1.
Telecommunication
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837
2.
Slough
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Slough is a large town in Berkshire, England,21 miles west of London,3 miles north of Windsor,6 miles east of Maidenhead,12 miles south-east of High Wycombe and 20 miles north-east of Reading. The A4 and the Great Western Main Line pass through the town, in 2011, Sloughs population was the most ethnically diverse in the United Kingdom outside London. With the highest proportion of adherents in England. Slough is home to the Slough Trading Estate, the largest industrial estate in single ownership in Europe. Blackberry, McAfee, Burger King and LEGO have head offices in the town, the Slough Trading Estate provides over 17,000 jobs in 400 businesses. The town is approximately 9.1 miles to the west of Heathrow Airport, the name, which means soil, was first recorded in 1195 as Slo. It first seems to have applied to a hamlet between Upton to the east and Chalvey to the west, roughly around the Crown Crossroads where the road to Windsor met the Great West Road. The Domesday Survey of 1086 refers to Upton, and a wood for 200 pigs, during the 13th century, King Henry III had a palace at Cippenham. Parts of Upton Court were built in 1325, while St Mary the Virgin Church in Langley was probably built in the late 11th or early 12th century, though it has been rebuilt and enlarged several times. From the mid-17th century, stagecoaches began to pass through Slough and Salt Hill, by 1838 and the opening of the Great Western Railway, Upton-cum-Chalveys parish population had reached 1,502. In 1849, a line was completed from Slough railway station to Windsor and Eton Central railway station, opposite Windsor Castle. In April 1920, the Government sold the site and its contents to the Slough Trading Co. Ltd, repair of ex-army vehicles continued until 1925, when the Slough Trading Company Act was passed allowing the company to establish an industrial estate. Spectacular growth and employment ensued, with Slough attracting workers from many parts of the UK, during the Second World War, Slough experienced a series of air raids, mostly in October 1940, and an emergency hospital treating casualties from London was set up in Slough. Local air raid deaths and deaths at the account for the 23 civilian lives recorded lost in the borough area. After the war, several large housing developments arose to take large numbers of people migrating from war-damaged London. In the 21st century, Slough has seen major redevelopment of the town centre, old buildings are being replaced with new offices and shopping complexes. Tesco has replaced an existing superstore with a larger Tesco Extra, the Heart of Slough Project is a plan for the large-scale redevelopment of the town centre as a focus and cultural quarter for the creative media, information and communications industries. It will create a complex, multi-functional buildings, visual landmarks
3.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
4.
Giffgaff
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Giffgaff is a mobile telephone network running as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator using the United Kingdom O2 network. Owned by O2s owners Telefónica, Giffgaff was launched on 25 November 2009, in November, Giffgaff was nominated for the Marketing Societys Brand of the Year, but lost to the department store John Lewis. In June 2012, Giffgaff was named best MVNO in the Mobile Industry Awards, in 2014, Giffgaff won the Which. At launch, the first product was a prepaid SIM card providing all standard 2G and 3G mobile phone services, after launch, bundles of minutes, texts and data, called goodybags, were introduced. The idea for bundles emerged from the community forums, in June 2012 it was announced that customers would be able to set goodybags to renew automatically once a debit or credit card was saved on the site. On 17 October 2012 Giffgaff added data-only goodybags, called gigabags, in March 2014 Giffgaff announced that it would add a line of 4G LTE goodybags available for purchase from April 2014. IPhone devices were on sale from 4 June 2014, Giffgaff has no customer service phone lines. Account-specific queries are directed to agents, who are employed by Giffgaff, if neither of these avenues resolve the issues, there is a dedicated complaint team, and responding to complaints can take up to five working days. As of September 2015, all of Giffgaffs goodybags come with 4G data included at no extra cost, if the user doesnt have a 4G ready device or is not in a 4G area, the device will connect to O2s 3G service. After goodybags with unlimited internet allowance were introduced, complaints were made to the Advertising Standards Authority from customers who had their internet access disabled, the complaint was not upheld by the ASA who concluded that unlimited internet was advertised correctly. Giffgaff noted that their customer service agents had used the clause above incorrectly, in May 2013 Giffgaff ran an online and television advertising campaign with the strapline Dont be scared which featured zombies converging on a village. Although the television advert appeared after the 9pm watershed, the ASA received 105 complaints, the ASA did not uphold the complaints, stating that it was not in breach of any BCAP rules. In October 2013 Giffgaff ran two adverts in a campaign with the strapline Different takes guts. The advert featured a crowd of people dressed in white in an empty swimming pool throwing guts at each other. The ASA upheld the complaints that the content was in violation of BCAP rules for harm and offence and it was recommended that the advert not appear again in its current form. The ASA upheld the complaint that the content was in violation of BCAP rule 4.1 for harm and offence and recommended that the advert not appear again in its current form Official website
5.
EE Limited
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EE is a British mobile network operator, Internet service provider and a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 as a 50,50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and Orange S. A. through the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK. It is the largest mobile operator in the UK, with around 30 million customers. EE is headquartered in Hatfield in the United Kingdom and also has offices in Bristol, Darlington, Greenock, North Tyneside, Plymouth, Leeds. In addition to telephone services, EE also provides an IPTV service through its EE TV Box. As of 23 November 2016, EEs 4G & 2G networks combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures T-Mobile UK and Orange UK on 8 September 2009. The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008 with savings via synergies expected to total around over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards, the two companies also announced an expected investment of £600 to £800 million in integration costs. The initial press release outlined a primarily clear vision for the two brands citing that the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months, the merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010. The joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010, the companies network sharing plans were released to customers on 11 October 2010. The switch-on was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brands website, however, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands 3G services. On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO, Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation on 1 July 2010. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011, on 2 November 2011 Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected. In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, however, later most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3. Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a conference on the morning of 11 September 2012. Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywheres 4G network. The handsets that the initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5, HTC One XL, Samsung Galaxy S III, Samsung Galaxy Note II, Huawei Ascend P1, Nokia Lumia 920. The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle, the brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-Orange and ex-T-Mobile shops would be re-branded EE overnight, the companys legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013
6.
Vodafone UK
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Vodafone UK is a provider of telecommunications services in the United Kingdom, and a part of the Vodafone Group, the worlds second-largest mobile phone company. As of September 2016, Vodafone UK has 18.01 million subscribers and is the third largest mobile telecommunications network nationally after EE, in 1981, Racal Electronics Group won its bid for the private sector UK Cellular licence, and created Racal Telecomms Division. The same year, Racal formed a joint venture with Millicom named Racal Vodafone, Vodafone made the first ever cellular telephone call in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1985, from St Katharine Docks to Newbury, and launched the UKs first cellular network later that year. Vodapage was launched two years later, providing 80% of the United Kingdoms population with a paging service, Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics in 1991, becoming Vodafone Group, and introduced the countrys first GSM mobile phone network the same year. The company launched Vodata in 1994, providing data, fax. Vodafone also began working with Globalstar to develop and launch a satellite to provide a phone service. On 5 January 1999, Vodafone UK connected its 5 millionth customer, the first 3G voice call in the UK was made in 2001 on the Vodafone UK network, with an initial network of 30 base stations in the Thames Valley. In 2003, Vodafone introduced the Speaking Phone, a phone for blind & visually impaired users, Vodafone Mobile Connect 3G was launched in 2005, a data card that uses the networks 3G capabilities to connect laptop users to the internet. Vodafone UK won Mobile Retailer’s National Retailer of the Year in 2005 and was awarded Best Network in the 2010 Mobile News and Mobile Awards. Vodafone invested £5 million to ensure that charities do not incur any costs, or commissions deducted from donations, ensuring that they receive 100% of donations. Vodafone and O2 signed a deal in June 2012 which will see the two pool their network technology, creating a single national grid of 18,500 transmitter sites. Both networks will continue to carry their own independent mobile spectrum, on 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that Vodafone had been awarded spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands for 4G LTE coverage, bidding around £790 million for the spectrum. The service became available to customers in London on 29 August, on 1 April 2012, Vodafone agreed a takeover of Cable & Wireless Worldwide at a cost of just over £1 billion. Following the acquisition of CWW, Vodafone began working on a consumer Broadband and TV proposition, Vodafone launched its broadband offering to the UK public on 12 October 2015. Work is ongoing for the launch of Vodafones UK TV service, spectrum capacity on the Vodafone UK 4G network Vodafone LTE 1800MHz and 2100MHz is only available in some areas, having been refarmed from 2G and 3G. Vodafone operates a retail estate, with more than 480 stores located across the UK that sell Home & Business landline & broadband, mobile phone handsets, Vodafone contracts & SIM offers. A Tech Team section was rolled out in November 2011 to Vodafone Elite status Stores in cities & large towns, Vodafone also introduced the RED Box to its stores at the same time, which allows phone users to transfer contents between handsets. Some of the music festivals involved in the scheme had their own Vodafone VIP areas, in May 2013, the Vodafone VIP Mobile Application developed by Invitation Digital was launched on both iPhone and Android platforms
7.
BT Group
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BT Group plc is a holding company which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British multinational telecommunications services company with head offices in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 180 countries, BTs origins date back to the founding of the Electric Telegraph Company in 1846 which developed a nationwide communications network. In 1912, the General Post Office, a government department, the Post Office Act of 1969 led to the GPO becoming a public corporation. British Telecommunications, trading as British Telecom, was formed in 1980, British Telecommunications was privatised in 1984, becoming British Telecommunications plc, with some 50 percent of its shares sold to investors. The Government sold its stake in further share sales in 1991 and 1993. BT has a listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. BT controls a number of large subsidiaries, BT announced in February 2015 that it had agreed to acquire EE for £12.5 billion, and received final regulatory approval from the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The transaction was completed on 29 January 2016, BTs origins date back to the establishment of the first telecommunications companies in Britain. Among them was the first commercial service, the Electric Telegraph Company. As these companies amalgamated and were taken over or collapsed, the companies were transferred to state control under the Post Office in 1912. These companies were merged and rebranded as British Telecom, in January 1878 Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his recently developed telephone to Queen Victoria at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. John Hudson, with his premises in nearby Shudehill. As the number of installed telephones across the country grew it became sensible to consider constructing telephone exchanges to allow all the telephones in each city to be connected together, the first exchange was opened in London in August 1879, closely followed by the Lancashire Telephonic Exchange in Manchester. From 1878, the service in Britain was provided by private sector companies such as the National Telephone Company. In 1896, the National Telephone Company was taken over by the General Post Office, in 1912 it became the primary supplier of telecommunications services, after the Post Office took over the private sector telephone service in GB, except for a few local authority services. Those services all folded within a few years, the exception being Kingston upon Hull. Converting the Post Office into an industry, as opposed to a governmental department, was first discussed in 1932 by Lord Wolmer. In 1932 the Bridgeman Committee produced a report that was rejected, in 1961, more proposals were ignored
8.
Securicor
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Securicor plc was one of the United Kingdoms largest security businesses. It was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index but merged with Group 4 Falck in 2004, the Company was founded by Edward Shortt, a former Liberal Cabinet Minister, in 1935 as Nightwatch Services, its guards rode bicycles and wore old police uniforms. However, in 1939 it was taken over by Lord Willingdon and it changed its name to Security Corps in 1951 and shortened it to Securicor in 1953. In 1960 it was acquired by Associated Hotels which itself dated back to 1923, in 1984 one of its security guards, John James McWilliams, was murdered while working in London. Securicor, along with co-founder British Telecom, was involved with the creation of mobile phone operator Cellnet in 1985, Securicor sold its share in the company to British Telecom in 1999, resulting in the formation of BT Cellnet, which was later spun off as O2. In 2004 Securicor merged with Group 4 Falck to become Group 4 Securicor
9.
General Packet Radio Service
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General Packet Radio Service is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute in response to the earlier CDPD and it is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute. Usage above the cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second, 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology between the second and third generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access channels in, for example, GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet, the GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. This is much faster using the ordinary SMS over GSM. GPRS supports the protocols, Internet Protocol. In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 was not yet popular, in this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically to the mobile equipment and this is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard. When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated, GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss, devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes, Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today, Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service, GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service has concluded, most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service, must be switched manually between one or the other service. A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode feature
10.
Motorola
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Motorola was an American multinational telecommunications company founded on September 25,1928, based in Schaumburg, Illinois. After having lost $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola Solutions is generally considered to be the direct successor to Motorola, as the reorganization was structured with Motorola Mobility being spun off. Motorola Mobility was acquired by Lenovo in 2014, Motorola designed and sold wireless network equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems and these businesses are now part of Motorola Solutions. Google sold Motorola Home to the Arris Group in December 2012 for US$2.35 billion, Motorolas wireless telephone handset division was a pioneer in cellular telephones. Also known as the Personal Communication Sector prior to 2004, it pioneered the mobile phone with DynaTAC and it had staged a resurgence by the mid-2000s with the RAZR, but lost market share in the second half of that decade. Later it focused on smartphones using Googles open-source Android mobile operating system, the first phone to use the newest version of Googles open source OS, Android 2.0, was released on November 2,2009 as the Motorola Droid. The handset division was spun off into the independent Motorola Mobility. On May 22,2012, Google CEO Larry Page announced that Google had closed on its deal to acquire Motorola Mobility. On January 29,2014, Page announced that pending closure of the deal, on October 30,2014, Lenovo finalized its purchase of Motorola Mobility from Google. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation set up shop in a section of a rented building. The company had $565 in working capital and five employees, the first weeks payroll was $63. The companys first products were battery-eliminators, devices that enabled battery-powered radios to operate on household electricity, due to advances in radio technology, battery-eliminators soon became obsolete. Paul Galvin learned that some radio technicians were installing sets in cars and his team was successful, and Galvin was able to demonstrate a working model of the radio at the June 1930 Radio Manufacturers Association convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He brought home enough orders to keep the company in business. g, the company sold its first Motorola branded radio on June 23,1930, to H. C. Wall of Fort Wayne, Indiana, for $30, the Motorola brand name became so well-known that Galvin Manufacturing Corporation later changed its name to Motorola, Inc. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation began selling Motorola car-radio receivers to police departments, the companys first public safety customers included the Village of River Forest, Village of Bellwood Police Department, City of Evanston Police, Illinois State Highway Police, and Cook County Police. In the same year, the company built its research and development program with Dan Noble, a pioneer in FM radio and semiconductor technologies, the company produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II, which was vital to Allied communication
11.
Advanced Mobile Phone System
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It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18,2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as AT&T and Verizon have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in Pakistan by October 2004. and Brazil by 2010 The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, John F. Mitchell, an engineer who had graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors, Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobiles engine running. Mitchells team, which included the gifted Dr, the first system was successfully deployed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1979. Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this, in 1992 the first smartphone, called IBM Simon, used AMPS. Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer-industry trade-show, a refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be referred to as a smartphone. AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or channels and it therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. What really separated AMPS from older systems is the back end call setup functionality, in AMPS, the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference. This allowed a number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term cellular because of its use of small hexagonal cells within a system, AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to todays digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, in the 1990s an epidemic of cloning cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars. An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handsets ESN and MDN or CTN, the Electronic Serial Number, a 12-digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, uniquely identified that phone on the network. The system then allowed or disallowed calls and or features based on its customer file, a person intercepting an ESN/MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying. Cellular phone cloning became possible with off-the-shelf technology in the 1990s and this signal would feed into the sound-card audio-input of the PC, and Banpaia would decode the ESN/MDN pair from this signal and display it on the screen. The hacker could then copy that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it, the problem became so large that some carriers required the use of a PIN before making calls
12.
Total Access Communication System
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Vodafone opted for a £30 million turnkey contract from Ericsson to design, build and set up its initial network of 100 base station sites. Cellnet used development labs in the facilities at General Electric based at Lynchburg, Virginia, in March 1984 development of prototypes began at General Electric. Production began in 1985 and General Electric produced 20,000 systems that year for Cellnets distribution in the UK, production of what was to become the Motorola model were then made at Stotfold, Bedfordshire, England. This production facility continued making TACS until the advent of GSM, TACS cellular phones were used in Europe and other countries. TACS was also used in Japan under the name Japanese Total Access Communication and it was also used in Hong Kong. ETACS was a version of TACS with more channels. TACS and ETACS are now obsolete in Europe, having been replaced by the GSM system, in the United Kingdom, the last ETACS service operated by Vodafone was discontinued on 31 May 2001, after 16 years of service. The competing service in the UK operated by Cellnet was closed on Sunday 1 October 2000, eircell closed its TACS network on 26 January 2001. This followed a period during which customers were encouraged to switch to GSM services. When the network was closed, there were few, if any. Customers who switched network were able to keep their phone number, at the time, full mobile number portability was not available to TACS customers and the prefix was closed. An automatic voice message was left in place for 12 months advising callers of the new prefix. ETACS is however still in use in a handful of countries elsewhere in the world. The following countries had more than two batches of ESNs allocated to them, UK, Italy, Austria, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Australia
13.
O2 (Ireland)
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Telefónica Ireland was a broadband and telecommunications provider in Ireland that traded under the O2 brand. O2 Ireland was previously called Esat Digifone when it was owned by Esat Telecommunications from 1997 to 2006, O2 Ireland became a subsidiary of Telefónica in 2006, after its parent company O2 in the United Kingdom was purchased. In June 2013, Hutchison Whampoa announced it would acquire the Irish arm of O2 for €780m, O2 was merged into Hutchison Whampoas subsidiary Three Ireland in March 2015. The licence was awarded to Esat Digifone, a joint venture between Denis OBriens company Esat Telecommunications and Norways Telenor, which operations in 1997. The Moriarty Tribunal found in 2008 that the awarding of the licence was influenced by payments made to Lowry by OBrien, in 1999, Esat Telecom and Telenor began to dispute how Esat Digifone should be operated. Telenor removed the word Esat from the name, and began the attempted removal of Denis OBrien as chairman of Digifone. Esat Telecom retaliated by threatening to take action against Telenor. In November 1999, Telenor placed a bid for the share capital of Esat Telecom as a way of resolving the conflict. The bid was rejected by the majority shareholders of Esat Telecommunications who voted against the takeover, in January 2000, British Telecommunications counteracted Esat Telecom failed bid by placing its own bid to buy Telenors shares in Digifone. In January 2000, British Telecommunications made an offer for Telenor which was backed by Esat Telecommunications shareholders. Esat Telecommunications became a wholly owned subsidiary of British Telecommunications and was delisted from the stock market, when BT acquired Esat, they began integrating the business along with its Northern Ireland subsidiary, BT. However Esat Digifone was not part of the operations integrated with BTs existing Irish operations, instead, it became part of the BT Wireless division within BT, and was briefly rebranded simply Digifone. This branding lasted for less than six months, in 2001, the BT Wireless division became mmO2 plc, a separate company, through a demerger from BT. British Telecommunications shareholders received 1 BT Group and 1 mm02 share for each British Telecommunications share they held, after the de-merger, most of mmO2s operations, including Digifone, were rebranded O2. MmO2 plc later became O2 plc and remained an independent company until 2005, on 31 October 2005 it was announced that Telefónica, S. A. the Spanish telecommunications company, had made a recommended takeover bid for O2 Irelands parent company, O2 plc. This has been approved by shareholders and O2 was officially purchased in mid February 2006, the O2 brand is now used in several countries for Telefónicas mobile operations outside Spain and Latin America, where Telefónica fixed line and mobile services are branded as movistar. In January 2009, it was revealed that Ireland is nearly the most profitable market in the world for mobile operators like O2. On 23 March 2009 Vodafone and O2s parent company Telefónica announced a deal to share their existing networks in Ireland, on 6 April 2011 it was announced that Telefónica O2 Ireland and Eircom had agreed a new network sharing partnership
14.
Telfort
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Telfort B. V. is a Dutch mobile telecommunication company, and a subsidiary of KPN. It operates GSM mobile telecommunications service in the Netherlands and it markets itself as being the cheapest option available, and goes to some lengths to give the appearance of being a no frills operator. The company was formed in 1997 as a joint venture between British Telecommunications and Nederlandse Spoorwegen, in 2000, BT acquired the company. The group became part of the BT Wireless business and after its spin-off as mmO2, however, in 2003, O2 sold the company to Greenfield Capital Partners. It then reverted to the Telfort name, in July 2005 Telfort was sold to telephone company KPN. In October 2007, KPN, which had bought the Dutch operations of Tiscali some months earlier and it has, since then, expanded its operations to include fixed phone lines and digital television subscriptions
15.
Lambie-Nairn
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Lambie-Nairn is an international branding agency within the WPP Group, headquartered in London with offices in Europe, the Middle East and Latin America. Lambie-Nairn works with O2, BBC and Telefónica, in 1976 Robinson Lambie-Nairn was established by Colin Robinson and Martin Lambie-Nairn, in January 1993 it was renamed Lambie-Nairn & Company. In 1992, Glenn Tutssel and Martin Lambie-Nairn conceived Brand Union as an entity that could allow areas of design beyond their branding. Brand Union was the holding company for Lambie-Nairn & Company. Throughout this period the Companys trading name was Lambie-Nairn, Martin Lambie-Nairn left the company in April 2008. The company is involved with several industry bodies having judged the branding and design categories of the Roses Design Awards, D&AD. The company is also a member of D&AD’s educational council
16.
O2 Czech Republic
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O2 Czech Republic is a major integrated operator in the Czech Republic. It is now operating more than six lines, both fixed and mobile, making it one of the Czech Republic’s leading providers of fully converged services. O2 Czech Republic operates a fixed and mobile network including a 3rd generation network, CDMA, UMTS and EDGE, enabling voice, data and video transmission. In 2013 it was announced that Telefónica would sell its stake in the company to PPF, as of 1 June 2015 the separation of O2 Czech Republic as two mutually independent companies has been in force. Therefore, there are now two new companies with two different lines of business, the retail operator O2 and the wholesale infrastructure provider CETIN. The separation includes commercial and managerial leadership and management of companies, including security, IT and control systems. The company was known as SPT Telecom, and used to have a monopoly for providing fixed-line services. It was reorganized and renamed Český Telecom, after the Velvet Divorce saw Czechoslovakia separate into the Czech Republic and its mobile subsidiary, Eurotel, was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between SPT and the American joint venture Atlantic West. In 2001, it won a license to the third-generation UMTS network and it paid 1 billion korunas immediately, and promised to pay an additional 2.5 billion korunas annually. It also agreed to launch the service commercially, at least in Prague, in 2003, it received a one-year extension in exchange for faster payments. In 2005 it was granted another year-long extension due to the granting of a licence to Vodafone. In the event, UMTS services launched on 1 November 2005, on 1 May 2006, the company launched HSDPA services on top of UMTS services. In 2004 it launched CDMA/1xEV-DO broadband wireless service at 450 MHz, leveraging its legacy NMT network
17.
Eurotel
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Eurotel is the name of a former mobile network, acquired and transformed into a branch of T-Mobile in Slovakia and O2 in the Czech republic. Eurotel was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between SPT Telecom and the American joint venture Atlantic West, the name Eurotel was used for the Czechoslovak network. After the countrys division in 1993, the company separated into a Slovak Eurotel Bratislava. The Slovak branch was rebranded to Telekom in 2005, the Czech branch to O2 in 2006, O2 also operates in Slovakia and T-Mobile in the Czech republic, but they are unrelated to either Eurotel Bratislava or Eurotel Praha, respectively. Telefónica O2 Slovakia is a new network and T-Mobile Czech Republic evolved from the Paegas network
18.
Movistar
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Movistar is a major telecommunications brand owned by Telefónica, operating in Spain and in many Hispanic American countries. It is the largest mobile operator in Spain with 22 million customers and 41. 58% of market share. Its principal competitor in Latin America is América Móvil, the Movistar brand has been in use in Spain since the launch of GSM services in 1995. The name became effective worldwide on April 5,2005 after Telefónica purchased the BellSouth mobile operations branch in South America. Since 2011, Telefónica have sponsored a UCI ProTeam squad in cycling under the name of Movistar Team, and since 2014, the MotoGP team Movistar Yamaha MotoGP.1. Movistar has also used the New Radicals hit You Get What You Give, Two Princes by Spin Doctors and currently Hey, Soul Sister by Train, Movistar Team Moviline, Telefónicas old analog network. Movistar Global Website Movistar España Movistar México
19.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
20.
Near-field communication
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NFC devices are used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems. NFC is used for networking, for sharing contacts, photos, videos or files. NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards, NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as barcodes, NFC protocols established a generally supported standard. When one of the devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services. NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant apparatus. NFC reader/writer—enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters, NFC peer-to-peer—enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an adhoc fashion. NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to and they typically contain data and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage, NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications. The standards were provided by the NFC Forum, the forum was responsible for promoting the technology and setting standards and certifies device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards, NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification standards including ISO/IEC14443 and FeliCa. The standards include ISO/IEC18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum, in addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMAs efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol, testing/certification, a patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, a platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc, is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex such as Wi-Fi. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking,1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton. 1997 Early form patented and first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro, the patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology. The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity,2002 Sony and Philips agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25,2002
21.
Mobile phone transmitter
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In Global System for Mobile Communications networks, the correct term is Base Transceiver Station, and colloquial synonyms are mobile phone mast or base station. The term base station site might better reflect the increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, depending on an operators technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air interface technology. Some cities require that sites be inconspicuous, they can be blended with the surrounding area or mounted on buildings or advertising towers. Preserved treescapes can often hide cell towers inside a tree or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell sites or stealth cell sites, the working range of a cell site is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the frequency of signal in use. Timing limitations in some technologies The transmitters rated power, the required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscribers device The directional characteristics of the site antenna array. Reflection and absorption of energy by buildings or vegetation. It may also be limited by geographical or regulatory factors. Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites. In practice, cell sites are grouped in areas of population density. Cell phone traffic through a site is limited by the base stations capacity. This limitation is another factor affecting the spacing of cell mast sites, in suburban areas, masts are commonly spaced 1–2 miles apart and in dense urban areas, masts may be as close as ¼-½ mile apart. The maximum range of a mast depends on the same circumstances, some technologies, such as GSM, normally have a fixed maximum range of 35 kilometres, which is imposed by technical limitations. CDMA and IDEN have no limit, but the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rough guide, based on a tall mast and flat terrain, when the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as 5 kilometres to 8 kilometres due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center fresnel zone of the signal. Depending on terrain and other circumstances, a GSM Tower can replace between 2 and 50 miles of cabling for fixed wireless networks, the concept of maximum range is misleading, however, in a cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to support many conversations with a number of radio channels that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service
22.
Tesco Mobile
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Tesco Mobile Limited is a mobile virtual network operator in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. It is operated by Tesco, using the O2 network as its carrier except in Hungary, where the operator is Vodafone and Ireland. Network services supported in the UK, Voicemail, Call Waiting, Network services not supported in the UK, Visual voicemail, Conference calling and Call Forwarding. On 30 January 2014, Tesco Mobile started offering 4G service for its Pay Monthly and Sim Only customers at no extra cost, Tesco Mobile Customer Care services are contracted out to O2 Communications Ltd in Bury, Greater Manchester. Device Technical support services are contracted out to LucidCX based in Bristol, device repair services are contracted to A Novo UK Ltd. Tesco Mobile was established in May 2003, it is run on the O2 network in the UK, on 19 December 2006, Tesco Ireland announced that it would enter into a joint venture with O2 Ireland to offer mobile telecommunications services. The service, which is Irelands second MVNO, uses the O2 network and it has been allocated the area code 089. As with Tescos UK mobile service, it has been branded Tesco Mobile, the network commenced operation in 2007. Tesco Mobile has 200,000 customers in Ireland, as a result, Tesco Mobile Ireland were moved from being a MVNO on the O2 Network to being a MVNO on the Three Network. Tesco Mobile Hungary will be a 50,50 joint venture providing Tesco Mobile branded services in Hungary through Tesco stores and on-line, using Vodafone’s technology, the service, which is Slovakias second MVNO, uses the O2 network but operates separately. In May 2013, Tesco Stores ČR a. s. announced that it would enter into a joint venture with Telefónica Czech Republic to offer mobile telecommunications services, the service, uses the O2 network but operates separately
23.
Li Ka-shing
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Sir Ka-shing Li, GBM, KBE, JP is a Hong Kong business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. According to Forbes, as of February 2017 Li is the richest person in Asia and his conglomerate company Cheung Kong Holdings is influential in many sectors of the Hong Kong economy and makes up 4% of the aggregate market capitalisation of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Forbes Magazine and the Forbes family honoured Li Ka-shing with the first ever Malcolm S. Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award on 5 September 2006, in Singapore. In spite of his wealth, Li has cultivated a reputation for leading a frugal lifestyle, and is known to wear simple black dress shoes. He continues to live in the house as he has for decades. Li is also regarded as one of Asias most generous philanthropists, donating over US$2.56 billion to charity, Li is often referred to as Superman in Hong Kong because of his business prowess. Li Ka-shing was born in Chaozhou in Guangdong province, China, due to his fathers death, he was forced to leave school before the age of 15 and found a job in a plastics trading company where he worked 16 hours a day. In 1950 he started his own company, Cheung Kong Industries, from manufacturing plastics, Li developed his company into a leading real estate investment company in Hong Kong that was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1971. Cheung Kong expanded by acquiring Hutchison Whampoa and Hongkong Electric Holdings Limited in 1979 and 1985 respectively, Lis businesses cover almost every facet of life in Hong Kong, from electricity to telecommunications, from real estate to retail, from shipping to the Internet. The Cheung Kong Groups market capitalisation is HK$1,193 billion as of April 2016, the Group operates in over 50 countries and employs around 300,000 staff worldwide. In 1950, after learning how to operate a plant, Li founded a manufacturing company in Hong Kong with personal savings. Li avidly read trade publications and business news before deciding to supply the world high quality plastic flowers at low prices. Li learned the technique of mixing colour with plastics that resemble real flowers, after retooling his shop and hiring the best technicians he could find, he prepared the plant for a visit from a large foreign buyer. Impressed with the quality of Lis plant, the placed a large order. A few years later, Li grew to be the largest supplier of plastic flowers in Asia, in 1958, recognizing the rents would continue to rise, Li decided to purchase a site and develop his own factory building. An opportunity to acquire land arrived after the 1967 riots were in full swing when many people fled Hong Kong, Li, believing the political crisis would be temporary, and property prices would eventually rise, bought parcels of land at low prices. By 1971, Li officially named his real estate development company Cheung Kong, named after Cheung Kong, Cheung Kong Holdings was publicly listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1972. During board meetings, Li stated on a number of occasions his goal of surpassing the Jardines-owned Hongkong Land as a leading developer
24.
Hutchison Whampoa
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Hutchison Whampoa Limited is an investment holding company based in Hong Kong. It was a Fortune Global 500 company and one of the largest companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, HWL was an international corporation with a diverse array of holdings which included the worlds biggest port and telecommunication operations in 14 countries and run under the 3 brand. Its business also included retail, property development and infrastructure and it was 49. 97% owned by the Cheung Kong Group. On 3 June 2015, the merged with the Cheung Kong Group as part of a major reorganisation of the groups businesses. The combined business was renamed CK Hutchison Holdings Limited, Hutchison Whampoa originated as two separate companies, both founded in the 19th century. Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock was established in 1863, by British merchant John Duflon Hutchison, although Hutchison Whampoa had a large portfolio of valuable real estate interests, in docks and retail ventures, the company eventually ran into trouble. It was rescued by The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, with HSBC taking a 22% stake in the company, on 25 September 1979, at the close of trade in London, HSBC announced that it was selling its stake in Hutchison Whampoa to Cheung Kong for HK$639 million. In March 2011, Hutchison Port Holdings Trust announced that the company would IPO through Singapore Exchange for about US$5.4 billion and this would be the largest offering in South East Asia and surpass Petronas Chemicals offering of about $4.1 billion. In January 2015, Li Ka-shing entered into talks with Telefónica to buy its British mobile division O2 for around $15.4 billion, the merger is part of a larger reorganisation of Lis businesses, which will involve the spin-off of property assets into Cheung Kong Property. The new holding company has incorporated in the Cayman Islands. HWL operated in 54 countries and employed around 230,000 staff worldwide, the company had six core businesses, most of which transferred to CK Hutchison, Hutchison Port Holdings operates across Europe, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East and Africa. It operates in five of the seven busiest container ports in the world, Hutchison Whampoa operates container terminals in Panama, as well as Mexico and other parts of the Americas. From office buildings in Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, to residential properties in the United Kingdom, Hutchison Whampoa Property develops. Together with Cheung Kong Holdings, HWL has set up a company, Harbour Plaza Hotel Management to operate. Watson is the worlds largest health and beauty retailer, Cheung Kong Infrastructure, HWLs infrastructure arm, is a diversified infrastructure company with businesses in transportation, energy, infrastructure materials, water plants and related operations. HWL was a shareholder of Husky Energy, one of Canadas largest energy and energy related companies. It also owns 60. 4% of Hutchison Asia Telecommunications, which provides mobile phone networks, the companys subsidiary 3 Group Europe owns its 3 branded businesses in Europe. Another 1% of HAT is owned directly by Cheung Kong Holdings, additionally, HWL is an official backer of the. mobi top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet and has launched the mobile portal Three. mobi under its 3 brand
25.
Hutchison 3G
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The company was founded in 2002. CK Hutchison Holdings owns direct majority interests in the companies operate the networks that are branded 3. These networks are majority-owned by Hutchison Asia Telecommunications, an owned subsidiary of CK Hutchison. Its operations in Europe are run by a division,3 Group Europe. All 3-branded networks provide 4G and 3G technology, Hutchison Whampoa no longer holds a 3G licence in Israel which was operated under the brand Orange, and in Norway which is not operational yet. As of 30 June 2015, registered 3 customers worldwide numbered over 30.1 million, besides that,3 UK and also 3 Ireland initially made the decision to block direct Internet access from handsets, while 3 Austria allowed access to the Internet since the beginning. In 2004,3 released a PC Card 3G Data Card for Windows-based laptops which allows Internet access through 3s network directly from the computer, accompanied by a range of data, later, more cards and USB modems for HSDPA were introduced. The phones were sold exclusively by 3 on contract and on a prepaid basis,3 also produced an application called Skype on 3 which brought the same functionality to S60 and J2ME-capable phones. 3 does not charge users for calls to this number and this service is available in Australia, Ireland and the UK, it has been discontinued in Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Italy and Sweden. A company called iSkoot was behind at least some of the clients and back-end servers and it appears this shutdown initially affected the J2ME version and some Skypephones, but some S60 versions were not affected. Skype have started sending emails indicating the Skype on 3 service will be terminated on 30 September 2014, in spite of Threes original free for life advertising. The recommended clients for smartphones will use the data connection which may be liable to charges, instead of the dedicated access number used by the client. This also allows users to use their free or inclusive bundles and allowances while abroad, however, pre-pay customers do not benefit fully, as they can not yet use each 3 branded network for 3 Like Home. 3 Australia confirm that calls made using 3 Like Home are not included in any cap plan or inclusive bundles and this arrangement is possible because of the roaming agreements between the networks. Each of the networks provides service to other partners networks free of roaming charges. This means that the marginal cost of a call is much the same as a call on the home network. At the end of April 2009,3 UK announced that 3 Like Home would no longer be available to customers of the 3 UK network from 30 June 2009, on 7 April 2010,3 Sweden announced that 3 Like Home would be discontinued on 23 May 2010. No cancellation announcements have yet made for customers of other 3 networks
26.
Competition and Markets Authority
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The formation of the CMA was enacted in Part 3 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, which received royal assent on April 25,2013. In July 2012, Lord Currie was appointed Chairman designate of the CMA, the term designate was dropped when the CMA was launched on October 1,2013. The first stage of the ended on September 6,2013. On September 17, BIS announced the stage of the consultation. The French government blamed the decision to ban one out of three operators on fair-trade concerns. The appeals court overturned these rulings because MyFerryLink was not a merger of the bankrupt SeaFrance, MyFerryLink called attention to a potential conflict of interest, pointing out that the former accountant of DFDS was now a member of the UK Competition Commission. Following these delays, Eurotunnel sold two new boats to the DFDS competitor, because of this the port of Calais was blocked by workers, boats were occupied and the Channel Tunnel attacked, resulting in cross-channel disruption and traffic jams in the UK and France. English contract law EU competition law Official website Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013
27.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
28.
4G
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4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced, potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television. The first-release Long Term Evolution standard has been deployed in Oslo, Norway. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G, since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology, as opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol based communication such as IP telephony. The peak bit rate is improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output communications. New mobile generations have appeared about ten years since the first move from 1981 analog to digital transmission in 1992. In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, in 2008, ITU -R specified the IMT - Advanced requirements for 4G systems. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet, the fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream. This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced, as defined by ITU-R, an IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements, Be based on an all-IP packet switched network. Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access, be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Use scaleable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz. Rumney, IMT-Advanced, 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year. Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6. 75-bit/s/Hz in the up link, system spectral efficiency is, in indoor cases, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell for downlink and 2. 25-bit/s/Hz/cell for up link. In September 2009, the proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies, LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP802. The latters standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are far from being implemented. The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008, LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10, a summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report
29.
LTE (telecommunication)
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In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements, the standard is developed by the 3GPP and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced, to differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as True 4G. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is a trademark owned by ETSI for the wireless data communications technology. However, other nations and companies do play an role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of data networks using new DSP techniques. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, the evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013, additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s, LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, the simpler architecture results in lower operating costs. In 2004, NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard, in September 2006, Siemens Networks showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing a game in the uplink have been demonstrated
30.
Huawei
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Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is a Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012, Huawei was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former engineer in the Peoples Liberation Army. Huawei has over 170,000 employees as of September 2015, around 76,000 of whom are engaged in research and development.4 billion USD in R&D, in 2014, Huawei recorded a profit of 34.2 billion CNY. Its products and services have been deployed in more than 140 countries, Huawei is the official translation of the firms Chinese name. The etymology of the character 华 is derived from 花 which means flower and this is hinted at in Huaweis logo. The character can also mean splendid or magnificent, but nowadays mostly refers to China or Chinese and it is common for Chinese companies to use this word, another example being the Taiwanese company Asus that was founded back in 1989. The second character of Huaweis name, 为, means action or achievement and it is pronounced Wah-Way according to a Gizmodo video that claims to provide the official pronunciation, as well as many other internet sources. However, Wah-Way is incorrect, and is a perpetuation of a mistaken combination of the Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations for the first and second characters. The Cantonese pronunciation is Wah-Waii, while the Mandarin pronunciation is Hwa-Way, although the company is based in the Cantonese-speaking area of Guangdong, the use of Huawei as the spelling for its name reflects the Mandarin pronunciation the two characters. During the 1980s, Chinas government tried to modernize the countrys underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure, Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the Peoples Liberation Army engineering corp, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. At a time all of Chinas telecommunications technology was imported from abroad. The company reports that it had RMB21,000 in registered capital at the time of its founding, the Far Eastern Economic Review also reported that it received an $8.5 million loan from a state-owned bank, though the company has denied the existence of the loan. During its first several years the business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange switches imported from Hong Kong. Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research, by 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff, and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises. The companys first major breakthrough came in 1993, when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch and it was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, ahrens writes that these methods were unorthodox, bordering on corrupt, but not illegal. Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment, Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices. In 1997, Huawei won its first overseas contract, providing fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa, later that year, Huawei launched its wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS
31.
Voice over LTE
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Voice over Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem network, with profiles for control. This approach results in the service being delivered as data flows within the LTE data bearer. This means that there is no dependency on the legacy circuit-switched voice network to be maintained, VoLTE has up to three times more voice and data capacity than 3G UMTS and up to six times more than 2G GSM. In June 2014, KT showcased the world’s first cross-border roaming services based on Voice over LTE, the South Korean operator partnered with China Mobile to develop VoLTE roaming services. In October 2014, operators based on IMS local breakout architecture with home routing systems, in November 2014, Verizon and AT&T announced the companies are enabling VoLTE-to-VoLTE connections between their respective customers. VoLTE interoperability between Verizon and AT&T customers began in 2015, testing and design are being done between both companies using third party networks such as Alcatel-Lucent. On 11 July 2015, SEATEL Cambodia announced the worlds first commercial 100% VoLTE service without 2G/3G in Cambodia, on 16 September 2015, Telstra announced that it had started enabling VoLTE across its network, including calling to National Broadband Network and business and enterprise services with HD handsets. On November 30,2015, Telenor Denmark launched VoLTE for all Samsung Galaxy S6 phones, in March 2016, Vodafone Netherlands launched VoLTE support, along with Wi-Fi Calling. On June 30,2016, YTLs YES launches 4G LTE service to become Malaysias FIRST VoLTE service provider, on September 5,2016, Indias first 4G-only network Jio launched their commercial VoLTE service without 2G/3G based services. In October 2016, Orange Polska launched commercial VoLTE service in Poland, in November 2016, T-Mobile launched commercial VoLTE service in Poland. On December 7,2016, Telenor Denmark launched VoLTE for all phones with VoLTE support, on March 8,2017, Cosmote is the first operator that launched VoLTE service in Greece. A list of commercial VoLTE deployments around the world can be found in the article above. For planned VoLTE deployments see GSA Evolution to LTE report – VoLTE global status, to ensure compatibility, 3GPP demand at least AMR-NB codec, but the recommended speech codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also known as HD Voice. This codec is mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 kHz sampling, fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated Full-HD Voice, an implementation of the AAC-ELD codec for LTE handsets. For end-to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed however, both the caller and recipients handsets as well as networks have to support the feature, LTE Wideband audio Video over LTE QoS Class Identifier – the mechanism used in VoLTE networks to allocate proper Quality of Service to bearer traffic
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IPhone 7
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IPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. The iPhone 7s overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S, but introduces new options, water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home button. Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed, many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3. Apple was also mocked by critics for its statement that the required courage. Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7, but multiple U. S. carriers reported that it was in demand on launch. Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the due to sluggish sales. Prior to its announcement, multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored. Apples plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention, other rumors included a flush camera, stereo speakers, a thinner Lightning port, a 256 gigabyte storage option, and a larger 3,100 mAh battery. The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016. Indonesia is the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31,2017, following Apples research and development investment in the country. On March 21,2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish and it launched on March 24,2017. The iPhone 7s exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6, alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new matte black, jet black, and red colors. The jet black color is a shade, high-gloss black finish. The process is concluded with an ultrafine particle bath for additional finishing, iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant, although tests have resulted in malfunctions, specifically distorted speakers, after water exposure. The warranty does not cover any damage to the phone. IPhone 7s home button uses a mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models. Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator, and the button is also pressure-sensitive, iPhone 7 retains the 3D Touch display system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input
£2.973 billion (2010)[1]
