1.
List of islands by area
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This list of islands by area includes all islands in the world greater than 2,500 km2 and several other islands over 500 km2, sorted in descending order by area. For comparison, continents are also shown, although the continental landmasses listed below are not normally called islands, they are, in fact, land entirely surrounded by water. In effect, they are enormous islands and are here for that reason. The figures are approximations and are for the mainland only. Although an island is, in general, any mass that is completely surrounded by water. Placing Australia in the latter category makes Greenland the largest island and this section of the list might not be complete, but covers almost all of the islands in the world over 1,000 km2. The area of some Antarctic islands is uncertain and this section of the list is not complete, although it should cover all European islands over 500 km2 and most islands of other continents. Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2.
Hawaiian Islands
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Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 and the United States annexed the islands in 1898. The Hawaiian Islands are the peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. The islands are about 1,860 miles from the nearest continent and this name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name Hawaii gradually began to take precedence. The Hawaiian Islands have a land area of 6,423.4 square miles. Except for Midway, which is a territory of the United States. The eight main islands of Hawaii are listed here and this number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small island, offshore of the main islands and individual islets in each atoll. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, the age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.4 Ma. The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the island, Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images, almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase, nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. Hawaiʻi island is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles, the Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year, Hawaii accounted for 7. 3% of the United States reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this period, after Alaska. On October 15,2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, the initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island, several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles from the epicenter
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
5.
Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
6.
Ford Island
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Ford Island is an islet in the center of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It has been known as Rabbit Island, Maríns Island, and Little Goats Island and it was the site of an ancient Hawaiian fertility ritual, which was stopped by Christian missionaries during the 1830s. The island was given by Kamehameha I to Spanish deserter Francisco de Paula Marín, after the island was bought at auction by James Isaac Dowsett and sold to Caroline Jackson, it became the property of Dr. Seth Porter Ford by marriage and was renamed Ford Island. After Fords death, his son sold the island to the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate and it was converted into a sugarcane plantation. In 1916, part of Ford Island was sold to the U. S. Army for use by a division in Hawaii. From the 1910s to the 1940s, the continued to grow as a strategic center of operations for the U. S. Navy in the Pacific Ocean. Ford Island was at the center of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Pacific Fleet by the Japanese fleet on December 7,1941. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and as of 2011 the National Trust for Historic Preservation has listed the island as one of the United States most-endangered historic sites. By the late 1990s, hundreds of millions of dollars had been invested in real estate development and infrastructure, Ford Island continues to serve an active role in the Pacific, hosting military functions at the Pacific Warfighting Center and civilian functions at NOAAs Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The island has featured in films such as Tora. Tora. and Pearl Harbor and receives tourists from the U. S. and abroad at the USS Arizona memorial, Ford Island is located inside Pearl Harbor, South Oʻahu of the Hawaiian Islands. Pearl Harbor is divided into three bodies of water called the West Loch, Middle Loch and East Loch with Ford Island in the center of the East Loch. It is 1.5 miles long and 0.75 miles wide, the land is a relatively flat plain rising from 5 to 15 feet above mean water level, and slopes toward Pearl Harbor. It connects to the island of Oʻahu, surrounding Pearl Harbor, via a 4. The islands soil is composed primarily of material, lagoonal deposits and coralline debris. Its volcanic material is Aeolian ash, weathered tuff and basalt, Ford Island proper is a coral outcrop. There are two smaller islets near the island, Mokunui and Mokuiki, in 1991, the Navy discovered nine metals, two semi-volatile organic compounds and a polychlorinated biphenyl in Ford Islands soil, groundwater and marine sediment. Suspected sources were nine 225, 000-US-gallon fuel tanks on the side of the island
7.
Windward and leeward
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Windward is the direction upwind from the point of reference. Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference, the side of a ship that is towards the leeward is its lee side. If the vessel is heeling under the pressure of the wind, during the age of sail, the term weather was used as a synonym for windward in some contexts, as in the weather gage. Windward and leeward directions are important factors to consider when sailing a sailing ship, other terms with broadly the same meaning are widely used, particularly upwind and downwind. The windward vessel is normally the more maneuverable vessel, for this reason, rule 12 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea stipulates that the windward vessel gives way to the leeward vessel. The opposing warship to leeward could often do little but comply without exposing itself unduly and this was particularly important once artillery was introduced to naval warfare. The ships heeled away from the wind so that the vessel was exposing part of her bottom to shot. Leeward and windward refer respectively to what a game stalker would call downwind and upwind, the terms are used by seamen in relation to their ships but also in reference to islands in an archipelago and to the different sides of a single island. In the latter case, the side is that side of an island subject to the prevailing wind. The leeward side is the side protected by the elevation of the island from the prevailing wind, thus, leeward or windward siting is an important weather and climate factor on oceanic islands. In the case of an archipelago, windward islands are upwind and leeward islands are the downwind ones
8.
List of islands of the United States by area
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This is a list of islands of the United States, as ordered by area. It includes most islands with a greater than 20 square miles. Mainland areas cut by man-made canals are not considered islands and this section of the list might not be complete, but covers almost all of the islands in the United States over 75 square miles. This section of the list is not complete, although it should cover most of the islands in the United States over 20 square miles, List of islands of the United States List of islands by area
9.
Shield volcano
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A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are named for their low profile, resembling a warriors shield lying on the ground and this is caused by the highly fluid lava they erupt, which travels farther than lava erupted from stratovolcanoes. This results in the accumulation of broad sheets of lava. The shape of shield volcanoes is due to the low viscosity of their mafic lava, Shield volcanoes are built by effusive eruptions, which flow out in all directions to create a shield like that of a warrior. Shield volcano itself is taken from the German term Schildvulkan, examples of pyroclastic shields include Billy Mitchell volcano in Papua New Guinea and the Purico Complex in Chile, an example of a felsic shield is the Big Obsidian Flow in Oregon. Active shield volcanoes experience near-continuous eruptive activity over long periods of time. Mount Everest, by comparison, is 8,848 m in height, the research has not yet been confirmed. Shield volcanoes feature a slope that gradually steepens with elevation before eventually flattening near the summit. In height they are typically about one twentieth their width, although the general form of a typical shield volcano varies little worldwide regional differences exist in their size and morphological characteristics. 4° and an average volume of 1.7 km3. Rift zones are a prevalent feature on shield volcanoes that is rare on other volcanic types, the large, decentralized shape of Hawaiian volcanoes as compared to their smaller, symmetrical Icelandic cousins can be attributed to rift eruptions. Fissure venting is common in Hawaiʻi, most Hawaiian eruptions begin with a wall of fire along a major fissure line before centralizing to a small number of points. These eruptions, the calmest of volcanic events, are characterized by the emission of highly fluid basaltic lavas with low gaseous content. These lavas travel a far greater distance than those of other types before solidifying, forming extremely wide. Low volumes of such lavas layered over long periods of time are what slowly constructs the characteristically low, central-vent eruptions, meanwhile, often take the form of large lava fountains, which can reach heights of hundreds of meters or more. If eruptive rates are enough, they may even form splatter-fed lava flows. Hawaiian eruptions are often extremely long lived, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cone of Kilauea, has been erupting continuously since 1983. These lava flows can be anywhere between 2 and 20 m thick, pāhoehoe flows, in contrast, move in more conventional sheets, or by the advancement of lava toes in snaking lava columns. Increasing viscosity on the part of the lava or shear stress on the part of local topography can morph a pāhoehoe flow into an aa one, although most shield volcanoes are by volume almost entirely Hawaiian and basaltic in origin, they are rarely exclusively so
10.
Waianae Range
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Waiʻanae Range is the eroded remains of an ancient shield volcano that comprises the western half of the Hawaiian Island of Oʻahu. Its crest, at Kaʻala, is the highest peak on Oʻahu at 4,025 feet. Like the neighboring Koʻolau, the Waiʻanae Range is not a range in the sense most people are familiar with. The oldest lava dated from the volcano are about 3.9 million years old, about 3.2 million years ago, the volcanos activity changed, the rate of eruption started to decrease and the composition of the lava erupted from the volcano changed. The volcano is thought to have last erupted about 2.5 million years ago, when active, the Waiʻanae volcanos center of activity was at present-day Lualualei Valley. Intense erosion on the flank of the mountain has destroyed much of those flanks. Thus, the mountain today is smaller than it was when the volcano was active. While the western part of the mountain has been destroyed by erosion and this is considered somewhat strange by some geologists since the western part of the volcano is on the leeward side of the island, thus, most rain falls on the eastern side of the volcano. Given this information, more erosion would be expected on the portion of the mountain. One theory to explain this pattern is that a large landslide cut away the western portion of the volcano. The faults from this huge landslide weakened the rock, making the part of the mountain much more susceptible to erosion than the eastern side
11.
Koolau Range
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Koʻolau Range is a name given to the fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano of the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972 and it is not a mountain range in the normal sense, because it was formed as a single mountain called Koʻolau Volcano. Remains of this ancient volcano lie as massive fragments strewn nearly 100 miles over the floor to the northeast of Oʻahu. The volcano is thought to have first erupted on the floor more than 2.5 million years ago. It eventually reached sea level and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago, the highest elevation perhaps exceeded 3,000 meters, today, the summit of the tallest peak, Puʻu Konahuanui is only 3,100 feet. After hundreds of thousands of years of dormancy, Koʻolau volcano began to erupt again, geologists do not always agree on the dates of these more recent eruptions, some dating them to around 32,000 years ago, others to as recently as 10,000 years ago. Geologists believe that there is at least a possibility that Koʻolau volcano will erupt again. There are three roads that tunnel through the part of the Koʻolau Range, connecting Honolulu to the Windward Coast. From leeward to windward, Hawaii Route 61 Hawaii Route 63 Interstate H-3
12.
Hawaiian language
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The Hawaiian language is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is a language of the state of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840, Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to under 0. 1% of the statewide population, linguists were unsure that Hawaiian and other endangered languages would survive. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been an increase in attention to. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were started in 1984, the first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government has acknowledged this development, for example, the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaiʻi, observing the Hawaiian spelling. A pidgin or creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi is Hawaiian Pidgin and it should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters, five vowels and seven consonants and it contains an additional consonantal sound okina which is a glottal stop. The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and they wrote it as Owhyhee or Owhyee. Explorers Mortimer and Otto von Kotzebue used that spelling, the initial O in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, o, immediately before a proper noun. Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying O Hawaiʻi, the Cook expedition also wrote Otaheite rather than Tahiti. The spelling why in the name reflects the pronunciation of wh in 18th-century English, the spelling hee or ee in the name represents the sounds, or. Putting the parts together, O-why-ee reflects, an approximation of the native pronunciation. American missionaries bound for Hawaiʻi used the phrases Owhihe Language and Owhyhee language in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and they still used such phrases as late as March 1822. However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase Hawaiian Language, in Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi means Hawaiian language, as adjectives follow nouns. Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family and it is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui, and less closely to Samoan and Tongan. According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE followed by waves of immigration from the Society Islands
13.
Hawaiiloa
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Hawaiʻiloa is the hero of an ancient Hawaiian legend about the settling of the Hawaiian Islands. After having accidentally stumbled upon the islands, he returned to his homeland which he called Ka ʻāina kai melemele a Kane and he then organized a colonizing expedition that included his family and eight other skilled navigators. They settled on what is now the Island of Hawaiʻi, named in his honor, the legend contains reference to his children, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui, who settled on the islands that bear their names. Many people believe it is a validation of the veracity of ancient Hawaiian oral traditions and it is perhaps from such a motive that the voyaging canoe Hawaiʻiloa was named after the legendary navigator. This canoe was built and sailed to prove that Polynesians were bold, intentional navigators, the canoe Hawaiʻiloa is now docked at Honolulu Harbor. It is often sailed on long voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean in hopes of studying voyaging techniques used in antiquity, however, the story of Hawaiʻiloa is attested only by late sources, such as the antiquarians Abraham Fornander and Thomas George Thrum. Hawaiʻiloa is not mentioned in early Hawaiian sources like David Malo or Samuel Kamakau, Malo says that there are many stories of the origin of the Hawaiians, and cites some migration tales, some legends of indigenous origin. Kamakau says that the first man and woman were Hulihonua and Keakahuilani, hawaiki Hawaiian religion Hōkūleʻa Polynesian navigation Polynesian Voyaging Society
14.
Polynesia
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Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including the language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they were experienced sailors who used stars to navigate at night, the term Polynesia was first used in 1756 by French writer Charles de Brosses, and originally applied to all the islands of the Pacific. In 1831, Jules Dumont dUrville proposed a restriction on its use during a lecture to the Geographical Society of Paris, historically, these islands have also been referred to as the South Sea Islands. Polynesia is characterized by an amount of land spread over a very large portion of the mid. Most Polynesian islands and archipelagos, including the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, are composed of volcanic islands built by hotspots, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Ouvéa, the Polynesian outlier near New Caledonia, are the unsubmerged portions of the largely sunken continent of Zealandia. At first, the Pacific plate was subducted under the Australian plate, the Alpine Fault that traverses the South Island is currently a transform fault while the convergent plate boundary from the North Island northwards is called the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone. The volcanism associated with subduction zone is the origin of the Kermadec. Out of approximately 300,000 or 310,000 square kilometres of land, over 270,000 km2 are within New Zealand, the Zealandia continent has approximately 3,600,000 km2 of continental shelf. The oldest rocks in the region are found in New Zealand and are believed to be about 510 million years old, the oldest Polynesian rocks outside of Zealandia are to be found in the Hawaiian Emperor Seamount Chain, and are 80 million years old. Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the Polynesian Triangle, geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, there are also small Polynesian settlements in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Caroline Islands, and in Vanuatu. An island group with strong Polynesian cultural traits outside of this triangle is Rotuma. The people of Rotuma have many common Polynesian traits but speak a non-Polynesian language, some of the Lau Islands to the southeast of Fiji have strong historic and cultural links with Tonga. However, in essence, Polynesia is a term referring to one of the three parts of Oceania. Some islands of Polynesian origin are outside the triangle that geographically defines the region. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands, most of which are part of Kiribati, are geographically Polynesian islands, tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Island Southeast Asia, there are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia
15.
Port
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A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, some ports have an important military role. One of the worlds oldest known artificial harbors is at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea, along with the finding of harbor structures, ancient anchors have also been found. Guangzhou was an important port during the ancient times as far back as the Qin Dynasty, canopus was the principal port in Egypt for Greek trade before the foundation of Alexandria. Athens port of Piraeus was the base for the Athenian fleet, lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilisation, located in the Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt and dating from 3700 BCE. Ostia Antica was the port of ancient Rome with Portus established by Claudius, Ports often have cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes and forklifts for use in loading ships, which may be provided by private interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other processing facilities will be located nearby, some ports feature canals, which allow ships further movement inland. Access to intermodal transportation, such as railroads and highways, is critical to a port, so that passengers, Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbor pilots and tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks, the terms port and seaport are used for different types of port facilities that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels. An inland port is a port on a lake, river, or canal with access to a sea or ocean. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Duluth-Superior, a fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the port that depends on an ocean product. In recent decades, regulations to save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, a dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. A warm-water port is one where the water does not freeze in wintertime, because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest. A seaport is further categorized as a port or a cargo port. Additionally, cruise ports are known as a home port or a port of call
16.
Honolulu County, Hawaii
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Honolulu County is a consolidated city–county located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. The consolidated city-county was established in the city adopted in 1907. As a municipal corporation and jurisdiction it manages aspects of government traditionally exercised by municipalities and counties in the rest of the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 953,207, because of Hawaiis municipal structure, the United States Census Bureau divides Honolulu County into several census-designated places for statistical purposes. The current mayor of Honolulu County is Kirk Caldwell, who reclaimed the job from the person who defeated him in a 2010 special election, Peter Carlisle, the county motto is Haʻaheo No ʻO Honolulu. Approximately 70% of the population lives in Honolulu County. Only Nevada has a percentage of its population living in its most populous county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,128 square miles. However, the majority of area is the Pacific Ocean that surrounds the islands. For 2013, the county has an operating budget of US$2.16 billion. The government of Honolulu County is simplified and streamlined and coalesces at three major divisions of municipal power, the mayor of Honolulu is the principal executor of administrative authority. The mayor is elected on a basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu City Council is the legislative body. Its elected members are responsible for drafting and passing laws, as well as proposing budgets for various departments, unlike other cities in the United States, the council is absolutely independent of the mayor, who does not make any appearances during any of the council sessions. The nine council members represent one of nine districts, and are elected on a non-partisan basis to staggered four-year terms. The Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu is independently elected of the two major divisions of municipal power, and is charged with prosecuting criminal offenses committed within the county. The office is not charged with providing legal counsel to the mayor or City Council, the prosecuting attorney is elected on a non-partisan basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu County is divided into 36 neighborhood boards, the office of neighborhood board member is an advisory position for public policy and civil investment
17.
Waikiki
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Waikīkī is a beachfront neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of the island of Oʻahu, in Hawaii, United States. Waikiki is most famous for Waikīkī Beach, but it is just one of six beaches in the district, Waikīkī is home to public places including Kapiʻolani Park, Fort DeRussy, Kahanamoku Lagoon, Kūhiō Beach Park, and Ala Wai Harbor. The name Waikīkī means spouting fresh water in the Hawaiian language, for springs, the area was a retreat for Hawaiian royalty in the 1800s who enjoyed surfing there on early forms of longboards. A few small hotels opened in the 1880s, in 1893, Greek-American George Lycurgus leased the guest house of Allen Herbert and renamed it the Sans Souci creating one of the first beach resorts. Later that year Robert Louis Stevenson stayed at the resort, subsequently it became a destination for tourists from the mainland. The area at coordinates 21°15′49″N 157°49′17″W is still called Sans Souci Beach, the beach hosts many events a year, including surf competitions, outdoor performances, hula dancing and outrigger canoe races. It is also where Kurt Cobain, the frontman for the band group Nirvana, married Courtney Love, the neighborhood extends from the Ala Wai Canal on the west and north, to Diamond Head on the east. Waikīkī Beach is noted for its views of the Diamond Head tuff cone, its warm and cloud-free climate. The Waikīkī skyline is now dotted with an abundance of both high-rises and resort hotels, the beach is actually fairly short, with half of it marked off for surfers. For some distance into the ocean the water is quite shallow, as with most ocean beaches the waves can have some force, particularly on windy days. The surf at Waikīkī is known for its long rolling break, making it ideal for long boarding, tandem surfing and beginners. Waikīkīs main thoroughfare is Kalakaua Avenue, named after King Kalakaua, waikīkīs other main thoroughfare, Kuhio Avenue, named after Prince Kuhio, is better known for its restaurants, cafes and grocers, along with its clubs, nightlife and prostitution. Over time, Waikīkī beach has had problems with erosion, leading to the construction of groynes, for example, in the 1920s and 1930s sand was imported from Manhattan Beach, California, via ship and barge to Waikīkī. Officials are looking for ways to sustain the existing sand by eliminating loss due to tidal flow, subject to permits, a partial restoration was completed in the spring of 2012. The proposed project imported sand from nearby shoals and widened the 1, the project restored the beach to its 1985 shoreline. Waikiki Beach has had problems with sewage spills. China Airlines operates its Honolulu Branch Office in Waikīkī, NTT DoCoMo also has limited operations here for the convenience of Japanese tourists. Hawaiian Airlines is based in Honolulu, district 6 of the Honolulu Police Department encompasses Waikiki
18.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
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Diamond Head, Hawaii
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Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who mistook calcite crystals on the adjacent beach for diamonds. Diamond Head, like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanic Series, is younger than the main mass of the Koʻolau Mountain Range. While the Koʻolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, the interior and adjacent exterior areas were the home to Fort Ruger, the first United States military reservation on Hawaii. Only a National Guard facility and Hawaii State Civil Defense remain in the crater, an FAA air traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2001. Diamond Head is a feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikīkī. The volcanic tuff cone is a State Monument, a 0. 75-mile hike leads to the edge of the craters rim. Signs at the trailhead say that the hike takes 1. 5–2 hours round-trip, and recommends that hikers bring water. Although not difficult, the signs also say that the hike is not a casual one, next is a small lighted tunnel to a narrow spiral staircase inside a coastal artillery observation platform built in 1908. From the summit above the observation platform both Waikīkī and the Pacific Ocean can be seen in detail and it is a short but steep hike – it is a 170 m elevation gain for a total elevation of 232 m. There is a fountain near the bathrooms at the foot of the trail in case you want to hydrate before the hike or fill an empty bottle. The park closes at 6,00 pm and signs posted indicate that you are not allowed to head up the trail after 4,30 pm, a downloadable certificate is available to those who complete the climb. In 1968, Diamond Head was declared a National Natural Landmark, the crater, also called Diamond Head Lookout was used as a strategic military lookout in the early 1900s. Spanning over 475 acres, it served as an effective defensive lookout because it provides views of Waikīkī. The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the craters slopes. In addition, a few pillboxes are located on Diamond Head’s summit, various views of Diamond Head Diamond Head appears on an 80-cent air mail stamp issued in 1952 to pay for shipping orchids to the mainland of the U. S. A1975 televised game show, The Diamond Head Game was set at Diamond Head, official website Hawaii State Parks - Diamond Head State Monument Geographic data related to Diamond Head, Hawaii at OpenStreetMap Satellite image of Diamond Head
20.
Hanauma Bay
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Hanauma is a marine embayment formed within a tuff ring and located along the southeast coast of the Island of Oʻahu in the Hawaii Kai neighborhood of East Honolulu, in the Hawaiian Islands. Hanauma is one of the most popular tourist destinations on the Island and has suffered somewhat from overuse, in 1956, dynamite was used to clear portions of the reef to make room for telephone cables linking Hawaii to the west coast of the US. The word hana means bay in the Hawaiian language, there are two etymological interpretations of the second part of its name. One interpretation derives it from the Hawaiian word for curve, referring to either the shape of the feature or to the shape of the canoes that were launched there. Another stems from the indigenous hand-wrestling game known as Uma, Hanauma is both a Nature Preserve and a Marine Life Conservation District. Reflecting changes in attitude, its name has changed over time from Hanauma Bay Beach Park to Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve. Visitors are required by law to refrain from mistreating marine animals or from touching, walking, or otherwise having contact with coral heads and it is always recommended to avoid contacting coral or marine rocks as cuts to the skin can result and neglecting such wounds may bring medical problems. About 400 species of fish are known to inhabit the bay, Hanauma Bay is known for its abundance of Green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, known as Honu. Hanauma is a ground for the immature turtles, which have their nesting grounds at French Frigate Shoals. It is also known for its abundance of parrotfish, the Hawaiian Islands are a group of volcanoes that have risen up over a hot spot, which is a section of the Earths surface that has exhibited volcanism for an extended period of time. Volcanic chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form as a result of the movement of a plate across fixed hot spot beneath the surface. In the case of the Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific plate has moved slowly northwestward over such a hotspot, approximately 3.9 million years ago, the Waiʻanae volcano created the island of Oʻahu. About 2.5 million years ago, the Koʻolau volcano breached the surface, and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago. Most of the eastern or windward portion of Oʻahu are remnants of this volcano, most of the familiar geographic landmarks of eastern Oʻahu were created by eruptions from Koʻolau from about 500,000 to 10,000 years ago. The eastern flank of the Koʻolau volcano including the caldera slid into the sea, the Hanauma Crater was created about 32,000 years ago during the Honolulu volcanic series, the latest round of volcanic activity to occur on Oʻahu. Tens of thousands of years ago, a series of volcanic vents opened along the southeast shoreline of Oʻahu, unlike the gentle lava flows currently building the island of Hawaiʻi, the late-stage eruptions on Oʻahu were most often short-lived violent explosions. The volcanic vents that formed Hanauma Crater opened on the sea floor, upwelling magma vaporized the ocean water and steam explosions blew the magma into fine ash. The explosions built cones or rings of ash, which solidified into tuff, the eruptions shattered the sea floor—coral reef and basalt—and scattered pieces that are now embedded in the tuff
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Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii
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Kailua /kaɪˈluːə/ is a census-designated place in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. It lies in the Koʻolaupoko District of the island of Oʻahu on the windward coast at Kailua Bay and it is in the judicial district and the ahupuaa named Koolaupoko. It is 12 miles northeast of Honolulu – over Nu‘uanu Pali, the population was 38,635 at the 2010 census. Kailua is primarily a community, with a centralized commercial district along Kailua Road. The population was 50,000 in 1992, places of note in Kailua include Kailua Beach Park, Lanikai Beach, Kawai Nui Marsh, Maunawili Falls, and Marine Corps Base Hawaii. During the reign of King Kākuhihewa and his successors, Kanekapu, Kahoowaha, Kauakahiakahoowaha, many ancient temple ruins, such as those at Ulupo Heiau State Historic Site, are in the area. Kailua Beach is crescent-shaped, about 2.5 miles long, the ocean bottom fronting the beach slopes gently to overhead depths without any coral heads. Light to medium waves support surfing and bodysurfing, the steady trade winds make Kailua Beach a top windsurfing and kitesurfing destination. Robby Naish, first World Champion of windsurfing and Professional Windsurfers Association Hall of Fame inductee, Kailua is located at 21°23′51″N 157°44′22″W. Nearby towns include Kāneʻohe, Maunawili, and Waimānalo, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.6 square miles. 7.8 square miles of it is land, and 2.8 square miles of it is water, a significant portion of this water area is Kawai Nui Marsh, the largest wetland in the Hawaiian Islands and a nominated Ramsar Convention site. Kaʻōhao is the earliest known Hawaiian name for the known as Lanikai. Kaʻōhao means the tying and is derived from an old story in two women were tied together here with a loincloth after being beaten in a kōnane game. Kaʻōhao was commercially developed in the 1920s and renamed Lanikai and it is now an unincorporated community in Kailua on the windward coast at Kailua Bay. Lanikai Beach was rated as one of the top ten beaches in the world by Shermans Travel Magazine, because of its small community and easy access to its famous beach, Lanikai has one of the most expensive real estate markets in Hawaii. It is served by Kailuas zip code,96734, as of the census of 2000, there were 36,513 people,12,229 households, and 9,318 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,495.8 people per square mile, there were 12,780 housing units, at an average density of 1,923.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 43. 84% White,0. 76% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,21. 11% Asian,8. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 93% from other races, and 24. 99% from two or more races
22.
North Shore (Oahu)
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The North Shore, in the context of geography of the Island of Oʻahu, refers to the north-facing coastal area of Oʻahu between Kaʻena Point and Kahuku Point. This area is best known for its massive waves, attracting surfers from all around the globe, the northern hemisphere winter months on the North Shore see a concentration of surfing activity, taking advantage of swells originating in the stormy North Pacific. Notable surfing spots include Waimea Bay and Sunset Beach, the North Shore is considered to be the surfing mecca of the world, and every December hosts three competitions, which make up the Triple Crown of Surfing. The three mens competitions are the Reef Hawaiian Pro, the ONeill World Cup of Surfing, the three womens competitions are the Reef Hawaiian Pro, the Roxy Pro Sunset, and the Billabong Pro on the neighboring island of Maui. Waimea Bay plays host to the Quiksilver Big Wave Invitational in Memory of Eddie Aikau and this is an exclusive competition and participants must be invited. The competitions has a window of dates each winter, however the competition has a minimum requirement of 20-foot waves. Therefore, the competition is not held every year, although the North Shore is known for its large winter surf, there are a number of surf schools that can teach a beginner the basics of surfing in coves that are protected from the larger waves. Due to its beauty, proximity to Honolulu, and large waves. The Fox Network TV show North Shore was filmed there, aBCs Lost was filmed almost entirely on Oahu, with much of it filmed on the North Shore. The area of Turtle Bay features rock formations and constant rolling surf, the sixth episode of the first season of the CBS series Hawaii Five-0 was set on the North Shore and titled Koʻolauloa, the Hawaiian-language term for the area. The North Shore only houses one large hotel, the Turtle Bay Resort. Other accommodations are available in privately run condos, house rentals, Oʻahu North Shore Chamber of Commerce The Drive-By Coast. Article by Curt Sanburn, photographs by Dana Edmunds
23.
Kapolei, Hawaii
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Kapolei is a master-planned community in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States, on the island of Oahu. It is colloquially known as the city of Oahu, in relation to Honolulu. Officially, it is a place within the consolidated city-county of Honolulu. The community takes its name from a cone, Puʻu o Kapolei. In the Hawaiian language, puʻu means hill and Kapo lei means beloved Kapo, according to legend, Kapo, Goddess of Fertility was sister to Pele, Goddess of Fire and Namaka Goddess of the Sea. Much of the land is part of the estate of industrialist James Campbell, kapoleis major developer is Kapolei Property Development, a subsidiary of James Campbell Company. Kapolei sits primarily upon former sugarcane and pineapple fields, in 1955 the Kapolei master plan was drafted and revised 3 different times beginning in 1974. In 1977 the new General Provision Plan adopted the Oahu General Plan which dubbed Kapolei second urban center on the island of Oahu, nearly two decades later, in 2006 the Kapolei area had more than 800 companies, agencies, and organizations making up approximately 25,000 jobs. As of the 2010 census, the Kapolei CDP had a population of 15,186 people, the design plan for development ensures that the 7 themes of Kapolei remain the same throughout its construction. Kapolei is quickly becoming the second center of Oahu, Hawaiis most densely populated island. The U. S. postal code for Kapolei is 96707, in 2002, Pacific Business News reported that 96707 had the second highest median income on the island of Oahu, at $62,303. Sperlingss Best Places reports Kapolei median income of $70,129, nearly one household in five has income exceeding $100,000, with a home ownership rate of 70%. Ongoing road construction has not resolved continuing traffic problems, a Manawai Street-Kama‘aha Avenue extension was completed in August 2006 and helped to reduce congestion along Kamokila Boulevard and Farrington Highway. Kapolei Property Development began construction in January 2007 on a $2 million road to extend Kamokila Boulevard from Kapolei Parkway to Roosevelt Avenue, Kapolei Property Development recently contributed $6 million for a joint project with the State Department of Transportation for an additional freeway on-ramp. Although state and county governments and some of Hawaiis largest companies have significant workplaces in Kapolei, a majority of Kapolei adults work in Honolulu, congesting the main traffic artery, Interstate H-1. In December 2006, the Honolulu City Council approved a fixed-guideway elevated rail system connecting Kapolei to Downtown Honolulu, in January 2007, Oahu residents saw an increase of 0.5 percent to the general excise tax to help cover the costs of construction of the system. The project broke ground in East Kapolei on February 22,2011, when the HART rail project is complete, the western terminus will be located in Kapolei. Macys Department Store has already agreed to serve as an anchor for the new mall, Kapolei is located at the southern end of the slopes of the Waiʻanae mountain near the neighborhood of Makakilo
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Ewa Villages, Hawaii
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Ewa Villages is a census-designated place located in the ʻEwa District and the City & County of Honolulu on the leeward side of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi some 20 miles from downtown Honolulu. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 6,108 and this area was previously known as ʻEwa. In the late 19th century to early 20th century, ʻEwa was one of the population centers on the island of Oʻahu. The ʻEwa Mill was an employer that set up residential villages within ʻEwa. This area is now referred to as Oʻahus Second City, with a city located in Kapolei. Honouliuli is a village and now a place name for the north end of ʻEwa. The U. S. postal code for ʻEwa is 96706, Ewa Villages is located at 21°20′32″N 158°2′30″W, inland from ʻEwa Beach along the main thoroughfare of State Rte.76. This highway runs north past Honouliuli to Waipahu, connecting there to Farrington Highway, the main east-west thoroughfare in ʻEwa Villages is Renton Road which connects to Kalaeloa and Kapolei to the west. Eventually the Kapiolei Parkway will replace Renton Road as the main east-west thoroughfare for the Second City south of H-1, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 square miles, all land. ʻEwa is a widely used term on Oʻahu, referring to the direction of the town of ʻEwa. Its opposite is Diamond Head or Koko Head, Honouliuli Internment Camp, a World War II–era internment camp, operated there from 1943 to 1945. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,741 people,1,178 households, the population density was 4,838.6 people per square mile. There were 1,274 housing units at a density of 1,300.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3. 50% White,0. 30% African American,0. 11% Native American,70. 43% Asian,4. 64% Pacific Islander,0. 76% from other races, and 20. 27% from two or more races. 8. 80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,11. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.02 and the family size was 4.33. In the CDP the population was out with 27. 8% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 102.0 males
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Waianae, Hawaii
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Not to be confused with Waikanae, in New Zealand Waiʻanae is a census-designated place in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP population was 13,177, Waiʻanae is located at 21°26′52″N 158°10′45″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 7.0 square miles, of which 5.4 square miles is land and 1.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,506 people,2,595 households, the population density was 3,086.0 people per square mile. There were 2,925 housing units at a density of 859.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 9. 35% White,0. 81% African American,0. 26% Native American,19. 44% Asian,27. 26% Pacific Islander,0. 97% from other races, and 41. 92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14. 00% of the population,10. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.04 and the family size was 4.30. In the CDP the population was out with 34. 8% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,26. 8% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 29 years, for every 100 females there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $46,717, and the median income for a family was $48,145. Males had an income of $32,328 versus $22,451 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,348, about 17. 2% of families and 19. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 6% of those under age 18 and 7. 9% of those age 65 or over. The Honolulu Police Department operates a substation in Waiʻanae, in 2006 the harbormaster of Waiʻanae, William Aila, announced his candidacy for the Hawaii Democratic Partys nomination for Governor of Hawaii. Waiʻanae currently falls under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii House of Representatives 45th district, in the House of Representatives, Waiʻanae is currently represented by Jo Jordan, Maile Shimabukuro currently represents Waiʻanae in the Senate. The Hawaii Department of Education operates the public schools, district schools inside the CDP include Leihoku Elementary School, Waiʻanae Elementary School, Waiʻanae Intermediate School, and Waianae High School. The districts Kamaile Elementary School is outside of the CDP, a K-7 charter school, Ka Waihona O Ka Naʻauao - New Century Pcs, is in the CDP. Max Holloway, mixed martial artist Andy South Project Runway finalist
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Lanikai Beach
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Lanikai Beach is located in Lanikai, a community in the town of Kailua and on the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The name Lanikai means heavenly sea and this small ½ mile strip of beach is consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. Adjacent to Lanikai Beach is a primarily residential area because of this it is accessible through public beach access paths. Although the beach itself is public property, it is not state land and is not a county beach park like many beaches in Hawaii, there is no public parking lot and the area lacks facilities like restrooms, showers or lifeguards. As of July 1,2014, parking violation fines have increased from $35 to $200 in an effort to keep people from illegally parking in the area surrounding the beach accesses. During the weekdays, the beach is less crowded compared to the weekends, on weekends, the beach becomes extremely crowded and during vacation seasons such as winter and summer, the beach is almost completely packed every single day. Lanikai is a spot for photo shoots as renowned models. What makes Lanikai Beach popular for photographers is having the two Islands in the called the Na Mokulua or mokes. Kayakers will often row out to land on the northern island. Water temperatures are generally 75–80 °F so you can spend plenty of time in the water and it has extremely soft powdery clean white sand. Lanikai Beach is regularly voted as one of the best beaches in America and is the beach in the USA that was voted as one of the best beaches in the world. Due to its position on the Windward or east side of the island, Lanikai is recognized as being great place to watch the moonrise over the Mokuluas, occasionally during the year the sun will rise directly between the Na Mokulua islands
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
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Imperial Japanese Navy
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The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japans defeat and surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force was formed after the dissolution of the IJN, the Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920, behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy. It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and it was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War. This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration, accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization. Following the attempts at Mongol invasions of Japan by Kubilai Khan in 1274 and 1281, Japan undertook major naval building efforts in the 16th century, during the Warring States period, when feudal rulers vying for supremacy built vast coastal navies of several hundred ships. Around that time Japan may have developed one of the first ironclad warships when Oda Nobunaga, in 1588 Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued a ban on Wakō piracy, the pirates then became vassals of Hideyoshi, and comprised the naval force used in the Japanese invasion of Korea. Japan built her first large ocean-going warships in the beginning of the 17th century, from 1604 the Bakufu also commissioned about 350 Red seal ships, usually armed and incorporating some Western technologies, mainly for Southeast Asian trade. For more than 200 years, beginning in the 1640s, the Japanese policy of seclusion forbade contacts with the outside world and prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships on pain of death. Contacts were maintained, however, with the Dutch through the port of Nagasaki, the Chinese also through Nagasaki and the Ryukyus and Korea through intermediaries with Tsushima. Apart from Dutch trade ships no other Western vessels were allowed to enter Japanese ports, an exception was during the Napoleonic wars. However frictions with foreign ships started from the beginning of the 19th century, the Nagasaki Harbour Incident involving the HMS Phaeton in 1808 and other subsequent incidents in the following decades led to the Shogunate to enact an edict to repel foreign vessels. Western ships which were increasing their presence around Japan due to whaling, the shogunate also began to strengthen the nations coastal defenses. Numerous attempts to open Japan ended in failure in part to Japanese resistance, during 1853 and 1854, American warships under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry entered Edo Bay and made demonstrations of force requesting trade negotiations. After two hundred years of seclusion the 1854 Convention of Kanagawa led to the opening of Japan to international trade and this was soon followed by the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce and treaties with other powers. In 1855, with Dutch assistance, the Shogunate acquired its first steam warship, Kankō Maru, samurai such as the future Admiral Enomoto Takeaki were sent by the Shogunate to study in the Netherlands for several years. In 1859 the Naval Training Center relocated to Tsukiji in Tokyo, in 1857 the Shogunate acquired its first screw-driven steam warship Kanrin Maru and used it as an escort for the 1860 Japanese delegation to the United States. In 1865 the French naval engineer Léonce Verny was hired to build Japans first modern naval arsenals, at Yokosuka, in 1867–1868 a British Naval mission headed by Commander Richard Tracey went to Japan to assist the development of the Japanese Navy and to organize the naval school of Tsukiji. The Shogunate also allowed and then ordered various domains to purchase warships and to develop naval fleets, Satsuma, a naval center had been set up by the Satsuma domain in Kagoshima, students were sent abroad for training and a number of ships were acquired
30.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
31.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
32.
USS Arizona Memorial
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The attack on Pearl Harbor and the island of Oʻahu led to the United States direct involvement in World War II. The memorial, built in 1962, is visited by more than two people annually. Accessible only by boat, it straddles the sunken hull of the battleship without touching it, the battleships sunken remains were declared a National Historic Landmark on May 5,1989. The USS Arizona Memorial is one of sites in Hawaii. During and following the end of World War II, the Arizonas wrecked superstructure was removed, the Pacific War Memorial Commission was created in 1949 to build a permanent memorial in Hawaii. Admiral Arthur W. Radford, commander of the Pacific Fleet attached a flag pole to the main mast of the Arizona in 1950, in that same year a temporary memorial was built above the remaining portion of the deckhouse. Radford requested funds for a memorial in 1951 and 1952 but was denied because of budget constraints during the Korean War. The Navy placed the first permanent memorial, a basalt stone and plaque. President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the creation of a National Memorial in 1958, enabling legislation required the memorial budgeted at US$500,000 be privately financed, however, $200,000 of the memorial cost was government subsidized. Some were eager to keep it a tribute to the sailors of the Arizona, the national memorial was designed by Honolulu architect Alfred Preis who was detained at Sand Island at the start of the war as an enemy of the country because of his Austrian birth. The United States Navy specified the memorial be in the form of a bridge floating above the ship, the 184-foot-long structure has two peaks at each end connected by a sag in the center of the structure. It represents the height of American pride before the war, the nations sudden depression after the attack, critics initially called the design a squashed milk carton. The overall effect is one of serenity, overtones of sadness have been omitted to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses. The national memorial has three parts, entry, assembly room, and shrine. The central assembly room features seven large windows on either wall and ceiling. The memorial also has an opening in the floor overlooking the sunken decks and it is from this opening that visitors can pay their respects by tossing flowers in honor of the fallen sailors. In the past, leis were tossed in the water, but because string from leis poses a hazard to sea life, one of the three 19, 585-pound anchors of the Arizona is displayed at the visitor centers entrance. One of the two bells is in the visitor center
33.
USS Missouri (BB-63)
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USS Missouri is a United States Navy Iowa-class battleship and was the third ship of the U. S. Navy to be named after of the U. S. state of Missouri. Missouri was the last battleship commissioned by the United States and was best remembered as the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan which ended World War II, Missouri was ordered in 1940 and commissioned in June 1944. In the Pacific Theater of World War II she fought in the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands, in 1998, she was donated to the USS Missouri Memorial Association and became a museum ship at Pearl Harbor. Missouri was one of the Iowa-class fast battleship designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Branch at the Bureau of Construction and Repair. She was laid down at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 6 January 1941, launched on 29 January 1944, the ship was the third of the Iowa class, but the fourth and final Iowa-class ship commissioned by the U. S. Navy. The ship was christened at her launching by Mary Margaret Truman, daughter of Harry S. Truman, Missouris main battery consisted of nine 16 in /50 cal Mark 7 guns, which could fire 2,700 lb armor-piercing shells some 20 mi. Her secondary battery consisted of twenty 5 in /38 cal guns in twin turrets, Missouri was the last U. S. battleship to be completed. Wisconsin, the highest-numbered U. S. battleship built, was completed before Missouri and she stood out of San Francisco Bay on 14 December and arrived at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 24 December 1944. She departed Hawaii on 2 January 1945 and arrived in Ulithi, there she was temporary headquarters ship for Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher. Missouri then steamed with the carriers to Iwo Jima where her main guns provided direct, after TF58 returned to Ulithi on 5 March, Missouri was assigned to the Yorktown carrier task group. On 14 March, Missouri departed Ulithi in the screen of the fast carriers, during strikes against targets along the coast of the Inland Sea of Japan beginning on 18 March, Missouri shot down four Japanese aircraft. Raids against airfields and naval bases near the Inland Sea and southwestern Honshū continued, Missouri rejoined the screen of the carriers as Marine and Army units stormed the shores of Okinawa on the morning of 1 April. An attack by Japanese forces was repulsed successfully, on 11 April, a low-flying kamikaze Zero, although fired upon, crashed on Missouris starboard side, just below her main deck level. The starboard wing of the plane was thrown far forward, starting a fire at 5 in Gun Mount No.3. The battleship suffered only superficial damage, and the fire was quickly under control. The remains of the pilot were recovered on board the ship just aft of one of the 40 mm gun tubs, the following day he was buried at sea with military honors. About 23,05 on 17 April, Missouri detected an enemy submarine 12 mi from her formation and her report set off a hunter-killer operation by the light carrier Bataan and four destroyers, which sank the Japanese submarine I-56. Missouri was detached from the task force off Okinawa on 5 May
34.
Kamehameha I
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Kamehameha I, also known as Kamehameha the Great, full Hawaiian name, Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea was a Hawaiian king. He conquered most of the Hawaiian Islands, formally establishing the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810, by developing alliances with colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaiʻis independence. Kamehameha is remembered for the Kānāwai Māmalahoe, the Law of the Splintered Paddle, accounts of Kamehameha Is birth vary. Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 and this version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko. Her version is verified by others within the Kaha family, Kamehameha is considered the son of Keōua, founder of the House of Keoua, and Kekuʻiapoiwa II. Keōua and Kekuʻiapoiwa were both grandchildren of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, Aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaiʻi, and came from the district of Kohala, Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehamehas biological father, suggesting instead Kahekili II of Maui. Either way, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother, Keōua acknowledged him as his son and this was recognized in official genealogies. The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā or around November. Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha, to his wife, Keaka, Kamakau wrote, It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island that Kamehameha I was born. However, his general dating has been challenged, abraham Fornander wrote, An Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origins and Migrations, when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter, a Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History as 1736. At the time of Kamehamehas birth, Keōua and his half-brother Kalaniʻōpuʻu were serving Alapaʻinui, Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court after defeating both their fathers in the civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. Keōua died while Kamehameha was young, so Kamehameha was raised in the court of his uncle, Prophecy states that the man who moves the Naha Stone would be the one to unite the islands. Many tried and failed to get the stone to move from its original spot and those who have tried were of high-ranking naha blood. Kamehameha was of nīʻaupiʻo descent and Ululani believed that Kamehameha was not worthy of attempting to move the stone, Ululani then introduced her son Keawe I Kahikona of Keaau Village as the younger brother to Kamehameha, so later they would not fight. In the gathering of the Ohana for Unity, Keawe I Kahi Kona chose Kamehameha I over his father Keawe Mauhili, Kamehameha ignored all negativity and moved the stone. Legend says the stone was overturned, Kamehameha went on to unite the islands through a series of battles. Kamehameha was raised in the court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu
35.
Battle of Nuuanu
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The Battle of Nuʻuanu, fought in May 1795 on the southern part of the island of Oʻahu, was a key battle in the final days of King Kamehameha Is wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands. It is known in the Hawaiian language as Kalelekaʻanae, which means the leaping mullet, there are varied and sometimes conflicting histories of the Battle of Nuʻuanu. Around the year 1792, Captain William Brown, an English merchant, as a Maritime Fur Trader and gun seller, he made several voyages before from the Pacific Northwest coast to the Hawaiian islands in command of the Butterworth Squadron. Captain Brown landed several vessels on the island, the ones noted are the two sloops Prince Lee Boo and the Jackall, after landing, he made an agreement with Kahekili II that he would offer his military assistance against Kamehameha for use of the harbor. Likewise, Kamehameha requested military assistance and the use of artillery from Captain George Vancouver, the two rival chiefs never met again, as Kahekili II died in mid-1794. At this point, Kahekilis son, Kalanikupule, had control of the island of Oʻahu and his half-brother, Kaʻeokulani, had control of the islands of Kauaʻi, Maui, Lanaʻi, after Kahekilis death, Kaʻeokulani decided to visit Kauaʻi, his home island. In order to accomplish this, he had to travel through the way of Oʻahu, Kalanikupule then set up trenches and earthworks on the windward side of Oʻahu, where Kaʻeokulanis canoes would pass. Both sides fought, but the battle was stopped by Kalanikupule, Kaʻeokulani then discovered a plot to be thrown overboard by his chiefs on the way to Kauaʻi. To resolve the issue, he proposed war against Kalanikupule and this war was called Kukiʻiahu and lasted from November 16 until December 12,1794. He ordered his men to make a march to where Kalanikupule was stationed. In the early part of December 1794, Kaʻeokulanis army was confronted by Kalanikupules, with Kaʻeokulani being outnumbered and outmaneuvered, his forces fled and scattered to the mountains. After Kaʻeokulanis defeat, a dispute arose with Captain Brown over payment, Brown and several of his men were killed, and Kalanikupule took possession of the Jackal and the Prince Lee Boo, together with all their arms. After 3 weeks of preparation, on January 4,1795 Kalanikupule set sail for Hawaii with a fleet of canoes, but the ships crews recaptured the vessels while they were at anchor off Waikiki. They sailed for Hawaii where they told Kamehameha all that had happened and they traded Kamehameha all of Kalanikupules weapons, which had remained in the ships, in return for supplies. Kalanikupule had received warnings of the impending invasion from the chiefs of Maui. He had already begun buying muskets and cannons from European traders and he was also assisted by one of Kamehamehas chiefs, Kaiana, who defected before the battle began. Kaiana had fallen out of favor with Kamehamehas inner circle and feared that he was being plotted against, on the voyage to Oʻahu, his army split off from the Hawaiian armada and landed on the north side of the island. There, they began cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu mountain ridge, Kamehameha I had begun his campaign to unify Hawaii in 1783, but prior to 1795 had only managed to unify the Big Island
36.
Kingdom of Hawaii
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The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi originated in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi under one government. In 1810 the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom voluntarily, two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers, the United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan, or another power threaten to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the power of King Kalākaua. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, Hawaii became a republic until the United States annexed it in 1898. Before the founding of a formal, united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent aliʻi nui or supreme executives. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, Captain James Cook stumbled across the islands, but was killed while attempting to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island in 1779. Three years later Hawaii was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻus son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the rulers nephew, a series of battles, lasting 15 years, was led by the warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and advisors, such as John Young. Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in Kauaʻi, his effort hampered by a storm, eventually, Kauaʻis chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended the ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into an independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the traditions, from 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was ruled by two major dynastic families, the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government styled as Kamehameha, Lunalilo was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, were sons of Kamehameha the Great. For a period of Liholiho and Kauikeaoulis reigns, the wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui. Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands, in 1848 the Great Māhele was imposed by the king, it resulted in the selling off virtually all the village land farmed by the natives. For the natives, contact with the world represented demographic disaster. The Hawaiian population of natives fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite into the mid-19th century and they provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings, and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities
37.
Kauai
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For the Childish Gambino EP see STN MTN / Kauai Kauaʻi or Kauai is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of 562.3 square miles, it is the fourth largest of these islands, known also as the Jurassic Isle, Kauaʻi lies 105 miles across the Kauaʻi Channel, northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park, the United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except for the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2010 United States Census population of the island was 67,091, the most populous town was Kapaʻa. Hawaiian narrative locates the origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa. The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son, another possible translation is food season. Kauaʻi was known for its dialect of the Hawaiian language. While the standard language today adopts the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has the sound, in effect, Kauaʻi dialect retained the old pan-Polynesian /t/, while standard Hawaiʻi dialect has changed it to the. Therefore, the name for Kauaʻi was said as Tauaʻi. Kauaʻis origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot, at approximately six million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands. The highest peak on this island is Kawaikini at 5,243 feet. The second highest peak is Mount Waiʻaleʻale near the center of the island,5,148 feet above sea level, one of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 1,170 centimetres, is located on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, at 3,000 feet deep, Waimea Canyon is often referred to as The Grand Canyon of the Pacific. Kokeo Point lies on the side of the island. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a setting, including kayaking past the beaches. The headland, Kuahonu Point, is on the south-east of the island, Kauaʻi’s climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 inches on the windward shore, average temperature in Lihue, the county seat, ranges from 78 °F in February to 85 °F in August and September. Kauaʻi’s mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures and provide a pleasant contrast to the coastal areas
38.
Niihau
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Niʻihau is the westernmost and seventh largest inhabited island in Hawaiʻi. It is 17.5 miles southwest of Kauaʻi across the Kaulakahi Channel and its area is 69.5 square miles. Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland habitats for the Hawaiian coot, the black-winged stilt, the island is designated as critical habitat for Brighamia insignis, an endemic and endangered species of Hawaiian lobelioid. The United States Census Bureau defines Niʻihau and the island and State Seabird Sanctuary of Lehua as Census Tract 410 of Kauai County. Its 2000 census population was 160, Its 2010 census population was 170, elizabeth Sinclair purchased Niʻihau in 1864 for $10,000 from the Kingdom of Hawaii and private ownership passed on to her descendants, the Robinson family. During World War II, the island was the site of the Niʻihau Incident, A Japanese navy fighter pilot crashed on the island, the people of Niʻihau are known for their gemlike lei pūpū craftsmanship, and speak Hawaiian as a primary language. The island is generally off-limits to all but relatives of the owners, U. S. Navy personnel, government officials and invited guests. Beginning in 1987, a number of supervised activity tours. The island is managed by brothers Bruce Robinson and Keith Robinson. Niʻihau is located about 18 miles west of Kauaʻi, and the tiny, Niʻihaus dimensions are 6.2 miles by 18.6 miles. The maximum elevation is 1,280 feet, the island is about 4.9 million years old, making it geologically younger than the 5-million-year-old neighboring island of Kauaʻi to the northeast. Niʻihau consists of one extinct volcano that had a landslide to the east. The island is relatively arid because it lies in the shadow of Kauaʻi. Niʻihau therefore, depends for its rain on winter Kona storms, as such, the island is subject to long periods of drought. As an arid island, Niʻihau was barren of trees for centuries — Captain James Cook reported it treeless in 1778, island co-owner Keith Robinson, a noted conservationist, preserved and documented many of Niʻihaus natural plant resources. The island is designated as a habitat for the ʻōlulu. Aylmer robinsonii, a Pritchardia palm tree named for Keith Robinsons uncle Aylmer Robinson, is a species native to Niʻihau. Several bird species thrive on Niʻihau, intermittent playa lakes on the island provide wetland habitats for the ʻalae keʻokeʻo, the āeʻo, and the koloa maoli
39.
Kaumualii
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Kaumualiʻi was the last independent aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau before becoming a vassal of Kamehameha I of the unified Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810. He was the 23rd high chief of Kauaʻi, reigning from 1794-1810, although he was sometimes known as George Kaumualiʻi, he should not be confused with his son who is more commonly known by that name. In Hanamaulu, the King Kaumualii Elementary School is named after Kauais last reigning chief, Kaumualiʻi was the only son of Queen Kamakahelei, aliʻI nui of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau, and her husband, Aliʻi Kāʻeokūlani, regent of Maui and Molokaʻi. Kāʻeokūlani was the son of Kekaulike, the 23rd Aliʻi Aimoku. He became the co-king and effectively ruler of Kauaʻi by his marriage, when Kamakahelei died in 1794, he passed their titles and positions to the 16-year-old Kaumualiʻi, who reigned under the regency of Chief Inamoʻo until he came of age. His first wife and queen was his half-sister Kawalu of Oahu and his second wife was his niece Kaʻapuwai Kapuaʻamohu of Kōloa, and finally the queen regent Kaʻahumanu, Kamehamehas widow. Kauaʻi and Niʻihau had eluded Kamehamehas control since he first tried to add them to his kingdom in 1796, at that time, the governor of Island of Hawaii led a rebellion against Kamehameha, forcing him to return home. Kamehameha tried again in 1803, but disease ravaged his armies, over the next years Kamehameha amassed the largest armada Hawaiʻi had ever seen, foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes, armed with cannons and carrying his vast army. Kaumualiʻi decided to negotiate a resolution rather than resort to bloodshed. The move was supported by Kamehameha as well as the people of Kauaʻi, in 1810, Kaumualiʻi became Kamehamehas vassal, and all the islands were united for the first time. Kaumualiʻi continued to serve as Kamehamehas governor of Kauaʻi, in 1815, a ship from the Russian-American Company was wrecked on the island. In 1816, an agreement was signed by Kaumualiʻi to allow the Russians to build Russian Fort Elizabeth, construction was begun in 1817, but by fall of that year Russians were expelled. Perhaps Kamehameha feared they would support Kaumualiʻi in a bid for independence, in 1817 he married Kekaihaʻakūlou who became known as Deborah Kapule. He ceded Kauaʻi and Niʻihau to Kamehameha Kamehameha I died in 1819, Kamehamehas widow Kaʻahumanu was the effective political force in the kingdom. On September 16,1821 the new young King Kamehameha II arrived and invited Kaumualiʻi aboard and that night they sailed away to Honolulu, where Kaumualiʻi was effectively under house arrest. To make the domination clear, Kaʻahumanu forced him to marry her and they remained officially married until his death on May 26,1824 but had no children. By his wishes, his body was taken to Maui, Kaumualiʻi was popular both among his people and foreigners who visited and worked on his islands. Captain George Vancouver, who had given the king a flock of sheep as a gift in 1792, was thanked with a lavish banquet
40.
Kamehameha III
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Kamehameha III was the King of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways, Kauikeaouli was born at Keauhou Bay, on Hawaiʻi island, the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands archipelago. He was the son of King Kamehameha I and his highest ranking wife, Queen Keōpūolani. Early historians suggested June or July 1814, but one accepted date is August 11,1813, biographer P. Christiaan Klieger cites 17 March 1814 as his birthday. He was of the highest kapu lineage, Kauikeaouli was about 16 years younger than his brother Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha II starting in 1819. He was named Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kuakamanolani Mahinalani Kalaninuiwaiakua Keaweaweʻulaokalani after his maternal grandfather Kīwalaʻō and he was promised to Kuakini in hānai, but at birth he appeared to be delivered stillborn, Kuakini did not wish to take him. But Chief Kaikioʻewa summoned his kaula Kapihe who declared the baby would live, Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed, moved and cried. The prayer of Kapihe was to Kaʻōnohiokalā, Child of God, the rock is preserved as a monument at Keauhou Bay. He was given to Kaikioʻewa to raise and he was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the kuhina nui who was his stepmother Kaʻahumanu, and the desires to honor the old traditions. By 1835 returned to ways of the missionaries, during his reign, that number would be halved again, due to a series of epidemics. In ancient Hawaii, upper classes considered a marriage with a royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Liholiho and his Queen Kamāmalu were a half-sister and brother couple and he had loved his sister Nāhiʻenaʻena and planned to marry her since childhood, but the union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perceptions of incest. It was proposed in 1832 that Kamanele, the daughter of Governor John Adams Kuakini, would be the most suitable in age, rank, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place. Instead Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, against the wishes of Kīnaʻu, after his sisters death in late 1836, he married Kalama February 14,1837 in a Christian ceremony. Kamehameha III and Kalama had two children, Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani I and Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani II who both died while infants, kūnuiākea lived to adulthood but died childless. In 1838, senior advisor Hoapili convinced former missionary William Richards to resign from the church, Richards gave classes to Kamehameha III and his councilors on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics. Their first act was a declaration of rights in 1839. In 1839, under a French threat of war, Roman Catholicism was legalized in the Edict of Toleration and he also enacted the Constitution of 1840, Hawaiis first
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Lahaina, Hawaii
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Lāhainā is the largest census-designated place in West Maui, Maui County, Hawaii, United States, and the gateway to the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts to its north. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a resident population of 11,704, Lahaina encompasses the coast along Hawaii Route 30 from a tunnel at the south end, through Olawalu, and to the CDP of Napili-Honokowai to the north. During the tourist season, the population can swell to nearly 40,000 people, there are many different climates in the different districts of Lahaina. The historic district is the driest and calmest and hosts the small boat harbor, Kaanapali is north of a wind line and has double the annual rainfall and frequent breezes. The Kapalua and Napili areas have almost four times the annual rainfall compared to the district of Lahaina. The historic district has preserved 60 historic sites within a small area, Lahaina was the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1820 to 1845, when the capital was moved back to Honolulu. In the 19th century, Lahaina was the center of the whaling industry, with many sailing ships anchoring at its waterfront. Lahainas Front Street has been ranked one of the Top Ten Greatest Streets by the American Planning Association, lahainas popularity as a tropical getaway has made its real estate some of the most expensive in Hawaii, many luxury homes and condos are sold for more than $2 million there. In antiquity Lahaina was the capital of Maui Loa, aliʻi nui of the island of Maui. In Lahaina, the focus of activity is along Front Street and it is lined with stores and restaurants and often packed with tourists. Banyan Tree Square features a large banyan tree planted by William Owen Smith on April 24,1873. It is also the site of the ruins of Lahaina Fort. Lele was an ancient name of Lahaina, the name Lā hainā means cruel sun in the Hawaiian language, describing the sunny dry climate. Lahaina averages only 13 inches of rain per year, much of which occurs from December to February, in 1795, before unification of the islands, the town was conquered by Kamehameha the Great. Lahaina was the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1820 to 1845, king Kamehameha III, son of Kamehameha I, preferred the town to bustling Honolulu. In 1824, at the chiefs request, Betsey Stockton started the first mission school open to the common people and it was once an important destination for the 19th-century whaling fleet, whose presence at Lahaina frequently led to conflicts with the Christian missionaries living there. On more than one occasion the conflict was so severe that it led to the shelling of Lahaina by whalers, Lahaina is located at 20°53′10″N 156°40′29″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 9.3 square miles, of which 7.8 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles
42.
Maui
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The island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles and is the 17th-largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the State of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui Countys four islands, bigger than Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, in 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444, third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands, behind that of Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place on the island with a population of 26,337 as of 2010 and is the commercial and financial hub of the island, Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP as of 2010. Other significant places include Kīhei, Lahaina, Makawao, Pukalani, Pāʻia, Kula, Haʻikū, native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the islands name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. According to that legend, Hawaiʻiloa named the island of Maui after his son, the earlier name of Maui was ʻIhikapalaumaewa. The Island of Maui is also called the Valley Isle for the isthmus between its northwestern and southeastern volcanoes and the numerous large valleys carved into both mountains. Mauis diverse landscapes are the result of a combination of geology, topography. Each volcanic cone in the chain of the Hawaiian Islands is built of dark, iron-rich/quartz-poor rocks, several of the volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped one another, merging into a single island. Maui is such a volcanic doublet, formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped one another to form an isthmus between them, the older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains. Puʻu Kukui is the highest of the peaks at 5,788 feet. The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā, rises to more than 10,000 feet above sea level, the eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The valley-like Isthmus of Maui that separates the two volcanic masses was formed by sandy erosional deposits, although considered to be dormant by volcanologists, Haleakalā is certainly capable of further eruptions. Maui is part of a larger unit, Maui Nui, that includes the islands of Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Molokaʻi. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 20,000 years ago and this, and the extreme insularity of the Hawaiian Islands account for the strong marine influence on Mauis climate. Gross weather patterns are determined by elevation and orientation towards the Trade winds. Mauis rugged, irregular topography produces marked variations in conditions, air swept inland on the Trade winds is shunted one way or another by the mountains, valleys, and vast open slopes. This complex three-dimensional flow of air results in striking variations in speed, cloud formation. Maui displays a unique and diverse set of conditions, each of which is specific to a loosely defined sub-region of the island
43.
Iolani Palace
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It is located in the capitol district of downtown Honolulu in the U. S. state of Hawaiʻi. It is now a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places, after the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, the building was used as the capitol building for the Provisional Government, Republic, Territory, and State of Hawaiʻi until 1969. The palace was restored and opened to the public as a museum in 1978, Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil. In the early 19th century, the area near an ancient burial site was known as Pohukaina and it is believed to be the name of a chief who according to legend chose a cave in Kanehoalani in the Koʻolau Range for his resting place. The land belonged to Kekauluohi, who ruled as Kuhina Nui. She lived there with her husband Charles Kanaina, Kekūanāoʻa also had his home just west of Kekauluohi called Haliimaile and Keoni Ana lived in Kīnaʻu Hale, all members of the House of Kamehameha. This area was a burial site for the aliʻi. Kekāuluohi and Kanaʻinas original home was similar to that of the estates in the neighborhood consisting of small buildings used for different purposes. The sitting and sleeping area had a folding door entrance of green painted wood under glass upper panels, the house had two rooms separated by a festooned tent door of chintz fabric and was carpeted with hand crafted makaloa mats. In the front was an area opposite a sideboard and mirror. In the middle they placed a semi circle of armchairs with a table where the couple would write. Four matching cabinet-bookshelves with glass doors were set in each corner of the room with silk scarves hanging from each, in his book, A visit to the South Seas, in the U. S. Ship Vincennes, during the years 1829 and 1830, Charles Samuel Stewart describes the area, next to their home was an old estate that had been demolished called Hanailoia. This was the oral history told of an ancient heiau called Kaʻahaimauli that was destroyed here. In July 1844 Kekūanāoʻa began building a home here as a gift to his daughter Victoria Kamāmalu. Instead, Kamehameha III would buy the estate and use as his Royal Residence after moving the capitol of the kingdom to Honolulu and it would become the Iolani Palace. As each family member died, the lands were passed on or sold, after Kekāuluohi died, she left the lands she had to her son, not her husband Kanaʻina. However, he had his own land awards as well as the estate for life and he would be the last of the family still living in on his original estate, now part of the Iolani Palace Walk
44.
HMS Resolution (1771)
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She impressed him enough that he called her the ship of my choice, and the fittest for service of any I have seen. Resolution began her career as the North Sea collier Marquis of Granby, launched at Whitby in 1770 and she was originally registered as HMS Drake, but fearing this would upset the Spanish, she was soon renamed Resolution, on 25 December 1771. Her armament consisted of 12 6-pounder guns and 12 swivel guns, at his own expense Cook had brass door-hinges installed in the great cabin. However, in sea trials the ship was found to be top-heavy, banks subsequently refused to travel under the resulting adverse conditions and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son, George, replaced him. Resolution departed Sheerness on 21 June 1772, carrying 118 people, including 20 volunteers who had sailed on Cooks first voyage in HMS Endeavour in 1768–1771 and she joined HMS Adventure at Plymouth and the two ships departed English waters on 13 July 1772. Resolutions first port of call was at Funchal in the Madeira Islands, which she reached on 1 August. The ship was reprovisioned with fresh water, beef, fruit and onions, several of the crew had brought monkeys aboard as pets, but Cook had them thrown overboard to prevent their droppings from fouling the ship. Kendalls K1 was remarkably accurate and was to prove to be most efficient in determining longitude on board Resolution, on 17 January 1773, Resolution was the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle and crossed twice more on the voyage. The third crossing, on 3 February 1774, was the most southerly penetration, Resolution thus proved Alexander Dalrymples Terra Australis Incognita to be a myth. She returned to Britain in 1775 and was paid off. She arrived back in Britain on 4 October 1780, in 1780, Resolution was converted into an armed transport and sailed for the East Indies in March 1781. Sphinx and Annibal of Suffrens squadron captured Resolution on 9 June 1782, after the action at Negapatam on 6 July 1782, Resolution sailed to Manila for wood, biscuit and rigging, and to press any seaman she found there. She then sailed on 22 July 1782 and was never seen again, on 5 June 1783 de Suffren wrote that Resolution had last been seen in the Sunda Strait, and that he suspected she had either foundered or fallen into the hands of the English. An item from the Melbourne Argus,25 February 1879, said that she ended her days as a Portuguese coal-hulk at Rio de Janeiro, alternatively, in 1789 she may have been renamed Général Conway, in November 1790 Amis Réunis, and in 1792 Liberté. She settled to the bottom just a mile from Endeavour, european and American voyages of scientific exploration Beaglehole, J. C. ed. The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery II, I, The Voyage of the Resolution and Adventure 1772–1775. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, dugard, Martin Farther Than Any Man The Rise and Fall of Captain James Cook, Washington Square Press. Paine, Lincoln P Ships of the World, an Historical Encyclopedia, Houghton Mifflin
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James Cook
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Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
46.
HMS Discovery (1774)
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HMS Discovery was the consort ship of James Cooks third expedition to the Pacific Ocean in 1776–1780. Like Cooks other ships, Discovery was a Whitby-built collier originally named Diligence when she was built in 1774, purchased in 1775, the vessel was measured at 299 tons burthen. Originally a brig, Cook had her changed to a full rigged ship and she was commanded by Charles Clerke, who had previously served on Cooks first two expeditions, and had a complement of 70. When Cook was killed in a skirmish with natives of Hawaii, Clerke transferred to the expeditions flagship HMS Resolution and she then became a dockyard craft at Woolwich, and was broken up at Chatham Dockyard in October 1797. European and American voyages of scientific exploration Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu by Captain James Cook Colledge, J. J. Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy. Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714-1792, the Life of Captain James Cook. Ships of the World entry Digitised copies of the logs of HMS Discovery
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