1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
River Liffey
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The River Liffey is a river in Ireland, which flows through the centre of Dublin. Its major tributaries include the River Dodder, the River Poddle, the river supplies much of Dublins water and a range of recreational opportunities. The river was previously named An Ruirthech, meaning fast runner, the word Liphe referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life, James Joyce personified the river as Anna Livia Plurabelle in Finnegans Wake. See Annals of Inisfallen for the year 808, AI808.2 A defeat by the Laigin on Áed, son of Niall, the Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow Mountains, forming from many streamlets at Sally Gap. It crosses from County Wicklow into County Kildare at Poulaphouca and from County Kildare into County Dublin at Leixlip, the catchment area of the Liffey is 1,256 km2. The long term average flow rate of the river is 18.0 m3/s, the Liffey system is a substantial one, including dozens of smaller rivers and streams. Early tributaries include the Athdown Brook, Shankill River, Ballylow Brook, Brittas River and Woodend Brook, downstream of Poulaphouca are the Lemonstown Stream, Kilcullen Stream and Pinkeen Stream, followed by the Painestown River, Rye Water, and the Griffeen River. Within Dublin are the various Phoenix Park streams on the bank, interspersed with right bank tributaries such as the Glenaulin Stream. In earlier times, the River Tolka was also arguably a tributary of the Liffey, or at least shared its mouth, there are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip. Major reservoir facilities also exist at Poulaphouca, the Liffey does not feature natural lakes, and has few islands. Significant falls at Poulaphouca and at Golden Falls were flooded by reservoir construction, there remain areas of rapids, notably as the river approaches Dublin city. Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Kilcullen, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip, the River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of the city up to recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal, around 60% of the Liffeys flow is abstracted for drinking water and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants, a popular myth is that Liffey water is used to brew Guinness but this is not true as Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains. ESB hydroelectric power stations exist along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip, a well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. Jamess Gate Brewery. In recent years, the regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic
3.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
4.
James Gandon
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James Gandon is today recognised as one of the leading architects to have worked in Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century. His better known works include The Custom House, the Four Courts, Kings Inns in Dublin, Gandon was an English architect, born on 20 February 1742 in New Bond Street, London, at the house of his grandfather Peter Gandon, a French Huguenot refugee. He was the son of Peter Gandon, a gunmaker. From 1749 he was educated at Shipleys Drawing Academy where he studied the classics, mathematics, arts, on leaving the drawing academy he was articled to study architecture in the office of Sir William Chambers. Chambers was an advocate of the evolution of Palladian architecture. However, it was Chamberss palladian and neoclassical concepts which most influenced the young Gandon, in 1765, Gandon left William Chambers to begin practice on his own. His first commission was on Sir Samuel Helliers estate at the Wodehouse, Gandons new practice, whilst successful, always remained small. In about 1769 he entered an competition to design the new Royal Exchange in Dublin. The plan eventually chosen was by Thomas Cooley, however, Gandons design came second and brought him to the attention of the politicians who were overseeing the large-scale redevelopment of Dublin, one of the largest cities in Europe at the time. During the following years in England, Gandon was responsible for the design of the County Hall in Nottingham, during his English career he was awarded the Gold medal for architecture by the Royal Academy, London in 1768. Thomas Cooley, the architect on that project, had died. The project was completed at a cost of £200,000. This conspicuous commission proved to be the point in Gandons career and Dublin was to become Gandons home. He took a house in Mecklenburgh Street, that he might be near the residence of John Beresford, the newly formed Wide Streets Commission employed Gandon to design a new aristocratic enclave in the vicinity of Mountjoy Square and Gardiner Street. The new classical terraces of large residences became the Town houses of members of the newly built, Gandon also designed Carlisle Bridge over the River Liffey to join the north and south areas of the city. Gandons least well known building in Dublin is his Royal Military Infirmary of 1787 on Infirmary Road and he worked for the Wide Street Commissioners and designed the facades for the shops at ground floor of DOlier Street, Burgh Quay and some surrounding streets. This building is now the Bank of Ireland and his work in Ireland was not confined to Dublin, nor to civic and municipal commissions. J. Woodmason of 1794, and Sandymount Park for the painter William Ashford, in County Laois, he designed Emo Court, County Laois in 1790–96 for the Earl of Portarlington, and also Coolbanagher Church of Ireland Church just outside Emo village
5.
Irish language
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Irish, also referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people. Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and it is also among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland and it has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. The fate of the language was influenced by the power of the English state in Ireland. Elizabethan officials viewed the use of Irish unfavourably, as being a threat to all things English in Ireland and its decline began under English rule in the 17th century. In the latter part of the 19th century, there was a decrease in the number of speakers. Irish-speaking areas were hit especially hard, by the end of British rule, the language was spoken by less than 15% of the national population. Since then, Irish speakers have been in the minority, efforts have been made by the state, individuals and organisations to preserve, promote and revive the language, but with mixed results. Around the turn of the 21st century, estimates of native speakers ranged from 20,000 to 80,000 people. In the 2011 Census, these numbers had increased to 94,000 and 1.3 million, there are several thousand Irish speakers in Northern Ireland. It has been estimated that the active Irish-language scene probably comprises 5 to 10 per cent of Irelands population, there has been a significant increase in the number of urban Irish speakers, particularly in Dublin. In Gaeltacht areas, however, there has been a decline of the use of Irish. Údarás na Gaeltachta predicted that, by 2025, Irish will no longer be the language in any of the designated Gaeltacht areas. Survey data suggest that most Irish people think highly of Irish as a marker of identity. It has also argued that newer urban groups of Irish speakers are a disruptive force in this respect. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil the name of the language is Gaeilge, before the spelling reform of 1948, this form was spelled Gaedhilge, originally this was the genitive of Gaedhealg, the form used in Classical Irish. Older spellings of this include Gaoidhealg in Classical Irish and Goídelc in Old Irish, the modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent dh in the middle of Gaedhilge, whereas Goidelic languages, used to refer to the language family including Irish, comes from Old Irish
6.
O'Connell Street
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OConnell Street is Dublins main thoroughfare. It measures 49 m in width at its end,46 m at the north. During the 17th century it was a street known as Drogheda Street. Situated just north of the River Liffey, the street has a fine axial positioning, running close to a north-south orientation. OConnell Street Upper by contrast retains something of its original 18th century character, with the western side conforming to original plot widths, the streets layout is simple but elegant. A paved median space runs down the centre of the street, featuring monuments, both structures are addressed by a large civic plaza space, traversed by the streets two roadways. It also serves as a bus route artery through the city centre. The modern tram, the Luas, is undergoing an extension and it will only travel in one direction, the return loop, to link the system at St. Stephens Green, will run via Marlborough Street, parallel with and east of OConnell Street. OConnell Street has its origins in a street named Drogheda Street dating from the 17th century. In the 1740s, a banker and property speculator by the name of Luke Gardiner acquired the upper part of Drogheda Street extending down to Henry Street as part of a much larger land deal. He demolished the side of Drogheda Street creating an exclusive elongated residential square 46m in width. Gardiner also laid out a mall down the section of the street, lined with low granite walls. It was planted with trees a few years later and he titled the new development Sackville Street after the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lionel Cranfield Sackville, Duke of Dorset. It was also known as Sackville Mall, Gardiners Mall or simply The Mall and it had been Gardiners intention to eventually break this grand new street through to the river, however he died in 1755, with his son taking over the estate. It was not until 1777 that the body in the city. For the next 10 years work progressed in demolishing a myriad of dwellings and other buildings, laying out the new roadway, 1785–90, one of the finest streets in Europe had been created. The street became a success upon the opening of Carlisle Bridge, designed by James Gandon. Sackville Street prospered in the 1800s, though an invisible boundary seems to have maintained for some time between the Upper and Lower street
7.
D'Olier Street
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DOlier Street /dəˈlɪər/ is a street in the southern city-centre of Dublin, the capital of Ireland. It and Westmoreland Street are two broad streets whose northern ends meet at the end of OConnell Bridge over the River Liffey. Its southern end meets Fleet Street, Townsend Street, College Street, the street is named after Jeremiah DOlier, a Huguenot goldsmith and a founder of the Bank of Ireland. DOlier was the City Sheriff in 1788 and a member of the Wide Streets Commission, the street was one of the last major interventions in the Dublin city plan to be executed by the Wide Streets Commissioners. From 1895–2006, Irish Times was based in DOlier Street, leading the paper to be nicknamed The Old Lady of DOlier Street, the paper is now based in Tara Street. In 1830, Samuel Lover was secretary of the Royal Hibernian Academy, in 1891 James Franklin Fuller designed the DOlier Chambers building of yellow brick and terracotta for the Gallaher Tobacco Company
8.
Westmoreland Street
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Westmoreland Street is a street in the southern city-centre of Dublin, Ireland. It is currently a street and part a north-bound section of the R138 road. It is one of the two broad avenues - along with DOlier Street - that converge at their ends at OConnell Bridge over the River Liffey. Westmoreland Street links the bridge to Trinity College at College Green at its southern end, westmoreland Street also constitutes the eastern border of Temple Bar. The street is named after John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, westmoreland street will have a stop on the Luas Cross City line. This line will link the Red and Green lines and go from Broombridge in North Dublin, construction started in June 2013 with services expected to begin in 2017. Dublin, The City Within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road, with the Phoenix Park
9.
Spire of Dublin
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The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects, who sought an Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology. The contract was awarded to SIAC-Radley JV and it was manufactured by Radley Engineering of Dungarvan, County Waterford, the first section was installed on 18 December 2002. Construction of the sculpture was delayed because of difficulty in obtaining planning permission, the Spire consists of eight hollow stainless steel cone sections, the longest being 20 m, which were installed on 21 January 2003. It is a cone of diameter 3 m at the base. It features two tuned mass dampers, designed by engineers Arup, to counteract sway, the steel underwent shot peening to alter the quality of light reflected from it. The pattern around the base of the Spire is based on a sample of rock formation taken from the ground where the spire stands. The pattern was applied by bead blasting the steel through rubber stencil masks whose patterns were created by water jet cutting based on core sample drawings supplied by the contractor. At dusk, the base of the monument is lit and the top 10 m is illuminated through 11,884 holes through which light-emitting diodes shine, the monument was commissioned as part of a street layout redesign in 1999. The Anna Livia monument was installed on the site for the 1988 Dublin Millennium celebrations, in the 1990s, plans were launched to improve the streetscape. The number of trees in the reservation, which had overgrown and obscured views. This was controversial, as the trees had been growing for a century, statues were cleaned and in some cases relocated. Shop-owners were required to replace plastic signage and frontage with more attractive designs, traffic was re-directed where possible away from the street and the number of traffic lanes was reduced to make it more appealing to pedestrians. The Anna Livia monument was moved to make way for the Spire in 2001
10.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
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Lord Lieutenant was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 till the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the viceroy, from the French vice roi or deputy king, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, although in the Middle Ages some Lords Deputy were Irish noblemen, only men from Great Britain, usually peers, were appointed to the office of Lord Lieutenant. The Kings representative possessed a number of overlapping roles and he was the representative of the King, the head of the executive in Ireland, a member of the English or British Cabinet, the font of mercy, justice and patronage, commander-in-chief in Ireland. His Government exercised effective control of parliament through the exercise of the powers of patronage, namely the awarding of peerages, baronetcies. Critics accused successive viceroys of using their power as a corrupt means of controlling parliament. On one day in July 1777, Lord Buckinghamshire as Lord Lieutenant promoted 5 viscounts to earls,7 barons to viscounts, under-Secretary for Ireland, The head of the civil service in Ireland. Lord Justices, Three office-holders who acted in the Lord Lieutenants stead during his absence, the Lord Justices were before 1800 the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh as Primate of All Ireland. Lords Lieutenant were appointed for no set term but served for His/Her Majestys pleasure, in reality that meant for as long as wished by the British Government. Where a ministry fell, the Lord Lieutenant was usually replaced by a supporter of the new ministry, until the 16th century, Irish or Anglo-Irish noblemen such as the 8th Earl of Kildare and the 9th Earl of Kildare traditionally held the post of Justiciar or Lord Deputy. Following the plantations, however, noblemen from Great Britain were given the post, the last Irish Catholic to hold the position was Lord Tyrconnell from 1685–91, during the brief Catholic Ascendancy in the reign of James II that was ended by the Williamite war in Ireland. Until 1767 none of the latter lived full-time in Ireland, instead they resided in Ireland during meetings of the Irish Parliament. However the British cabinet decided in 1765 that full-time residency should be required to enable the Lord Lieutenant to keep a eye on public affairs in Ireland. The office was restricted to members of the Anglican faith, the first Catholic appointed to the post since the reign of the Catholic King James II was in fact the last viceroy, Lord FitzAlan of Derwent, in April 1921. His appointment was possible because the Government of Ireland Act 1920 ended the prohibition on Catholics being appointed to the position, FitzAlan was also the only Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ever to hold office when the former Ireland was partitioned into Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland. The post ebbed and flowed in importance, being used on occasion as a form of exile for prominent British politicians who had fallen foul of the Court of St. Jamess or Westminster, on other occasions it was a stepping stone to a future career. Two Lords Lieutenant, Lord Hartington and the Duke of Portland, instead it was the Chief Secretary for Ireland who became central, with he, not the Lord Lieutenant, sitting on occasion in the British cabinet. The official residence of the Lord Lieutenant was the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle, the Geraldine Lords Deputy, the 8th Earl of Kildare and the 9th Earl of Kildare, being native Irish, both lived in, among other locations, their castle in Maynooth, County Kildare
11.
Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle
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Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle KG PC was a British peer, statesman, diplomat, and author. He was the son of Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle and his mother was a daughter of William Byron, 4th Baron Byron and his wife Hon. Frances Berkeley, a descendant of John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. She was also a sister of William Byron, 5th Baron Byron and a great-aunt of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, in 1798, Carlisle was appointed guardian to Lord Byron who later lampooned him in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. During his youth Carlisle was mentored by George Selwyn and was known as a man of pleasure. He was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1767, the failure of the embassy was not due to any incapacity on the part of the earl, but to the unpopularity of the government from which it received its authority. He was, indeed, considered to have displayed so much ability that he was entrusted with the viceroyalty of Ireland in 1780, in 1789, in the discussions as to the regency, Carlisle took a prominent part on the side of the prince of Wales. He resigned from the Order of the Thistle and was created a Knight of the Garter in 1793, in 1815 he opposed the enactment of the Corn Laws, but from this time till his death, he took no important part in public life. In 1798 he was one of the syndicate who bought the Orleans Collection of paintings, london, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 14–17. Frederick Howard, Fifth Earl of Carlisle, Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. Vol. V, New York, Charles Scribners Sons,1878, p.110. Earls of Carlisle § Frederick Howard, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. Vol. V, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1911, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Carlisle
12.
Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
13.
Baluster
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Multiplied in this way, they form a balustrade. Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the form taken by a brass or silver candlestick. According to OED, baluster is derived through the French, balustre, from Italian, balaustro, from balaustra, pomegranate flower, from Latin balaustium, from Greek βαλαύστιον. The earliest examples are shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces. The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance, late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and these quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents. They form balustrades of colonnettes as an alternative to miniature arcading, sangallo passed the motif to Bramante and Michelangelo, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century. Because of its low center of gravity, this vase-baluster may be given the modern term dropped baluster. The baluster, being a structure, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the turners lathe. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a style of architecture or furniture. Some complicated Mannerist baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase, modern baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England. The modern term baluster shaft is applied to the shaft dividing a window in Saxon architecture, in the south transept of the Abbey in St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts, balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart diminishes their aesthetic appeal, balustrades normally terminate in columns, building walls or more properly in heavy newel posts because otherwise they will not be structurally strong enough. Balusters may be formed in several ways, wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds, Cast iron Cast stone Hardwoods and softwoods Plaster Polymer stone Polyurethane/polystyrene Wrought iron The word banister refers to the balusters of a stairway. According to many dictionaries - a, a handrail, especially on a staircase. Such a handrail together with its supporting structures, the Renaissance baluster and Palladio in Palladio and English Palladianism
14.
Obelisk
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An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top. These were originally called tekhenu by their builders, the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks who saw them used the Greek obeliskos to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and ultimately English. Ancient obelisks are monolithic, that is, they consist of a single stone, though this technological capacity exists today, most modern obelisks are made of several stones, some, like the Washington Monument, are buildings. The term stele is used for other monumental, upright. Obelisks were prominent in the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, who placed them in pairs at the entrance of temples. The word obelisk as used in English today is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because Herodotus, a number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the Unfinished Obelisk found partly hewn from its quarry at Aswan. These obelisks are now dispersed around the world, and fewer than half of them remain in Egypt, the earliest temple obelisk still in its original position is the 68-foot 120-metric-ton red granite Obelisk of Senusret I of the XIIth Dynasty at Al-Matariyyah in modern Heliopolis. The obelisk symbolized the sun god Ra, and during the religious reformation of Akhenaten was said to be a petrified ray of the Aten. It was also thought that the god existed within the structure, Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters Nu upon which the creator god Atum settled in the creation story of the Heliopolitan creation myth form of Ancient Egyptian religion. The Benben stone is the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid and it is also related to the Obelisk. The pyramid and obelisk might have inspired by previously overlooked astronomical phenomena connected with sunrise and sunset. The Ancient Romans were strongly influenced by the form, to the extent that there are now more than twice as many obelisks standing in Rome as remain in Egypt. All fell after the Roman period except for the Vatican obelisk and were re-erected in different locations. The largest standing and tallest Egyptian obelisk is the Lateran Obelisk in the square at the west side of the Lateran Basilica in Rome at 105.6 feet tall, not all the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman Empire were set up at Rome. Herod the Great imitated his Roman patrons and set up a red granite Egyptian obelisk in the hippodrome of his new city Caesarea in northern Judea and this one is about 40 feet tall and weighs about 100 metric tons. It was discovered by archaeologists and has been re-erected at its former site and this one stood 95 feet tall and weighing 380 metric tons. Its lower half reputedly also once stood in Istanbul but is now lost, the Istanbul obelisk is 65 feet tall. Rome is the capital of the world
15.
The Custom House
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The Custom House is a neoclassical 18th century building in Dublin, Ireland which houses the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. It is located on the bank of the River Liffey. A previous Custom House had been built in 1707 by engineer Thomas Burgh, however, by the late 18th century it was deemed unfit for purpose. The building of a new Custom House for Dublin was the idea of John Beresford, in 1781 he appointed James Gandon as architect, after Thomas Cooley, the original architect on the project, had died. This was Gandons first large scale commission, purchase of land was delayed and proved exorbitant and the laying of foundations was disrupted by the High Sheriff and members of the Dublin Corporation with a mob of several thousand. However, Beresford was determined to complete the project and ignored the protests, construction started in 1781, and for his assistants Gandon chose Irish artists such as Meath stone-cutter Henry Darley, mason John Semple and carpenter Hugh Henry. Every available mason in Dublin was engaged in the work, when it was completed and opened for business on 7 November 1791, it had cost £200,000 to build – a considerable sum at the time. The four facades of the building are decorated with coats-of-arms and ornamental sculptures representing Irelands rivers, another artist, Henry Banks, was responsible for the statue on the dome and other statues. As the port of Dublin moved further downriver, the original use for collecting custom duties became obsolete. During the Irish War of Independence in 1921, the Irish Republican Army burnt down the Custom House, Gandons original interior was completely destroyed in the fire and the central dome collapsed. A large quantity of historical records were also destroyed in the fire. Despite achieving its objectives, the attack on the Custom House was a setback for the IRA as a number of Volunteers were captured either during the attack or when falling back. After the Anglo-Irish Treaty, it was restored by the Irish Free State government and this was done as an attempt to promote Irish resources. Further restoration and cleaning of the stonework was done by an Office of Public Works team in the 1980s
16.
Rivers of Ireland
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Shown here are all the major rivers and tributaries of Ireland with their lengths. Table 1 shows the longest rivers in Ireland with their lengths, the counties they flow through, table 2 shows the largest rivers in Ireland in cubic metres per second. The longest river in Ireland is the River Shannon, at 360.5 kilometres, the river develops into three lakes along its course, Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg. Of these, Lough Derg is the largest, the Shannon enters the Atlantic Ocean at the Shannon Estuary. The River Shannons overall length, using the Owenmore River as source, is 372 kilometres,11 km longer than the Shannon Pot source, the River Shannon is a traditional freshwater river for just about 45% of its total length. B The total basin area of the Three Sisters is 9,207 km2, C The traditional length given for the River Bann is 80 miles which is the combined total length of Upper and Lower Bann rivers and doesnt include Lough Neagh. The total length of the Ulster Blackwater from its source to the sea via L. Neagh and this is the longest stream flow in Ulster. D The total basin area of the 6 km River Corrib is 3,138 km2 The total length of the River Robes journey from its source near Ballyhaunis to Galway Bay is 72 miles and this is the longest stream flow within the Corrib Basin. The 102.5 m3/s is based on the basin area of 5808 km2. C The Three Sisters total flow into Waterford Harbour is 154 m3/s, List of rivers in Ireland List of canals in Ireland List of loughs in Ireland List of rivers in County Dublin Geography of Ireland Transport in Ireland Irish whitewater River Guides
17.
Dublin United Transport Company
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The Dublin United Transport Company operated trams and buses in Dublin, Ireland until 1945. Following legislation in the Oireachtas, the Transport Act,1944, the DUTC, the DUTCs logo was adopted as the logo of CIÉ and continued to be painted on the sides of Irelands buses and trains until the 1960s. The companys Sandymount depot was on Gilford Road, the Hill of Howth Tramway was never part of the DUTC, instead being operated by the Great Northern Railway prior to that companys incorporation into CIÉ in 1958. Unlike the 1,435 mm gauge being used by the Luas tram system, Dublin Bus Dublin tram system Preserved DUTC tramcar 253 National Transport Museum of Ireland
18.
Grattan Bridge
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Grattan Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland, and joining Capel Street to Parliament Street and the south quays. The first bridge on site was built by Sir Humphrey Jervis as Essex Bridge to join several of Jervis developments to the opposite side of the river. Essex Bridge was a stone structure with 7 piers. In 1687 the bridge was damaged by a flood resulting in the loss of a hackney, the damage to the bridge was only partially repaired. In 1751 the second most northerly pier collapsed and damaged the adjacent arches, between 1753 and 1755 the bridge was rebuilt by George Semple, to correct flood and other structural damage and as one of the first initiatives of the Wide Streets Commission. During this construction, some features were removed. EG, A statue, by John van Nost the Elder, in 1937 it was bought by the Barber Institute for Fine Arts in Birmingham, in front of which it now stands. For much of the 18th century, Essex Bridge was the most westerly bridge on the Liffey, from 1872, the bridge was further remodelled, being widened and flattened with cast iron supports extended out from the stonework so as to carry pavements on either side of the roadway. The bridge was lit by ornate lamp standards also in cast iron, the bridge was reopened as Grattan Bridge in 1874, being named after Henry Grattan MP. In 2003/2004 the Dublin City Council, planned and built what was intended to be a European-style book market on Grattan Bridge, the initiative included reconstruction of the bridge deck, with granite paving for the footpaths and a set of benches with wooden seats and toughened glass backs. Following this development, several temporary kiosks were built on the bridge, to create a contemporary version of an inhabited bridge. These kiosks have since been removed, as is tradition among Dubliners, the name used locally for the bridge will vary from Capel Street Bridge, to Grattan Bridge and the original Essex Bridge
19.
Traffic congestion
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Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road, extreme traffic congestion sets in, when vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Mathematically, congestion is usually looked at as the number of vehicles that pass through a point in a window of time, Congestion flow lends itself to principles of fluid dynamics. Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for greater than the available street capacity. About half of U. S. traffic congestion is recurring, Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a traffic jam may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents may cause ripple effects which then spread out and create a traffic jam when, otherwise. Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow, Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing of supercooled fluid. However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic. Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerners three-phase traffic theory, because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. These models are typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s, congested roads can be seen as an example of the tragedy of the commons. Privatization of highways and road pricing have both proposed as measures that may reduce congestion through economic incentives and disincentives. Congestion can also happen due to non-recurring highway incidents, such as a crash or roadworks, economist Anthony Downs argues that rush hour traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of having a relatively standard work day. In a capitalist economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing or by queueing and they determined that the number of vehicle-kilometers traveled increases in direct proportion to the available lane-kilometers of roadways. The implication is that new roads and widening existing ones only results in additional traffic that continues to rise until peak congestion returns to the previous level
20.
Daniel O'Connell
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Daniel OConnell, often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. OConnell was born at Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to the OConnells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count OConnell, an officer in the Irish Brigades of the French Army. A famous aunt was Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, while Sir James OConnell, in his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country. While in Dublin studying for the law, OConnell was under his Uncle Maurices instructions not to become involved in any militia activity, when Wolfe Tones French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December 1796, OConnell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement and he desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed. As a law student, OConnell was aware of his own talents and he read the Jockey Club as a picture of the governing class in England and was persuaded by it that, vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators, the corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments. Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyers Artillery Corps, on 19 May 1798, OConnell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later, the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed, OConnell did not support the rebellion, he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He went on the Munster circuit, and for over a decade, although he was ultimately to inherit Derrynane from his uncle Maurice, the old man lived to be almost 100 and in the event Daniels inheritance did not cover his debts. He also condemned Robert Emmets Rebellion of 1803, of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote, A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders—and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion. He was noted for his fearlessness in Court, if he thought poorly of a judge he had no hesitation in making this clear, OConnell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for Catholic emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as, electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenants rights, and economic development. The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, the subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation members of parliament standing for the British House of Commons. Members of the Association were liable to prosecution under a statute. OConnell was often briefed for the defence, and showed extraordinary vigour in pleading the rights of Catholics to argue for emancipation, in 1815 a serious event in his life occurred
21.
Father Pat Noise
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Father Pat Noise is a fictitious Roman Catholic priest, described on a hoax commemorative plaque installed by two brothers on OConnell Bridge in Dublin, Ireland. The full text of the reads, THIS PLAQUE COMMEMORATES FR. PAT NOISE ADVISOR TO PEADAR CLANCEY, HE DIED UNDER SUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN HIS CARRIAGE PLUNGED INTO THELIFFEY ON AUGUST 10TH1919. ERECTED BY THE HSTI The hoaxers installed it in 2004, and they claimed the work was a tribute to their father, and that the name Father Pat Noise is a word play on pater noster, Latin for our father. The clock and control box were removed in December 1996 after persistent technical, Dublin City Council stated when the story broke that the Pat Noise plaque would be removed, as it was unauthorised. Several ironic tributes of flowers and messages were left at the plaque, a meeting of the South East Area Committee of the Council in December 2006 supported leaving it in place. Noise plaque was removed in March 2007 during restoration work on the Bridge, a second plaque was installed, again surreptitiously, some time later. On 22 May 2007, Dublin City Council engineers intended to remove the plaque, but were stopped by City Councillor Dermot Lacey, eoin Dillons 2011 album The Golden Mean includes Lament for Fr. Plaque Appears On O’Connell Bridge 2006 RTÉ Archives
22.
St Stephen's Green
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St Stephens Green is a city centre public park in Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard and it is often informally called Stephens Green. At 22 acres, it is the largest of the parks in Dublins main Georgian garden squares, others include nearby Merrion Square and Fitzwilliam Square. These four bordering streets are called, respectively, St Stephens Green North, St Stephens Green South, St Stephens Green East, until 1663 St Stephens Green was a marshy common on the edge of Dublin, used for grazing. In that year Dublin Corporation, seeing an opportunity to raise much needed revenue, decided to enclose the centre of the common, the park was enclosed with a wall in 1664. The houses built around the Green were rapidly replaced by new buildings in the Georgian style, much of the present-day landscape of the square comprises modern buildings, some in a replica Georgian style, and relatively little survives from the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1814 control of St Stephens Green passed to Commissioners for the local householders and he later paid for the laying out of the Green in approximately its current form, which took place in 1880, and gave it to the Corporation, as representatives of the people. By way of thanks the city commissioned a statue of him and his brother Edward lived at Iveagh House, which his descendants gave in 1939 to the Department of External Affairs. They numbered between 200 and 250 and they confiscated motor vehicles to establish road blocks on the streets that surround the park, and dug defensive positions in the park itself. This approach differed from that of taking up positions in buildings, finding themselves in a weak position, the Volunteers withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green. During the Rising, fire was halted to allow the parks groundsman to feed the local ducks. The park is now operated by the Office of Public Works on behalf of the Irish state, the landscaping of the park has undergone three major changes since its inception. Its first major change occurred in 1670, two rows of trees were planted around the perimeter, functioning as its first enclosure. At this time, the park was accessible to the wealthy residents who owned plots around the park. In 1815 the park was redesigned by the Dublin city surveyor Arthur Neville, in his redesign, he added winding pathways and iron fences. At this time, the park was closed to the public. This included creating four gates at each corner of the park that would be linked by the extant pathways designed by Neville and this plan was eventually abandoned, most likely due to the fact that Hemans was employed by Dublin Corporation. L. Ardilaun also played a significant role in the planning and importing of the exotic trees, while the central park of St Stephens Green is one of three ancient commons in the city, its current layout owes much to the restorations of the 1800s
23.
Liam O'Flaherty
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Liam OFlaherty was an Irish novelist and short story writer and a major figure in the Irish literary renaissance. He was involved for a time in left-wing politics, as was his brother Tom Maidhc OFlaherty, OFlaherty was born in the remote village of Gort na gCapall, on Inis Mór, County Galway. His family, descendants of the Ó Flaithbertaigh family of Connemara, were not well off, the Irish language was widely spoken in the area, and in the OFlaherty household both English and Irish were used. OFlaherty was an uncle of Gaelic Athletic Association commentator and writer, OFlaherty was born, a son of Maidhc Ó Flaithearta and Maggie Ganley, at Gort na gCapall, Inishmore. At the age of twelve, he went to Rockwell College and later University College Dublin, according to The Sunday Times, he also attended Belvedere College and Blackrock College. It was intended he enter the priesthood, but in 1917 he joined the British Army as a member of the Irish Guards in 1917 under the name Bill Ganly and he found trench life devastatingly monotonous but was badly injured in September 1917 during the Battle of Langemarck. It is speculated that the shock suffered was responsible for the mental illness which became apparent in 1933. He returned from the front a socialist, having become interested in Marxism as a schoolboy, atheistic and communistic beliefs evolved in his 20s and he was a founder member of the Communist Party of Ireland. Free State troops forced their surrender, after these events, OFlaherty left Ireland and moved first to England where, destitute and jobless, he took to writing. Four years later his short novel Return of the Brute, set in the World War I trenches. He then travelled to the United States, where he lived in Hollywood for a short time, the film director John Ford, a cousin, later made a film of OFlahertys first novel. The novel was also the source of a 1929 film of same name directed by Arthur Robison, many of his works have the common theme of nature and Ireland. He was a short story writer, and some of his best work in that genre was in Irish. The collection Dúil, published towards the end of his life and it is likely, for example, that the story The Pedlars Revenge was first written in Irish under the title Díoltas. This collection, now widely admired, had a reception at the time. This gave rise to some controversy and his First Flight, a short story which symbolizes the nervousness one experiences before doing something new, is regarded as one of his best known works. In 1923, OFlaherty published his first novel, Thy Neighbours Wife, over the next couple of years he published other novels and short stories. In 1933 he suffered from the first of two mental breakdowns and he travelled in the United States and Europe, and the letters he wrote while travelling have now been published
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
Lucan Bridge
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Lucan Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in the town of Lucan in Dublin, Ireland. It joins Lucans Main Street to the Lower Lucan Road, carrying traffic towards Clonsilla, the bridge is the largest single span masonry arch bridge in Ireland, and is constructed from ashlar masonry with a span of 33 metres and a rise of 6.7 metres. It is framed by iron balustraded parapets made by the Royal Phoenix ironworks of Parkgate Street in Dublin, designed by George Knowles, it was built in 1814 in collaboration with James Savage to replace several previous bridges which were carried away by floods. The first bridge built on this spot was a stone laid down in the later years of the reign of King John. A subsequent bridge was built by the first Agmondisham Vesey c,1730, but washed away within very short time. 1771, but this too washed away in a flood in 1786 – as did its replacement, in 1814, the present single-span bridge was completed by Savage & Knowles, and has remained largely unaffected by the effects of flooding common to this stretch of the Liffey. The bridge, however, has seen some recent developments, with the raising of the roadway near both ends of the arch to lessen the gradient for road traffic
26.
West-Link
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The West-Link is a toll bridge on the M50 motorway to the west of Dublin, Ireland, operated by BetEire Flow Limited for the National Roads Authority. The bridge crosses the River Liffey at a point known as the Strawberry Beds, on the motorway it starts at a point approximately 2 km south of junction 6 and runs to a point almost immediately north of junction 7. It is 385 metres long, and at its highest elevation it is approximately 42 metres above the river, figures from 2005 indicated that the bridge was carrying an average of 98,000 vehicles per day. The bridge is the only Liffey crossing between Chapelizod and Lucan Bridge and thus it carries an amount of traffic passing between the north and south Dublin suburbs. Since 30 August 2008, tolling has been by means of number plate recognition via overhead gantries. Since 2013, the toll is €2.10 for cars on a tag account, €2.60 for cars whose number plates have been registered with eFlow on a video account, and €3.10 for unregistered cars. Unregistered vehicles can pay at Payzone outlets, by calling eFlow customer service or by paying on the eFlow website, drivers who fail to pay receive escalating fines, depending on how long the toll remains unpaid. Prior to 29 August 2008, tolling was usually by cash payment at a plaza to the former operators NTR plc. A prepaid tag system, Eazy Pass, was used since the early 2000s but was not barrier-free unlike the present arrangements. The tolling remains a single point operation, the bridge was constructed as part of the first phase of the M50 motorway, and it and the section of motorway associated with it were the first section of the M50 to open in 1990. Built by NTR plc under a deal with Dublin County Council, in return for constructing and maintaining the bridge NTR received the right to operate it as a toll bridge for thirty years. Originally a single structure, a second span was completed and opened in September 2003. In 2007, the National Roads Authority reached a deal with NTR to buy out the toll bridge effective 1 August 2008, however, for traffic management purposes, a toll remained, a situation prompting widespread and ongoing criticism. NTR continued to operate the bridge until 29 August 2008 when, the toll plaza barriers were at that point replaced by overhead gantry based electronic tolling. East-Link Roads in Ireland eFlow website - barrier free tolling operators on the M50
27.
Farmleigh Bridge
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The Farmleigh Bridge, also known as the Strawberry Beds Bridge, is a disused bridge spanning the River Liffey and the Lower Lucan Road in Dublin, Ireland. A single-span cast iron box truss bridge, with stone and masonry supports, it was built in the 1870s to carry water pipes and electricity lines from the mill race turbine to nearby Farmleigh house. Privately-built by the Guinness family, it was used by staff who lived on the south side of the river as a short-cut to the grand house. The bridge is long disused, with no remaining base or platform to carry traffic, though the elaborate stone gateway remains, the tunnel is no longer accessible and has been collapsed. As of late 2015, campaigners had initiated a petition for the bridge to be restored and used as part of a Liffey greenway plan, however, as of mid-2016, no funding had been allocated by Fingal Council to renovation of the bridge
28.
Anna Livia Bridge
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The Anna Livia Bridge, formerly Chapelizod Bridge, is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Chapelizod, Dublin, Ireland and joining the Lucan Road to Chapelizod Road. As the Liffey flows into the town of Chapelizod, a weir divides the course to form a mill race. Split by the two bodies of water, the island at Chapelizod has been a base for industry since at least the 18th century, the main flow is crossed by a four-span stone arch bridge, having two large central spans and two much smaller end spans. This bridge was built in the 1660s, and originally named Chapelizod Bridge, the bridge was renamed in 1982 to mark the centenary of James Joyces birth. Dublin City Council planned changes to bridge, as part of a general Traffic Management Plan for the Chapelizod area, the changes include the construction of separate footbridge sections outside the parapets of the bridge, and the creation of cycle lanes on the bridge. Preparatory works for this initiative commenced in 2010 and the opening was held in December 2011
29.
Liffey Railway Bridge
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The Liffey Railway Bridge is a rail bridge spanning the River Liffey near Heuston railway station in Dublin in Ireland. It is an iron box truss structure, and joins lines from Heuston Station to Connolly Station through the Phoenix Park Tunnel. Historically used primarily for traffic, in November 2016, the bridge. The bridge and tunnel were built by the Great Southern and Western Railway company to connect Kingsbridge station to the Dublin docklands. The GSWR had to transfer the goods from the docks by road to Hueston which was time-consuming, later, because of the cost that MGWR were charging GSR for use of its line to the docklands, a new line was built directly to the docklands. An exception to this was occasional match-day services carrying Gaelic Athletic Association fans from southern lines to Connolly Station for Croke Park stadium, ultimately, in November 2016, the bridge and tunnel were reopened to more regular passenger traffic
30.
Frank Sherwin Bridge
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Frank Sherwin Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. It joins St. Johns Road and the south quays from Heuston Station to Wolfe Tone Quay, designed within Dublin Corporations Road Design Division, the bridge is a three-span reinforced concrete structure. Frank Sherwin Bridge was opened in 1982 to remove traffic from the older and narrower Sean Heuston Bridge as part of an extended traffic management project on Dublins quays. This resulted in reversing the direction of the system on the quays to north quays eastbound/south quays westbound. The bridge was named for Dublin politician Frank Sherwin
31.
Rory O'More Bridge
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Rory OMore Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland and joining Watling Street to Ellis Street and the north quays. The original wooden bridge on site, built in 1670, was officially named Barrack Bridge. However, it known locally as Bloody Bridge, following several deaths resulting from violence after the arrest of ferrymen who attempted to destroy the bridge. The timber bridge was replaced by a bridge in 1704. Designed by George Halpin, the bridge was fabricated at the foundry of Robert Daglish in St Helens, Lancashire, the bridge was completed in 1859 and opened as the Victoria & Albert Bridge. The bridge was renamed in the 1930s for Rory OMore, one of the key figures from the plot to capture Dublin as part of the Irish Rebellion of 1641
32.
James Joyce Bridge
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James Joyce Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland, joining the south quays to Blackhall Place on the north side. Designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, it is a structural steel design,40 m long. The bridge was built by Irishenco Construction, using pre-fabricated steel sections from Harland, the bridge is named for the famous Dublin author James Joyce, and was opened on 16 June 2003. Joyces short story The Dead is set in Number 15 Ushers Island, the house facing the bridge on the south side
33.
Mellows Bridge
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Mellows Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey, in Dublin, Ireland and joining Queen Street and Arran Quay to the south quays. In 1683, a bridge called Arran Bridge or Arons Bridge was built in a location between the upstream Bloody Bridge and the downstream Bridge of Dublin. Construction was funded by landowner William Ellis, and Dublin Corporation and it was named after Richard, Earl of Arran, second son of the Duke of Ormonde. From a drawing made by Francis Place in 1699, it appears to have been a stone arched bridge. It was also known as Bridewell Bridge due to its proximity to the Smithfield Bridewell and this structure stood for 80 years, but was swept away by a flood in 1763. The collapse was described by George Semple as being an accident when a raft of timber was swiftly carried downstream in a flood where it got lodged across the middle arch. The bridge was renamed for the legendary Queen Maeve at a meeting of the Municipal Council on 2 January 1922, however, it was renamed again in 1942 to its current name, after Lieutenant General Liam Mellows Irish Republican army who was executed during the Irish Civil War. Being 250 years old, Mellows Bridge remains the oldest of all Dublin city bridges still in use, although the parapets were replaced with cast iron balustrades and stone copings between 1816 and 1818
34.
Father Mathew Bridge
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Father Mathew Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland and joining Merchants Quay to Church Street and the north quays. It is approximately on the site of the original, and for years only, Bridge of Dublin. The site of the bridge is understood to be close to the ancient Ford of the Hurdles, at the turn of the first millennium, the first recorded Dublin Liffey bridge was built at this point. Possibly known as the Bridge of Dubhghall, this wooden structure was maintained. These rebuilds included a Norman bridge in the early 13th century and this collapsed however in the late 14th century and in 1428, the Dominicans of Ostmantown Friary built the first masonry bridge in Dublin on the same spot. Known as Dublin Bridge, Old Bridge, or simply The Bridge, this four arch structure had towers at either end, and shops, housing, an inn and a chapel were built on its supports. In 1312 Geoffrey de Morton, Lord Mayor of Dublin 1302-3 was reprimanded for building a house without permission on the bridge. On the other hand it was he who began the towers, completed by his son-in-law John de Grauntsete, for much of its 390-year life span, The Bridge carried all pedestrian, livestock and horse-drawn traffic across the river, and its tolls and chapel were still in use. At the beginning of the 19th century, Dublin Bridge was replaced by a three-span, designed by George Knowles, the bridge was opened in 1818 as Whitworth Bridge, for Charles, Earl of Whitworth, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. As with many other Dublin bridges, the bridge was renamed following independence by the Free State as Dublin Bridge in the 1920s
35.
O'Donovan Rossa Bridge
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ODonovan Rossa Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland and joining Winetavern Street to Chancery Place and the north quays. Replacing a short lived wooden structure, the masonry bridge on this site was built in 1684 as a five-span simple arch bridge. In December 1802 this bridge was swept away during a severe storm, in 1813 construction started on a replacement bridge — the current structure — a little further west to the designs of James Savage and was opened in 1816. It consists of three arch spans in granite, with sculptured heads, similar to those on OConnell Bridge. The heads represent Plenty, the Liffey, and Industry on one side, with Commerce, Hibernia, opened as Richmond Bridge, it was renamed in 1923 for Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa by the fledgeling Free State
36.
Ha'penny Bridge
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The Hapenny Bridge, known later for a time as the Penny Hapenny Bridge, and officially the Liffey Bridge, is a pedestrian bridge built in May 1816 over the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. Made of cast iron, the bridge was cast at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, originally called the Wellington Bridge, the name of the bridge changed to Liffey Bridge. The Liffey Bridge remains the official name to this day. Before the Hapenny Bridge was built there were seven ferries, operated by a William Walsh, the ferries were in a bad condition and Walsh was informed that he had to either fix them or build a bridge. Walsh chose the option and was granted the right to extract a hapenny toll from anyone crossing it for 100 years. Initially the toll charge was based not on the cost of construction, but to match the charges levied by the ferries it replaced. A further condition of construction was that, if the citizens of Dublin found the bridge and toll to be objectionable within its first year of operation, the toll was increased for a time to a penny-hapenny, but was eventually dropped in 1919. While the toll was in operation, there were turnstiles at either end of the bridge, the design and erection was supervised by John Windsor, one of the companys foremen and a pattern-maker. In 2001 the number of pedestrians using the bridge on a daily basis was 27,000 and, given these traffic levels, the bridge was closed for repair and renovations during 2001 and was reopened in December 2001, sporting its original white colour. The structure was rebuilt to retain many of its old components, although, controversially, the repair work was carried out by Harland and Wolff. In 2012, citing a maintenance and damage risk, Dublin City Council removed a number of locks from the Hapenny Bridge and nearby Millennium Bridge. In 2013 the council removed over 300 kg of locks from the bridge, Hapenny Bridge entry on Dublin City Councils Bridges of Dublin web site
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Rosie Hackett Bridge
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The Rosie Hackett Bridge is a road bridge in Dublin in Ireland, which opened on 20 May 2014. Spanning the River Liffey and joining Marlborough Street to Hawkins Street, it is intended solely for use by transport, taxis, cyclists. It is planned to carry the Luas Cross City line, which is to connect the Luas Red and it was budgeted at €15 million, and named for trade unionist Rosie Hackett. The bridge is to carry the Luas Cross City, which is to connect the Luas Red, ultimately, following an environmental impact assessment and Bord Pleanála approval in 2009, the project was approved without any changes to the planned location. Preparatory works commenced in late 2011, with construction beginning in early 2012. The bridge was opened on 20 May 2014. In its planning and construction phases, the bridge was designated by the name of The Marlborough Street Public Transport Priority Bridge. Dublin City Council invited nominations from the public for the final name. Hackett had been nominated by three members of Labour Youth. The other four shortlisted were Willie Bermingham, Frank Duff, Kathleen Mills, the De Borda institute asserted that the name selection process was the first time an Irish elected chamber used a non-majoritarian decision-making methodology. Some media reports characterised it as the first Liffey bridge named after a woman, though other bridges used to be
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Loopline Bridge
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The Loopline Bridge is a railway bridge spanning the River Liffey and several streets in Dublin, Ireland. It joins rail services south of Dublin to Connolly Station. Designed by John Chaloner Smith, the bridge was built in 1891 and it consists of wrought iron lattice girders on a double row of piers with five spans. The viaduct is approximately six metres above street level and supports two railway tracks, during original planning and construction the project was subject to much opposition and controversy, because the structure blocks the view down river to The Custom House. However, the bridge was deemed necessary as a link between north and south Dublin, and to facilitate the movement of transatlantic mail coming from Kingstown and Queenstown. 100 years later, the visage of the remains the subject of some debate. Already arguably less attractive than some of Dublins other bridges, the façades of the Loopline have been used by Iarnród Éireann for billboard advertising. As of 2006, the company has scaled back the use for this purpose to reduce impact on the city skyline, following input from An Bord Pleanála. A prominent feature in the city landscape since 1891, the Loopline Bridge appears in one of the most famous works associated with Dublin
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Talbot Memorial Bridge
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The Talbot Memorial Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin city centre in the Republic of Ireland. Completed in 1978, it is 22 metres wide, and was designed by De Leuw, Chadwick, the bridge links Memorial Road on the north bank of the river to Moss Street on the south bank. Memorial Road was named in commemoration of those members of the Dublin Brigade who died during the Irish War of Independence - notably those who died in a raid on the nearby Custom House, the Talbot reference in the bridges name is in remembrance of Matt Talbot. Talbot was a campaigner from Dublins Northside, a statue of whom stands at the south end of the bridge
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Samuel Beckett Bridge
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Samuel Beckett Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in Dublin that joins Sir John Rogersons Quay on the south side of the River Liffey to Guild Street and North Wall Quay in the Docklands area. The architect is Santiago Calatrava, a designer of a number of innovative bridges and this is the second bridge in the area designed by Calatrava, the first being the James Joyce Bridge, which is further upstream. It is also capable of opening through an angle of 90 degrees allowing ships to pass through and this is achieved through a rotational mechanism housed in the base of the pylon. The shape of the spar and its cables is said to evoke an image of a harp lying on its edge, the steel structure of the bridge was constructed in Rotterdam by Hollandia, a Dutch company also responsible for the steel fabrication of the London Eye. The steel span of the bridge was transferred from the Hollandia wharf in Krimpen aan den IJssel on 3 May 2009, unhappiness was also expressed over the fact that these restrictions would force drivers to use the East-Link Toll Bridge. Dublin City Council replied that these restrictions were mandated by An Bord Pleanála to prevent users of the East-Link bridge from coming into the city, at the time of opening, there was also criticism that no bus services had plans to use the bridge
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East-Link (Dublin)
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The Tom Clarke Bridge, formerly and commonly known as the East-Link Toll Bridge, is a toll bridge in Dublin, Ireland, on the River Liffey, owned and operated by Dublin City Council. The bascule-type lifting bridge, which links North Wall to Ringsend, is the last bridge on the Liffey, the bridge forms part of the R131 regional road. The bridge is the most easterly crossing on the Liffey, the bridge was built by NTR, and opened to vehicular traffic in October 1984. The bridge reverted to city council control on 31 December 2015, the city centre is west of the bridge, which links routes on the eastern side of Dublin city. The Dublin Port Tunnel terminates north of the East-Link along East Wall Road, most of Dublins docklands are east of the bridge, but it is raised on average three times per day to allow river traffic to pass. As of 2016, between 14,000 and 17,000 vehicles per day cross the bridge, as of 2016, lorries and cars pay, either in cash or using electronic tokens, and cycles and motorbikes cross for free. The tolling area and administrative offices are on the side of the bridge. Originally adopting a name, the East-Link bridge was officially renamed as Thomas Clarke Bridge by President Michael D. Higgins to commemorate the Irish republican Thomas Clarke. The renaming ceremony was on 3 May 2016, marking the centenary of the day Clarke was shot in Kilmainham Gaol for his involvement in the 1916 Easter Rising
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