1.
Manufacturing
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
2.
Oberheim Electronics
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Oberheim Electronics, is a manufacturer of audio synthesizers and a variety of other electronic musical instruments. Founded in 1969 by Tom Oberheim, Oberheims Two-voice TVS-1, Four-voice FVS-1 in 1975, and Eight-voice in 1977, were among the first commercially available polyphonic synthesizers. Configurations were based on the SEM, the Two-voice synthesizer included a two channel voltage controlled sequencer, and the Four-voice and Eight-voice machines included a rudimentary Programmer, capable of recalling sound settings. Oberheims later synths like the OB-X and OB-Xa abandoned the relatively bulky SEMs in favor of individual or compact voice cards, Oberheim continued to make synthesizers until the late 1980s. Other notable Oberheim synthesizers include the OB-1, the OB-8, the Xpander, the Matrix-6, the Matrix-12, and the Matrix-1000 marketed after the acquisition by Gibson. Oberheims DMX drum machine, a staple of early music, lent its name to the Producer Davy DMX, electro musician DMX Krew. Oberheim went bankrupt and was acquired in 1985 by a group of lawyers who changed the name to Oberheim ECC, Tom was creatively still at the helm, although he left the company within a couple of years to start a new venture called Marion Systems. Ironically, Gibson had split away from its parent company, Norlin, in 1986, Norlin handled distribution for Oberheims major competitor, Moog Music. The trademark was licensed to Viscount International, an Italian digital-organ producer. In 2009, Tom Oberheim announced that he was manufacturing a new version of his classic analog SEM, in 2011–2012, Tom Oberheim announced a four-voice SEM called Son Of 4 Voice, as well as an updated version of the classic Two-Voice known as the Two-Voice Pro. The Son Of 4 Voice, also known as SO4V, the Two Voice Pro started shipping in 2014
3.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
4.
Polyphony and monophony in instruments
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Polyphony is a property of musical instruments that means that they can play multiple notes simultaneously. Instruments featuring polyphony are said to be polyphonic, instruments that are not capable of polyphony are monophonic or paraphonic. A monophonic synthesizer or monosynth is a synthesizer that produces one note at a time. Well-known monosynths include the Minimoog, the Roland TB-303, and the Korg Prophecy, duophonic synthesizers, such as the ARP Odyssey and Formanta Polivoks built in the 1970s and 1980s respectively, have a capability to independently play two pitches at a time. These synthesizers have at least two oscillators that are controllable, and a duophonic keyboard that can generate two control voltage signals for the lowest- and highest-note. When two or more keys are pressed simultaneously, the lowest- and highest-note will be heard, when only one key is pressed, both oscillators are assigned to one note, possibly with a more complex sound. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were built in the late-1930s, but the concept did not become popular until the mid-1970s, harald Bodes Warbo Formant Orguel, developed in 1937, was an archetype of a voice allocation polyphonic synthesizer. Novachord by Hammond Organ Company, released in 1939, is a product of frequency divider organs. It uses octave divider technology to generate polyphony, and about 1,000 Novachords were manufactured until 1942, using an octave divider a synthesizer needs only 12 oscillators - one for each note in the musical scale. The additional notes are generated by dividing down the outputs of these oscillators, to produce a note one octave lower, the frequency of the oscillator is divided by two. Polyphony is achieved so long as one of each note in the scale is played simultaneously. One notable early polyphonic synthesizer was the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5, six-voice polyphony was standard by the middle 1980s. With the advent of synthesizers, 16-voice polyphony became standard by the late 1980s. 64-voice polyphony was common by the middle 1990s and 128-note polyphony arrived shortly after, there are several reasons for providing such large numbers of simultaneous notes, Even with only ten fingers, it is possible to play more than ten notes at once. Notes may continue to sound even after a key is released, the synthesizers resources may still be in use to produce the sound of the previously struck notes tapering off, especially when a sustain pedal is used. A sound may be generated by more than one oscillator or sound-source to allow more complicated sounds to be produced, a synthesizer with 16 oscillators may be capable of 16-note polyphony only when simple, single-oscillator sounds are produced. If a particular patch requires four oscillators, then the synthesizer is only capable of four-note polyphony, synthesizers may be configured to produce multiple timbres, particularly necessary when sounds are layered or sequenced. Multitimbral instruments are always polyphonic but polyphonic instruments are not necessarily multitimbral, some multitimbral instruments have a feature which allows the user to specify the amount of polyphony reserved or allowed for each timbre
5.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
6.
Analog synthesizer
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An analog synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog signals to generate sound electronically. The earliest analog synthesizers in the 1920s and 1930s, such as the Trautonium, were built with a variety of vacuum-tube, after the 1960s, analog synthesizers were built using operational amplifier integrated circuits, and used potentiometers to adjust the sound parameters. Analog synthesizers also use low-pass filters and high-pass filters to modify the sound, the earliest synthesizers used a variety of thermionic-valve and electro-mechanical technologies. Another notable early instrument is the Hammond Novachord, first produced in 1938, early analog synthesizers used technology from electronic analog computers and laboratory test equipment. Synthesizer modules in early synthesizers included voltage-controlled oscillators, voltage-controlled filters. Additionally, they used envelope generators, low-frequency oscillators, and ring modulators, some synthesizers also had effects devices, such as reverb units, or tools such as sequencers or sound mixers. Because many of these modules took input sound signals and processed them, famous modular synthesizer manufacturers included Buchla & Associates, Moog Music, ARP Instruments, Inc. and Electronic Music Studios. Moog established standards recognized worldwide for control interfacing on analog synthesizers, using a logarithmic 1-volt-per-octave pitch control and these control signals were routed using the same types of connectors and cables that were used for routing the synthesized sound signals. A specialized form of analog synthesizer is the analog vocoder, based on equipment developed for speech synthesis, vocoders are often used to make a sound that resembles a musical instrument talking or singing. Patch cords were expensive, could be damaged by use, and made complex patches difficult, thus, later analog synthesizers used the same building blocks, but integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems. The most popular of these was the Minimoog, though less flexible than a modular design, normalization made the instrument more portable and easier to use. This first pre-patched synthesizer, the Minimoog, became highly popular, the Minimoog also influenced the design of nearly all subsequent synthesizers, with integrated keyboard, pitch wheel and modulation wheel, and a VCO->VCF->VCA signal flow. In the 1970s, miniaturized solid-state components let manufacturers produce self-contained, portable instruments, Electronic synthesizers quickly become a standard part of the popular-music repertoire. The first movie to use music made with a synthesizer was the James Bond film On Her Majestys Secret Service in 1969, after the release of the film, composers produced a large number of movie soundtracks that featured synthesizers. Notable makers of analog synthesizers included Moog, ARP, Roland, Korg. Because of the complexity of generating even a single note using analog synthesis, polyphonic analog synthesizers featured limited polyphony, typically supporting four voices. Oberheim was a manufacturer of analog polyphonic synthesizers. The Polymoog was an attempt to create a polyphonic analog synthesizer
7.
Attenuator (electronics)
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An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods, while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1. Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks, switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used, fixed attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve impedance matching. Attenuators are also used to match impedance by lowering apparent SWR, basic circuits used in attenuators are pi pads and T pads. These may be required to be balanced or unbalanced depending on whether the line geometry with which they are to be used is balanced or unbalanced. For instance, attenuators used with coaxial lines would be the form while attenuators for use with twisted pair are required to be the balanced form. Four fundamental attenuator circuit diagrams are given in the figures on the left, since an attenuator circuit consists solely of passive resistor elements, it is linear and reciprocal. Key specifications for attenuators are, Attenuation expressed in decibels of relative power, a 3 dB pad reduces power to one half,6 dB to one fourth,10 dB to one tenth,20 dB to one hundredth,30 dB to one thousandth and so on. For voltage you double the dBs so for example 6 dB is half in voltage, nominal impedance, for example 50 ohm Frequency bandwidth, for example DC-18 GHz Power dissipation depends on mass and surface area of resistance material as well as possible additional cooling fins. Above SHF special waveguide structure is required, important characteristics are, accuracy, low SWR, flat frequency-response and repeatability. The size and shape of the attenuator depends on its ability to dissipate power, RF attenuators are used as loads for and as known attenuation and protective dissipation of power in measuring RF signals. Power attenuator Guitar amplifier This section concerns pi-pads, T-pads and L-pads made entirely from resistors, all impedance, currents, voltages and two-port parameters will be assumed to be purely real. For practical applications, this assumption is often close enough, the pad is designed for a particular load impedance, ZLoad, and a particular source impedance, Zs. The impedance seen looking into the port will be ZS if the output port is terminated by ZLoad. The impedance seen looking into the port will be ZLoad if the input port is terminated by ZS. The attenuator two-port is generally bidirectional, however, in this section it will be treated as though it were one way. In general, either of the two figures above applies, but the figure on the left will be assumed most of the time
8.
Keyboard expression
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Acoustic pianos, such as upright and grand pianos, are velocity-sensitive—the faster the key strike, the harder the hammer hits the strings. Baroque-style clavichords and professional synthesizers are after-touch-sensitive—applied force on the key after the initial strike produces effects such as vibrato or swells in volume, tracker pipe organs and electronic organs are displacement-sensitive—partly depressing a key produces a quieter tone. The piano, being velocity-sensitive, responds to the speed of the key-press in how fast the hammers strike the strings, several piano predecessors, such as the harpsichord, were not velocity-sensitive like the piano. To avoid this confusion, pressure sensitivity is often, perhaps usually, the MIDI standard supports both velocity and aftertouch. In general, only electronic keyboards implement true pressure sensitivity. Some manufacturers advertising incorrectly uses the term touch-sensitive for velocity sensitivity, even on a touch-sensitive keyboard, not all digital instrument sounds may incorporate velocity sensitivity into the sounds envelope. For example, the pipe organ sound often has no velocity-sensitive effects. The manufacturers and distributors of some inferior keyboards incorrectly describe their purely velocity-sensitive instruments as pressure-sensitive, the clavichord and some electronic keyboards also respond to the amount of force applied after initial impact—they are pressure-sensitive. This can be used by a skilled player to slightly correct the intonation of the notes when playing on a clavichord. Unlike in an action, the tangent does not rebound from the string, rather, it stays in contact with the string as long as the key is held. The volume of the note can be changed by striking harder or softer, when the key is released, the tangent loses contact with the string and the vibration of the string is silenced by strips of damping cloth. By applying a pressure up and down the key with the finger. While the vibrato on fretless string instruments such as the violin typically oscillates in pitch both above and below the note, clavichord bebung only produce pitches above the note. Sheet music does not often explicitly indicate bebung, composers generally let players apply bebung at their discretion. When sheet music does indicate bebung, it appears as a series of dots above or below a note, on electronic keyboards and synthesizers, pressure sensitivity is usually called aftertouch. A minority of instruments have polyphonic aftertouch, in each individual note has its own sensor for pressure that enables differing usage of aftertouch for different notes. Aftertouch sensors detect whether the musician is continuing to exert pressure after the strike of the key. The aftertouch feature allows players to change the tone or sound of a note after it is struck
9.
Computer data storage
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Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a function and fundamental component of computers. The central processing unit of a computer is what manipulates data by performing computations, in practice, almost all computers use a storage hierarchy, which puts fast but expensive and small storage options close to the CPU and slower but larger and cheaper options farther away. In the Von Neumann architecture, the CPU consists of two parts, The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit. The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory, while the latter performs arithmetic and logical operations on data, without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result. It would have to be reconfigured to change its behavior and this is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators, digital signal processors, and other specialized devices. Von Neumann machines differ in having a memory in which they store their operating instructions, most modern computers are von Neumann machines. A modern digital computer represents data using the numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits, a piece of information can be handled by any computer or device whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, the works of Shakespeare, about 1250 pages in print. Data is encoded by assigning a bit pattern to each character, digit, by adding bits to each encoded unit, redundancy allows the computer to both detect errors in coded data and correct them based on mathematical algorithms. A random bit flip is typically corrected upon detection, the cyclic redundancy check method is typically used in communications and storage for error detection. A detected error is then retried, data compression methods allow in many cases to represent a string of bits by a shorter bit string and reconstruct the original string when needed. This utilizes substantially less storage for many types of data at the cost of more computation, analysis of trade-off between storage cost saving and costs of related computations and possible delays in data availability is done before deciding whether to keep certain data compressed or not. For security reasons certain types of data may be encrypted in storage to prevent the possibility of unauthorized information reconstruction from chunks of storage snapshots. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and this traditional division of storage to primary, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit. In contemporary usage, memory is usually semiconductor storage read-write random-access memory, typically DRAM or other forms of fast but temporary storage
10.
Rush (band)
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Archives is a compilation album by Rush, released in April 1978. The compilation was a repackaging of the bands first three albums. Originally released with a grey cover, it was later repackaged with a darker. The minimalist cover art recycles the image of the Man in the Star from the 2112 album, on the original, vinyl Fly By Night album, the chimes at the end of By-Tor and the Snow Dog were printed into the fadeout groove of side one. This meant that on older turntables the chimes would play on forever, on the Archives version, By-Tor is 28 seconds longer as these additional chimes were included. Although Archives has never officially released on CD, it managed simultaneous gold
11.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
12.
Jean-Michel Jarre
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Jean-Michel Jarre is a French composer, performer, and record producer. He is a pioneer in the electronic, ambient, and new-age genres, and known as an organiser of outdoor spectacles of his music featuring lights, laser displays, Jarre was raised in Lyon by his mother and grandparents, and trained on the piano. From an early age, he was introduced to a variety of art forms, including those of street performers, jazz musicians, and the artist Pierre Soulages. He played guitar in a band, but his style was perhaps most heavily influenced by Pierre Schaeffer. His first mainstream success was the 1976 album Oxygène, recorded in a makeshift studio at his home, the album sold an estimated 12 million copies. More albums were to follow, but his 1979 concert served as a blueprint for his performances around the world. Several of his albums have been released to coincide with large-scale outdoor events, as of 2004, Jarre had sold an estimated 80 million albums. He was the first Western musician officially invited to perform in the Peoples Republic of China, Jean-Michel Jarre was born in Lyon on 24 August 1948, to France Pejot, a French Resistance member and concentration camp survivor, and composer Maurice Jarre. When Jarre was five, his parents split up and his moved to America. He did not see his father again until reaching the age of 18, for the first eight years of his life, Jarre spent six months each year at his maternal grandparents flat on the Cours de Verdun, in the Perrache district of Lyon. Jarres grandfather was a player, engineer and inventor, designing an early audio mixer used at Radio Lyon. He also gave Jean-Michel his first record player, from his vantage point high above the pavement, the young French boy was able to watch street performers at work, an experience he later cited as proving influential on his art. Jarre struggled with classical studies, although he later changed teachers. A more general interest in musical instruments was sparked by his discovery at the Saint-Ouen flea market and these early jazz experiences suggested to him that music may be descriptive, without lyrics. He was also influenced by the work of French artist Pierre Soulages, Soulages paintings used multiple textured layers, and Jarre realised that for the first time in music, you could act as a painter with frequencies and sounds. I also saw the last concert by the great Arabic singer Om Khalsoum and she is the goddess, the Maria Callas of the Orient. Then I heard Georgia on My Mind by Ray Charles, and I realised that music can talk to your tummy, I was so impressed by the organic sensuality coming from Ray Charless music – there was no intellectual process and it was great. As a young man Jarre earned money by selling his paintings, exhibiting some of his works at the Lyon Gallery – LŒil écoute, and by playing in a band called Mystère IV
