1.
Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
2.
Geography of Nepal
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Nepal measures about 800 kilometers along its Himalayan axis by 150 to 250 kilometers across. Nepal has an area of 147,181 square kilometers, Nepal is landlocked by India on three sides and Chinas Tibet Autonomous Region to the north. West Bengals narrow Siliguri Corridor or Chickens Neck separate Nepal and Bangladesh, to the east are India and Bhutan. Nepal depends on India for goods facilities and access to the sea. For a small country, Nepal has tremendous geographic diversity, along a south-to-north transect, Nepal can be divided into three belts, Terai, Hill and Mountain Regions. In the other direction, it is divided into three major systems, from east to west, Koshi, Gandaki/Narayani and Karnali, all tributaries of the Ganges. The Ganges-Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra watershed largely coincides with the Nepal-Tibet border, however several Ganges tributaries rise inside Tibet, the Terai or Madhesh region begins at the Indian border and includes the southernmost part of the flat, intensively farmed Gangetic Plain called the Outer Terai. By the 19th century, timber and other resources were being exported to India, the Outer Terai is culturally more similar to adjacent parts of Indias Bihar and Uttar Pradesh than to the hill region of Nepal. Nepali is taught in schools and often spoken in government offices, however the population mostly uses Maithali, Bhojpuri. The Outer Terai ends at the base of the first range of foothills called the Siwaliks or Churia and this range has a densely forested skirt of coarse alluvium called the bhabhar. Below the bhabhar, finer, less permeable sediments force groundwater to the surface in a zone of springs, in Persian, terai refers to wet or marshy ground. Before the use of DDT this was dangerously malarial, Nepals rulers used this for a defensive frontier called the char kose jhadi. Above the bhabhar belt, the Siwaliks rise to about 700 metres with peaks as high as 1,000 metres and this range is composed of poorly consolidated, coarse sediments that do not retain water or support soil development so there is virtually no agricultural potential and sparse population. In several places beyond the Siwaliks there are dūn valleys called Inner Terai and these valleys have productive soil but were dangerously malarial except to indigenous Tharu people who had genetic resistance. In the mid-1950s DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills, the terai ends and the Hills begin at a higher range of foothills called the Mahabharat Range. Situated south of the Mountain Region, the Hill Region is mostly betw altitude. This region begins at the Mahabharat Range where a system called the Main Boundary Thrust creates an escarpment 1,000 to 1,500 metres high. These steep southern slopes are nearly uninhabited, thus an effective buffer between languages and culture in the Terai and Hill regions, Hindu Paharis mainly populate river and stream bottoms that enable rice cultivation and are warm enough for winter/spring crops of wheat and potato
3.
Montane ecosystems
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Montane ecosystems refers to any ecosystem found in mountains. These ecosystems are affected by climate, which gets colder as elevation increases. They are stratified according to elevation, dense forests are common at moderate elevations. However, as the elevation increases, the climate becomes harsher, as elevation increases, the climate becomes cooler, due to a decrease in the greenhouse effect. The characteristic flora and fauna in the mountains tend to depend on elevation. This dependency causes life zones to form, bands of similar ecosystems at similar altitude, one of the typical life zones on mountains is the montane forest, at moderate elevations, the rainfall and temperate climate encourages dense forests to grow. Holdridge defines the climate of montane forest as having a biotemperature of between 6 and 12 °C, where biotemperature is the mean temperature considering temperatures below 0 °C to be 0 °C. Above the elevation of the montane forest, the trees thin out in the zone, become twisted krummholz. Therefore, Montane forests often contain trees with twisted trunks and this phenomenon is observed due to the increase in the wind strength with the elevation. The elevation where trees fail to grow is called the tree line. The biotemperature of the zone is between 3 and 6 °C. Above the tree line the ecosystem is called the zone or alpine tundra, dominated by grasses. The biotemperature of the zone is between 1.5 and 3 °C. Many different plant species live in the environment, including perennial grasses, sedges, forbs, cushion plants, mosses. Alpine plants must adapt to the conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation. Alpine plants display adaptations such as structures, waxy surfaces. Because of the characteristics of these zones, the World Wildlife Fund groups a set of related ecoregions into the montane grassland and shrubland biome. Climates with biotemperatures below 1.5 °C tend to consist purely of rock, Montane forests occur between the submontane zone and the subalpine zone. The elevation at which one habitat changes to another varies across the globe, the upper limit of montane forests, the forest line or timberline, is often marked by a change to hardier species that occur in less dense stands
4.
Nuwakot, Bagmati
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Nuwakot नुवाकोट is a village in Nuwakot district of central Nepal. It is the most central settlement in the entire country, located just 75 km from Kathmandu, this historic town was once the capital of the Valley in the days before the unification of Nepal. The palace complex was constructed in the 18th Century to serve as an important stop on the bustling Tibetan-Kathmandu Valley trade route. Built in the Malla style, the architecture of the complex is divided into the main palace, the Palace Complex of Nuwakot was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 30,2008 in the Cultural category
5.
Prithvi Narayan Shah
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Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Gorkha was the first King of unified Nepal. He is credited for starting the campaign for a unified Nepal and he was the ninth generation descendant of Dravya Shah, the founder of the ruling house of Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan Shah succeeded his father, King Nara Bhupal Shah, to the throne of the Gorkha Kingdom in 1743, Prithvi Narayan Shah was born as a prince in the Gorkha Kingdom. Chandra Pravawati raised him, although his mother was Kaushalyavati Devi. From a young age, he took interest in the affairs of his fathers state, Prithivi Narayan Shah had an early dream of conquering Nuwakot, partially as his father had lost it to the Mallas of Kathmandu in an earlier war. After the death of his father in 1743, Prithivi Narayan Shah ascended to the throne of Gorkha at the age of 20, as king, he valued his people and enjoyed talking to his subjects about their general concerns. This practice helped him to build a rapport with his people, King Shah sealed his borders and maintained a peaceful environment except for distant relations with the British, who were refusing to trade with Nepal at the time. Prithvi Narayaṇ was succeeded by his son, Pratap Singh, King Prithvi Narayan Shahs reign began with an immediate military defeat, his invasion of Nuwakot in 1743 CE failed. Conquering Nuwakot was essential for the unification, as it lay between Kathmandu and the Gorkha District, making it a trading route to Tibet. However, he successfully conquered Nuwakot in a subsequent attack in 1744 CE, after capturing Nuwakot, he took possession of the strategic locations in the hills surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. The valley was cut off from the outside world and was controlled solely by Shah. He also occupied the Kuti Pass in c.1756 CE, halting all trade through the pass, after two humiliating defeats in Kirtipur, King Prithvi Narayan conquered the ancient city on his third attempt. Consequently, Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu fled with his wife and took asylum in Patan and he eventually began to unify his conquered lands. King Prithvi Narayaṇ Shah was ultimately able to capture small principalities and this expansion was crucial as the British colonial forces had already begun colonizing the small kingdoms that form present-day India. Shah was convinced that the British forces would eventually approach his kingdom and he believed that 50 small principalities would easily be conquered by the British as part of their colonization strategy. Expanding his kingdom made it difficult for British forces to make their move. His expansion campaign was very ambitious, especially as he was the king of a small kingdom surrounded by strong. In January 1775, at the age of 52, Prithvi Narayan Shah died before he could organise the administration of his new country at Devighat
6.
Ilam District
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Ilam district is a Hill district of Province No.1 in eastern Nepal. The 2011 census counted 290,254 population, Ilam is the district headquarters, about 600 km from Kathmandu. Illam attracts many researchers who come to study rare birds and the Red Panda, Ilam stretches from the Terai belt to the upper hilly belt of this Himalayan nation. The name Ilam is derived from the Limbu language in which Ii means twisted, Illam was one of the ten self ruling states of Limbuwan before the reunification of Nepal. Its ruler King Hangshu Phuba Lingdom of Lingdom dynasty ruled Illam as a state of Limbuwan until 1813 AD. The treaty between the other Limbuwan states and the King of Gorkha and the conflict of Gorkha and Sikkim led to the unification of Illam with Gorkha, Illam was the last of the ten kingdoms of Limbuwan to be reunified into Nepal. The King of Gorkha gave the ruler of Illam full autonomy to rule, Illam was an independent Limbu kingdom until 1813 CE/1869 BS. Ilam is today one of the most developed places in Nepal and its ILAM TEA is very famous and is exported to many parts of Europe. The main source of income in this district is tea, cardamom, milk, ginger, potato, orlon and this place also has a religious importance. The devi temples have a great importance attached to them and many people come here just for pilgrimage, the major attraction of Ilam is the 9-cornered Mai Pokhari lake. Also known as the abode of the lots of tourists as well as Nepalese people come to visit this place. Similarly, Gajurmukhi is also the spot for pilgrimages from Nepal. Mai river and its four tributaries also emerge in Ilam district, the famous Mane Bhanjyang connects Ilam with Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India. Ilam was much in the news in the past during the Maoist insurgency, tourists going to Ilam can expect to pay around 1000 rupees a week for accommodation and food. Zones of Nepal danabari Districts of Nepal
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Okhaldhunga District
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Okhaldhunga District, a part of Province No. 1, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Okhaldhunga as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,074.5 km² and had a population of 156,702 in 2001 and 147,984 in 2011. Okhaldhunga is part of area traditionally called Wallo Kirat, home to ethnic groups Rai. Apart from these ethnic groups, other ethnics and hill castes live in the district
8.
Solukhumbu District
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Solukhumbu District, a part of the Province No. 1, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. As the name suggests, it consists of the subregions Solu, the district, with Salleri as its headquarters, covers an area of 3,312 km² and had a population 107,686 in 2001 and 105,886 in 2011. Mount Everest is in the part of this district, within Sagarmatha National Park. Indigenous ethnic Kulung and hill Caste Chhetri are the groups living in the mid-hills. There is a hiking trail known as the Solukhumbu Trail. Solukhumbu District is a name in mountain tourism. The main attraction is Mount Everest, UNESCO has listed the Sagarmatha National Park as a World Heritage site. Sherpa culture and Tengboche Monastery are unique to this district, the Khumjung village is famous for Sherpa culture. Gokyo valley and Khumbu valley are the major Himalayan valleys famous among the adventure and nature seekers and this district is well known for adventure holidays
9.
Subtropics
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The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropic circle of latitude at 23.5 latitude and temperate latitudes. Subtropical climates are characterized by warm to hot summers and cool to mild winters with infrequent frost. Subtropical climates can occur at elevations within the tropics, such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Vietnam. Six climate classifications use the term to define the various temperature. A great portion of the deserts are located within the subtropics. Within savanna regimes in the subtropics, a wet season is seen annually during the summer, within Mediterranean climate regimes, the wet season occurs during the winter. Areas bordering warm oceans are prone to heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones. Plants such as palms, citrus, mango, lychee, the tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, located at 23. 45° north and south latitude respectively. The poleward fringe of the subtropics is located at approximately 40° north and south latitude respectively, northern fringes of the type can go further north due to moderating effects of ocean streams, like in parts of Southern Europe due to heat transported by the Gulf Stream. Several methods have used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a temperature greater than 10 °C. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone. According to the E. Neef climate classification, the zone is divided into two parts, Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate. According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the zone is divided into three parts, high-continental, continental, and maritime. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six zones in the world. Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the trough or Intertropical convergence zone. The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft, as the air moves towards the Mid-Latitudes, it cools and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge, many of the worlds deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas, located within the subtropics
10.
Dhankuta District
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Dhankuta District, a part of Province No. 1, is one of the districts of Nepal, the district covers an area of 891 Km² and has a population of 163,412. Dhankuta is the headquarters and a major administrative region in the Eastern region. The altitude ranges from around 300m to 2500m, the majority of the population are involved in agriculture and crops include maize, rice and millet. Important cash crops include fruits, cauliflower, cabbage, ginger. A well-preserved forest spreads along a line on the northwest side of the village, with well-developed mature stands of rhododendron. Pakhribas Vedatar Namaste Falls Zones of Nepal District Development Committee, Dhankuta Districts of Nepal
11.
Taplejung District
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Taplejung District (Nepali, ताप्लेजुङ जिल्ला Listen is the Mountain district of Province No.1 in eastern Nepal. The 2011 census counted 127,461 population, Taplejung is the district headquarters The name Taplejung is derived from the name Taple and the word jung. Taple was the medieval Limbu king who used to rule the area, literally, Taplejung means Fort of King Taple. The Tamur River flows through the district, the area is famous for Kanchenjunga – the third highest mountain in the world. The district is one of the most beautiful areas in eastern Nepal with spectacular landscapes, Himalayan peaks, alpine grassland, rocky outcrops, dense temperate and subtropical forests and river valleys make up the region. One of the attractions is the Pathibhara Devi or Mukkumlung Temple. This little-known region attracts tourists seeking spiritual fulfillment and blessings from the powerful Pathibhara Devi, Hindus and Buddhists visit the temple for celebrations during special occasions. The trek to Pathibhara Devi combined with the natural and cultural experiences of the make the visit a unique exhilarating experience. It takes a day to reach the temple on foot from Taplejung Bazaar, on the way to the temple one can find many species of rhododendron. The shrine of the Pathibhara Devi temple is on a mountain at 3794 meters in the east of Nepal, the temple is mostly visited by Hindus on first week of April and September. These days are celebrated as Dashain, the day Devi killed a demon named Maisasur. The temple is holy for Hindus and Buddhists, the goddess Pathibhara is said to make dreams come true. The myth is that suddenly lost a lot of sheep in this area. She promised that the sheep would return if they would offer a few to her, Pathibhara lies in the junction of three VDCs, Tapethok, Limkhim and PhawaKhola VDCs 19 km distance from Taplejung Bazaar. The journey to Pathibhara starts from Suketar Airport which is about 1.5 hours walk from Phungling Bazaar, Pathibhara Devi is about 5–6-hour walk from Suketar. Suketar is only STOL airstrip in Taplejung district and is connected to Kathmandu, from Suketar the Pathivara trial passes through Deurali, Ramitedanda, Chhatedhunga, Bhalugaunda, Phedi and finally reaches Pathibhara Devi temple. The trial offers food and lodging facilities, basic accommodation facilities are also available for pilgrims near the shrine. The best time to visit is from March to June and September to November, to reach the Pathibara temple you have to walk for around 10 hours from Suketar
Listen (help·info), a part of Province No. 3, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Bidur as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,121 km² and had a population of 288,478 in 2001 and 277,471 in 2011.[citation needed]
