1.
Philippians
–
The Epistle of Paul and Timothy to the Philippians, often referred to simply as Philippians, is the eleventh book in the New Testament. Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Pauls second missionary journey, Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe. Biblical scholars are in agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus. The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD, about 10 years after Pauls first visit to Philippi, according to the document itself, the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus, their envoy, with contributions as an expression of their partnership and concern to meet the needs of Paul. During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their gift and it is at this time, whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle, various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus. Moreover, Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians, lastly, he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus heroism and the arrival of the gift, along with his promise of a divine accounting. With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey, there has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter. Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody, Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts. Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment, still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again, and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Pauls lengthy stay in that city. Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment, jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article. This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be debated in the wider theological community. The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure, with author – or senders – first, the address and the greeting is clear, Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus. To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers, grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, the letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe. They were very attached to Paul, just as he was fond of them. Of all the churches, their contributions are among the ones he accepts. The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously and this was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor.8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove. As with all epistles, the original was composed in Greek, veronica Koperski views Philippians 3,10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ
2.
Independent school (United Kingdom)
–
For example, pupils do not have to follow the National Curriculum. Seven of the older, expensive and more schools catering for the 13–18 age-range in England. The term public being derived from the fact that they were open to pupils regardless of where they lived or their religion, prep schools, educate younger children up to the age of 13 to prepare them for entry to the public schools and other independent schools. Some former grammar schools converted to an independent fee paying model following the 1965 Circular 10/65 which marked the end of their state funding, others converted into comprehensive schools. There are around 2,500 independent schools in the UK, in addition to charging tuition fees, many also benefit from gifts, charitable endowments and charitable status. Many of these schools are members of the Independent Schools Council and these schools were founded as part of the church and were under their complete dominion. However, it was during the late 14th & early 15th centuries that the first schools, winchester & Oswestry were the first of their kind and paved the way for the establishment of the modern Public school. These were often established for scholars from poor or disadvantaged backgrounds, however, English law has always regarded education as a charitable end in itself. For instance, the Queens Scholarships founded at Westminster in 1560, are for the sons of decayd gentlemen, also, facilities already provided by the charitable foundation for a few scholars could profitably be extended to further paying pupils. After a time, such fees would eclipse the original charitable income, in 2009 senior boarding schools were charging fees of between £16,000 and nearly £30,000 per annum. However, majority of the independent schools today are still registered as a charity, christs Hospital in Horsham is one of the examples, large proposition of its students are funded by its charitable foundation or by various benefactors. Most public schools developed significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries, under a number of forward-looking headmasters leading public schools created a curriculum based heavily on classics and physical activity for boys and young men of the upper and upper middle classes. They were schools for the elite of Victorian politics, armed forces. Often successful businessmen would send their sons to a school as a mark of participation in the elite. More recently heads of schools have been emphasising that senior pupils now play a much reduced role in disciplining. To an extent, the school system influenced the school systems of the British Empire. Until 1975 there had been a group of 179 academically selective schools drawing on both private and state funding, the direct grant grammar schools, the Direct Grant Grammar Schools Regulations 1975 required these schools to choose between full state funding as comprehensive schools and full independence. As a result,119 of these schools became independent, pupil numbers at independent schools fell slightly during the mid-1970s recession
3.
Moravian Church
–
The modern Unitas Fratrum, with about 750,000 members worldwide, continues to draw on traditions established during the eighteenth century. The Moravians continue their tradition of missionary work, for example in the Caribbean. This is reflected in their global distribution. The Church places a value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions. The Church’s emblem is the Lamb of God with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription, Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur. The Hussite movement that was to become the Moravian Church was started by Jan Hus in early 15th century Bohemia, since these actions predate the Protestant Reformation by a century, some historians claim the Moravian Church was the first Protestant church. The movement gained support in the Crown of Bohemia, however, Hus was summoned to attend the Council of Constance, which decided that he was a heretic and had him burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. In 1434, an army of Utraquists and Catholics defeated the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany, the Utraquists signed the Compacts of Basel on 5 July 1436. Within fifty years of Hus death, a contingent of his followers had become independently organised as the Bohemian Brethren or Unity of the Brethren, a brother known as Gregory the Patriarch was very influential in forming the group, as well as the teachings of Peter Chelcicky. This group held to a strict obedience to the Sermon on the Mount, which included non-swearing of oaths, non-resistance, because of this, they considered themselves separate from the majority Hussites that did not hold those teachings. They received episcopal ordination through the Waldensians in 1467 and these were some of the earliest Protestants, rebelling against Rome some fifty years before Martin Luther. By the middle of the 16th century as many as 90 per cent of the inhabitants of the Bohemian Crown were Protestant, the majority of nobility was Protestant, the schools and printing-shops established by the Moravian Church were flourishing. Protestantism had an influence to the education of the population. Even in the middle of the 16th century there was not a town without a Protestant school in the Bohemian crown lands. With the University of Prague also firmly in hands of Protestants, therefore, the Jesuits were invited, with the backing of the Catholic Habsburg rulers, to come to the Bohemian Crown and establish a number of Catholic educational institutions. One of these is the university in the Moravian capital of Olomouc, in 1582 they forced closure of local Protestant schools. The Revolt started by unplanned second Defenestrations of Prague and was defeated in 1620 in the Battle of White Mountain near Prague, as consequence the local Protestant noblemen were either executed or expelled from the country while the Habsburgs placed Catholic nobility in their place. The war, plague, and subsequent disruption led to a decline in the population from over 3 million to some 800,000 people, by 1622 the entire education system was in the hands of Jesuits and all Protestant schools were closed
4.
Derby
–
Derby is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, at the 2011 census, the population was 248,700. Derby gained city status in 1977, Derby was settled by Romans – who established the town of Derventio – Saxons and Vikings, who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. Initially a market town, Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era, home to Lombes Mill, an early British factory, Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. It contains the part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of the British rail industry, Toyota Manufacturing UKs automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston. The Roman camp of Derventio was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green, later the town was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw, until it was captured by Lady Aethelflaed of Mercia in July 917, subsequent to which the town was annexed into the Kingdom of Mercia. The Viking name Djúra-bý, recorded in Old English as Deoraby and this popular belief is asserted by Tim Lambert who states, The name Derby is derived from the Danish words deor by meaning deer settlement. The name Derwent is Celtic and means a valley thick with oaks, the town name appears, nevertheless, as Darby or Darbye on early modern maps, such as that of Speed. Modern research into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons probably co-existed, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Derby is divided by water. These areas of land were known as Norþworþig and Deoraby, and were at the Irongate side of Derby, during the Civil War of 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. A hundred years later, Bonnie Prince Charlie set up camp at Derby on 4 December 1745, the prince called at The George Inn on Irongate, where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters, and demanded billets for his 9,000 troops. He stayed at Exeter House, Full Street where he held his council of war, a replica of the room is on display at Derby Museum in the city centre. He had received misleading information about a coming to meet him south of Derby. Although he wished to continue with his quest, he was over-ruled by his fellow officers and he abandoned his invasion at Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent just a few miles south of Derby. Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britains Industrial Revolution, in 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lees Framework Knitting Machine, it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lees Frame, the partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt. The patent was obtained in January 1759, after three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Derbyshire County Council
–
Derbyshire County Council is the upper-tier local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Derbyshire, England. It has 64 county councillors, one elected for each county division, the council is controlled by the Labour Party, who won control of the council in the 2013 local council elections in May 2013. The Leader of the Council is Anne Western CBE, and heads a cabinet consisting of five other members – those being Jim Coyle, Paul Smith, Dave Allen, Dean Collins, and Andy Botham. The six cabinet members each have responsibility for particular functions of the council and are assisted by Deputy Cabinet Members, the Chief Executive is Ian Stephenson who was appointed in 2013 having previously served as the Strategic Director of Environmental Services. And heads the Councils 35,000 strong workforce, the council was first set up under 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, covering the administrative county. It was reconstituted under the Local Government Act 1972 to cover a different territory, in 1997, the City of Derby left the area covered by the council becoming a unitary authority, but the city remains part of Derbyshire for ceremonial purposes only. The council originally used a county hall in St. Marys Gate, in 1955 the council moved to the current county hall in Matlock. This newer county hall is in a former hydrotherapy complex called Smedleys Hydro which was built in 1853
7.
Department for Education
–
The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
8.
Lamb of God
–
Lamb of God is a title for Jesus that appears in the Gospel of John. It appears at John 1,29, where John the Baptist sees Jesus and exclaims, Christian doctrine holds that divine Jesus chose to suffer crucifixion at Calvary as a sign of his full obedience to the will of his divine Father, as an agent and servant of God. In Christian theology the Lamb of God is viewed as foundational and integral to the message of Christianity, a lion-like lamb that rises to deliver victory after being slain appears several times in the Book of Revelation. It is also referred to in Pauline writings,1 Corinthians 5,7 suggests that Saint Paul intends to refer to the death of Jesus, the lamb metaphor is also in line with Psalm 23, which depicts God as a shepherd leading his flock. It also is used in liturgy and as a form of contemplative prayer, the Agnus Dei also forms a part of the musical setting for the Mass. These two proclamations of Jesus as the Lamb of God closely bracket the Baptists other proclamation in John 1,34, I have borne witness that this is the Son of God. From a Christological perspective, these proclamations and the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove in John 1,32 reinforce each other to establish the divine element of the Person of Christ. The Book of Revelation includes over twenty-nine references to a lamb which delivers victory in a manner reminiscent of the resurrected Christ. In the first appearance of the lamb in Revelation only the lamb is found worthy to take the judgment scroll from God and break the seals. The reference to the lamb in Revelation 5,6 relates it to the Seven Spirits of God which first appear in Revelation 1,4 and are associated with Jesus who holds them along with seven stars. In Revelation 21,14 the lamb is said to have twelve apostles, the handing of the scroll to the risen lamb signifies the change in the role of the lamb. In Calvary, the lamb submitted to the will of the Father to be slain, the concept of the Lamb of God fits well within Johns agent Christology, in which sacrifice is made as an agent of God or servant of God for the sake of eventual victory. The theme of a lamb which rises in victory as the Resurrected Christ was employed in early Christology, e. g. in 375 Saint Augustine wrote. Because he underwent death without being guilty of any iniquity, why a lion in his passion. Because in being slain, he slew death, why a lamb in his resurrection. Why a lion in his resurrection, because everlasting also is his might. Anselm emphasized that as Lamb of God, Jesus chose to suffer in Calvary as a sign of his obedience to the will of the Father. However, as above Saint Anselm and John Calvins view reject the Scapegoat symbolism for they view Jesus as making a sacrifice as an agent of God
9.
The Archers
–
The Archers is the worlds longest-running radio soap opera. The British production, which has had more than 18,200 episodes, is broadcast on Radio 4, originally billed as an everyday story of country folk, it is now described as contemporary drama in a rural setting. Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951, the Archers is set in the fictional village of Ambridge in the fictional county of Borsetshire, in the English Midlands. Borsetshire is situated between, in reality, the counties of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, south of Birmingham in the West Midlands. Other fictional villages include Penny Hassett, Loxley Barrett, Darrington, Hollerton, Edgeley, Waterley Cross, the county town of Borsetshire is Borchester, and the nearest big city is the cathedral city of Felpersham. Anywhere further from Ambridge may be referred to humorously with comments such as thats on the side of Felpersham. Birmingham is a destination for shopping. Since Easter Sunday 1998, there have been six episodes a week from Sunday to Friday, all except the Friday evening episode are repeated the following day at 14,02. The six episodes are re-run unabridged in the Sunday morning omnibus at 10,00, on Remembrance Sunday, the Omnibus edition begins at the earlier time of 09,15. This information is available in the press and on the BBCs website and their family farm, Brookfield, is positioned as a typical example of mixed farming, combining arable, dairy, beef, and sheep. Jill lives in Brookfield with her son David, his wife Ruth and their children Pip, Josh, the prosperous Aldridges at Home Farm. Brian, who is portrayed as a money-driven agribusinessman and his wife Jennifer. They have five children, the two Jennifer brought into their marriage, Adam and Debbie, two born into the marriage, Kate ) and Alice, and schoolboy Ruairi, Brians son by one of his affairs, also, sometimes, Kates daughter Phoebe and Jennifers sister Lilian. The Bridge Farm Archers, who took their land and animals organic a generation ago and they operate a vegetable box scheme, a dairy, a farm shop and farm café. Their children are Helen, Tom, who runs the farm, the Pargetters, a landed gentry family who have to make their stately home, Lower Loxley Hall, pay the bills as a public attraction. Nigel Pargetters widow, Elizabeth née Archer, her son Freddie and these are the main sites in the village, Arkwright Hall is a large Victorian mansion with a 17th-century atmosphere. The building served as a community centre for years, containing a soundproofed room. Later it fell into disrepair, but was renovated when Jack Woolley leased the mansion to the Landmark Trust, Bridge Farm is a 168-acre farm previously on Berrow Estate, but now owned by Pat and Tony Archer
