improvised, quasi-Greek adjectival version of the name, Colombeia, to papers and things relating to Colombia. Bolívar and other Spanish American revolutionaries also used the word Colombia in the continental sense, the establishment in 1819 of a nation with the name Colombia by the Congress of Angostura gave the term a specific geographic and political reference. The Republic of Colombia comprised more or less the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and it united the territories of the former Third Republic of Venezuela, the United Provinces of New Granada, the former Royal Audiencia of Panama and the Presidency of Quito. Before a new constitution could be written by the Congress of Cúcuta, under the Constitution of Cúcuta, the country was divided into twelve departments governed by an intendant. Departments were further divided into provinces headed by a governor. Military affairs at the department level were overseen by a commandant general, all three offices were appointed by the central government. The central government, which temporarily was to reside in Bogotá, consisted of a presidency, a bicameral congress, the president was the head of the executive branch of both the central and local governments. The president could be granted extraordinary powers in military fronts, such as the area that became Ecuador, the vice-president assumed the presidency in case of the absence, death, demotion, or illness of the president. Since President Bolívar was absent from Gran Colombia for the years of its existence, executive power was wielded by the vice-president. The vote was given to persons who owned 100 pesos in landed property or had an equivalent income from a profession, in that year, none of the provinces of Quito, nor many in Venezuela and New Granada, were free yet. The Constitution of Cúcuta was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of Cúcuta, Bolívar and Santander were elected as the nations president and vice-president. To break up regionalist tendencies and to set up efficient central control of local administration, the Gran Colombian army later consolidated the independence of Peru in 1824
16.
Orinoco Department
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Orinoco Department was one of the departments of Gran Colombia created in 1824. Its territory was split from the Venezuela Department and it had borders to Apure Department in the West. Cantons, Angostura, Barceloneta, Alto Orinoco, Caroni, Guayana Vieja, Caura, La Pastora, cantons, Barcelona, Aragua, Pilar, Piritu, San Diego and Villa del Pao. Cantons, Cumaná, Carupano, Cumanacoa, Maturín, Cariaco, Aragua Cumanés and Río Caribes
17.
Provinces of Venezuela
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The Provinces of Venezuela were administrative divisions used from Venezuelas independence from Gran Colombia in 1830 to 1864, when the States of Venezuela were created. There were initially 11 provinces, with 4 created later, until in 1856 the Law of Territorial Division divided Venezuela into 21 provinces. Some of the provinces at independence had previously existed in a similar form during the Spanish Empire, with the conclusion of the Federal War in 1863, a new constitution transformed the provinces into the States of Venezuela. The three remaining provinces opted to stay under Spanish rule, following the Venezuelan War of Independence, all were incorporated into Gran Colombia. 1860 - Amazonas Province merged into Guayana Province Zamora Province Venezuela States
18.
Guzman Blanco
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Antonio Leocadio Guzmán Blanco was a Venezuelan military leader and politician. He was President of Venezuela for three terms, from 1870 until 1877, from 1879 until 1884, and from 1886 until 1887. Guzmán was born in Caracas as the son of Antonio Leocadio Guzmán and he was banished by the administration of General Julián Castro, and accompanied General Juan Crisóstomo Falcón in his invasion of Venezuela, becoming his general secretary. After the final defeat of Falcón at the Battle of Coplé in September,1860, Guzmán accompanied his chief in his flight, the latter was at the same time secretary of the treasury, and went to London to negotiate a loan. In 1863, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, on August 7,1863, Guillermo Tell Villegas was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela when he temporarily assumed the role of Guzman during Guzmans absence. Tell Villegas remained the 65th Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela until January 21,1864, Guzman was the Venezuelan ambassador to Spain from 1863 until 1866. Upon his return he was for a time in charge of the executive. In 1871 Blanco created by decree the Territorio Colón which included Los Roques, the Palacio Federal Legislativo, also known as the Capitolio, is a historic building in Caracas, Venezuela which now houses the National Assembly. It was built in 1872 by Guzman to a design by the architect Luciano Urdaneta Vargas, in 1876, under Guzmán, the Universidad de Caracas was moved to the Palacio de las Academias building, whose former colonial façade was rebuilt in the Neo-Gothic style. His successor, General Francisco Linares Alcántara, died in office in December,1878, in 15 years from 1870, the number of primary schools quadrupled to nearly 2000 and the enrolment of children expanded ten-fold, to nearly 100,000. Falcón Zulia was a state of Venezuela created by initiative of Guzmán in 1881, gloria al Bravo Pueblo was adopted as Venezuelas national anthem by Guzmán on May 25,1881. In the elections of 1883 General Joaquín Crespo, one of his friends, was declared president, in 1886 he again assumed the presidency. According to some historians, Guzmán Blanco led a fairly steady Venezuelan government that was ripe with corruption. His successor, the undistinguished Hermógenes López, was understood to be under his influence. The autocratic nature of Guzmáns regimes was in contradiction with the economic. Davis, Guzman has been referred to as an example of a strongman politician, also a freemason, he sharply reduced the power of the Roman Catholic Church in Venezuela while in office. Guzmán was married to Ana Teresa Ibarra Urbaneja, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1870 until 1877,1879 until 1884 and he is buried in Passy Cemetery in France. Towards the end of the nineteenth century Guzmán built a house in the region of Antímano
19.
Francisco de Miranda
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Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza, commonly known as Francisco de Miranda, was a military leader and Venezuelan revolutionary. Miranda led a romantic and adventurous life in the political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment that influenced all of the Atlantic Revolutions. He participated in three major historical and political movements of his time, the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and he described his experiences over this time in his journal, which reached to 63 bound volumes. An idealist, he developed a plan to liberate and unify all of Spanish America. He was handed over to his enemies and four years later, Miranda was born in Caracas, Venezuela Province, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, and baptized on April 5,1750. Growing up, Miranda enjoyed a wealthy upbringing and attended the finest private schools, however, he was not necessarily a member of high society, he faced some discrimination due to his Canarian roots, and his heritage was continually put into question by the Criollo aristocracy. Miranda was first tutored by Jesuits, Jorge Lindo and Juan Santaella, on January 10,1762, Miranda began his studies at the Royal and Pontifical University of Caracas, where he studied Latin, the early grammar of Nebrija, and the Catechism of Ripalda for two years. Miranda completed this course in September 1764 and became an upperclassman. Between 1764 and 1766, Miranda continued his studies, studying the writings of Cicero and Virgil, grammar, history, religion, geography, in June 1767, Miranda received his baccalaureate degree in the Humanities. It is unknown if Miranda received the title of Doctor, as the evidence in favor of this title is his personal testimony stating he received it in 1767. Beginning in 1767, Mirandas studies were disrupted in part due to his fathers rising prominence in Caracas society. In 1764, Sebastian de Miranda was appointed the captain of the militia known as the Company of the White Canary Islanders by the governor. Sebastian de Miranda directed his regiment for five years, but his new title, in retaliation, a competing faction formed a militia of its own and two local aristocrats, Don Juan Nicolas de Ponte and Don Martin Tovar Blanco, filed a complaint against Sebastian de Miranda. In 1769, Sebastian produced a genealogy to prove that his family had no African ancestors. In 1770, Sebastian won his familys rights through a royal patent, signed by Charles III. Miranda landed at the Port of Cadiz on March 1,1771, on March 28,1771, Miranda travelled to Madrid and took an interest in the libraries, architecture, and art that he found there. In Madrid, Miranda pursued his education, especially modern languages and he also sought to expand his knowledge of mathematics, history, and political science, as he aimed to serve the Spanish Crown as a military officer. It was in Madrid that Miranda began to build his personal library, in January 1773, Mirandas father transferred 85,000 reales vellon, to help his son obtain the position of captain in the Princesss Regiment
20.
Pampatar
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Pampatar is a city on Isla Margarita, Nueva Esparta State, Venezuela. It is located in the Maneiro Municipality, Pampatar lies 10 km northeast of Porlamar. A coastal town which was founded 1552 and its strategic importance becomes clear when visiting the Castillo de San Carlos de Borromeo on the waterfront in the center of town. Constructed entirely of coral, the fort, built by the Spanish in 1662 after the original was destroyed by the Dutch, nowadays this town is very famous for its malls and its commercial activity 24 hours a day. Media related to Pampatar at Wikimedia Commons Pampatar travel guide from Wikivoyage
21.
Isla de Margarita
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Margarita Island is the largest island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta, situated off the northeastern coast of the country, in the Caribbean Sea. The capital city of Nueva Esparta, La Asunción, is located on the island, primary industries are tourism, fishing and construction. Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive on Margarita Island in 1498, the local natives were the Guaiqueries people. The coast of the island was abundant in pearls, which represented almost a third of all New World tribute to the Spanish Crown, Margarita Island was fortified against the increasing threat of pirate attacks, and some fortifications remain today. It was the center of Spanish colonial Margarita Province, established in 1525, in 1561, the island was seized by Lope de Aguirre, a notoriously violent and rebellious conquistador. Around 1675, the island was captured again, this time by Red Legs Greaves and he captured a fleet of Spanish ships off port, before turning the guns on the forts which he stormed and claimed a large booty of pearls and gold. Construction of the fort Santa Rosa was ordered by the governor, Juan Muñoz de Gadea, the island gained independence from the Spanish in 1814 after the collapse of the First Republic of Venezuela. It became the first permanently free territory in Venezuela, simón Bolívar was confirmed as Commander in Chief of the Second Republic of Venezuela on the island in 1816. From there he started a campaign to free Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Located in the Caribbean Sea between latitudes 10°52N and 11°11N and longitudes 63°48W and 64°23W, the island, along with the islands of Coche and Cubagua, the island is split into two peninsulas joined by an 18 kilometres long isthmus and covers an area of 1,020 km². It is 78 kilometres long and measures roughly 20 kilometres at its widest, the climate is sunny and dry with average temperatures ranging from 24 to 37 °C. Most of the islands 420,000 residents live in the developed eastern part of the island. The island can be reached by flights from Caracas or ferries from Puerto La Cruz, Cumaná. There are no flights to the island at present. The Macanao peninsula to the west has a mountain range in the east-west direction. The highest altitude is 760 metres at Pico de Macanao, several smaller ranges derive from this axis following a north-south orientation with deep valleys between them. The most notable of these valleys is San Francisco in the part of the peninsula. The Paraguachoa peninsula to the East is formed by a range in the north-south direction from Porlamar to Cabo Negro
22.
Isla de Cubagua
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Cubagua or Isla de Cubagua is the smallest and least populated of the three islands constituting the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta, after Isla Margarita and Coche. It is located 16 kilometres north of Araya Peninsula, the closest mainland area, the island is 9.2 by 3.6 km in size, an elliptical shape with the longer axis east-west. The coast consists of beaches as well as cliffs from 5 to 7 metres high in the south. The highest elevation of the island reaches 32 metres. It is dry and lacks surface water bodies, annual precipitation is 250 millimetres, which is the value of a dry desert. Temperatures are close to 25 °C year-round with little fluctuation, the island has small populations of hares, feral goats and a large population of dogs. The island of Cubagua has no streets or roads and it is served by ferries and other boats from Punta de Piedras, the capital of the municipality of Tubores located 8 km to the northeast on Isla Margarita. The passage takes less than 2 hours, the boat landing pier is located at the eastern end of Playa Charagato, the main settlement of Cubagua. The first human settlement on Cubagua has been dated to 2325 BC, in 1498, Cubagua was discovered by Christopher Columbus. In 1528, Cristóbal Guerra founded the city of Nueva Cádiz, the city became a synonym for the suppression by the Hispanic Conquistadores in South America. Nueva Cádiz, which reached a population between 1000 and 1500, was destroyed in an earthquake followed by a tsunami in 1541, the ruins have been declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979. Cubagua is part of the municipality of Tubores, one of 11 municipalities of the state of Nueva Esparta, human activity dates from the 24th century BC, but the first people did not settle here in a permanent fashion. Instead the island was used as a source of oysters, for food, the lack of vegetation or fresh water made permanent settlement nearly impossible. Today the island still has temporary fisherman, but few to no permanent residents, according to an unofficial population census conducted by the Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural in August 2007, the island had 51 residents of which 19 were children. Satellite images reveal about 5 buildings at that site, a small settlement of about 4 buildings can be made out about midway between Punta La Horca and Punta Arenas south of Punta El Lamparo. A pair of buildings can be seen on the bay of Manglecito just east of Punta Manglecito. The population exceeds 300 during the year when seasonal fishermen from the Venezuelan mainland state of Sucre are included. In 2015, Venezuelan director Jorge Thielen Armand made a documentary about the island of Cubagua
23.
Isla de Coche
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This article is about an island. For the Coche language, see Camsá language, Isla de Coche is one of three islands forming the Nueva Esparta State of Venezuela, located in the Caribbean between Isla Margarita and the mainland. The other two islands are Isla Margarita, the island of the state, and Cubagua, the smallest. It covers an area of 55 km2, with a population of about 8,200, the highest elevation of the island is 60 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical, with a temperature of approximately 27 to 38 °C. The island is coincident with the municipality of Villalba, with the capital at San Pedro de Coche, other towns on Coche are El Bichar, Guinima, El Amparo, El Guamache and La Uva. The economy depends mainly on tourism, the island was discovered in 1498 by Christopher Columbus, populated by the Waikerio indigenous people. First efforts to settle Coche was made in the early 16th century, there was previous population of refugees originating from the city of Nueva Cádiz which was destroyed by a tropical storm on Cubagua Island. All settlers, mostly the pearl daughters, abandoned Isla Coche in 1574, the next successful settlement took place in the 19th century, and from this date Coche is still habitated. To the west of the island the conditions for windsurfing and kiteboarding and it can see the effect of strong winds and continued in the sparse vegetation of the island, as seen in the image of San Pedro de Coche. On the road can be practiced the cycling, naturally with sunscreen to prevent sunburn, the temperature, though high, is pleasant in the fresh sea air, considering that breeze rages precisely in the hottest hours of the afternoon. On the island there are good quality hotels that offer all the necessary facilities for a pleasant stay. It also offers rides and tours both aquatic and terrestrial, tourist purposes, Coche Island maintains close communication with Margarita Island and the Venezuelan mainland Sucre State. The story of the Polish writer Arkady Fiedlers novel Robison Crusoe Island took place in Coche Island, the protagonist Jan Bober, a half-Polish half-English Virginia pioneer, fled from government pursuit by a pirate ship. However it ran into water and wrecked near the island. Jan and his two Arawak companions Arnak and Wagura, the survivors of the shipwreck, lived in 1725-1726 in the island. Later they received in the island a group of fled slaves from Margarita Island and with combined forces defeated Spanish slaver pursuers, fearing Spanish revenge, Jan and his followers left the island on the captured ship. Their adventures continued in the two next Arkady Fiedlers novels Orinoco and The White Jaguar
24.
Macanao Peninsula
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The Macanao Peninsula is a geographic peninsula landform, that forms the western end of the Isla Margarita in the Caribbean Sea, in northern Venezuela. It is also a Venezuelan municipality, the Municipality of Macanao Peninsula, the municipal seat is Boca de Río. The peninsula is connected to the rest of Isla Margarita by a strip of land in Laguna de la Restinga National Park. Sixty years ago, it was an island, the peninsula has an area of 330 square kilometres, rising from sea level to 745 metres at the peak of Cerro Macanao. A ridge of land runs along the peninsula from east to west. The main east-west crest is sharp and narrow, the mountains are smaller than in Maragarita, but are much more rugged, with many steep-sided valleys cutting through the mountain sides. The more remote beaches can only be reached via dirt roads, the climate of Margarita as a whole is hot and tropical, with little rainfall. The Macanao peninsula is particularly arid and dry, in the 1950s, the mountains in the central range were forested up to about 650 metres. Vegetation today is mainly open cactus-chaparral, with forests in the seasonal riverbeds. The mean average temperature is 27 °C, and mean annual rainfall is 500 millimetres, trade winds blow from the northeast, so rainfall is highest on the northern side. Macanao Peninsula is relatively newly formed, in the northern part of the peninsula, littoral deposits from the early Pleistocene form a terrace 30 metres high made of a sandy marl 1 metre that contains the bivalves Lyropecten arnoldi. In the south, a littoral terrace 18 to 21 metres high dates to the mid-Pleistocene, there are many raised beaches from the Holocene. The highlands of the peninsula contain amphibolite and eclogite mafic rocks which, admiral Garcia Álvarez de Figueroa, governor of Margarita Province between 1626 and 1630, was known for his enjoyment of the trade in pearls from Cubagua and the Macanao peninsula. The Guayqueria Indians are indigenous to the island, when Alexander von Humboldt visited in 1799 he was met by eighteen Guayqueria men. He described them as of very tall stature and they had the appearance of great muscular strength, and the colour of their skins was something between a brown and a copper colour. As of 1964, the population was about 6,500, water was delivered by barge at no charge, but with only a few liters per capita for all uses. The Macanao peninsula is sparsely populated, tourists may take horseback rides, or visit picturesque beaches with fishing boats, such as Punta Arenas. The La Pared beach is pleasant and little used, divers prefer Punta Arenas beach at the far west, where the water is warmest and where giant starfish may be found
25.
Mar Caribe
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The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the islands of the West Indies. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2, the seas deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays, the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria, the Caribbean Sea has the worlds second biggest barrier reef, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. It runs 1,000 km along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, the name Caribbean derives from the Caribs, one of the regions dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. During the first century of development, Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed, from the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the South Sea as opposed to the North Sea. The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492, at that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was colonised by several Western cultures. As of 2015 the area is home to 22 island territories, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Caribbean Sea as follows, On the North. In the Windward Channel – a line joining Caleta Point and Pearl Point in Haïti, in the Mona Passage – a line joining Cape Engano and the extreme of Agujereada in Puerto Rico. From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point and thence to Baja Point in Venezuela, note that, although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf, it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate, the Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad, the larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc. The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era. It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period, in the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Seas formation began in the Triassic, powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool, the emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean
26.
Juan Griego
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Juan Griego is a city on the northern side of Isla Margarita, and is the most northern port in Venezuela. It has a population of 28,256 inhabitants and is capital of the Marcano municipality of the Nueva Esparta state, the city is named after Juan the Greek, who was born in Seville in the early 16th century. He was a navigator who crossed the ocean for the Americas and he started a prosperous business of transporting captive Indians from the island to Santo Domingo. He is mentioned in a census of 1545, after dying, the rest of the inhabitants of the town, probably for being the most prominent citizen of the place, began to call it after its founder. The city began to receive importance in 1811 when, during the Venezuela War of Independence, it became a port, in 1816, the port was used by Simon Bolivar for returning from Haiti. In 1904, the government moved the capital of the island from Juan Griego to Pampatar, in 1973, the island become a free port and the city once again become the second city in sequence of importance in the commercial activities after Porlamar
27.
Santa Ana (Nueva Esparta)
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Santa Ana is a town on Isla Margarita, in the state of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. It is the capital of the Gómez municipality, the town is located in the south of the municipality, in the northeast of Margarita. Santa Ana has a temperature of 27 °C. It serves as a community for other cities like La Asunción. Santa Ana is one of the fourteen cities of Venezuela. The town is known for its chinchorros, a form of hammock with an open weave named after a fishing net, Santa Ana was founded by Captain Diego Vásquez Coronado around 1530 during the governorship of Aldonza Manrique. It was originally called La Villa del Norte, construction of the church of Santa Ana started in 1749. Francisco Esteban Gómez, victor of the Battle of Matasiete in 1717, was born in Santa Ana on 26 December 1783 and he was baptized in the church. Gomezs house is now a museum, the church was the location of the Assembly of Notables that recognized Simón Bolívar as Supreme Chief after Bolívar had declared the Third Republic of Venezuela on 6 May 1816. The chair in which Bolivar sat is preserved in the church
28.
Macanao
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The Macanao Peninsula is a geographic peninsula landform, that forms the western end of the Isla Margarita in the Caribbean Sea, in northern Venezuela. It is also a Venezuelan municipality, the Municipality of Macanao Peninsula, the municipal seat is Boca de Río. The peninsula is connected to the rest of Isla Margarita by a strip of land in Laguna de la Restinga National Park. Sixty years ago, it was an island, the peninsula has an area of 330 square kilometres, rising from sea level to 745 metres at the peak of Cerro Macanao. A ridge of land runs along the peninsula from east to west. The main east-west crest is sharp and narrow, the mountains are smaller than in Maragarita, but are much more rugged, with many steep-sided valleys cutting through the mountain sides. The more remote beaches can only be reached via dirt roads, the climate of Margarita as a whole is hot and tropical, with little rainfall. The Macanao peninsula is particularly arid and dry, in the 1950s, the mountains in the central range were forested up to about 650 metres. Vegetation today is mainly open cactus-chaparral, with forests in the seasonal riverbeds. The mean average temperature is 27 °C, and mean annual rainfall is 500 millimetres, trade winds blow from the northeast, so rainfall is highest on the northern side. Macanao Peninsula is relatively newly formed, in the northern part of the peninsula, littoral deposits from the early Pleistocene form a terrace 30 metres high made of a sandy marl 1 metre that contains the bivalves Lyropecten arnoldi. In the south, a littoral terrace 18 to 21 metres high dates to the mid-Pleistocene, there are many raised beaches from the Holocene. The highlands of the peninsula contain amphibolite and eclogite mafic rocks which, admiral Garcia Álvarez de Figueroa, governor of Margarita Province between 1626 and 1630, was known for his enjoyment of the trade in pearls from Cubagua and the Macanao peninsula. The Guayqueria Indians are indigenous to the island, when Alexander von Humboldt visited in 1799 he was met by eighteen Guayqueria men. He described them as of very tall stature and they had the appearance of great muscular strength, and the colour of their skins was something between a brown and a copper colour. As of 1964, the population was about 6,500, water was delivered by barge at no charge, but with only a few liters per capita for all uses. The Macanao peninsula is sparsely populated, tourists may take horseback rides, or visit picturesque beaches with fishing boats, such as Punta Arenas. The La Pared beach is pleasant and little used, divers prefer Punta Arenas beach at the far west, where the water is warmest and where giant starfish may be found
29.
Venezuelan of European descent
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European Venezuelans or white Venezuelans are Venezuelan citizens who self-identify in the national census as white, tracing their heritage to European ethnic groups. According to the 2011 National Population and Housing Census,43. 6% of the population identified themselves as white people, a genomic study shows that about 61. 5% of the Venezuelan gene pool has European origin. Among the Latin American countries in the study, Brazil, Venezuela, the ancestry of White Venezuelans is primarily Spanish. Spaniards settled Venezuela during the colonial period, most of them were from Andalusia, Galicia, Basque Country and from the Canary Islands. The following is a table of the white Venezuelan proportion of the population in each Venezuelan state
30.
Afro-Venezuelan
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Afro-Venezuelans are Venezuelans of Sub-Saharan African origin descended from slaves brought to the Western hemisphere by the conquistadors during the Atlantic slave trade. They represent roughly 10% of the population of Venezuela. The slave trade in Venezuela concluded before Yoruba peoples were transported to the New World, distinguishing Venezuelas slave population from that of Brazil, slaves were treated as units of commerce, referred to as pieza de india in reference to their physique and potential for travail. Throughout the sixteenth century, slaves were brought to toil in the mines in Coro and Buría and to Isla Margarita and Cumaná for fishing. Small-scale agricultural plantations were also initiated in Venezuela, especially among the regions surrounding Caracas, in the 18th century, immense shipments of slaves were transported to Barlovento to aid the burgeoning cacao industry and the sugar plantations in Zulia, around Lake Maracaibo. Venezuelas slave population comprised 1.3 percent of the slave trade in the New World. The history of revolts in Venezuela, both in the form of runaway communities and mutiny, began quite early. The first documented insurrection was in Coro on 1532, however, the most momentous revolt of the time took place on the Buría mines on 1552. Barlovento was the site of intense cimarrón activity throughout the century, with several cumbe settlements being established around Caucagua. The most famous of these was that of Ocoyta, founded around 1770 by the legendary Guillermo Rivas, after he led raids on various plantations both to liberate slaves and to punish overseers, a special army was raised to destroy Ocoyta and execute Rivas. Cumbe derives from the Manding term for out-of-the-way place, typically located above river banks or in remote mountainous areas, cumbes were usually well hidden and housed an average of 120 residents. Such settlements were also called patucos and rochelos, cimarrones were frequently aided by indigenous tribes living in the area, and cumbe populations were composed not only of Blacks, but also of Indians and even of poor Whites. Cimarrón groups conducted raids on plantations, assisted in the escapes of other slaves, the only legally established town of free Blacks was that of Curiepe, established in Barlovento in 1721 under the leadership of Captain Juan del Rosario Blanco. The community was composed of members of Caracass Company of Free Blacks as well as huangos from the Antilles. The latter were escaped slaves who, like all Blacks fleeing non-Spanish-speaking islands, were granted freedom upon arrival in Venezuela if they accepted baptism, Afro-Venezuelans played a crucial role in the struggle for independence. Originally, slaves fought for the Crown, believing that the landowning creole Republicans were their enemies, in particular, the notorious royalist battalion of General José Tomás Boves attracted many slave soldiers. A major landowner himself, Bolívar freed 1,000 of his own slaves, José Antonio Paéz, a key figure in Venezuelan independence, led an army of Blacks from the llanos. One of his most famous lieutenants, Pedro Camejo, has been immortalized in Venezuelan history as El Negro Primero, a statue of El Negro Primero stands in the Plaza Carabobo in Caracas—the only statue commemorating a Black in all Venezuela
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