1.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
4.
Mahone Bay
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Mahone Bay is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada along the eastern end of Lunenburg County. Mahone Bay was named after the French mahonne, which referred to a type of boat used by local privateers, opening south directly onto the Atlantic, its eastern shore is formed by the Aspotogan Peninsula and its western shore is formed by the First Peninsula. The Chester Peninsula juts several kilometres into Mahone Bay at roughly its midpoint, the bays geological history differs from its eastern neighbour, St. Margarets Bay, in that Mahone Bay shows a greater variety of soils and bedrock. Numerous glacial drumlins on the shore near the towns of Mahone Bay. Mahone Bay also differs from St. Margarets Bay in that it is dotted with innumerable small, the shelter provided by these islands, along with the summer southwesterly flow, led to the scenery around Mahone Bay becoming a tourist attraction in itself. Today the towns of Chester and Mahone Bay have become a destination for cruising in pleasure yachts, a scenic provincial park at Graves Island just east of Chester is a popular camping destination. Other important fishing ports include Blandford, Mahone Bay was first settled during Father Le Loutres War. The first to arrive were those who lived in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and had farm lots throughout the peninsula, the people who settled this area include the present-day village of Mahone Bay, were foreign protestants who were German, Swiss, and Montbéliardais settlers. During the French and Indian War, there were nine Native, the French, Acadians and natives were resisting the British control over Nova Scotia and Acadia. One such raid – the Raid on Lunenburg – happened just off the shores of Mahone Bay on present-day Covey Island, another raid happened on 24 August 1758 in the village of Mahone Bay, when eight Mikmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in the raid, the Mikmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the practice for payment from the French. During the War of 1812, the American privateer schooner Young Teazer was trapped off the shores of Mahone Bay by the HMS Hogue, to avoid capture, a crew member of the Young Teazer destroyed his own ship, killing most of the crew. Day visited the area and created Rockbound as a fictionalized, exaggerated account of life on the islands, Mahone Bay contains Oak Island, well known in connection with tales of buried treasure. The 2006 independent movie A Stones Throw was filmed primarily at locations in and around Mahone Bay
5.
Chester, Nova Scotia
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Chester is a village located in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is part of Nova Scotias Chester Municipal District in the part of Lunenburg County. Chester was officially founded in 1759 during the French and Indian War and it was the Shoreham grant, although French fishermen had already built a few houses on the site. The first permanent European-descended settlers were a group from Massachusetts who came to the area in 1761, the following day the privateers successfully executed the Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. During the War of 1812, the American Privateer Young Teazer was trapped off the shores of Chester by the HMS Hogue, to avoid capture, a crew member of the Young Teazer destroyed his own ship, killing most of the crew. After World War I, to honour the 54 soldiers from the area that were killed, after the war the Womens Institute of Nova Scotia established the Zoé Vallé Memorial Library. Chester is one of the wealthiest communities in the province as a result of being a holiday and resort destination, with seasonal and year-round estates. The nearby waters of Mahone Bay and its numerous islands are known for yachting and have made the Chester Yacht Club into a cruising destination. A Provincial ferry from the village provides a schedule of daily trips to Big Tancook Island, Chester was the site of a controversial proposal to change status of the village. A committee had been formed in hopes of changing the status of Chester by incorporating as a town, thereby leaving the Chester Municipal District. Many residents of the village under the banner Citizens for Fairness successfully fought the motion on the principle that the majority of citizens, by ballot, should decide such a fundamental change. Some also saw the possibility of higher taxes, costs for a hall, a mayor. They won the right to a plebiscite in the fall of 2002 from the Nova Scotia Legislature, the motion was defeated in a public plebiscite on February 22,2003. The village is situated on the Chester Peninsula, which extends into Mahone Bay, the village has two natural harbours, Front Harbour on the east and Back Harbour on the west. The village is immediately south of Stanford Lake. Chester has a school, Chester District School and a middle school. Forest Heights Community School brings together students from all of the Municipality of the District of Chester, the village is home to the Chester Playhouse one of the best-known community theaters on Nova Scotias South Shore. Chester is well known for its annual summer sailing regatta, Chester Race Week, in the last weekend of July there is the annual Chester Garden Show and the House and Garden Tour along with harbour tours
6.
Expulsion of the Acadians
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The Expulsion occurred during the French and Indian War and was part of the British military campaign against New France. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758 transported additional Acadians to Britain, in all, of the 14,100 Acadians in the region, approximately 11,500 Acadians were deported. After the British Siege of Port Royal in 1710, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht allowed the Acadians to keep their lands, over the next forty-five years, however, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During the same period, they participated in various military operations against the British. As a result, the British sought to eliminate any future threat posed by the Acadians. In the first wave of the expulsion, Acadians were deported to other British colonies, during the second wave, they were deported to Britain and France, from where they migrated to Louisiana. Acadians fled initially to Francophone colonies such as Canada, the northern part of Acadia, Isle Saint-Jean. During the second wave of the expulsion, these Acadians were either imprisoned or deported, throughout the expulsion, Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy continued a guerrilla war against the British in response to British aggression which had been continuous since 1744. Thousands of Acadians died in the expulsions, mainly from diseases, on July 11,1764, the British government passed an order-in-council to permit Acadians to legally return to British territories, provided that they take an unqualified oath of allegiance. The American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow memorialized the event in his poem about the plight of the fictional character Evangeline. After the British officially gained control of Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an oath of loyalty to become British subjects. Instead, they negotiated a conditional oath that promised neutrality, some Acadians remained neutral and refused the unconditional oath. The difficulty was partly religious, as the British monarch was the head of the Protestant Church of England, other Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath because they were anti-British. Various historians have observed that some Acadians were labelled neutral when they were not, by the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians, there was already a long history of political and military resistance by Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy to the British occupation of Acadia. The Mikmaq and the Acadians were allies through their Catholicism and numerous inter-marriages, while the Acadians were the largest population, the Wabanaki Confederacy, particularly the Mikmaq, held the military strength in Acadia even after the British conquest. They resisted the British occupation and were joined on occasions by Acadians. These efforts were supported and led by French priests in the region. In 1753, French troops from Canada marched south and seized and fortified the Ohio Valley, Britain protested the invasion and claimed Ohio for itself
7.
Seven Years' War
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The Seven Years War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain on one side and the Kingdom of France on the other. Meanwhile, in India, the Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, faced with this sudden turn of events, Britain aligned herself with Prussia, in a series of political manoeuvres known as the Diplomatic Revolution. Conflict between Great Britain and France broke out in 1754–1756 when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America, meanwhile, rising power Prussia was struggling with Austria for dominance within and outside the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe. In 1756, the major powers switched partners, realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe, because of Austrias alliance with France to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war, Prussia formed an alliance with Britain. Reluctantly, by following the diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austrias cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states, Sweden, seeking to re-gain Pomerania joined the coalition, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France, the Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussias ambition on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with the Franco-Spanish alliance, like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain and the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Saxony, Austria and Prussia, in 1763. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement, a subsequent conflict, Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia its military prowess was noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e. g. Cuba and the Philippines, France and Spain avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britains dominance once and for all. The Seven Years War was perhaps the first true world war, having taken place almost 160 years before World War I and it was characterized in Europe by sieges and the arson of towns as well as open battles with heavy losses
8.
Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres
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Colonel Joseph Frederick Wallet Des Barres was a cartographer who served in the Seven Years War, in part, as the aide-de-camp to General James Wolfe. He also created the four volume Atlantic Neptune, which was the most important collection of maps, charts. Finally, he was the Governor of Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island, Colonel Des Barres is buried with his wife in the crypt of St. Georges Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Des Barres, who is seen as having lived through important changes in Nova Scotias history, is thought to have born in Basel, Switzerland. His parents were Joseph-Leonard Vallet Des Barres and Anne-Catherine Cuvier and he was the eldest of their three children, Des Barres read mathematics and art at the University of Basel, studying under John and Daniel Bernoulli. Upon the completion of his studies he left for England, there he enrolled at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. It was there that Des Barres trained to become a military officer and his training would also benefit him later in life for surveying, map making, and coastal charting. In 1756 he was commissioned into the Royal Americans, in 1756 Des Barres sailed to North America and was with Edward Boscawens fleet when it attacked the Fortress of Louisbourg in 1758. He distinguished himself by capturing a French entrenchment at Kennington Cove, soon he was put to work charting the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the approaches to Quebec, information that would be used the following year in Wolfss assault on the City of Quebec. In 1760 he was at Halifax to prepare plans for the citys defences, jonathan Binney and DesBarras met the Mikmaw chiefs at Arichat, Nova Scotia, in 1761, and concluded a lasting peace. By 1762 he was sent to Newfoundland to survey Harbour Grace and Carbonear, James Cook was sent as his assistant. Des Barres made many maps of the Atlantic, mapping the coast of North American from Newfoundland to New York and his survey of the coast of Nova Scotia took approximately ten years due its length and intricacy. The survey work was carried out in the summer and in the winter he would retire to his estate, Castle Frederick, in Falmouth, Nova Scotia to complete his charts and his most notable work is the Atlantic Neptune. In 1774 under direction for the British Admiralty, Des Barres compiled and edited his and many others charts, the completed work was published in 1777, having cost the Admiralty an estimated £100,000. He laid out the plan of the capital, Sydney. He was later governor of Prince Edward Island from 1804 to 1812, dalhousie University has a number of items of Colonel Des Barres in one of its archive collections. He died at the age of 102, and his date of death is given as 24 and 27 October. Colonel Des Barres is buried St. Georges Church, Halifax, while he was buried beside his wife Martha, he was survived by his mistress Mary Cannon and their four children
9.
Causeway
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In modern usage, a causeway is a road or railway on top an embankment usually across a broad body of water or wetland. When first used, the word appeared in a such as causey way making clear its derivation from the earlier form causey. This word seems to have come from the source by two different routes. It derives ultimately, from the Latin for heel, calx, anciently, the construction was trodden down, one layer at a time, often by slaves or flocks of sheep. Today, this work is done by machines, the same technique would have been used for road embankments, raised river banks, sea banks and fortification earthworks. The second derivation route is simply the hard, trodden surface of a path, the name by this route came to be applied to a firmly-surfaced road. It is now little-used except in dialect and in the names of roads which were notable for their solidly-made surface. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states causey, a mound or dam, which is derived, through the Norman-French caucie, from the late Latin via calciata, a road stamped firm with the feet. The word is comparable in both meanings with the French chaussée, from a form of which it reached English by way of Norman French. The French adjective, chaussée, carries the meaning of having given a hardened surface. As a noun chaussée is used on the one hand for a metalled carriageway, other languages have a noun with similar dual meaning. The Welsh is relevant here, as it also has a verb, sarnu, a transport corridor that is carried instead on a series of arches, perhaps approaching a bridge, is a viaduct. In the U. S. a short stretch of viaduct is called an overpass, some low causeways across shore waters become inaccessible when covered at high tide. The modern embankment may be constructed within a cofferdam, two parallel steel sheet pile or concrete retaining walls, anchored to each other with steel cables or rods. This construction may also serve as a dyke that keeps two bodies of water apart, such as bodies with a different water level on each side, or with water on one side. This may also be the purpose of a structure, the road providing a hardened crest for the dike. It also provides access for maintenance as well perhaps, as a public service, notable causeways include those that connect Singapore and Malaysia, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and Venice to the mainland, all of which carry roadways and railways. In the Netherlands there are a number of prominent dykes which also double as causeways, including the Afsluitdijk, Brouwersdam, in Louisiana, two very long bridges, called the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, stretch across Lake Pontchartrain for almost 38 km, making them the worlds longest bridges
10.
Riptide (novel)
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Riptide is a novel written by Lincoln Child and Douglas Preston published in 1998 by Warner Books. The novel revolves around a plot to retrieve the treasure of nefarious pirate Red Ned Ockham. The treasure, which is estimated to be close to two billion dollars, reputedly includes St. Michaels Sword, a weapon with the power to kill anyone who looks at it. The novel is fiction but is based in part on the legend of the Oak Island Money Pit. The location of the pit, described as the Water Pit in Riptide, is moved to a fictional Ragged Island, a dangerous drumlin island approximately six miles off the coast of Maine. Riptide is prominent among Preston and Childs works as being the one, no characters seen or mentioned in Riptide have any role in any of their other novels, unlike their other stand-alone works such as Mount Dragon, Thunderhead, and The Ice Limit. The novel begins in 1971 and introduces main character Malin Hatch, in search for something to do with their summer day, Malin suggests that the two explore Ragged Island, an island owned by the Hatch family. Ragged Island is strictly off limits to the boys, because of its ability to destroy those who come in contact with it, the Hatch brothers ignore their fathers demand to stay away from the island and set off for it. Once the boys make it to the island, an accident takes place. Hatch is at first skeptical of Neidelmans claim, but at length allows him to dig on the island, once on the island, things do not go as planned. Mysterious accidents, illnesses and computer problems plague the salvage team and it also is revealed that the artifact, St. Michaels Sword, is in fact radioactive. This accounts for both the deaths of Red Neds crew and for the computer glitches the team is having. The man who designed the water pit had realized that the artifact is actually deadly as well, however, the team learns too late that the entire island is sitting over a massive natural void in the ground, and that anyone removing the sword will collapse it. Neidelman is also lost in the collapse, IGN had a similar opinion, stating that it was predictable to me in a few spots, but it didnt take away from my enjoyment of it. After all, you know Indiana Jones is going to get the girl, win the prize, and hes not going to die, according to an interview in 2003 with Douglas Preston, talk of a film based upon the book was in its beginning stages. As of 2008, the film has not started production. No further comment on the film has been announced since 2003, preston/Child Website Hachette Book Group Website Riptide title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
11.
History (U.S. TV channel)
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The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history
12.
The Curse of Oak Island
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The Curse of Oak Island is a reality television series that premiered in Canada on the History Channel on January 5,2014. The show details the efforts of brothers Marty and Rick Lagina from Michigan in their attempt to solve the 220-year-old Oak Island mystery. Using modern technology and independent researchers, they seek the treasure or historical artifacts believed to be buried on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia, the series discusses the history of the island, recent discoveries, theories, and prior attempts to investigate the site. Areas of interest include the Money Pit, Borehole 10-x, Smiths Cove, Nolans Cross, the Hatch, Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours, which reportedly owns most of the island. The brothers were approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show. Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father-and-son Dan and Dave Blankenship, the series explores various Oak Island theories through conversations with independent researchers. Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347, having started in 2014, The Curse of Oak Island has run for four seasons. On August 2,2016, it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the most recent 4th season. When asked about a 5th season, creator Kevin Burns said that it all depends on the Lagina brothers. Burns said that the brothers are not reality show people, and have always been reluctant to do more seasons as filming keeps the brothers away from their families for up to five months. Burns also released a statement saying, We are not set to come back for another year, take of that what you will, frederick G. Nolan Official website Official Facebook Page The Curse of Oak Island at the Internet Movie Database
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
14.
Skeptical Inquirer
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Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry with the subtitle, The Magazine for Science and Reason. In 2016 it celebrated its fortieth anniversary, for most of its existence, the Skeptical Inquirer was published by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, widely known by its acronym CSICOP. In 2006 the CSICOP Executive Council shortened CSICOP’s name to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, the formal mission statement, approved in 2006 and still current, states that. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes science and scientific inquiry, critical thinking, science education, a shorter version of the mission statement appears in every issue, “. Promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial, a history of the first two decades is available in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal published in 1998 by S. I. editor Kendrick Frazier. The magazine was originally titled The Zetetic and was edited by Marcello Truzzi. The first issue was dated Fall/Winter 1976, soon after its inception a schism developed between the editor Truzzi and the rest of CSICOP. One side was more opposed to nonsense, more willing to go on the offensive and to attack supernatural claims. Truzzi left to start The Zetetic Scholar and CSICOP changed the name to Skeptical Inquirer. In 1977 Kendrick Frazier was appointed editor and he had previously been editor of Science News for six years. Kurtz noted that there had been “tremendous public fascination with the paranormal” and it was promoted and sensationalized by an irresponsible media. ”He stressed that “Our interest was not simply in the paranormal curiosity shop but to increase an understanding of how science works. ”Historian Daniel Loxton speculates on the answer to the question that if CSICOP was not the first skeptical publication. Loxton writes that it was because CSICOP organized this scholarship collectively comprised a field of study. The organization was the first to establish best practices, periodicals and professional writers and researchers. In the 1978 Spring and Summer edition, it was announced that the next issue publication would move from semi-annual to quarterly. From 1976 to 1995 the magazine had a digest-sized format, the U. K. magazine The Skeptic was first published in close association with SI. In 2014 the British version was handed back to the U. K. Skeptics, according to Kurtz, in the first twenty years, the magazine attempted to focus on the paranormal. Solving mysteries that were outside the range of normal, frogs dropping from the sky, UFO abductions, cattle mutilations, readers expected the magazine to have explanations. Kurtz states that these were exciting years, especially working with magicians who would often replicate the paranormal claim, the magazine often received criticism from the paranormal community, that they were being made fun of
