1.
Star Trek
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Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
Star Trek
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The Star Trek logo as it appears in the reboot
Star Trek
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The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise.
Star Trek
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Star Trek creator, producer and writer
Gene Roddenberry
Star Trek
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Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock, played by
William Shatner and
Leonard Nimoy, pictured here in The Original Series.
2.
Nichelle Nichols
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Nichelle Nichols is an American actress, singer and voice artist. She sang with Duke Ellington and Lionel Hampton before turning to acting, Nichols Star Trek character, one of the first African American female characters on American television not portrayed as a servant, was groundbreaking in U. S. society. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. asked her to remain when she considered leaving the series. Grace Dell Nichols was born in Robbins, Illinois, near Chicago, to Samuel Earl Nichols, later, the family moved into an apartment in Chicago. She studied in Chicago as well as New York and Los Angeles and her break came in an appearance in Kicks and Co. Oscar Browns highly touted, but ill-fated 1961 musical. In a thinly veiled satire of Playboy magazine, she played Hazel Sharpe, although the play closed after its brief try-out in Chicago, in an ironic twist, she attracted the attention of Hugh Hefner, the publisher of Playboy, who booked her for his Chicago Playboy Club. While still in Chicago, she performed at the Blue Angel and she also appeared in the role of Carmen for a Chicago stock company production of Carmen Jones and performed in a New York production of Porgy and Bess. Between acting and singing engagements, Nichols did occasional modeling work, in January 1967, Nichols also was featured on the cover of Ebony magazine, and had two feature articles in the publication in five years. Nichols toured the United States, Canada and Europe as a singer with the Duke Ellington and Lionel Hampton bands. During the first year of the series, Nichols was tempted to leave the show, as she wanted to pursue a Broadway career, however, a conversation with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. changed her mind. She has said that King personally encouraged her to stay on the show, telling her that he was a big fan of Star Trek. He said she could not give up because she was playing a role model for black children and young women across the country. In an interview she said that the day after she told Roddenberry she planned to leave the show, Nichols said, I thought it was a Trekkie, and so I said, Sure. I looked across the room, and there was Dr. Martin Luther King walking towards me with this big grin on his face and he reached out to me and said, Yes, Ms. Nichols, I am your greatest fan. He said that Star Trek was the show that he. I never got to him why, because he said. When she told Roddenberry what King had said, he cried, former NASA astronaut Mae Jemison has cited Nichols role of Lieutenant Uhura as her inspiration for wanting to become an astronaut and Whoopi Goldberg has also spoken of Nichols influence. Goldberg asked for a role on Star Trek, The Next Generation, in her role as Lieutenant Uhura, Nichols famously kissed white actor William Shatner as Captain James T
Nichelle Nichols
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Nichols in 2013
Nichelle Nichols
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Nichols as Lieutenant Uhura
Nichelle Nichols
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Nichelle Nichols (fourth from the left) in 1976 with most of the cast of Star Trek visiting the
Space Shuttle Enterprise at the
Rockwell International plant at
Palmdale, California, USA
Nichelle Nichols
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Nichols in September 2012
3.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
Star Trek: The Original Series
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The original starship Enterprise
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek title card for the first season
Star Trek: The Original Series
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William Shatner as Kirk in action, from the episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before", 1966
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Spock, Kirk and the Enterprise, 1968.
4.
Zoe Saldana
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Zoe Saldana-Perego, known professionally as Zoe Saldana, is an American actress and dancer. Following her performances with the theater group Faces, Saldana made her debut in an episode of Law & Order. Her film career began a year later with Center Stage, where she played a ballet dancer. Saldanas breakthrough came in 2009 with the roles of Nyota Uhura in Star Trek, the latter film received widespread acclaim, and is the highest-grossing film of all time. Saldana continued her career with such as Colombiana, Guardians of the Galaxy. Saldana was born in Passaic, New Jersey and her father, Aridio Saldaña, was Dominican, while her mother, Asalia Nazario, is Puerto Rican. Saldana also has Lebanese and Haitian roots and she spent the majority of her early childhood growing up in Jackson Heights, New York. She was raised bilingual, speaking English and Spanish and she has two sisters, named Cisely and Mariel. Their father died in a car crash when Zoe was 9 years old, Saldana discovered her love of dance in the Dominican Republic and enrolled in the ECOS Espacio de Danza Academy, she studied various forms of dance but describes ballet as her first passion. She told Vanity Fair that she quit ballet because she did not have the feet and had too much pride, the family returned to New York after her sophomore year in high school. Concurrently, she performed with the New York Youth Theater, her appearance in their production of Joseph and her previous dance training, and her acting experience, helped her land her first film role, playing talented and headstrong ballet student Eva Rodriguez in Center Stage. Saldana was still a member of Faces when she gained exposure in an episode of Law & Order which first aired in 1999 and she left school after Center Stage, subsequently appearing in the Britney Spears vehicle Crossroads. The film was met with reviews from critics, but became somewhat of a box office success. The same year Saldana started in the comedy-drama Drumline, alongside Nick Cannon, as to why she never appeared in any further films in the franchise, Saldana revealed that she almost quit acting following disrespectful treatment on set of the film. She then appeared in The Terminal as Dolores Torres, an officer and Star Trek fan. In 2004 she also made appearances in Haven and Temptation, both of which had little to no box office success, in 2005, Saldana appeared in Constellation, Guess Who with Ashton Kutcher, and Dirty Deeds. She then starred in the romantic comedy-dramas Premium in 2006 and After Sex in 2007, the same year Saldana starred in Blackout, a television film set in New York City during the Northeast Blackout of 2003. The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival and debuted on BET in 2008, Saldana also had a small role as Angie Jones in the 2008 box office smash Vantage Point
Zoe Saldana
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Saldana at the Guardians of the Galaxy premiere in July 2014
Zoe Saldana
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Saldana at Hollywood Life Magazine’s Annual Breakthrough Awards in 2007.
Zoe Saldana
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Saldana at the "Entertainment Weekly: Wonder Women: Female Power Icons in Pop Culture" panel. Comic-Con 2009.
Zoe Saldana
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Saldana at the
82nd Academy Awards, 2010
5.
United Federation of Planets
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The Federation was first introduced in the 1966–1969 television show Star Trek as the organization that sent the starship USS Enterprise on its mission of peaceful exploration. As the Federation has continued to explore the galaxy and expanded its membership, it has been challenged by hostile alien civilizations such as the Borg. The survival, success, and growth of the Federation and its principles of freedom have become some of the Star Trek franchises central themes, the Federation was originally conceived as an idealized version of the United Nations. The Federation has been well received by critics and fans, becoming one of the most enduring storylines. As part of the message he wanted the show to convey, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry intended to depict the Federation as an ideal. The social structure within the Federation is classless and operates within a money-less New World Economy, the Federation is described as stressing, at least nominally, the values of universal liberty, equality, justice, peace, and cooperation. The Federation also maintains its own quasi-militaristic and scientific exploratory agency, the television series and films depict Earth and humanity as holding a center-stage political role within the Federation, in some ways first among equals. The legislature, the Federation Council, is located at the Presidio of San Francisco, several other bodies of the Federation have been depicted. There is an executive headed by a Federation President, who keeps offices in the Palais de la Concorde in Paris. There is a branch as well, the highest court of which is the Federation Supreme Court. The Federations scientific, diplomatic and defensive/military arm is Starfleet, depicted as being headquartered at Fort Baker, just north of San Francisco across the Golden Gate Bridge. The Federation comes into conflict with other major powers in the galaxy such as the Klingon Empire, the Romulan Star Empire, the Cardassian Union, the Borg. The United Federation of Planets has existed as part of the Star Trek universe since the first season of the series and is the primary focus of all the Star Trek series. Several episodes of Star Trek, Enterprise follow events leading up the creation of the Federation, the formation of the Coalition seems to have been the event that provoked the xenophobic Terra Prime incident in the episodes Demons and Terra Prime. After Terra Prime leader John Frederick Paxton exploited the xenophobia on Earth, many of the aliens were unnerved, however, they were convinced by a speech from Captain Jonathan Archer to give the idea of a united organization of worlds a chance. Six years later in 2161, the United Federation of Planets was organized, the Federation is founded under a document known as the Charter of the United Federation of Planets October 9,2161, which is occasionally referred to informally as the Constitution. It draws text and inspiration from the United Nations Charter and other sources and this is intended to prevent even well-intentioned Federation personnel from introducing changes which could destabilize or even destroy other pre-warp-era cultures through interference. Starfleets Omega Directive supersedes the Prime Directive allowing for any means possible to destroy the Omega particle if encountered and it includes a set of guarantees of civil rights, the Seventh Guarantee being analogous to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its protection against self-incrimination
United Federation of Planets
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The Flag of the United Federation of Planets
6.
Starfleet
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Starfleet is a fictional organization in the Star Trek media franchise. While the majority of Starfleets members are human and it is headquartered on Earth, hundreds of species are also represented. During production of episodes of the original series, several details of the makeup of the Star Trek universe had yet to be worked out. However, references to the United Earth Space Probe Agency, for example, the Friendship One probe is marked with the letters UESPA-1 in the Star Trek, Voyager episode Friendship One. Other background props included additional UESPA references, such as Captain Jean-Luc Picards family album in Star Trek Generations, during the production of Star Trek, Enterprise, some larger Starfleet insignia designs included the name United Earth Space Probe Agency. However, the Starfleet that is in existence before the Federation is a different organization than that of the Federation Starfleet, Starfleet acts under a Prime Directive of non-interference with developing worlds or their internal politics. The Prime Directive and Starfleets first-contact policies are at the center of several episodes in each Star Trek series, Starfleet Headquarters is shown to be located on Earth, northeast of the Golden Gate Bridge in the present-day Fort Baker area. Starfleet Academy is located in the general area. Additionally, various episodes show Starfleet operating a series of starbases throughout Federation territory, as ground facilities, the flagship of Starfleet is often considered to be the starship USS Enterprise. Starfleet has many components, including the following, As early as the original Star Trek, later series establish it as an officer training facility with a four-year educational program. The main campus is located near Starfleet Headquarters in what is now Fort Baker, Starfleet Command is the headquarters/command center of Starfleet. The term Starfleet Command is first used in TOS episode Court Martial and its headquarters are depicted as being in Fort Baker, across the Golden Gate from San Francisco, in Star Trek, The Motion Picture and Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. Overlooking the Command from the side of the Golden Gate is the permanent site of the Council of the United Federation of Planets in what is now the Presidio of San Francisco. StarTrek. com notes that many of Starfleets ships are built on Mare Island near San Francisco, the Enterprise-D and USS Voyager are depicted to have been constructed at a shipyard named Utopia Planitia in Mars orbit. The Utopia Planitia served as Starfleets main ship yards throughout a portion of Starfleets existence. After the Enterprise-D encountered the Borg in the episode Q Who the size of the Utopia Planitia shipyards was doubled out of fear of a Borg strike and they were once again doubled after the Dominion threat became more evident. In the 2013 sequel, Montgomery Scotty Scott discovers a covert Starfleet facility, near Jupiter, as one minion of the Dominion in the Star Trek, DS9 episode, Rocks and Shoals notes, Starfleet engineers are reputed to be able to Turn rocks into replicators. Additionally, Pocket Books has published a series of eBooks and novels in the Starfleet Corps of Engineers series, Starfleet Intelligence is an intelligence agency of the United Federation of Planets
Starfleet
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Starfleet Command emblem
7.
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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USS Enterprise is a starship in the fictional Star Trek universe, depicted in four network television series, six feature films, and countless books and fan-created media. The ships design formed the basis for one of sci-fis most iconic images, though the ship has gone over many changes over the course of its television, a refit version of NCC-1701 appears in the first three Star Trek films. The 2009 Star Trek film, which place in an alternate timeline. The original starship was destroyed in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies was the primary designer of the original Enterprise, which was originally named Yorktown in series creator Gene Roddenberrys first outline drafts of the series. Jefferies experience with aviation led to his Enterprise designs being imbued with what he called aircraft logic, the ships NCC-1701 registry number stemmed from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States, the second C was added for differentiation. According to The Making of Star Trek, NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for Naval Construction Contract, the 1701 was chosen to avoid any possible ambiguity, according to Jefferies, the numbers 3,6,8, and 9 are too easily confused. Other sources cite it as a reference to the house across the street from where Roddenberry grew up, Jefferies own sketches provide the explanation that it was his 17th cruiser design with the first serial number of that series,1701. The Making of Star Trek explains that USS should mean United Space Ship, however, the decals included with the AMT USS Enterprise model kit permitted the builder to customize the ship as any of the twelve starships in the class. As the lowest hull number is NCC-1700, USS Constitution, it is accepted that Constitution is the class leader. The first miniature built for the pilot episode The Cage was unlit and approximately 33 inches long, initially, the models were static and had no electronics. For the second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, various details of the 11-foot model were altered, when the series was picked up and went into production, the model was altered yet again. Save for re-used footage from the two episodes, this was the appearance of the ship throughout the series, except for some detail added to nacelles for shots used in The Trouble with Tribbles. Two small models were made for the episode Catspaw, one embedded in a block of lucite. Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek, Deep Space Nine episode Trials, jeins model was built to be exactly half the size of the larger of the two original models, and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar. The refit Enterprise that appears in the first three Star Trek films was designed by Richard Taylor, the ship was based on conceptual sketches done by Jeffries for the scrapped Star Trek, Phase II TV series. The 8-foot model was re-used as the USS Enterprise-A in the fourth, fifth, foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the Directors Edition release of Star Trek, The Motion Picture to add footage envisioned but never shot by director Robert Wise. Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film, director J. J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a hot rod look while retaining the traditional shape, but otherwise afforded Industrial Light & Magic tremendous leeway in creating the ship. Perhaps the most notable change was in the engine cells
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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The USS Enterprise
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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An 11-foot (3.4 m) model donated by Paramount to the Smithsonian in 1974
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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The re-conceptualized USS Enterprise in the 2009 Star Trek film
8.
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)
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USS Enterprise is a starship in the fourth, fifth, sixth films of the Roddenberry era and later in the alternative timeline film Star Trek Beyond. Enterprise-A used the shooting model as the preceding NCC-1701. When first unveiled in the sequences of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. On October 5–7,2006, Christies auctioned off many of the used in the Star Trek films. In that auction the model of Enterprise-A used for the films was sold for $240,000, the Constitution-class starship Enterprise-A was commissioned in 2286, at the end of the events depicted in Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. It is the second Federation starship to carry the name Enterprise, the ship is placed under the command of newly demoted Captain James T. Kirk as punishment for his and his crews actions in the rescue of Captain Spock in Star Trek III and it replaces the original Enterprise, destroyed in Star Trek III. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, the ship is dispatched to rescue hostages on Nimbus III. The Vulcan renegade Sybok and his followers hijack the ship and take it to a planet at the center of the galaxy, several novels and comics explore the six-year period between the fifth and sixth films. In Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, Enterprise escorts Klingon chancellor Gorkon to a summit on Earth. The renegade Klingon general Chang, assisted by traitors aboard Enterprise, the Klingons take Kirk and Leonard McCoy prisoner, Spock and Enterprise crew disregard Starfleet orders and instead rescue Kirk and McCoy. Enterprise encounters and, with aid from USS Excelsior, destroys Changs ship, the film concludes with Starfleet ordering a return to Spacedock to be decommissioned, an order which Kirk and the crew gleefully disregard. There is no information about the ships fate beyond Star Trek VI. In the epilogue of Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, however, she may have been speaking only of the ships original crew members as Captain James T. Documentation provided with the Bandai model states that the ship was displayed in the Starfleet Museum at Memory Alpha, ultimately, Enterprise is destroyed to prevent Drakes completion of a disastrous personal agenda. Enterprise was already under construction at the time of its predecessors arrival at Star base Yorktown, following the destruction of its predecessor, its crew was reassigned to the NCC-1701-A after its completion. A new design for Enterprise NCC-1701-A appears in Star Trek Beyond, USS Enterprise at Memory Alpha USS Enterprise at Memory Alpha
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)
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The USS Enterprise -A
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)
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Replica of the Enterprise -A in
Vulcan, Alberta
9.
Star Trek uniforms
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Star Trek uniforms are worn by crew members in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. Though design varied among the successive costume designers, the uniforms costumes, costumes were re-designed to improve appearance when filmed and to improve the comfort for actors. Deliberately mixing styles of uniforms from the series was occasionally used to enhance the sense of time travel or alternative universes. The rank system of the Star Trek universe resembles that of the United States Navy, in later television series, ranks are indicated by varying numbers of pips or bars on the individuals uniform collars. The insignia are worn on the left breast by all personnel, originally gold with a black border, but the shape differed based on the ship or base to which the person was assigned as seen in TOS episodes Court Martial, The Doomsday Machine, etc. In the case of the Enterprise, the insignia was a delta or arrowhead shape, in the second pilot, the science/medical and engineering/operations symbols were reversed, and there were other slight variations between the insignia as used in the pilots and in the regular series. A rank of captain is mentioned in two episodes, but no insignia are shown. The original uniform designs were the product of designer William Ware Theiss, the original series uniforms consisted of a colored top and dark pants, with significant variations between the designs used in the pilot episodes and the rest of the series. The original concept used a heavy, ribbed turtle neck collar of the color as the tunic for the men, with a cowl neck variation for the women. Officers in the first Star Trek pilot, The Cage, wear a single gold stripe, with only the officer grades lieutenant. A chief is also wearing a different sleeve stripe. Characters addressed as crewman wear no sleeve insignia, in the first pilot, the uniforms also include gray coats with silver rank stripes on the sleeves, worn on away missions and identical for men and women, and an optional gray cap. In the second episode, Where No Man Has Gone Before, most officers again wear a single stripe. The crew wore a triangular assignment patch that identified them as being with the USS Enterprise, personnel from other Starfleet vessels or Starfleet Command wore different assignment patches. Certain operations and engineering personnel wore red jumpsuits with black undershirts, the frequent death of red-uniformed security officers led to the coining of the popular term redshirt. The most commonly used command division shirts were actually green but appeared gold under the lights used on the set, in later series, the gold color was canonized in dialog. The green tunics may have the stripes on the sleeves or on the collar. The differently colored tunics were worn with dark gray trousers — which appeared black on camera — for the men, miniskirt length dresses with dark tights were worn by the women
Star Trek uniforms
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The original concept of the Starfleet uniform as worn by its first commanding officer, Captain
Christopher Pike were different from what eventually became the standard design. Men are in ribbed turtlenecks and women in cowl neck variations. Both had a grey jacket
Star Trek uniforms
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Uniform exemplar from The Wrath of Khan on display at
Star Trek: The Experience
10.
Starfleet ranks and insignia
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Star Trek uniforms are worn by crew members in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. Though design varied among the successive costume designers, the uniforms costumes, costumes were re-designed to improve appearance when filmed and to improve the comfort for actors. Deliberately mixing styles of uniforms from the series was occasionally used to enhance the sense of time travel or alternative universes. The rank system of the Star Trek universe resembles that of the United States Navy, in later television series, ranks are indicated by varying numbers of pips or bars on the individuals uniform collars. The insignia are worn on the left breast by all personnel, originally gold with a black border, but the shape differed based on the ship or base to which the person was assigned as seen in TOS episodes Court Martial, The Doomsday Machine, etc. In the case of the Enterprise, the insignia was a delta or arrowhead shape, in the second pilot, the science/medical and engineering/operations symbols were reversed, and there were other slight variations between the insignia as used in the pilots and in the regular series. A rank of captain is mentioned in two episodes, but no insignia are shown. The original uniform designs were the product of designer William Ware Theiss, the original series uniforms consisted of a colored top and dark pants, with significant variations between the designs used in the pilot episodes and the rest of the series. The original concept used a heavy, ribbed turtle neck collar of the color as the tunic for the men, with a cowl neck variation for the women. Officers in the first Star Trek pilot, The Cage, wear a single gold stripe, with only the officer grades lieutenant. A chief is also wearing a different sleeve stripe. Characters addressed as crewman wear no sleeve insignia, in the first pilot, the uniforms also include gray coats with silver rank stripes on the sleeves, worn on away missions and identical for men and women, and an optional gray cap. In the second episode, Where No Man Has Gone Before, most officers again wear a single stripe. The crew wore a triangular assignment patch that identified them as being with the USS Enterprise, personnel from other Starfleet vessels or Starfleet Command wore different assignment patches. Certain operations and engineering personnel wore red jumpsuits with black undershirts, the frequent death of red-uniformed security officers led to the coining of the popular term redshirt. The most commonly used command division shirts were actually green but appeared gold under the lights used on the set, in later series, the gold color was canonized in dialog. The green tunics may have the stripes on the sleeves or on the collar. The differently colored tunics were worn with dark gray trousers — which appeared black on camera — for the men, miniskirt length dresses with dark tights were worn by the women
Starfleet ranks and insignia
–
The original concept of the Starfleet uniform as worn by its first commanding officer, Captain
Christopher Pike were different from what eventually became the standard design. Men are in ribbed turtlenecks and women in cowl neck variations. Both had a grey jacket
Starfleet ranks and insignia
–
Uniform exemplar from The Wrath of Khan on display at
Star Trek: The Experience
11.
Linguistics
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Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning, phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential sub-sets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology, morphology, modern theories that deal with the principles of grammar are largely based within Noam Chomskys ideological school of generative grammar. In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an innate capacity and potential for language, while performance is the specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups. The study of parole is the domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a system of linguistic facets within a certain speech community. Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts and conversations emerging out of a speech communitys usage of language, Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. In the 1960s, Jacques Derrida, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. Palaeography is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of scripts in language. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic, research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focus on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time. Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages, lexicography involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a dictionary. Computational linguistics is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and interpretation, as well as in language education – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education, related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics, literary criticism, translation, and speech-language pathology. Before the 20th century, the philology, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the science of language
Linguistics
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Ancient
Tamil inscription at
Thanjavur
Linguistics
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Topics and terminology
12.
Cryptography
–
Cryptography or cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Cryptography prior to the age was effectively synonymous with encryption. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the information only with intended recipients. The cryptography literature often uses Alice for the sender, Bob for the intended recipient and it is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. The growth of technology has raised a number of legal issues in the information age. Cryptographys potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation, Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and copyright infringement of digital media. Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption, which is the process of converting ordinary information into unintelligible text, decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving from the unintelligible ciphertext back to plaintext. A cipher is a pair of algorithms that create the encryption, the detailed operation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithm and in each instance by a key. The key is a secret, usually a short string of characters, historically, ciphers were often used directly for encryption or decryption without additional procedures such as authentication or integrity checks. There are two kinds of cryptosystems, symmetric and asymmetric, in symmetric systems the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Data manipulation in symmetric systems is faster than asymmetric systems as they generally use shorter key lengths, asymmetric systems use a public key to encrypt a message and a private key to decrypt it. Use of asymmetric systems enhances the security of communication, examples of asymmetric systems include RSA, and ECC. Symmetric models include the commonly used AES which replaced the older DES, in colloquial use, the term code is often used to mean any method of encryption or concealment of meaning. However, in cryptography, code has a specific meaning. It means the replacement of a unit of plaintext with a code word, English is more flexible than several other languages in which cryptology is always used in the second sense above. RFC2828 advises that steganography is sometimes included in cryptology, the study of characteristics of languages that have some application in cryptography or cryptology is called cryptolinguistics
Cryptography
–
German Lorenz cipher machine, used in
World War II to encrypt very-high-level
general staff messages
Cryptography
–
16th-century book-shaped
French cipher machine, with arms of
Henri II of France
Cryptography
–
Enciphered letter from
Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon,
French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, after 1546, with partial decipherment
Cryptography
–
Whitfield Diffie and
Martin Hellman, authors of the first published paper on public-key cryptography
13.
Philology
–
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources, it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics. It is more defined as the study of literary texts and written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form. A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a philologist, in older usage, especially British, philology is more general, covering comparative and historical linguistics. Indo-European studies involves the comparative philology of all Indo-European languages, Philology, with its focus on historical development, is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussures insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis. The contrast continued with the emergence of structuralism and Chomskyan linguistics alongside its emphasis on syntax, the term changed little with the Latin philologia, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie, in the sense of love of literature. The adjective φιλόλογος meant fond of discussion or argument, talkative, in Hellenistic Greek also implying an excessive preference of argument over the love of true wisdom, as an allegory of literary erudition, Philologia appears in 5th-century post-classical literature, an idea revived in Late Medieval literature. The meaning of love of learning and literature was narrowed to the study of the development of languages in 19th-century usage of the term. Most continental European countries still maintain the term to designate departments, colleges, position titles, J. R. R. Tolkien opposed the nationalist reaction against philological practices, claiming that the philological instinct was universal as is the use of language. Based on the critique of Friedrich Nietzsche, US scholars since the 1980s have viewed philology as responsible for a narrowly scientistic study of language. The comparative linguistics branch of philology studies the relationship between languages, similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first noted in the early 16th century and led to speculation of a common ancestor language from which all these descended. Philology also includes the study of texts and their history and it includes elements of textual criticism, trying to reconstruct an authors original text based on variant copies of manuscripts. Since that time, the principles of textual criticism have been improved and applied to other widely distributed texts such as the Bible. Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants and this method was applied to Classical Studies and to medieval texts as a way to reconstruct the authors original work. A related study method known as higher criticism studies the authorship, date, as these philological issues are often inseparable from issues of interpretation, there is no clear-cut boundary between philology and hermeneutics. When text has a significant political or religious influence, scholars have difficulty reaching objective conclusions, some scholars avoid all critical methods of textual philology, especially in historical linguistics, where it is important to study the actual recorded materials. Supporters of New Philology insist on a diplomatic approach, a faithful rendering of the text exactly as found in the manuscript. Another branch of philology, cognitive philology, studies written and oral texts and this science compares the results of textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology and artificial intelligence production systems. In the case of Bronze Age literature, philology includes the prior decipherment of the language under study and this has notably been the case with the Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Hittite, Ugaritic and Luwian languages
Philology
–
Cover of Indo-European philology historical and comparative by
William Burley Lockwood
14.
Multiculturalism
–
This can happen when a jurisdiction is created or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures or through immigration from different jurisdictions around the world. Multiculturalism has been described as a bowl and cultural mosaic. Two different and seemingly inconsistent strategies have developed through different government policies and strategies, the first focuses on interaction and communication between different cultures, this approach is also often known as interculturalism. The second centers on diversity and cultural uniqueness which can result in intercultural competition over jobs among other things. Cultural isolation can protect the uniqueness of the culture of a nation or area. A common aspect of many policies following the approach is that they avoid presenting any specific ethnic, religious. Multiculturalism centers on the thought in political philosophy about the way to respond to cultural and it is closely associated with identity politics, the politics of difference, and the politics of recognition. It is also a matter of economic interests and political power, Multiculturalism can refer to a demographic fact, a particular set of philosophical ideas, or a specific orientation by government or institutions toward a diverse population. Most of the debate over multiculturalism centers around whether or not public multiculturalism is the way to deal with diversity. The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, the Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration. The Canadian Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origins of political awareness of multiculturalism. In the Western English-speaking countries, multiculturalism as an national policy started in Canada in 1971. It was quickly adopted as policy by most member-states of the European Union. Recently, right-of-center governments in several European states—notably the Netherlands and Denmark— have reversed the national policy, a similar reversal is the subject of debate in the United Kingdom, among others, due to evidence of incipient segregation and anxieties over home-grown terrorism. Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse, in some, communalism is a major political issue. The Australian government retains multiculturalism in policy, and as an aspect of Australia today. The White Australia Policy was quietly dismantled after World War II by various changes to immigration policy, the election of John Howards Liberal-National Coalition government in 1996 was a major watershed for Australian multiculturalism. Howard had long been a critic of multiculturalism, releasing his One Australia policy in the late 1980s, the first edition was published in 1999
Multiculturalism
–
The Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Perilli in
Toronto,
Ontario,
Canada —a city and country well known for its approach to multiculturalism. Four identical sculptures are located in
Buffalo City,
South Africa;
Changchun,
China;
Sarajevo,
Bosnia and
Sydney,
Australia.
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
–
Sydney's
Chinatown
Multiculturalism
–
Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in
Buenos Aires.
15.
African descent
–
As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
African descent
–
Soldiers of the
Free Arabian Legion in Greece, September 1943
African descent
–
Algerian footballer
Yacine Brahimi
African descent
–
Moroccan Gnawa musician
Hassan Hakmoun
African descent
–
Nelson Mandela led the
ANC in the battle against South African Apartheid.
16.
Gene Roddenberry
–
Eugene Wesley Gene Roddenberry was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series, born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, later, he followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television. As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, in 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons before being canceled. He then worked on projects, including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its popularity, this, in turn, resulted in the Star Trek feature films, on which Roddenberry continued to produce. He continued to consult on the series until his death in 1991, years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes carried into earth orbit. The popularity of the Star Trek universe and films has inspired films, books, comic books, video games, and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Roddenberry was born on August 19,1921, in his parents rented home in El Paso, Texas, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Genes father passed the Civil Service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially magazines, and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan. Roddenberry majored in science at Los Angeles City College, where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. He obtained a license through the United States Army Air Corps-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18,1941, and he graduated from the USAAC on August 5,1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was posted to Bellows Field, Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, of the Thirteenth Air Force, which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On August 2,1943, while flying out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overshot the runway by 500 feet and impacted trees, crushing the nose, the official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent the remainder of his career in the United States. He was involved in a plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal, in 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways, including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at the time
Gene Roddenberry
–
Roddenberry in 1976.
Gene Roddenberry
–
Gene Roddenberry, during his senior year at high school
Gene Roddenberry
–
Roddenberry and Leonard Nimoy (pictured) first worked together on The Lieutenant.
Gene Roddenberry
–
Gene Roddenberry appearing in an advertisement for MONY in 1961
17.
Zulu people
–
The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–11 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, the Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca.1709 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather, at that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans. Nguni communities had migrated down Africas east coast over centuries, as part of the Bantu migrations probably arriving in what is now South Africa in about the 9th century, the Zulu formed a powerful state in 1818 under the leader Shaka. Shaka, as the Zulu King, gained an amount of power over the tribe. On 11 December 1878, agents of the British delivered an ultimatum to 11 chiefs representing Cetshwayo, the terms forced upon Cetshwayo required him to disband his army and accept British authority. Cetshwayo refused, and war followed January 12,1879, during the war, the Zulus defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January. The British managed to get the hand after the Battle at Rorkes Drift. After Cetshwayos capture a month following his defeat, the British divided the Zulu Empire into 13 kinglets, the sub-kingdoms fought amongst each other until 1883 when Cetshwayo was reinstated as king over Zululand. This still did not stop the fighting and the Zulu monarch was forced to flee his realm by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets, Cetshwayo died in February 1884, killed by Zibhebhus regime, leaving his son, the 15-year-old Dinuzulu, to inherit the throne. In-fighting between the Zulu continued for years, until Zululand was absorbed fully into the British colony of Natal, under apartheid, the homeland of KwaZulu was created for Zulu people. In 1970, the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act provided that all Zulus would become citizens of KwaZulu, KwaZulu consisted of a large number of disconnected pieces of land, in what is now KwaZulu-Natal. By 1993, approximately 5.2 million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu, the Chief Minister of KwaZulu, from its creation in 1970 was Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with the province of Natal, Inkatha YeSizwe means the crown of the nation. In 1975, Buthelezi revived the Inkatha YaKwaZulu, predecessor of the Inkatha Freedom Party and this organization was nominally a protest movement against apartheid, but held more conservative views than the ANC. For example, Inkatha was opposed to the struggle. Inkatha was initially on good terms with the ANC, but the two came into increasing conflict beginning in 1976 in the aftermath of the Soweto Uprising. The modern Zulu population is evenly distributed in both urban and rural areas
Zulu people
–
Jeff Radebe
Zulu people
–
Shaka, king of the Zulu. After a sketch by Lt. James King, a Port Natal merchant
Zulu people
–
Lucas Radebe
Zulu people
–
Zulu in traditional clothes
18.
Hikaru Sulu
–
Hikaru Kato Sulu is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. Originally known simply as Sulu, he was portrayed by George Takei in the original Star Trek series. Sulu also appears in the animated Star Trek series, the first six Star Trek movies, one episode of Star Trek, Voyager, and in books, comics. Sulus first name, Hikaru, appeared in a 1981 novel well over a decade after the series had ended. John Cho assumed the role of the character in both the 2009 film Star Trek and its sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond. Takei recalled Gene Roddenberry wanted the character to represent all of Asia, Roddenberry did not want a nationally specific surname, so he looked at a map and saw the Sulu Sea. He thought, Ah, the waters of that sea touch all shores, the actor recalled, historically, Sulu was a Muslim sultanate founded in 1405 until March 1915 when the Sultan abdicated when it had become part of the United States. The island province of Sulu continued to be a US territory until 1946, in the book Inside Star Trek, The Real Story, the characters name is noted as a pun on the name of vice president of Desilu Studios, Herb Solow. Novelist Vonda McIntyre first presents Hikaru as the characters first name in the novel The Entropy Effect, McIntyre derived the characters first name from The Tale of Genji. In some Japanese dubs, Commander Sulus family name is changed to Kato and this is because there is no lu syllable in Japanese, so to Japanese speakers Sulu does not sound like a Japanese name. However, in recent movies, it is slightly changed. The name スールー, is used as opposed to スル, which would be a closer transliteration, suru with short vowels in Japanese is the verb to do, and as such might also come across as odd to Japanese audiences. The fictional character Hikaru Sulu was born in San Francisco, and is of Japanese heritage and he was shown as the USS Enterprises staff physicist in the pilot episode, Where No Man Has Gone Before. An early Paramount press release described this initial conception of his character as follows, Physicist Sulu is the trim, frequently it is his assessment of the conditions on unexplored planets that finally determines when and how they will be approached, or if they can be explored at all. However, throughout the rest of the series, he served as officer and senior helmsman. Throughout the series, Sulu is shown having many interests and hobbies, including gymnastics, botany, fencing, in the episode The Naked Time, Spock observes that Sulu is at heart a swashbuckler out of the 18th century. The character is promoted to lieutenant commander some time before Star Trek, The Motion Picture, during the first five Star Trek movies, he serves as helmsman aboard both the USS Enterprise and USS Enterprise-A. He is promoted to captain and given command of the USS Excelsior three years before the events of Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, Star Trek Generations introduces Hikarus daughter, Demora Sulu, whose origins are also depicted in Peter Davids non-canon novel The Captains Daughter
Hikaru Sulu
–
George Takei as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu, from Star Trek (1966)
Hikaru Sulu
–
John Cho
19.
George Takei
–
George Hosato Takei is an American actor, director, author, and activist of Japanese descent. Takei is best known for his role as Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the USS Enterprise in the television series Star Trek and he also portrayed the character in six Star Trek feature films and one episode of Star Trek, Voyager. Takeis involvement in media has brought him fresh attention. As of February 2017, his Facebook page has over 10 million likes since he joined in 2011, Takei is a proponent of LGBT rights and is active in state and local politics. He has won awards and accolades in his work on human rights and Japan–United States relations. His father was an Anglophile, and named him George after King George VI of the United Kingdom, whose coronation took place in 1937, shortly after Takeis birth. In 1942, the Takei family was forced to live in the horse stables of Santa Anita Park before being sent to the Rohwer War Relocation Center for internment in Rohwer. The family was transferred to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California. George Takei had several relatives living in Japan during World War II, among them, he had an aunt and infant cousin who lived in Hiroshima who were both killed during the atomic bombing that destroyed the city. In Takeis own words, my aunt and baby cousin found burnt in a ditch in Hiroshima, at the end of World War II, Takei and his family returned to Los Angeles. He attended Mount Vernon Junior High School, where he served as student body president at Los Angeles High School and he was a member of Boy Scout Troop 379 of the Koyasan Buddhist Temple. Upon graduation from school, Takei enrolled in the University of California. Later he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in theater in 1960 and he attended the Shakespeare Institute at Stratford-upon-Avon in England, and Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan. In Hollywood, he studied acting at the Desilu Workshop, Takei began his career in Hollywood in the late 1950s, providing voiceover for characters in the English dub of the Japanese monster films Godzilla Raids Again a. k. a. Gigantis the Fire Monster, for the latter of which he recalled, here was one word that we had difficulty getting the meaning of. The Japanese word was bakayaro, which means stupid fool, the director, Takei said, had him use the phrase banana oil. He went on to appear in the television series Playhouse 90. He guest starred in the season fifth episode of Hawaiian Eye Thomas Jefferson Chu
George Takei
–
Takei at the 2013 Florida SuperCon
George Takei
–
Takei as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu
George Takei
–
Takei with his husband, Brad Altman (right), posing with a fan at
Midtown Comics in New York City.
George Takei
–
Takei at the
Chicago Pride Parade in 2006
20.
Swahili language
–
Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. The closely related Comorian language, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is considered a dialect. Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 50 million to over 100 million. Swahili serves as a language of three nations, Tanzania, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Shikomor, the language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte, is related to Swahili. Swahili is also one of the languages of the African Union. A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary is derived from Arabic through contact with Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants of the Swahili Coast, Swahili is traditionally regarded as being the language of coastal areas of Tanzania and Kenya. It was formalised after independence by presidents of the African Great Lakes region and it spread as a fishermans language to the various islands surrounding the Swahili Coast. Traders from these islands had extensive contact with the peoples from at least the 2nd century A. D. There is also evidence of early Zaramo people settlement on Zanzibar from Dar es Salaam in present-day Tanzania. Clove farmers from Oman and the Persian Gulf farmed the Zanzibar Archipelago, the earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 A. D. in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are now preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, the British did not do so in neighbouring Kenya even though they made moves in that direction. Swahili was the only candidate in the two colonies. In the aftermath of Germanys defeat in the First World War, Swahili was to be subordinate to English, university education, much secondary education and governance at the highest levels would be conducted in English. One key step in spreading Swahili was to create a written language. In June 1928, a conference took place at Mombasa, at which the Zanzibar dialect. Swahili has become a language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries where it is an official or national language. In 2016 it was made a subject in all Kenyan schools
Swahili language
–
Although originally written with the
Arabic script, Swahili is now written in a
Latin alphabet that was introduced by
Christian missionaries and colonial administrators. The text shown here is the Catholic version of the
Lord's Prayer.
Swahili language
–
Coastal areas where Swahili or Comorian is the indigenous language,
Swahili language
–
Swahili Arabic script on a one-pysar coin from
Zanzibar circa 1299 AH (1882 AD)
Swahili language
–
Swahili Arabic script on a carved wooden door (open) at
Lamu in
Kenya
21.
Robert Ruark
–
Robert Ruark was an American author, syndicated columnist, and big game hunter. Born Robert Chester Ruark, Jr. to Charlotte A. Ruark, Ruark, a bookkeeper for a wholesale grocery, young Ruark grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. His brother, David, was adopted, and little is known about him, the Ruark family was deeply affected by the Depression, but still managed to send Robert to college. He graduated early from New Hanover High School, and enrolled in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at age 15 and his studies included a few journalism classes but, contrary to popular belief, he did not earn a degree in journalism. In the 1930s, Ruark was fired from a job in the Works Progress Administration. He worked for two small newspapers in North Carolina, the Hamlet News Messenger and, later, the Sanford Herald. In 1936, Ruark moved to Washington, D. C. and was hired as a boy for The Washington Daily News. In just a few months he was the top sports reporter. During World War II, Ruark was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy, in 1938, Ruark married Virginia Webb, an interior designer from an upper-middle-class family in the Washington, D. C. area, and a graduate of Georgetown University. They divorced in 1963, and had no children, upon his return to Washington, Ruark joined the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. As his obituary in The New York Times stated, Ruark was sometimes glad, sometimes sad, some of his columns were eventually collected into two books, I Didnt Know It Was Loaded and One for the Road. As he became recognized, Ruark began to write fiction, first for literary magazines, and then his first novel, Grenadine Etching, in 1947. After enjoying some success as a writer, Ruark decided that it was time to fulfill a dream to go on safari to Africa. Legendary Ker and Downey Safaris booked him with Harry Selby, and it is interesting to note that Ruark was booked with Selby because of a desire to use a tracker named Kidogo, who had once hunted with Ernest Hemingway. Ruarks pairing with Selby, though fortuitous, was pure chance, Kidogo was a member of Selbys crew. As a result of this first safari, Ruark wrote a book called Horn of the Hunter, Selby became an overnight legend and was subsequently booked for up to five years in advance by Americans wishing to duplicate Ruarks adventures. After the first safari, Selby and Ruark again went hunting, the result was a one-hour documentary entitled Africa Adventure, released by RKO pictures. Though extremely difficult to find, a 16mm print of this movie was discovered in 2002, in 1953, Ruark began writing a series for Field & Stream magazine entitled The Old Man and the Boy
Robert Ruark
–
Robert Chester Ruark, Jr.
22.
Robert Justman
–
Robert Harris Bob Justman was an American television producer, director, and production manager. He worked on many American TV series including Lassie, The Life of Riley, Adventures of Superman, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, Mission, Impossible, and Then Came Bronson. He was also the assistant director of the first two Star Trek episodes, The Cage and Where No Man Has Gone Before. During Star Trek, The Original Series, he served as Gene Roddenberrys right-hand man, Justman was reportedly the first to call Gene Roddenberry The Great Bird of the Galaxy, drawn from a throwaway line from the original series episode The Man Trap. Paramount radically reduced the budget during its third season. Justmans motion picture credits as an assistant director included The Big Combo, Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife, Attack, Justman also appeared in front of the camera once as an actor. He appeared as the Elder of Luminos in the A Feasibility Study episode in The Outer Limits and his name also became the name of a shuttlecraft in The Next Generation. Along with Herbert F. Solow, Justman wrote the book Inside Star Trek, The Real Story, published by Pocket Books in 1996. According to Publishers Weekly, As told by Solow, Star Treks co-producer, and Justman, the executive in charge of production, this is arguably the definitive history of the TV show. Justman was also a guest of the U. S. Air Forces special study at Maxwell Air Force Base in 1993–94 on the future of the military and he was a speaker and future thinker for the SPACECAST2020 program. Justman died on May 28,2008 in Los Angeles from the complications of severe Parkinsons disease
Robert Justman
–
Robert Harris Justman
23.
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
–
Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek. Taking place after the events of Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, principal photography took place between April and September 1991. The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier, because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot, many scenes were filmed around Hollywood. Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood, subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek, producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag. Cliff Eidelman produced the score, which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings. The film was released in North America on December 6,1991, the Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews, with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references. The film performed strongly at the box office and it posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $96,888,996 worldwide. The film earned two Academy Award nominations, for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects, and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. A special collectors edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movies premiere, just days after viewing the film. The film marked the final appearance together of the series cast. The loss of their key energy production facility and the destruction of the Klingon homeworlds ozone layer throws the Klingon Empire into turmoil, no longer able to maintain a hostile footing, the Klingons sue for peace with their longstanding enemy, the United Federation of Planets. Enterprises captain, James T. Kirk, whose son David was murdered by Klingons years earlier, opposes the negotiations, after a rendezvous between Enterprise and Gorkons battlecruiser they continue towards Earth, with the crews sharing a tense meal aboard Enterprise. Later that night, Enterprise appears to fire on the Klingon ship with a pair of photon torpedoes, during the confusion, two figures wearing Starfleet suits and gravity boots beam aboard the Klingon ship and grievously wound Gorkon before beaming away. Kirk surrenders to avoid a fight, and beams aboard the Klingon ship with Doctor Leonard McCoy to attempt to save Gorkons life, the chancellor dies, and Gorkons chief of staff, General Chang, puts Kirk and McCoy on trial for his assassination. The pair are found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment on the frozen asteroid Rura Penthe. Gorkons daughter, Azetbur, becomes the new chancellor, and continues diplomatic negotiations, for reasons of security, the conference is relocated, while several senior Starfleet officers want to rescue Kirk and McCoy, the Federation president refuses to risk full-scale war. Azetbur likewise refuses to invade Federation space, stating that only Kirk, once her betrayal is revealed, Martia transforms into Kirks double and fights him, but she is killed by the prison guards to silence any witnesses
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
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Christopher Plummer had worked with Shatner in radio plays and requested a more human look for his character, involving wearing "less severe" Klingon make-up.
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
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Theatrical release poster by
John Alvin
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
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Walter Koenig wrote a story outline for the sixth film where all the Enterprise crew members except Spock and McCoy are killed
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
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Cinematographer Hiro Narita
24.
Star Trek (film)
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Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction adventure film directed by J. J. Abrams, written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Kirk and Spock aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero, a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets, the story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock. The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film, the idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968. After the separation between Viacom and CBS Corporation, former Paramount president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a feature film, Orci and Kurtzman, both fans of the Star Trek series, were approached to write the film and Abrams was approached to direct it. Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations as well as the series itself, principal photography commenced on November 7,2007 and ended on March 27,2008. The film was shot in locations around California and Utah. Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen, opting to use sets, heavy secrecy surrounded the films production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters. Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film, as opposed to the films in the franchise. Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 and it was released in the United States and Canada on May 8,2009, to critical acclaim. Critics praised the development as well as the storyline in the film. Star Trek became a box office success, grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its budget of $150 million. The DVD and Blu-ray for the film were released on October 19,2010, the film is followed by two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond with a fourth having been announced. In the 23rd century, the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a storm in space. A Romulan ship, Narada, emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin, naradas first officer, Ayel, demands that Kelvins Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce. Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an Ambassador Spock, naradas commander, Nero, kills him, and resumes attacking Kelvin. George Kirk, Kelvins first officer, orders the ships personnel, including his pregnant wife Winona, Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winonas survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk. Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan, a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy, realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a disadvantage, he joins Starfleet instead. On Earth, Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult, three years later, Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation
Star Trek (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Star Trek (film)
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From top to bottom: Chris Pine, Zachary Quinto and Zoe Saldana.
Star Trek (film)
Star Trek (film)
25.
Spock
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Spock, commonly Mr. Spock, is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spocks rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock. In the 2009 film Star Trek, Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, both reprised their roles in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and Quinto reprised his role again in 2016s Star Trek Beyond. Spock serves aboard the starship Enterprise, as officer and first officer. Spocks mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the characters appearances, Kirk and Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films. After retiring from Starfleet, Spock serves as a Federation ambassador, born to the Vulcan Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, Spock has a troubled childhood due to his mixed heritage. On his homeworld, he was bullied and tormented by full-blooded Vulcan children. For a time, he grew up alongside his older half-brother Sybok, in the episode Amok Time, it is revealed that Spock became betrothed to TPring during his childhood. Sarek supported Spocks scientific learning and supporting his application to the Vulcan Science Academy, in the 2009 film Star Trek, Spock is seen rejecting his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because Spock did not enter the VSA, and sought to join Starfleet instead, Spock appeared as the science officer on the USS Enterprise in the first pilot for the series, The Cage. Spock was one of the members of the team who joined Captain Christopher Pike on a mission to Talos IV in order to investigate a distress call. Spock did appear in the pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before. During the events of that pilot, Spock became concerned at the risk to the ship posed by Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell, the earliest appearance of Spock in the series as broadcast was The Man Trap, the first such episode. When he needs to knock out a version of Kirk in The Enemy Within. Together with Chief Engineer Montgomery Scotty Scott work together to rejoin the good and evil versions of the Captain, during Miri, he finds himself to be the only member of the landing party to be immune to the physical affects of the disease affecting human adults on the planet. However, he realises that he is probably a carrier and could infect the Enterprise if he were to return, doctor Leonard McCoy manages to devise a cure, allowing the team to return to the ship. When Simon van Gelder enters the bridge armed with a phaser in Dagger of the Mind and he later conducts a mind meld with van Gelder as part of the investigation into the activities of the nearby colony. After the power to the colony is shut down, and a force field drops
Spock
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Leonard Nimoy as Spock (left) beside William Shatner as James T. Kirk (right)
Spock
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Spock with his parents, Sarek and Amanda
Spock
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Zachary Quinto as Spock in the 2009
Star Trek film
Spock
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Nimoy as Spock in 1967
26.
William Rotsler
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Charles William Rotsler was an artist, cartoonist, pornographer and science fiction author. Rotsler was a four-time Hugo Award winner and one-time Nebula Award nominee, from 1958 Rotsler was involved in the pornography industry, first as a stills photographer on the set of adult films, and later as a film director and actor. He created Adam Film Quarterly in 1966 as a magazine to Knight Publishings Adam magazine. Adam Film Quarterly featured much female nudity but only simulated sex acts, Rotslers magazine also provided commentary about this pornography, halfway between the content of the high-end Playboy and hardcore magazine Hustler, which other media would not cover. Rostler earned reputations both as a writer creating novelizations from sexploitation films, and as a prolific pornographic photographer second only to Marv Lincoln and he even interviewed himself as these characters in the magazine. Rotsler commented 99% of the credits were pseudonyms, on the lesser productions, Id direct as Shannon Carse and if I acted, I’d be Barney Boone. If I acted in a Rotsler-directed film, Id be Shannon Carse, Rotsler wrote, directed, or acted in some two dozen pornographic films during his career with Boxoffice International Pictures. In the 1980s, he was cameraman for the Hollywood segments of the segments for the French TV series Destination Series, hosted by Bill Warren and he also wrote Contemporary Erotic Cinema in 1973, published by Ballantine and Penthouse about pornographic movies from an aesthetic point of view. Rotsler, active in science fiction fandom for years, was known for his illustrations for fanzines and he won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist four times,1975,1979,1996, and 1997. He also won a retro-Hugo for his work in 1946 and was runner-up for 1951, Rotslers best known novelette, Patron of the Arts, was a finalist for the 1973 Nebula Award, it lost to Goat Song. Rotsler was an attendee at West Coast science fiction conventions where he would give away his illustrations. He is also the author of Rotslers Rules for Costuming, which address the cosplay often found at these conventions and he regardless quipped that people are making rules for themselves and always finding loop-holes. Through his illustrations Rotsler also helped perpetuate the image of science fiction fans wearing propeller beanies, in 1982, Rotlser published through Wanderer Books canonical backstories for the characters of Star Trek, The Original Series. In the process he gave Uhura her first name, Nyota, Rotsler was the source of the title of Harlan Ellisons short story I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream. This was adopted, with permission, from a caption of a Rotsler cartoon of a rag doll with no mouth, the Rotsler Award, named for Rotsler, is given annually at Loscon by the Southern California Institute for Fan Interests to recognize lifetime work of outstanding fan artists. The award comes with a US$300 honorarium, between Fantasy and Reality, Sexploitation, Fan Magazines, and William Rotslers Adults-Only Career. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, the AFI Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States Series. William Rotsler at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database William Rotsler at the Internet Movie Database
William Rotsler
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William "Bill" Rotsler
27.
Super Password
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Password Plus and Super Password are American TV game shows that aired separately between 1979 and 1989. Both were revivals of the game show Password, which ran from 1961 to 1975 in various incarnations. As with their predecessors, the shows featured two teams, each consisting of a celebrity and a contestant, attempting to guess a word using only one-word clues. Password Plus and Super Password aired on NBC, and were taped on Stage 3 at NBC Studios in Burbank, Password Plus was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Production and Super Password was a Mark Goodson Production. Password Plus aired from January 8,1979, to March 26,1982, the program also won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 1982. Super Password aired 1,151 episodes from September 24,1984, Password Plus was hosted by Allen Ludden from January 1979 to April 1980, when he had to take a leave of absence from the show due to health problems. Bill Cullen substituted for Ludden during his first absence, Ludden returned in May, but he left the program in late October due to further health problems, he did not appear on television again before his 1981 death. Because Cullen had recently begun hosting Blockbusters, also a Goodson-Todman production airing on NBC, Tom Kennedy took over hosting, Bert Convy was selected as the host for Super Passwords entire run. Gene Wood was the announcer on both Password Plus and Super Password. Johnny Olson, Bob Hilton, John Harlan, and Rich Jeffries substituted for Wood on different occasions on Password Plus, Jeffries was the first announcer of Super Password and served as a regular announcer until November 23,1984. After the first nine weeks, totaling 45 episodes, Wood replaced Jeffries as announcer on November 26,1984, Jeffries and Hilton also filled in for Wood on occasion on Super Password. Wood whispered the passwords to home viewers from October 20,1986 until Super Password ended, the rules for Password Plus and Super Password were almost identical. Two teams, each composed of a contestant and a celebrity, the object, as on the original Password, was for the clue-giving partner to get the receiving partner to guess a given word. The giving partner on the first team offered a clue, to which the receiving partner was allowed one guess. Teams alternated giving one-word clues until the password was guessed, or until each side had two clues. Giving an illegal clue forfeited the receivers turn to guess, as did having clue-giving time expire without giving a clue. Like the ABC run of Password, the first clue-giver for each password on Password Plus had the option to give the first clue or pass to the other team. Originally, the team that did not get the previous password was given the option and this option was eliminated on Super Password, with the team that got the previous password given first crack at the next one
Super Password
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Password Plus
Super Password
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Super Password
28.
William Shatner
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William Shatner is a Canadian actor, author, producer, and director. In his seven decades of television, Shatner became an icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS Enterprise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek and he has written a series of science fiction novels called TekWar, which were adapted for television. Shatner also appeared in the NBC series, 3rd Rock from the Sun in seasons 4 and 5 as the role of the Big Giant Head whom the characters of the Series reported to. He has worked as a musician, an author, a director, and he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the final season of the legal drama The Practice and its spinoff series Boston Legal, a role that earned him two Emmy Awards. Shatner was born on March 22,1931, in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Anne and Joseph Shatner and he has two sisters, Joy and Farla. His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the name to Shatner. All of Shatners grandparents were Jewish immigrants, and he was raised in Conservative Judaism, Shatner attended two schools in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Willingdon Elementary School and Westhill High School, and is an alumnus of the Montreal Childrens Theatre. He studied Economics at the McGill University Faculty of Management in Montreal, Canada, in June 2011, McGill University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Letters. Shatner began performing at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, in 1954, he was cast as Ranger Bob on The Canadian Howdy Doody Show. Shatner was an understudy to Christopher Plummer, the two would appear as adversaries in Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. Shatner had a role in an Alfred Hitchcock Presents third-season episode titled The Glass Eye. In 1959, he received good reviews when he played the role of Lomax in the Broadway production of The World of Suzie Wong. He appeared twice as Wayne Gorham in NBCs Outlaws Western series with Barton MacLane, in 1961, he starred in the Broadway play A Shot in the Dark with Julie Harris and directed by Harold Clurman. Walter Matthau and Gene Saks were also featured in this play, Shatner featured in two episodes of the NBC television series Thriller and the film The Explosive Generation. Guthrie had called the young Shatner the Stratford Festivals most promising actor, Shatner was not as successful as the others, however, and during the 1960s he became a working actor who showed up on time, knew his lines, worked cheap and always answered his phone. His motto was Work equals work, but Shatners willingness to take any role, no matter how forgettable, in the 1963–1964 season, he appeared in episodes of two ABC series, Channing and The Outer Limits. In 1963, he starred in the Family Theater production called The Soldier and that same year, he guest starred in Route 66, in the episode, Build Your Houses with Their Backs to the Sea
William Shatner
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Shatner as Capt. Kirk in Star Trek
William Shatner
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Shatner (
Archie Goodwin, left) and
Kurt Kasznar (
Nero Wolfe) in the aborted 1959
CBS television series
Nero Wolfe
William Shatner
–
Shatner's star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame
William Shatner
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Shatner's star on
Canada's Walk of Fame
29.
Star Trek: Of Gods and Men
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Star Trek, Of Gods and Men is a non-canon three-part unofficial Star Trek fan mini-series which contains many cast members from the Star Trek TV series and movies. It is described by its producers as a 40th Anniversary gift from Star Trek actors to their fans and it was filmed in 2006, but its release was delayed until 2007–08. It is not officially endorsed by the rightsholders of Star Trek, the series was directed by Tim Russ. Best known for playing Tuvok on Star Trek, Voyager, he had directed one episode of that series, the series was shot in Star Trek, New Voyages sets in Port Henry, New York. Scenes were also shot around the Los Angeles area, including at Vasquez Rocks, scenes set at the Vulcan Science Academy were filmed in the San Fernando Valley. Principal photography began July 12,2006 and finished in October 2006, the series was produced with a budget of $150,000. Actors were paid according to SAG guidelines, but others involved in the making of the mini-series helped to produce it with little or no pay as a labor of love. The mini-series starred Nichelle Nichols as Nyota Uhura, Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov, alan Ruck also reprised his role as Captain John Harriman from Star Trek Generations, and Tim Russ appeared as Tuvok. Other regular Star Trek actors appeared in new roles, including Garrett Wang and Ethan Phillips, J. G. Hertzler, Cirroc Lofton, and Chase Masterson, the series was written by DS9 writers Jack Trevino and Ethan H. Calk. Douglas Knapp, the director of photography, had worked on Voyager, co-writer Jack Trevino explained how so many actors from the series had been willing to participate, Trek actors have a special relationship with their fans. They regarded the project, not only as the ultimate thank you to Gene Roddenberry and the stars of Trek. Executive producer Douglas Conway had tried to assemble more of the series cast, but when George Takei was not available. Three actors from Star Trek, New Voyages, James Cawley, Jeff Quinn and Bobby Quinn Rice, angrily declaring he didnt wait forty years to be cheated, the man overloads the outposts systems, destroying it. Meanwhile, Captain Nyota Uhura attends the dedication of a new U. S. S, Enterprise, a replica of the original 1701. It is designed as a ship and a tribute to all who served on the original Enterprise, especially to Captain Kirks sacrifice. As they prepare to get underway, they receive a call from M-622. Despite the fact the ship is a museum, the Enterprise-M is the closest to the location and sets a course, upon arrival, Uhura, Chekov, and Harriman beam to the surface. He decides to use the Guardian to alter the timeline and erase Kirk from history, Evans succeeds and the timeline is altered beyond measure
Star Trek: Of Gods and Men
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A promotional poster for Of Gods and Men
30.
FASA
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In 2012, a wholly owned subsidiary called FASA Games Inc. went into operation, using the name and logo with permission of the parent company. FASA first appeared as a Traveller licensee, producing supplements for that Game Designers Workshop role-playing game, the company went on to establish itself as a major gaming company with the publication of the first licensed Star Trek RPG, then several successful original games. Noteworthy lines included BattleTech and Shadowrun, the highly successful BattleTech line led to a series of video games, some of the first virtual reality gaming suites, called Virtual World and a Saturday-morning animated TV series. Originally the name FASA was an acronym for Freedonian Aeronautics and Space Administration and this tongue-in-cheek attitude was carried over in humorous self-references in its games. For example, in Shadowrun, a nuclear device was detonated near FASAs offices at 1026 W. Van Buren St in Chicago. FASA Corporation was founded by Jordan Weisman and L. Ross Babcock III in 1980 with a capital of $350. The two were fellow gamers at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Mort Weisman, Jordans father, joined the company in 1985 to lead the companys operational management having sold his book publishing business, Swallow Press. Under the new direction and with Morts capital injection, the company diversified into books. After consulting their UK distributor, Chart Hobby Distributors, FASA licensed the manufacture of its BattleTech figurines to Miniature Figurines, FASA would later acquire the U. S. figures manufacturer Ral Partha, which was the US manufacturer of Minifigs. While Mort ran the paper and metal based sides of the business and they were particularly interested in virtual reality but also developed desktop computer games. When Microsoft acquired the FASA Interactive subsidiary, Babcock went with that company, after the sale of Virtual World, Jordan turned his attention to the founding of a new games venture called WizKids. FASA unexpectedly ceased active operations on April 30,2001, but still exists as a corporation holding intellectual property rights, contrary to popular belief, the company did not go bankrupt. Allegedly the owners decided to quit while the company was financially sound in a market they perceived as going downhill. Mort Weisman had been talking of retirement for years and his confidence in the future of the paper-based games business was low. He considered the property of FASA to be of high value. Unwilling to wrestle with the complexities of dividing up the going concern, the BattleTech and Shadowrun properties were sold to WizKids, who in turn licensed their publication to FanPro LLC and then to Catalyst Game Labs. The Earthdawn license was sold to WizKids, and then back to FASA, living Room Games published Earthdawn, RedBrick published Earthdawn, but the license has now returned to FASA Corporation, and FASA Games, Inc. is the current license holder for new material. Rights to the miniatures game VOR, The Maelstrom reverted to the designer Mike Skuzzy Nielsen, Microsoft officially closed the FASA team in the companys gaming division on September 12,2007
FASA
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FASA Corporation
31.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
Fanzine
–
Fanzines
Fanzine
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Horrors of the Screen #3, 1964
Fanzine
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British punk fanzines from the 1970s.
32.
The Lieutenant
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The Lieutenant is an American television series, the first created by Gene Roddenberry. It aired on NBC on Saturday evenings in the 1963–1964 television schedule and it was produced by Arena Productions, one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers most successful in-house production companies of the 1960s. Situated at Camp Pendleton, the West Coast base of the U. S. Marine Corps, the title character is Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, a rifle platoon leader and one of the training instructors at Camp Pendleton. An hour-long drama, The Lieutenant explores the lives of enlisted Marines, the series was released on DVD in two half-season sets by the Warner Archive Collection on August 14,2012. Gary Lockwood starred as USMC Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, a recent graduate of the United States Naval Academy who had assigned his first command. Rice is a young, educated idealist who still has much to learn from an older mentor, Robert Vaughn played Captain Raymond Rambridge, Rices company commander, an up-from-the-ranks officer. Actor Gary Lockwood was twenty-six years of age and still an actor at the time the series premiered. Lockwood received his family name from early mentor Joshua Logan. He did not do so because the producers and network executives convinced him there would be unpleasant payback if he did. Lockwood later compared being a TV star to being a jet pilot, many experts, he said, worked behind the scenes and then the pilot entered the hot seat and made it all work. As of April 2016, The Lieutenant was being transmitted on the GetTV digital OTA network on Wednesday evenings in a four, back-to-back, one hour and these transmissions did not follow the original airdate order. One episode of The Lieutenant was never actually transmitted, the Paley Center for Media in New York City possesses a videotape of the episode. This episode was transmitted on the cable channel TNT in the early 1990s. The Lieutenant performed well in the ratings, considering the competition from The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS, the program had occupied the time slot previously held by the legal drama Sam Benedict, which starred Edmond OBrien and Richard Rust. Rust also guest starred in an episode of The Lieutenant, Roddenberry recruited Lockwood one more time, in Where No Man Has Gone Before, the second pilot installment for Star Trek, as Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell. A middle name would be reused for Star Trek, the title character in The Lieutenant was Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, on the original series of Star Trek, the title character was given as James T. Kirk. It was not until the series that writer David Gerrold replaced the T, giving us Captain James Tiberius Kirk, however. According to Gerrold, he had been influenced by I, Claudius, and had approached Roddenberry with his choice of middle name, Roddenberry would later reuse the name and initial William T. for Commander William Riker, portrayed by Jonathan Frakes in Star Trek, The Next Generation
The Lieutenant
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Cover of Part 1 of the Complete Series DVD
33.
Number One (Star Trek)
–
She performs the same role for Pike as Spock later does for Kirk. Although not shown on-screen, it is implied that Number One briefly takes command of the Enterprise when Captain Pike and she later beams down to the planet several times herself. During The Cage, Number One proves to her captors that humans would rather die than be slaves. The character was played by Majel Barrett, who went on to play Nurse Christine Chapel in the original Star Trek and Lwaxana Troi in Star Trek, The Next Generation, the character appears only in the unaired pilot and in the footage used in The Menagerie. Since the very first Star Trek episode, some have interpreted her title as being a proper name, One Star Trek novel, Vulcans Glory, mentions her being the top intellect of her generation, hence her name, and that she was from the planet Ilyria. Number One is a term applied to the Executive Officer of a ship. In Star Trek, The Next Generation, Captain Jean-Luc Picard frequently uses the title Number One to address his first officer, Kirk never referred on-screen to his executive officer Mr. In the Star Trek, Early Voyages comic book series she is called Lieutenant Commander Robbins, a character stating her first name is interrupted, in one issue, and we know only it starts with Eu-. In March 2009, IDW Publishing launched Star Trek, Crew, in keeping with the ongoing mystery regarding her name, the comic never refers to the character by any name, and often uses tricks of dialogue to avoid identifying her beyond her rank. Although no Star Trek comic books are considered canon, the series Early Voyages fleshed out the characters and story from The Cage, in this series, she is depicted much as she is in The Cage, and often finds herself taking command in the captains absence. Her surname is given as Robbins, Pike is interrupted when saying her first name, which starts with Eure--. Close to the end of the series, she was offered a promotion to the rank of captain and she turned it down, opting to stay aboard the Enterprise. Soon afterwards, Robert April, the captain of the Enterprise. During the mission, April gave reckless orders which led to Number One nearly being killed, much like the comic books, all novels based on Star Trek are not considered canon. Peter Davids original book series, Star Trek, New Frontier and her name is Morgan Primus, and she is the mother of Robin Lefler, a regular character in the series. New Frontier greatly fleshes out the character, assuming that she is, in fact and she frequently changed her name throughout her life, taking new identities each time so that no one would realize her immortality. She left her husband and daughter, Robin, and faked her death and she then changed her last name to Primus. Years later, the Excalibur finds her in a prison on a planet in sector 221-G, upon hearing of the impending arrival of a Starfleet ship, she expresses hope that it isnt the Enterprise, which she still mistakenly believed her daughter was serving on
Number One (Star Trek)
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Number One at the Helm
34.
Musical theater
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
Musical theater
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The Black Crook (1866), which some historians consider the first musical
Musical theater
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A Gaiety Girl (1893) was one of the first hit musicals
Musical theater
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George Gershwin
Musical theater
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Chinese Opera
35.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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King in 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar
Booker T. Washington.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Lyndon Johnson and
Robert Kennedy with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963
36.
Coretta Scott King
–
Coretta Scott King was an American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. from 1953 until his death in 1968. Coretta Scott King helped lead the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, King was an active advocate for African-American equality. King met her husband while in college, and their participation escalated until they became central to the movement, in her early life, Coretta was an accomplished singer, and she often incorporated music into her civil rights work. King played a prominent role in the years after her husbands 1968 assassination when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself, King founded the King Center and sought to make his birthday a national holiday. King finally succeeded when Ronald Reagan signed legislation which established Martin Luther King and she later broadened her scope to include both opposition to apartheid and advocacy for LGBT rights. King became friends with many politicians before and after Martin Luther Kings death, most notably John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedys phone call to her during the 1960 election was what she liked to believe was behind his victory. In August 2005, King suffered a stroke paralyzed her right side and left her unable to speak. Her funeral was attended by some 10,000 people, including four of five living US presidents and she was temporarily buried on the grounds of the King Center until being interred next to her husband. She was inducted into the Alabama Womens Hall of Fame and was the first African-American to lie in State in the Georgia State Capitol, King has been referred to as First Lady of the Civil Rights Movement. Coretta Scott was born in Marion, Alabama, the third of four children of Obadiah Scott and she was born in her parents home with her paternal great-grandmother Delia Scott, a former slave, presiding as midwife. Corettas mother became known for her talent and singing voice. As a child Bernice attended the local Crossroads School and only had a fourth grade education, bernices older siblings, however, attended boarding school at the Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute. The senior Mrs. Scott worked as a bus driver, a church pianist. She served as Worthy Matron for her Eastern Star chapter and was a member of the local Literacy Federated Club, Obie, Corettas father, was the first black person in their neighborhood to own a vehicle. Before starting his own businesses he worked as a policeman, along with his wife, he ran a clothes shop far from their home and later opened a general store. He also owned a mill, which was burned down by white neighbors after Scott refused to lend his mill to a white male logger. Her maternal grandparents were Mollie and Martin van Buren McMurry – both were of African-American and Irish descent, Mollie was born a slave to plantation owner Jim Blackburn and Adeline Smith. Corettas maternal grandfather, Martin, was born to a slave of Black Native American ancestry and he eventually owned a 280-acre farm
Coretta Scott King
–
King in 1964.
Coretta Scott King
–
Coretta Scott with
her husband and Vice President-elect
Hubert Humphrey on December 17, 1964.
Coretta Scott King
–
Coretta Scott King, along with
Rosalynn Carter,
Andrew Young,
Jimmy Carter, and other civil rights leaders during a visit to Ebenezer Baptist Church in
Atlanta, January 14, 1979.
Coretta Scott King
–
Coretta Scott attends the signing of
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day by President
Ronald Reagan on November 2, 1983
37.
James Blish
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James Benjamin Blish was an American author of fantasy and science fiction. Blish also wrote criticism of science fiction using the pen-name William Atheling, Jr. Blish was born at East Orange. In the late 1930s to the early 1940s, Blish was a member of the Futurians and he broke into science fiction print with two stories published by Frederik Pohl in Super Science Stories, Emergency Refueling in March and Bequest of the Angel in May 1940. ISFDB catalogs ten more stories published during 1941 and 1942, Blish trained as a biologist at Rutgers and Columbia University, and spent 1942–1944 as a medical technician in the United States Army. After the war he became the editor for the Pfizer pharmaceutical company. His writing career progressed until he gave up his job to become a professional writer and he is credited with coining the term gas giant, in the story Solar Plexus as it appeared in the anthology Beyond Human Ken, edited by Judith Merril. From 1962 to 1968, Blish worked for the Tobacco Institute, Blish adapted episodes of Star Trek for Bantam Books. They were collected into volumes, and published as a title series of the same name from 1967 to 1977. The adaptations were based on draft scripts, often containing additional plot elements or differing situations from the televised episodes. The original novel Spock Must Die. also by Blish, was released by Bantam in 1970, Blish noted his financial stability later in life was the result of his Star Trek work. Releases after Star Trek 6 were likely written in collaboration with his wife Judith Lawrence, Blish died before the series was completed, and the final volume, Star Trek 12, was co-credited to his wife. She continued the series with Mudds Angels in 1978, the archive of Blishs books and papers is deposited at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Blish is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford, perhaps Blishs most famous works were the Okies stories, known collectively as Cities in Flight, published in the science-fiction digest magazine Astounding Science Fiction. The framework for these was set in the first of four novels, They Shall Have Stars, the second is the development of an antigravity device known as the spindizzy. Since the device becomes more efficient when used to larger objects, entire cities leave an Earth in decline and rove the stars. The long life provided by ascomycin is necessary because the journeys between stars are time-consuming, the second, A Life For The Stars, is a coming of age story set amid flying cities. For his fourth and final installment, The Triumph of Time, a film version of Cities in Flight was in pre-production by Spacefilms in 1979, but never materialized. This term describes the background of a number of Blishs science fiction short stories, Three distinct technologies, their invention, and consequences are outlined
James Blish
–
Signature
James Blish
–
First publication of A Case of Conscience, September 1953
James Blish
–
James Blish's grave marker
James Blish
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Blish's novelette "And Some Were Savages" was the cover story for the November 1960 issue of
Amazing Stories, illustrated by
Ed Emshwiller
38.
Bantu peoples
–
Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. They inhabit an area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Bantu is a branch of the Niger-Congo language family spoken by most populations in Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility and this Bantu expansion first introduced Bantu peoples to central, southern, and southeastern Africa, regions they had previously been absent from. They also encountered some Afro-Asiatic outlier groups in the southeast, who had there for centuries migrating from Northeast Africa. Individual Bantu groups today often include millions of people, among these are the Shona of Zimbabwe with 14.2 million people, the Luba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with over 13. Swahili also serves as one of the languages of the African Union. The word Bantu, and its variations, means people or humans, the root in Proto-Bantu is reconstructed as *-ntu. This view represents a resolution of debates in the 1960s over competing theories advanced by Joseph Greenberg and Malcolm Guthrie and he proposed that Bantu languages had spread east and south from there, to secondary centers of further dispersion, over hundreds of years. Subsequent research on loanwords for adaptations in agriculture and animal husbandry and it is unclear exactly when the spread of Bantu-speakers began from their core area as hypothesized c.5,000 years ago. Another stream of migration, moving east, by 3,000 years ago was creating a new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa. Pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by A. D.300 along the coast, before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples, whose modern hunter-forager and linguistic descendants, the Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter-forager remnant in Africa of these proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples. After their movements from their homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in East Africa peoples of Afro-Asiatic. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. On the coastal section of East Africa, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab, the Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu-speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the south of the Central African rain forest. On the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, from the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency
Bantu peoples
–
A Kikuyu woman in
Kenya
Bantu peoples
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Bantu peoples divided into zones according to the
Guthrie classification of Bantu languages.
Bantu peoples
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Kongo youth and adults in
Kinshasa,
Democratic Republic of Congo
Bantu peoples
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A
Makua mother and child in
Mozambique
39.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
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Star Trek, The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the first Star Trek film and stars the cast of the original 1966–1969 Star Trek television series, the film is set in the twenty-third century when a mysterious and immensely powerful alien cloud known as VGer approaches Earth, destroying everything in its path. Kirk resumes command of his previous starship—the recently refitted USS Enterprise—to lead it on a mission to save the planet, when the original television series was cancelled in 1969, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry lobbied Paramount to continue the franchise through a film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to work on a feature film in 1975. A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic script, Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series, Star Trek, Phase II. With the cancellation of Phase II, writers rushed to adapt its planned pilot episode, In Thy Image, constant revisions to the story and shooting script continued to the extent of hourly script updates on shooting dates. The Enterprise was modified inside and out, costume designer Robert Fletcher provided new uniforms, Jerry Goldsmith composed the score, beginning an association with Star Trek that would continue until 2002. The final production cost ballooned to approximately $46 million, the film earned $139 million worldwide, falling short of studio expectations but enough for Paramount to propose a cheaper sequel. Roddenberry was forced out of control for The Wrath of Khan. In 2001, Wise oversaw a directors cut for a special DVD release of the film, with remastered audio, tightened and added scenes, and new computer-generated effects. In 2273, a Starfleet monitoring station, Epsilon Nine, detects an alien force, hidden in a cloud of energy. The cloud destroys three of the Klingon Empires new Ktinga-class warships and the station en route. On Earth, the starship Enterprise is undergoing a refit, her former commanding officer, James T. Kirk, has been promoted to Admiral. Starfleet dispatches Enterprise to investigate the cloud entity as the ship is the one in intercept range. Kirk takes command of the ship citing his experience, angering Captain Willard Decker, testing of Enterprises new systems goes poorly, two officers, including the science officer, are killed by a malfunctioning transporter, and improperly calibrated engines almost destroy the ship. Kirks unfamiliarity with the new systems of the Enterprise increases the tension between him and first officer Decker, Enterprise intercepts the energy cloud and is attacked by an alien vessel within. A probe appears on the bridge, attacks Spock and abducts the navigator and she is replaced by a robotic replica, another probe sent by VGer to study the crew. Decker is distraught over the loss of Ilia, with whom he had a romantic history and he becomes troubled as he attempts to extract information from the doppelgänger, which has Ilias memories and feelings buried within
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
–
Ray Bradbury was one of the science-fiction writers who offered a premise for the Star Trek feature film.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
–
Theatrical release poster by
Bob Peak
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
–
Roddenberry and the Star Trek cast on hand for the space shuttle Enterprise 's maiden voyage on September 17, 1976.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
–
Barry Diller planned on anchoring a new Paramount television network with a new Star Trek series.
40.
The Lorelei Signal
–
The Lorelei Signal is the fourth episode of the first season of the animated science fiction television series Star Trek. It first aired in the NBC Saturday morning lineup on September 29,1973, set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the Federation starship Enterprise, on stardate 5483.7, the Federation starship Enterprise investigates a sector of space where starships have been disappearing every 27.346 years. A strangely compelling musical signal lures the Enterprise to a planet in the Taurean system some 20 light-years distance. The music works on the men of the Enterprise, affecting their judgement, Captain Kirk, First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy, and Lieutenant Carver beam down to the source of the signals. Arriving on the surface they discover the inhabitants are a race of beautiful women who want to celebrate their arrival. They are given drink which they discover is drugged as they begin to fall unconscious, when they awake, they find themselves in a weakened state brought about by rapid aging. They discover headbands locked around their foreheads which somehow transmit their life-force to the bodies of the women, back on the planet, Kirk and his party manage to gather enough strength to escape to a spacious garden and hide inside a tall urn. They discover that the pace of their loss of strength correlates with the proximity of the women. Rather than just wait to be found or just die, they decide that Spock should go alone and attempt to find a communicator. Spock is able to complete his task and orders Uhura to come down with a rescue party. Uhura returns to the planet, and witnesses the Taurean leader, Theela, destroying the device that had been luring starships, stating that Uhura should tell Kirk she kept her side of the bargain. Uhura informs them that a ship of women will return to bring them to a habitable world and this is one of three times a woman commands the Enterprise, the other two being in The Cage by Number One, and Turnabout Intruder by one of Kirks former lovers. The Deadly Years - a second original series episode where command personnel are subjected to rapid aging. Unnatural Selection - a second season Star Trek, The Next Generation episode where the transporter is used to reverse rapid aging, rascals - a sixth season Star Trek, The Next Generation episode where Enterprise personnel must use the transporter to restore their physical parameters to normal. Bound - a fourth season Star Trek, Enterprise episode where Enterprise command staff are compelled to do the bidding of Orion slave women they have brought on board
The Lorelei Signal
–
Theela, the leader of the Taurean women, prepares to destroy the Lura-mag.
41.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
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Star Trek, The Animated Series is a 1973 animated science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe following the events of Star Trek, The Original Series of the 1960s. The animated series was aired under the name Star Trek, the series was critically acclaimed and was the first Star Trek series to win an Emmy Award when its second season won the 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Entertainment - Childrens Series. The series featured most of the original cast voicing their characters, except for Pavel Chekov and he was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances, Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs, and Lt. MRess, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and MRess, initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan, and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura, Nimoy also took this stand as a matter of principle, as he knew of the financial troubles many of his Star Trek co-stars were facing after cancellation of the series. Koenig was not forgotten, and later wrote an episode for the series, koenig wrote The Infinite Vulcan, which had plot elements from the original Star Trek episode Space Seed blended into it. As is usual with animation projects, the actors did not perform together. For example, William Shatner, who was touring in a play at the time, other occasional guest voice actors were also used, including Ed Bishop who voiced the Megan Prosecutor in The Magicks of Megas-tu, and Ted Knight who voiced Carter Winston in The Survivor. Nichelle Nichols also performed character voices in addition to Uhura in several episodes, including The Time Trap. Similar to most animated series of the era, the 22 episodes of TAS were spread out over two seasons, with copious reruns of each episode. The director of the first season was Hal Sutherland and Bill Reed directed the 6 episodes of season two, all of this series episodes were novelized by Alan Dean Foster and released in ten volumes under the Star Trek Logs banner. Initially, Foster adapted three episodes per book, but later saw the half-hour scripts expanded into full, novel-length stories. Star Trek, The Animated Series was the only Star Trek series not to be produced with a cold open, instead starting directly with the title credits sequence. However, some versions of the original live action series. The series writing benefited from a Writers Guild of America, East strike in 1973, here Cyrano Jones is rescued from the Klingons, bringing with him a genetically altered breed of tribbles which do not reproduce but do grow extremely large. The Klingons, because of their hatred of tribbles, are eager to get Jones back because he stole a creature they created and this is the only animated Trek episode written by original series and later Next Generation writer D. C. This was the first actual appearance of Spocks pet sehlat, first mentioned in Journey to Babel, elements of Spocks childhood from Yesteryear are also referenced in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Unification as well as the 2009 Star Trek feature film. Larry Nivens The Slaver Weapon, adapted from his own short story The Soft Weapon and it includes some elements from his Known Space mythos such as the Kzinti and the Slavers
Star Trek: The Animated Series
–
Star Trek: The Animated Series
Star Trek: The Animated Series
–
The characters of TAS.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
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Scotty faces problems with the food replicator in the episode "
The Practical Joker ". This episode featured an early use of the holodeck.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
–
Actor
George Takei autographing an original animation cel from the series at
Midtown Comics in Manhattan.
42.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
–
Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan is a 1982 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek. The plot features Admiral James T, when Khan escapes from a 15-year exile to exact revenge on Kirk, the crew of the Enterprise must stop him from acquiring a powerful terraforming device named Genesis. This film is the beginning of an arc that continues with the 1984 film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and concludes with 1986s Star Trek IV. After the lackluster critical and commercial response to The Motion Picture, executive producer Harve Bennett wrote the films original outline, which Jack B. Sowards developed into a full script, director Nicholas Meyer completed the final script in 12 days, without accepting a writing credit. Meyers approach evoked the atmosphere of the original series. Nimoy had not intended to have a role in The Motion Pictures sequel, negative test audience reaction to Spocks death led to significant revisions of the ending over Meyers objections. The production used various cost-cutting techniques to keep within budget, including utilizing miniatures from past projects and re-using sets, effects footage, among the films technical achievements is it being the first feature film to contain a complete sequence created entirely with computer-generated graphics. The Wrath of Khan was released in North America on June 4,1982 and it was a box office success, earning US$97 million worldwide and setting a world record for first-day box office gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, reviewers highlighted Khan, the pacing. Negative reaction focused on special effects and some of the acting. The Wrath of Khan is considered by some to be the best film of the Star Trek series, in the year 2285, Admiral James T. Kirk oversees a simulator session of Captain Spocks trainees, in the simulation, Lieutenant Saavik commands the starship USS Enterprise on a rescue mission to save the crew of the damaged ship Kobayashi Maru. When the Enterprise enters the Klingon Neutral Zone to reach the ship it is attacked by Klingon cruisers, the simulation is a no-win scenario designed to test the character of Starfleet officers. Later, Dr. McCoy joins Kirk on his birthday, seeing Kirk in low spirits, meanwhile, the USS Reliant is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of the Genesis Device, a technology designed to reorganize matter to create habitable worlds for colonization. 15 years prior, the Enterprise discovered Khans ship adrift in space, Kirk exiled Khan, after they were marooned, Ceti Alpha VI exploded, shifting the orbit of Ceti Alpha V and destroying its ecosystem. Khan blames Kirk for the death of his wife and plans revenge and he implants Chekov and Terrell with indigenous creatures that enter the ears of their victims and render them susceptible to mind control, and uses the officers to capture the Reliant
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
–
Gene Roddenberry was removed from a direct role in the development of The Wrath of Khan due to concerns that he was the main reason behind The Motion Picture 's lukewarm reception.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
–
Theatrical release poster art by
Bob Peak
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
–
Director Nicholas Meyer had never seen an episode of Star Trek when approached to direct the film and rewrite the script
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
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Uniform exemplar from The Wrath of Khan on display at
Star Trek: The Experience
43.
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
–
Star Trek III, The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. After the death of Spock, the crew of the USS Enterprise returns to Earth, Kirk learns that Spocks spirit, or katra, is held in the mind of Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, Kirk and company steal the Enterprise to return Spocks body to his home planet. The crew must also contend with hostile Klingons, led by Kruge, Paramount commissioned the film after positive critical and commercial reaction to The Wrath of Khan. Nimoy directed, the first Star Trek cast member to do so, producer Harve Bennett wrote the script starting from the end and working back, and intended the destruction of the Enterprise to be a shocking development. Bennett and Nimoy collaborated with effects house Industrial Light & Magic to develop storyboards and new ship designs, aside from a single day of location shooting, all of the films scenes were shot on Paramount and ILM soundstages. Composer James Horner returned to expand his themes from the previous film, the Search for Spock opened June 1,1984. In its first week of release, the film grossed over $16 million from almost 2,000 theaters across North America and it went on to gross $76 million at the domestic box office, toward a total of $87 million worldwide. Critical reaction to The Search for Spock was positive, but notably less so than the previous film, reviewers generally praised the cast and characters, while criticism tended to focus on the plot, the special effects were conflictingly received. Roger Ebert called the film a compromise between the tones of the first and second Star Trek films, the Search for Spock was released on multiple home video formats, including VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray high definition discs. Nimoy went on to direct The Search for Spocks sequel, Star Trek IV, the casualties of the fight include Admiral James T. Kirks Vulcan friend, Spock, whose casket was launched into space and eventually landed on the planet created by the Genesis Device. On arriving at Earth Spacedock, Doctor Leonard McCoy begins to act strangely and is detained, David Marcus —Kirks son, a key scientist in Genesiss development—and Lieutenant Saavik are investigating the Genesis planet on board the science vessel Grissom. Discovering an unexpected life form on the surface, Marcus and Saavik transport to the planet and they find that the Genesis Device has resurrected Spock in the form of a child, although his mind is not present. Marcus admits that he used unstable protomatter in the development of the Genesis Device, causing Spock to age rapidly, meanwhile, Kruge, the commander of a Klingon vessel, intercepts information about Genesis. Believing the device to be useful as a weapon, he takes his cloaked ship to the Genesis planet, destroys the Grissom. Spocks father, Sarek, confronts Kirk about his sons death, the pair learn that before he died, Spock transferred his katra, or living spirit, to McCoy. Spocks katra and body are needed to lay him to rest on his homeworld, Vulcan, disobeying orders, Kirk and his officers spring McCoy from detention, disable the USS Excelsior, and steal the Enterprise from Spacedock to return to the Genesis planet to retrieve Spocks body. In orbit, the undermanned Enterprise is attacked and disabled by Kruge, in the standoff that follows, Kruge orders that one of the hostages on the surface be executed. Marcus is killed defending Saavik and Spock, Kirk and company feign surrender and activate the Enterprises self-destruct sequence, killing the Klingon boarding party while the Enterprise crew transports to the planets surface
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
–
Visual supervisor
Ken Ralston (far right) worked with Paramount early in production to develop plans for The Search for Spock 's effects.
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
–
Theatrical poster art by
Bob Peak
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
–
The Search for Spock continues The Wrath of Khan 's exploration of Christian biblical themes of life, death, and rebirth.
44.
Transporter (Star Trek)
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A transporter is a fictional teleportation machine used in the Star Trek universe. Transporters convert a person or object into a pattern, then beam it to a target. The term transporter accident is a term for when a person or object does not rematerialize correctly. According to The Making of Star Trek, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberrys original plan did not include transporters, however, this would have required unfeasible and unaffordable sets and model filming, as well as episode running time spent while landing, taking off, etc. The shuttlecraft was the idea, but when filming began. Transporters were devised as an expensive alternative, achieved by a simple fade-out/fade-in of the subject. Transporters first appear in the pilot episode The Cage. Gene Roddenberry in 1964 had not seen The Fly upon his first draft of The Cage, but it was brought to his attention, and this is how the transporter was considered. In August 2008, physicist Michio Kaku predicted in Discovery Channel Magazine that a device similar to those in Star Trek would be invented within 100 years. Although the Enterprise has a transporter, the crew does not routinely use it for moving biological organisms, instead, they generally prefer using shuttlepods or other means of transportation unless no other means of transportation are possible or feasible. The crew aboard the 23rd century USS Enterprise frequently use the transporter, by the 24th century, transporter travel was reliable and the safest way to travel according to dialogue in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Realm of Fear. According to the Star Trek, Deep Space Nine episode Homefront, Starfleet Academy cadets receive transporter rations, reginald Barclay expresses his outright fear of transporting in Realm of Fear. The television series and films do not go into detail about transporter technology. The Star Trek, The Next Generation Technical Manual claims that the devices transport objects in real time, the episode Realm of Fear specifies the length of a transport under unusual circumstances would last. Four or five seconds, about twice the normal time and this calculates the length of a typical transport as between 2 and 2.5 seconds and possibly less. Heisenberg compensators remove uncertainty from the measurements, making transporter travel feasible. Further technology involved in include a computer pattern buffer to enable a degree of leeway in the process. When asked How does the Heisenberg compensator work, by Time magazine, Star Trek technical adviser Michael Okuda responded, It works very well, thank you
Transporter (Star Trek)
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Transporter platform aboard
U.S.S. Enterprise-D.
45.
Leonard McCoy
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Bones McCoy is a character in the American science fiction franchise Star Trek. Karl Urban assumed the role of the character in the 2009 film Star Trek, McCoy was born in Atlanta, Georgia, January 20,2227. In 2266, McCoy was posted as chief officer of the USS Enterprise under Captain James T. Kirk. McCoy and Kirk are good friends, even brotherly, the passionate, sometimes cantankerous McCoy frequently argues with Kirks other confidant, science officer Spock, and occasionally is bigoted toward Spocks Vulcan heritage. McCoy often plays the role of Kirks conscience, offering a counterpoint to Spocks logic, McCoy is suspicious of technology, especially the transporter. As a physician, he prefers less intrusive treatment and believes in the bodys innate recuperative powers, the characters nickname, Bones, is a play on sawbones, an epithet for physicians qualified as surgeons. Kirk orders McCoys commission reactivated in Star Trek, The Motion Picture, Spock transfers his katra—his knowledge and experience—into McCoy before dying in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. This causes mental anguish for McCoy, who in Star Trek III, McCoy Kirks crew aboard the in Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, McCoy reveals that he helped his father commit suicide to him of his pain. Shortly after the suicide, a cure was found for his fathers disease, Kelley reprised the role for the Encounter at Farpoint pilot episode of Star Trek, The Next Generation, insisting upon no more than the minimum Screen Actors Guild payment for his appearance. In the Star Trek, The Animated Series episode The Survivor, McCoy mentions he has a daughter, chekovs friend Irina in the original series episode The Way to Eden was originally written as McCoys daughter, but changed before the episode was shot. This line, improvised by Urban, explains how McCoy earned the nickname Bones, McCoy later helps get Kirk posted aboard the USS Enterprise. Kelley had worked with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry on previous television pilots, however, for the rejected pilot The Cage, Roddenberry went with director Robert Butlers choice of John Hoyt to play Dr. Philip Boyce. For the second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, although Roddenberry wanted Kelley to play the character of ships doctor, he did not put Kelleys name forward to NBC, the network never rejected the actor as Roddenberry sometimes suggested. Kelleys first broadcast appearance as Doctor Leonard McCoy was in The Man Trap, Kelley was apprehensive about Star Treks future, telling Roddenberry that the show was going to be the biggest hit or the biggest miss God ever made. Kelley portrayed McCoy throughout the original Star Trek series and voiced the character in the animated Star Trek, fontana said that while Roddenberry created the series, Kelley essentially created McCoy, everything done with the character was done with Kelleys input. Exquisite chemistry among Kelley, William Shatner, and Leonard Nimoy manifested itself in their performances as McCoy, Kirk and science officer Spock, respectively. For the 2009 film Star Trek, writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman saw McCoy as an arbiter in Kirk and they chose to reveal that McCoy befriended Kirk first, explaining the bias in their friendship and why he would often be a little dismissive of Spock
Leonard McCoy
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DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy in a publicity photograph for the original Star Trek
Leonard McCoy
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Karl Urban as McCoy in
Star Trek (2009)
46.
Klingon
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The Klingons are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid warrior species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Klingons are recurring antagonists in the 1960s television series Star Trek, The Original Series, initially intended to be antagonists for the crew of the USS Enterprise, the Klingons became a close ally of humanity and the United Federation of Planets in Star Trek, The Next Generation. In the 1990s series Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, the United Federation of Planets briefly goes to war with the Klingons, later in that series, the two join together with the Romulans to fight the Dominion. As originally developed by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, Klingons were swarthy humanoids characterized mainly by prideful ruthlessness, totalitarian, and with a martial society relying on slave labor, they reflected analogies with both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Although Cold War tensions are apparent in the characterization, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry did not intend any explicit political parallels, among the elements created for the revised Klingons was a complete Klingon language, developed by Marc Okrand from gibberish suggested by actor James Doohan. Spoken Klingon has entered popular culture, even to the extent that the works of William Shakespeare, a dictionary, a book of sayings, and a cultural guide to the language have been published. According to Guinness World Records, Klingon is the worlds most popular language as measured by number of speakers. The Klingons were created by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, and they were named after Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. In the original series, Klingons were typically portrayed with bronze skin and facial hair suggestive of Asian people. The swarthy look of Klingon males was created with the application of shoe polish and long, thin moustaches, the overall look of the aliens, played by white actors, suggested orientalism, at a time when memories of Japanese actions during World War II were still fresh. The production crew never came to an agreement on the name Klingon, Coon was adamant about keeping the name, the Klingons took on the role of the Soviet Union in opposition to the United Federation of Planets playing the role of the United States. As such, they were portrayed as inferior to the crew of the Enterprise. While occasionally capable of honour, this depiction treated the Klingons as close to wild animals, overall, they were shown without redeeming qualities—brutish, scheming, and murderous. Klingons became the primary antagonists of the Enterprise crew, in part because the necessary to make Romulans was too time-consuming. For the first two seasons, no Klingon ships were seen despite being frequently mentioned and this was because of budget constraints— designer Matt Jefferies did not have the money to create a Klingon ship until the third season. When the episodes were remastered beginning in 2006, Klingon ships were digitally inserted into shots earlier than their original appearances, for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, the Klingons were retconned and their appearance and behavior radically changed. To give the aliens a more sophisticated and threatening demeanor, the Klingons were depicted with ridged foreheads, snaggled and prominent teeth, and a defined language and alphabet. Lee Cole, a designer, used red gels and primitive shapes in the design of Klingon consoles and ship interiors
Klingon
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Marc Okrand is the author of several books about the Klingon language, which he developed.
Klingon
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The Klingon insignia, designed by
Matt Jefferies
47.
Earth in fiction
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An overwhelming majority of fiction is set on or features the Earth. However, authors of fiction novels and writers and directors of science fiction film deal with Earth quite differently from authors of conventional fiction. Center of the Universe, or the Seat of Power in an Intergalactic community Earth is often depicted as a major power-broker in the community due to anthropocentrism, perhaps the most notable example of this is Star Trek. Marion Zimmer Bradleys Darkover series, too, has a brooding Terran Empire maintaining a colonial enclave on the planet Darkover where the plot takes place, haegemonia, Legions of Iron also features an empire controlled from Earth with other major planets, such as Eden IV. In the BBC science fiction show Doctor Who, many set in the future depict Earth as being the head of an empire that stretches across many galaxies. In the Warhammer 40,000 franchise, Earth is referred to as Holy Terra and is the capital of the Imperium of Man Invasion by Aliens, while reasons vary, in most stories, it is because extraterrestrials are looking for a new world to colonize or otherwise dominate. The aliens are often used to portray nearly all-powerful beings, placing the strongest forces on Earth at the end of attacks that they can barely understand. This theme is one of the earliest in science fiction, demonstrated by H. G, in such scenarios, the author often uses deus ex machina to allow the invasion to be repulsed. In others, like Footfall and Worldwar, the author depicts aliens only slightly more advanced than the inhabitants of Earth, the opposite has also been depicted, with Earth becoming a refuge to aliens as seen in the Men in Black series of movies, and Alien Nation series. Forgotten or mythical The memory of Earth, and its location may be lost to the sands of time or shrouded in myth as mankind abandons the Earth, isaac Asimovs Foundation and Empire series depict a common theme of a destroyed Earth. In other works, such as Battlestar Galactica, it is largely forgotten except by the religious, in the numerous books of the Dumarest saga by E. C. The first Terran inhabitants of the Koprulu Sector are Earth-born criminals in sleeper ships in StarCraft, the expansion also mentions about Earth, upon hearing of the United Earth Directorates forces arrival, Zeratul remarks Raynor spoke to me of the distant Terran homeworld of Earth. This implies that the Terrans still know about Earth but its location is lost, also, the Terran Confederacy uses the same flag as the Confederacy in the American Civil War. Destruction Earth could have completely destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. This last scenario is popular, and was featured in the movie Titan A. E. as well as in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. There is an example of a devastated uninhabitable Earth in Roger Zelaznys 1973 novel To Die in Italbar, not mentioned Some works, such as Star Wars series and many fantasy works, never mention the Earth at all. In the Homeworld games for example, Earths existence is unknown –, however, judging by the appearance of members of the Kushan/Hiigaran people, most notably Karan Sjet, Hiigaran biology is at least outwardly similar, if not identical, to human biology. In the H. G. Wells story The War of the Worlds, perhaps the first depiction of an invasion in fiction
Earth in fiction
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Earth
48.
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home is a 1986 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek III. It completes the arc begun in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. The crew travel to Earths past to find whales who can answer the probes call, after directing The Search for Spock, cast member Leonard Nimoy was asked to direct the next feature, and given greater freedom regarding the films content. Nimoy and producer Harve Bennett conceived a story with an environmental message, dissatisfied with the first screenplay produced by Steve Meerson and Peter Krikes, Paramount hired The Wrath of Khan writer and director Nicholas Meyer. Meyer and Bennett divided the story between them and wrote different parts of the script, requiring approval from Nimoy, lead actor William Shatner, principal photography commenced on February 24,1986. Unlike previous Star Trek films, The Voyage Home was shot extensively on location, many settings and buildings were used as stand-ins for scenes set around. Special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic assisted in post-production and the special effects. Few of the whales in the film were real, ILM devised full-size animatronics. The Voyage Home was released on November 26,1986 in North America, the films humor and unconventional story were well received by critics, fans of the series and the general audience. It was financially successful, earning $133 million worldwide, the film earned several awards and four Academy Award nominations for its cinematography and audio. It was dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger, principal photography for The Voyage Home began four weeks after Challenger and her crew were lost. In 2286, a cylindrical probe moves through space, sending out an indecipherable signal. As it takes up orbit around Earth, its signal disables the power grid and generates planetary storms, creating catastrophic. Starfleet Command sends out a distress call and warns starships not to approach Earth. On the planet Vulcan, the officers of the USS Enterprise are living in exile. Hearing Starfleets warning, Spock determines that the signal matches the song of extinct humpback whales. The crew uses their ship to back in time via a slingshot maneuver around the Sun
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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The Monterey Aquarium, viewed from the back. The shallow area behind the rocks was turned into a whale tank via special effects; other changes included the addition of the San Francisco skyline in the background
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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Theatrical release poster by
Bob Peak
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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Vasquez Rocks was used as a stand-in for the alien world of Vulcan.
49.
Humpback whale
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The humpback whale is a species of baleen whale. One of the larger species, adults range in length from 12–16 m. The humpback has a body shape, with long pectoral fins. It is known for breaching and other distinctive surface behaviors, making it popular with whale watchers, males produce a complex song lasting 10 to 20 minutes, which they repeat for hours at a time. Its purpose is not clear, though it may have a role in mating, found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to 25,000 km each year. Humpbacks feed in polar waters, and migrate to tropical or subtropical waters to breed and give birth when they fast and their diet consists mostly of krill and small fish. Humpbacks have a repertoire of feeding methods, including the bubble net technique. Like other large whales, the humpback was a target for the whaling industry, once hunted to the brink of extinction, its population fell by an estimated 90% before a 1966 moratorium. While stocks have partially recovered, entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with ships, the rorquals are believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene. However, it is not known when the members of these families diverged from each other, though clearly related to the giant whales of the genus Balaenoptera, the humpback is the sole member of its genus. The humpback was first identified as de la Nouvelle Angleterre by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Regnum Animale of 1756. In 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brissons name to its Latin equivalent, in 1804, Lacépède shifted the humpback from the family Balaenidae, renaming it B. jubartes. In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera, classifying the humpback as Megaptera longipinna, the common name is derived from the curving of their backs when diving. The generic name Megaptera from the Greek mega-/μεγα- giant and ptera/πτερα wing, the specific name means New Englander and was probably given by Brisson due to regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast of New England. Some biologists believe that these should be regarded as separate subspecies, humpbacks can easily be identified by their stocky body, obvious hump, black dorsal coloring and elongated pectoral fins. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, the fluked tail, which typically rises above the surface when diving, has wavy trailing edges. Humpbacks have 270 to 400 darkly colored baleen plates on each side of their mouths, the plates measure from 18 in in the front to about 3 ft in the back, behind the hinge. Ventral grooves run from the jaw to the umbilicus, about halfway along the underside of the body
Humpback whale
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Humpback whale
Humpback whale
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Young whale with blowholes clearly visible
Humpback whale
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Feeds while being surrounded by kayakers at Port San Luis near
Avila.
Humpback whale
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Humpback whale
skeleton on display at
The Museum of Osteology,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
50.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
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