1.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
5.
Cagayan Valley
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Cagayan Valley is an administrative region in the Philippines located in the northeastern portion of Luzon. It is composed of five provinces, Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, the region has four cities, Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, and Tuguegarao. Most of the lies in a large valley in northeastern Luzon. The region encompasses the islands of the Babuyan and Batanes to the north. Cagayan Valley is the second largest region of the Philippines in terms of land area, archaeology indicates that Cagayan has been inhabited for half a million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The earliest inhabitants are the Agta, or Atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without fixed abodes, a large tract of land has lately been returned to them. The bulk of the population are of Malay origin, for centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. In the nineteenth century the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano to settle here, tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy. During Spanish times Cagayan Valley had a territory than what it has today. It included the territories of the provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao. Cagayan Valley is the mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino. It is bordered to the west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre, to the south by the Caraballo Mountains, the region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces, one independent city, three component cities,89 municipalities, and 2,311 barangays, bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago are notably the most progressive province and city in Cagayan Valley, respectively. Isabela was the Top 10 Richest Province in the Philippines in 2011, the Cagayan Economic Zone Authority is in Santa Ana, Cagayan. On January 11,2008, the Cagayan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that tilapia production grew, production supply grew 37. 25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons in 2007. Nueva Vizcaya Governor Luisa Lloren Cuaresma entered into similar aquaculture endeavors in addition to tilapia production, Isabela province is the richest in harvest among the other provinces in Region 2. Media related to Cagayan Valley at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Biscay
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Biscay is a province of Spain located just south of the Bay of Biscay. The name also refers to a territory of the Basque Country. It is one of the most prosperous and important provinces of Spain as a result of the massive industrialization in the last years of the 19th century, since the deep deindustrialization of the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector. It is accepted in linguistics that Bizkaia is a cognate of bizkar, “Bizkaia” is the Basque denomination recommended by the Royal Academy of the Basque language, and it is commonly used on official documents on that language. It is also used on documents in Spanish, and it is the most used denomination by the media in Spanish in the Basque Country. It is also the used in the Basque version of the Spanish constitution. Bizkaia is also the official denomination approved for the historical territory by the Juntas Generales of the province. “Vizcaya” is the denomination in Spanish, recommended by the Royal Spanish Academy and it is used in non-official documents and, in general, by Spanish speakers. It is also the Spanish denomination used in the Spanish version of the Constitution, Biscay has been inhabited since the Middle Paleolithic, as attested by the archaeological remains and cave paintings found in its many caves. The Roman presence had little impact in the region, and the Basque language, Biscay was identified in records of the Middle Ages, as a dependency of the Kingdom of Pamplona that became autonomous and finally a part of the Crown of Castile. The first mention of the name Biscay was recorded in an act to the monastery of Bickaga. According to Anton Erkoreka, the Vikings had a base there from which they were expelled by 825. The ria of Mundaka is the easiest route to the river Ebro and at the end of it, in the modern age, the province became a major commercial and industrial area. Its prime harbour of Bilbao soon became the main Castilian gateway to Europe, later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the abundance of prime quality iron ore and the lack of feudal castes favored rapid industrialization. The first evidence of dwellings in Biscay happens in this period of prehistory. Mousterian artifacts have been found in three sites in Biscay, Benta Laperra, Kurtzia and Murua, chatelperronian culture can be found in Santimamiñe cave. The Benta Laperra cave has the oldest paintings, maybe from the Aurignacian or Solutrean period, bison and bear are the animals depicted, together with abstract signs. The murals of Arenaza and Santimamiñe were created in later periods, in Arenaza female deer are the dominant motif, Santimamiñe features bison, horses, goats and deer
7.
Basque Country (autonomous community)
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The Basque Country is an autonomous community of northern Spain. It includes the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, the Basque Country or Basque Autonomous Community was granted the status of nationality within Spain, attributed by the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The term Basque Country may also refer to the cultural region, the home of the Basque people. The territory has three areas, which are defined by the two parallel ranges of the Basque Mountains. The main range of forms the watershed between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. The highest point of the range is in the Aizkorri massif, the three areas are, Formed by many valleys with short rivers that flow from the mountains to the Bay of Biscay, like the Nervión, Urola or Oria. The coast is rough, with cliffs and small inlets. The main features of the coast are the Bilbao Abra Bay and the Estuary of Bilbao, the Urdaibai estuary, between the two mountain ranges, the area is occupied mainly by a high plateau called Llanada Alavesa, where the capital Gasteiz is located. The rivers flow south from the mountains to the Ebro River, the main rivers are the Zadorra River and Bayas River. From the southern mountains to the Ebro is the so-called Rioja Alavesa, some of Spains production of Rioja wine takes place here. Precipitation average is about 1200 mm, the middle section is more influence by the continental climate, but with a varying degree of the northern oceanic climate. This gives warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters, the Ebro valley has a pure continental climate, winters are cold and dry and summers very warm and dry, with precipitation peaking in spring and autumn. Precipitation is scarce and irregular, as low as 300 mm, almost half of the 2,155,546 inhabitants of the Basque Autonomous Community live in Greater Bilbao, Bilbaos metropolitan area. Of the ten most populous cities, six form part of Bilbaos conurbation, with 28. 2% of the Basque population born outside this region, immigration is crucial to Basque demographics. Over the 20th century most of this came from other parts of Spain, typically from Galicia or Castile. Over recent years, sizeable numbers of population have returned to their birthplaces and most immigration to the Basque country now comes from abroad. Roman Catholicism is, by far, the largest religion in Basque Country, bilbao-Bilbo Vitoria-Gasteiz San Sebastián-Donostia Barakaldo Getxo Irun Portugalete Santurtzi Basauri Errenteria Spanish and Basque are co-official in all territories of the autonomous community. The Basque-speaking areas in the autonomous community are set against the wider context of the Basque language, spoken to the east in Navarre
8.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
9.
Bayombong
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Bayombong is a first class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. It is the capital of Nueva Vizcaya, according to the 2010 census, it has a population of 57,416 people. Bayombong is the seat of the Provincial Capitol of Nueva Vizcaya, the name Bayombong emanated from the Gaddang word “Bayongyong” which means confluence of two or more rivers. It has been reported that a certain tribe arrived and tried to invade the place, the site was renamed “Bayumbung” as a sign of the Gaddangs first victory in fighting for their private domains. The terrain is dominated by steep hills and mountains encompassing an area of 36. 44% of its total land area. Level to gently sloping is 32. 03%, rolling to hilly is 8. 09% while the remaining 23. 44% are very steep mountains, the town was founded at the juncture of the Calocool and Magat Rivers, and has grown to incorporate the Pan-Philippine Highway. Bayombong is politically subdivided into 25 barangays and it was in 1739 when Spanish Augustinian Friars named the place Bayumbung, which was later changed into Bayombong. Bayombong was formally founded on June 12,1739 during the first Mass celebrated in the region, Bayombong came under the administration of Dominican friars as a part of the Paniqui mission pueblo a few months after its founding. The pueblo census of 1747 records 470 residents of Bayombong and their names are remembered today in major streets of the town. In 1754, the government was formally organized. A Capitan del Pueblo was appointed as the chief executive, in 1982, the town became the seat of the new Diocese of Bayombong. From 1773–1792, Fray Juan Crespo constructed the brick St. Dominics church, the convent and the next to the church. By 1829, Fray Juan Molano finished the tower, in 1880 the church building was damaged in an earthquake, while more than a century later, in 1987, a fire destroyed the church and convent. In 1989, the 250th anniversary of the first Mass in Bayombong, included in the release were William Rynders and Orrison Woodbury, captured with the rest of Lt. Gillmores men during the Siege of Baler. In 1916, the American administration started a settlement school in Bayombong. In 1918, a curriculum was added, and the school was named Bayombong Rural School. In 1928, Father de Gryse started St. Marys, a Catholic elementary school, in 1930, Bayombong Rural School was re-purposed as Nueva Vizcaya Rural High School, and in 1934 St. Marys added a high-school department. During the Japanese occupation, high school operations were suspended, they resumed in 1945, in 1947, the St. Marys College was established by the CICM near the elementary and high-schools of the same name
10.
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
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The Sangguniang Panlalawigan, commonly known as the Provincial Board, is the Filipino language name given to the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the branch of the province and their powers. Along with the governor, the executive branch of the province. Encomiendas were organized only for the purposes of collecting tribute that went in part to the Roman Catholic Church, the Spanish army, later on areas which were organized and given the designation of province were led by an appointed alcalde who performed judicial, fiscal and executive functions. American rule brought radical changes to the system of government in the country. In 1901 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No,83, known as the Provincial Government Act, which outlined the powers, responsibilities and composition of the provincial government. As civil government took hold, the governorship was made elective, the composition of provincial boards were also later modified, with the treasurer and third member taken out and replaced by two members elected by popular vote. Not all provinces had the type of government. The passage of Republic Act No, however, the Board still had limited real legislative powers, as the provincial government was merely serving as an extension of national government. Republic Act No.5185 was enacted in 1967 with the intention of decentralizing authority,51, enacted in 1979, standardized the composition of all provincial legislatures by reducing the membership of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. All provinces were entitled to 6 elective SP members, unless they had more than one million residents or less than 100,000 residents, the powers and duties of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was codified under Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, also known as the Local Government Code of 1983, the governor served as an ex officio member, who did not vote except only to break a tie, but had the power to veto items within, or entire, Sanggunian ordinances and resolutions. However the veto can be overridden by a vote of all voting SP members. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was retained as the branch of all provincial governments under the 1987 Constitution. Since 1992 SP members are elected from districts to ensure geographical representation, the powers, duties and functions of the Sanggunian are outlined in Section 468 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The legislative body is tasked in general to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the welfare of the province. In the proper exercise of the powers of the province. The provincial vice-governor serves as its officer, who do not vote except in cases to break a tie
11.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
12.
Nacionalista Party
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The Nacionalista Party is the oldest political party in the Philippines today and was responsible for leading the country throughout the majority of the 20th century since its founding in 1907. The Nacionalista Party was the party from 1935–1944, 1944–1946, 1953–1957, 1957–1961. In practice, the differences between both parties are obscure as changing of party allegiance by individual politicians, especially prior to elections, has become a norm in Philippine politics. The original “Nacionalista” Party that was founded on August 21,1901 in Calle Gunao, Quiapo, Santos, Pio H. Santos, Salustiano Cruz, Valentin Solis and Jose Palma. During the Japanese Occupation political parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI, in 1978, in a throwback to the Japanese Occupation, political parties were asked to merge into the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, although the Nacionalistas preferred to go into hibernation. Eventually, the party was revived during the late 1980s and early 1990s by the Laurel family, **in coalition with PDP-Laban Throughout their careers, many of the countrys politicians, statesmen, and leaders were, in whole or in part, Nacionalistas. Remulla Elias K. Bulut, Sr. Wenceslao Peewee B, the Nacionalistas fielded Senator Manuel Villar, Jr. and running with fellow Senator Loren Legarda who is a member of the NPC. It became the dominant minority party after a resolution passed by the COMELEC, on April 21, however it was blocked by the Supreme Court after a suit filed by the rival Liberal Party. On May 6,2010, the Supreme Court nullified the merger and it was based on a resolution by the COMELEC giving political parties to be accredited by August 17,2009. However it is being challenged by the Liberal Party calls the said alliance a bogus alliance, as well, several local races are being challenged from both parties therefore causing confusion in those races. List of political parties in the Philippines Filipino nationalism Liberal Party The Jones Act Official party site
13.
Mount Pulag
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Mount Pulag is the 3rd highest mountain in the Philippines. It is Luzon’s highest peak at 2,926 metres above sea level, the borders between the provinces of Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya meet at the mountains peak. It is the third highest mountain in the Philippines, next to Mount Apo, Mount Pulag is famous for its sea of clouds and the view of the Milky Way Galaxy at dawn, which has attracted many tourists who wish to see the other-worldly scenery. The Ibaloi people of Benguet mummify their dead and house them in caverns in the mountain, the Kabayan mummy burial caves, one of the main attraction of the site, are considered Philippine national cultural treasures under Presidential Decree No.432. Mt. Pulag was proclaimed a National Park through Pres, proclamation No.75 on February 20,1987 covering an area of 11,550 hectares. It is part of the Cordillera Biogeographic Zone and is a National Integrated Protected Areas Programme site, the National Park is inhabited by different ethnic groups such as the Ibalois, Kalanguya, Kankana-eys, Karao, Ifugaos and the Ilocanos. Mount Pulag stands at 2,922 metres high, the peak of the mountain meets the borders of Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya. Because of its elevation, the climate on Mount Pulag is temperate with rains predominating the whole year. Rainfall on the mountain averages 4,489 millimetres yearly with August being the wettest month with a rainfall of 1,135 millimetres. Snow has not fallen on its top in at least the past 100 years, however, there have been mild flurries on the mountain, especially during December, frost is more common on the mountain due to the low temperature during those months. During the amihan season, the temperature in the highest point of the mountain is known to dip into sub-freezing temperatures, the only recorded incidence of snow was in the late 1800s. Mount Pulag hosts 528 documented plant species and it is the natural habitat of the endemic Dwarf Bamboo, and the Benguet pine which dominates the areas of Luzon tropical pine forests found on the mountainsides. Among its native wildlife are 33 bird species and several threatened mammals such as the Philippine Deer, Giant Bushy-Tailed Cloud Rat, Mount Pulag is the only place that hosts the four cloud rat species. It is one of the most biodiverse locations in the Philippines, with the newly found 185-grams Dwarf cloud rat, Carpomys melanurus, a rare breed, as the highest mountain in Luzon, Mount Pulag attracts a lot of mountain climbers. Highlights of the include the montane forests and the grassland summit with its sea of clouds phenomenon. There are four major trails up the summit, the Ambangeg, Akiki, and Tawangan trails from Benguet and these trails are managed by the Mount Pulag National Park, under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The aircraft pilots and their passengers, who were presidential appointees, List of mountains in the Philippines List of national parks of the Philippines List of Southeast Asian mountains Mount Pulag - The Beauty That Is
14.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
15.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
16.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
17.
Aritao
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Aritao is a second class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 37,115 people, the ethnic minority called Isinai were the original residents of this town. Aritao is politically subdivided into 22 barangays, in 1942, Japanese troops entered Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya. A monument to the gallantry of the Japanese and Filipino soldiers during World War II, located at Barangay Kirang, municipality of Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya. Built in 1978 by the Rakunsankai Society of Japan, it was rebuilt using a black glazed stone. Also offers a view of reforested mountains and hills. Aritao High School Immaculate Conception Academy Saint Teresitas Academy Nueva Vizcaya Institute Santa Clara High School Aritao also has a lot of schools for primary, and for the college level, the Colegio de Aritao is for vocational courses like caregiving. It is located at the Saint Teresitas Academy campus, Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System
18.
Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya
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Bagabag is a second class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. The town is famous for its pie in the Cagayan Valleyregion. According to the 2015 Philippine Census, it has a population of 35,501, Bagabag is considered the pineapple region of Nueva Vizcaya. The main crops produced are rice, corn, coconut, mango, Bagabag has the largest tilapia farming in the region. Main resources include agriculture, livestock, and fruit-bearing trees plantation, main industries include furniture, hollow block factory, tilapia farming, buko pie, pineapple vinegar, and meat processing. Located in the part of the town is Bagabag Airport, the only airport of Nueva Vizcaya. Adjacent to the airport is the Summer Institutes of Linguistics Bagabag, Bagabag is 19 kilometres north of its provincial capital, Bayombong, and 290 kilometres north of its country capital, Manila. It is located in the part of Nueva Vizcaya with a total land area of 260 square kilometers or 26,000 hectares. The Magat River, which runs parallel to the Pan-Philippine Highway, is situated in the part of the town proper. The present name of the sitio bears proof to the fact that the Spanish priest constructed a church in the town site. Alejandro Vidal, who was the Vicar Provincial, were among the first priests to settle in 1743 and they organized the town in 1754. Due to the erosion and flood from the Magat River and its increasing population. Vidal later transferred the site to Nassa which is located between Barangays Lantap and Santa Lucia. The Nassa location was open and muddy throughout the year, thus for the third time, Pe. Vidal transferred the site to its present site where numerous buri palms were then growing. It was from this buri palm plant the name of Bagabag originated, no account could be given on the exact date of the year, the present town of Bagabag was founded as the records were destroyed during World War II. The town celebrates its feast day every September 30 in honor of the towns patron, in 1945, the combined United States and the Philippine Commonwealth troops together with the towns guerrillas attacked the Japanese Imperial forces in the Battle of Bagabag during World War II. The natives of Bagabag are the Gadangs or Gaddangs whose ancestors came from the Cagayan
19.
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
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Bambang is a first class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it had a population of 53,433 people, the municipality is known for its salt springs at the Salinas Natural Monument. Bambang has its beginning in the period of Spanish colonization. The name Bambang is an Isinay word meaning to dig, the first mission that dared to penetrate the dangerous wilderness and insect-infested jungles of what is southern Nueva Vizcaya today was by the Dominican Order in 1607. However, it was two years later when a Dominican missionary come from Pangasinan. Father Tomas Gutierez arrived to establish the first missionary settlement and this settlement was subsequently called Ytuy which today actually comprises the towns of Aritao, Dupax, Bambang and a part of the Igorot tribal lands to the west. In 2012, Bambang became open to big dealers and businessmen as part of its progress, now the town has its own newly opened fast food chains and other marketing establishments. Province of Nueva Vizcaya is administered or governed by a Governor, Bambang Municipality is administered or governed by a Mayor. Each Barangay is administered or governed by a Punong Barangay, Bambang is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. Among the most popular form of travel in and around Bambang is by jeepney, jeepnies are used to bring produce in from neighboring municipalities, and for public transportation for residents and travelers. For shorter distances, tricycles are another form of public transportation. Bambang is less than a day away from the beautiful Banaue Rice Terraces, Pangayjaya is the festival name of the town which celebrated in late May to April yearly. Part of it is the annual Miss Pangayjaya and the counterpart Mister Bambang started in 2016, along its patron, Saint Catherine of Siena. News From Bambang Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System Nueva Vizcaya itlogMaalat – Local Artist Based in Bambang
20.
Diadi
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The Municipality of Diadi is a fourth class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 16,484 people, Diadi is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. On January 11,2008, the Cagayan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that tilapia production grew, production supply grew 37. 25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons in 2007. Former cycling champion Lupo Alava is a multi-awarded tilapia raiser in Bagabag, chairman Thompson Lantion of the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, a retired two-star police general, has fishponds in La Torre, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Also, Nueva Vizcaya Gov. Luisa Lloren Cuaresma also entered into similar aquaculture endeavors in addition to tilapia production, Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System
21.
Dupax del Norte
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Dupax del Norte is a fourth class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 25,697 people, Dupax del Norte, situated on the south-eastern part of Nueva Vizcaya, has a total land area of 396 square kilometers. It is bounded by the town of Kasibu in the north, Alfonso Castañeda in the east, Dupax del Sur in the south and it has wide tracts of virgin forests, rich, fertile plains and valleys with mineral deposits and is blessed with a climate suitable for agriculture. The name Dupax comes from the Isinay word dopaj, by dopaj the Isinays, who are the first inhabitants of Dupax, meant to lie down in complete relaxation. After hard days of hunting in nearby mountains, the hunters would repair the camp where they would feast on their catch of wild animals. When they were through with their brand of merrymaking they would lie down, the camping area, which was a plain or a valley, was near their hunting grounds that later, they decided to settle on it together with their families and the town of Dopaj was established. In time, the towns name metamorphosed into Dupax, after the arrival of the Spaniards who, for convenience, the original town of Dupax is the largest municipality of the province of Nueva Vizcaya in terms of land area. Perez in the Philippine House of Representatives and Senator Leonardo B, as early as 1928, during the term of Municipal President Inocencio Suzon, there were already attempts to transfer the town hall to Brgy. However, it was only in 1956 that the move has succeeded when Congress approved Republic Act 1181 sponsored by Congressman Leonardo B, Dupax Del Norte is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Mabasa is a barangay of Dupax del Norte in the province of Nueva Vizcaya and it was one of the oldest barrio of Dupax. Mabasa was originally called San Roque, named by the parish priest of Dupax after the saint of hunters because the place then was a thick forest where game was abundant such as deer and wild pigs. The first settlers of San Roque were Ilokano migrants from the town of Paoay in Ilocos Norte and from Alcala and San Nicolas towns in Pangasinan. They travelled by foot and by horses and carabaos through San Nicolas, Pangasinan, passing through Imugan, Santa Fe, the migrants settled at Sitio Poonan. The family of Apolonio Vadil was the first settler in Poungan, old records from the Roman Catholic Church in Dupax del Sur showed that the daughter of Apolonio Vadil, Tomasa, was baptized on October 10,1887. More migrants came and settled along the Apean River from Puongan upstream and occupied the part of the barrio now called Riverside East. The settlers found the place always flowing with abundant water coming from a spring in the part of the barrio. It was later officially called Mabasa changing from the old name of San Roque, the name came from the Iloko word INABAAN which means a place where there are plenty of GABI plants. In the early days, giant gabi plants with leaves as big as umbrellas thrived in the vicinity of this barangay
22.
Dupax del Sur
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Dupax del Sur is a second class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 18,146 people, Dupax del Sur is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. The name Dupax comes from the Isinai word dopaj, by dopaj the Isinais, who are the first inhabitants of Dupax, meant to lie down in complete relaxation. After hard days of hunting in nearby mountains, the hunters would repair the camp where they would feast on their catch of wild animals. When they were through with their brand of merrymaking they would lie down, the camping area, which was a plain or a valley, was near their hunting grounds that later, they decided to settle on it together with their families and the town of Dopaj was established. In time, the towns name metamorphosed into Dupax, after the arrival of the Spaniards who, for convenience, the original town of Dupax is the largest municipality of the province of Nueva Vizcaya in terms of land area. Perez in the Philippine House of Representatives and Senator Leonardo B
23.
Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya
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Santa Fe is a third class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 14,427 people and it is the only town that borders Pangasinan. This town is a bus stop for commuters going to the provinces of Isabela. This town is the end point of the Dalton Pass, a zig zag road from San Jose to Carranglan, Local products include brooms, strawberry jam, strawberry wine, peanut butter, orchids and quilts. Santa Fe is politically subdivided into 16 barangays, Local Government Unit of Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System
24.
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
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Solano is a first class urban municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 59,517 people, Solano City is the main commercial and financial center of Nueva Vizcaya. It has the most number of fast food restaurants in the province, including Jollibee, Greenwich Pizza, McDonalds, Chowking, Mang Inasal, Red Ribbon, Goldilocks, Solano has the most number of banks among the municipalities in the entire region with 25 banks. This further solidified the status of Solano as the premier town of Cagayan Valley. Solano is politically subdivided into 22 barangays, in 1760, the original name of the town was Bintauan. Its pioneer settlers were the Gaddang tribe, the municipality was founded in 1767 by Father Alejandro Vidal, a Dominican priest who led a Spanish mission. In 1768, it was called Lungabang, which means cave in the Gaddang dialect, the name was later changed to Lumabang by the Spaniards for convenience. In 1851, Governor General Antonio Urbiztondo declared Lumabang a barrio of Bayombong for not having sufficient inhabitants, Governor General Ramon Solano y Llanderal authorized the separation of Lumabang as barrio from Bayombong. In 1853, the first Ilocanos arrived brought by Don Diego Lumicao, in 1889, it was renamed Solano, in honor of Governor General Ramon Solano y Llanderal. The town was planned by Father Juan Villaverde, the poblacion, as designed, consisted of 14 parallel wide streets, each having a width of 20 meters. The streets run north to south and east to west forming 100 square blocks with an aggregate area of one hectare per block. Solano was the largest municipality in the province until two of its barangays, Caliat and Bintawan, were segregated to become the municipalities of Quezon, the land area of Solano was correspondingly reduced to 13,980 hectares. In 1957, the barrios of Ibung and Bintawan were separated to form the town of Ibung, under the Spanish regime, the Gobernadorcillo commonly called Municipal Mayor, Captain, Petty Governor was a native and elected annually. The election was made by the Cabezas de Barrangay - Heads of Barangay - which represented the survival of the earlier tribal organizations and were responsible for the tributes of their groups, the Heads were originally hereditary, but, in time, it became elective. The electors of the Gobernadorcillo were current or former heads of the Barrangay, the following list shows the Gobernadorcillos, who had the honorary title Don, during the Spanish regime from 1762-1898. The following served as capitanes del pueblo, The next three years, the head was to be known gobernadorcillo, and the use of capitan del pueblo was stopped. It was during time when a new province, Isabela, was created, carving a portion of Nueva Vizcaya. The new province was named in honor of Queen Isabela of Spain, the Governor of Nueva Vizcaya was Julian del Valle
25.
Villaverde, Nueva Vizcaya
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Villaverde is a fifth class municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 17,720 people, when the American took over the reins of Government in the country, Ibung lost its identity as a town because of insufficient funds. Thus, the populated was reduced, Ibung, then, became again a mere barangay of the municipality of Solano, on June 17,1957, through the sponsorship of the Congressman Leonardo B. No.197 was enacted providing for the creation of the town Ibung through the separation of the barrios of Ibung, thus, on September 1,1957, Antonio B. Aquino was appointed as the first Municipal Mayor of the town Ibung. Two years later, on June 21,1959, Republic Act, no.2515 was enacted amending Republic Act. No.1972 changing the name of IBUNG to VILLAVERDE in honor of the Spanish Missionary, romualdo Ubando was appointed as the first Municipal Mayor. Villaverde has a land area of 81.50 square kilometers
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Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
27.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
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Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
29.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
30.
Ilokano language
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Ilocano is the third most-spoken native language of the Philippines. An Austronesian language, it is related to languages as Malay, Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Maori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan. It is closely related to some of the other Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, and has slight mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language, Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family believed to originate in Taiwan. Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran language subfamily and it is spoken as first language by seven million people. The language is spoken in northwest Luzon, the Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, parts of Central Luzon, the language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and California having the largest amount of speakers. It is the third most spoken language in Hawaii after Tagalog and Japanese. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary and it was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants, in the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the generation of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, the letters ng constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries, Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography, a prime example using this system is the weekly magazine Bannawag. The following are two versions of the Lords Prayer, the one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the languages of the Philippines. Constitutionally, Ilocano is an official language in the regions where it is spoken. In recent years, a movement in both the Lower and the Upper House of the Congress pressed for the usage of the tongue as a medium of instruction until the sixth grade. Ilocano animistic past offers a background in folklore, mythology
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Pangasinan language
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The Pangasinan language or Salitan Pangasinan is one of the major languages of the Philippines. Pangasinan is also understood in some municipalities in Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, the language is also called as Pangasinense or Pangalatok, which is taken from the Spanish language. In 2012, Pangasinan is one of the languages of the Philippines that is being taught and studied formally in schools. The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family, Pangasinan is similar to other closely related Philippine languages, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malaysian in Malaysia, Hawaiian in Hawaii and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages, Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinan, the province has a total population of 2,343,086, of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales. Austronesian speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago, the word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”, it is derived from the root word asin, the word for salt in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”, like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Associative Numbers, Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-, example, katlo, third of a group of three. Fractions, Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number, multiplicatives, Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example, kaisa, first time, pidua, second time, pinlima, Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example, aminsan, once, amidua, twice, mamitlo, distributives, Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example, sansakey, one each, sanderua, two each, Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example, tunggal pamidua, twice each, magsi-pamidua, each twice, modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng, The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia, the Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish, Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized
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Tagalog language
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Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants
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Isinai language
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Isinai is a Northern Luzon language primarily spoken in Nueva Vizcaya province in the northern Philippines. By linguistic classification, it is divergent from other South-Central Cordilleran languages, such as Kalinga, Itneg or Ifugao. According to the Ethnologue, Isinai is spoken in Bambang, Dupax del Sur, Isinai contains a definite article with three different forms that vary depending on the relation of the noun. The forms of the article are, ar, ardari. Reid, Lawrence A. and Analyn Salvador-Amores, Baguio, Cordillera Studies Center, University of the Philippines, Baguio
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Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
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Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
Nueva Viscaya travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to Nueva Vizcaya at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related to Nueva Vizcaya at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Nueva Vizcaya
Province of Nueva Vizcaya
