1.
Sun Drop
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Sun Drop, also marketed as Sundrop, is a citrus-flavored soda produced by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. It has a yellowish-green color imparted by Yellow 5, among soft drinks, it is known for its high caffeine content. Orange juice is an ingredient in the drink, and remaining pulp matter from the orange juice provides some of the soft drinks taste, Sun Drop was developed in Missouri, by Charles Lazier, a salesman of beverage concentrates. While riding around town in the car, Lazier quickly scribbled a recipe for a new soft drink on a small piece of paper which he handed to his son. The younger Lazier worked as a lab technician at his father’s plant, two years later, Sun Drop Cola debuted at the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages Conference in Washington, D. C. The Sun Drop formula was patented on April 15,1930, the drink was marketed in several Southern states under names such as Sundrop Golden Cola or Golden Girl Cola. The brand was acquired and standardized by Crush International in 1970, Crush International was purchased by Procter & Gamble in 1980, which sold its soft drinks holdings to Cadbury Schweppes plc in 1989. Cadbury Schweppes plc demerged in 2008, with its beverages unit becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group, prior to the sale to Cadbury Schweppes, Procter & Gamble introduced several new Sun Drop flavors in 1985, including a reformulated Diet Sun Drop brand using aspartame instead of saccharin. A third brand, Cherry-Lemon Sun Drop, was introduced that same year, a diet variant of Cherry Lemon Sun Drop was introduced 2014. Sun Drop has maintained popularity in parts of the southern United States, especially in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina and parts of the Midwest, including Wisconsin. Similar to other drinks with a cult following, fans outside bottling areas have been known to pay large amounts to have the drink shipped to them. Families have sent it to U. S. soldiers serving in Afghanistan, Sun Drop is sometimes used as a mixer for drinks with hard liquor. Sun Drop is the drink of the nationally recognized Fancy Farm Picnic in Fancy Farm. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the drink was promoted in the American South by NASCAR Winston Cup driver Dale Earnhardt, Carolina Beverage Corp. bought Sun Drop Bottling Co. of Concord effective December 1,2016. The Concord, North Carolina plant closed, Dr Pepper Snapple Group distributed Sun Drop nationwide beginning in 2011, with a new campaign that features an updated web site, a Facebook page, and a promotional deal with MTV. Sun Drops expansion occurred several months after Coca-Cola brought its high-caffeine citrus drink Mello Yello nationwide, Dr Pepper Snapple entered into an agreement with MTVs marketing agency, Scratch. Scratch will develop new Sun Drop advertising and branding, including a new design for the can, MTV will also feature Sun Drop in programming, including on its reality series The Real World. The soft drink was a sponsor for racecar driver Ryan Hunter-Reay in the IndyCar Series for Andretti Autosport from 2011 to 2013
2.
Evening Primrose (musical)
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Evening Primrose is a musical with a book by James Goldman and lyrics and music by Stephen Sondheim. It is based on a John Collier short story published in the 1951 collection Fancies, written originally for television, the musical focuses on a poet who takes refuge from the world by hiding out in a department store after closing. He meets a community of people who live in the store. Bizarre complications arise when the leader of the group forbids their relationship, poet Charles Snell takes refuge from the world by hiding out in a department store after closing. Once there he finds a group who have lived in the store for years. The leader of the group, Mrs. Monday, permits Charles to stay after he convinces her that he is a poet, Charles meets and is smitten with a beautiful young girl, Ella Harkins, Mrs. Mondays maid. Ella, who is now 19, has lived in the store since she was separated from her mother at age six, Ella is unhappy and wants to leave, but is afraid of the Dark Men. Should someone try to return to the world and risk revealing the groups existence. Charles realizes Ella has not seen the sun for thirteen years, Charles has fallen in love with Ella, as he plays cards with members of the group, he has a quiet duet with Ella. Ella finally decides to leave with Charles, Charles is initially reluctant to leave his now-comfortable life, but then understands that he loves Ella more than poetry. Mrs. Monday and the others hear their plans, and they call the Dark Men, as Ella and Charles try to escape. The store opens the next morning with a couple on the sidewalk who resemble Ella and Charles from behind, theyre looking at a window display in which Ella and Charles are now mannequins dressed as a bride and groom, with the night watchman acting as their minister. Written specifically for the anthology series ABC Stage 67, it aired on November 16,1966. It was directed by Paul Bogart, set design by John Ward, set decorated by Budd Gourmen, costume design by William McHone, the one-hour program was taped on an early Sunday morning at the now-defunct Stern Brothers department store in Manhattan. The Evening Primrose telecast was in color, but the master tape has never been found. Black-and-white versions are available for viewing at the Museum of Television & Radio branches in New York City, a newly discovered pristine B&W 16-millimeter copy was used for DVDs which were released commercially for the first time on October 26,2010. The first professional production was staged in London as part of the Lost Musicals series. It opened at the Lilian Baylis Studio on July 3,2005, directed by Ian Marshall Fisher, it starred Betsy Blair as Mrs
3.
Snow
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Snowstorms organize and develop by feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold air. Snowflakes nucleate around particles in the atmosphere by attracting supercooled water droplets, snowflakes take on a variety of shapes, basic among these are platelets, needles, columns and rime. As snow accumulates into a snowpack, it may blow into drifts, over time, accumulated snow metamorphoses, by sintering, sublimation and freeze-thaw. Where the climate is cold enough for year-to-year accumulation, a glacier may form, otherwise, snow typically melts seasonally, causing runoff into streams and rivers and recharging groundwater. Major snow-prone areas include the regions, the upper half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture. In the Southern Hemisphere, snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas, Snow affects ecosystems, as well, by providing an insulating layer during winter under which plants and animals are able to survive the cold. Snow develops in clouds that themselves are part of a weather system. The physics of snow crystal development in clouds results from a set of variables that include moisture content. The resulting shapes of the falling and fallen crystals can be classified into a number of shapes and combinations. Occasionally, some plate-like, dendritic and stellar-shaped snowflakes can form under clear sky with a cold temperature inversion present. Two additional and locally productive sources of snow are lake-effect storms and elevation effects, miid-latitude cyclones are low pressure areas which are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild snow storms to heavy blizzards. During a hemispheres fall, winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through the depth of the troposphere to cause snowfall, in the Northern Hemisphere, the northern side of the low pressure area produces the most snow. For the southern mid-latitudes, the side of a cyclone that produces the most snow is the southern side, a cold front, the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, can produce frontal snowsqualls—an intense frontal convective line, when temperature is near freezing at the surface. The strong convection that develops has enough moisture to produce whiteout conditions at places which line passes over as the wind causes intense blowing snow. This type of snowsquall generally lasts less than 30 minutes at any point along its path, in cases where there is a large amount of vertical growth and mixing the squall may develop embedded cumulonimbus clouds resulting in lightning and thunder which is dubbed thundersnow. A warm front can produce snow for a period, as warm, moist air overrides below-freezing air, often, snow transitions to rain in the warm sector behind the front. The same effect occurs over bodies of salt water, when it is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is enhanced when the air mass is uplifted by the orographic influence of higher elevations on the downwind shores
4.
Suncup (snow)
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Suncups are bowl-shaped open depressions into a snow surface, normally wider than they are deep. They form closely packed, honeycomb, often hexagonal patterns with sharp narrow ridges separating smoothly concave hollows, for a given set of suncups, the hollows are normally all around the same size, meaning that the pattern is quasi-periodic on 20–80 cm scales. The depressions are typically 2–50 cm deep, suncups form during the ablation of snowy surfaces. It is thought they can form in a number of different ways
5.
Oenothera biennis
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Evening primrose oil is produced from the plant. Oenothera biennis has a span of two years growing to 30–150 cm tall. The leaves are lanceolate, 5–20 cm long and 1–2.5 cm broad, produced in a tight rosette the first year, blooming lasts from late spring to late summer. The flowers are hermaphrodite, produced on a spike and only last until the following noon. They open visibly fast every evening producing an interesting spectacle, hence the name evening primrose, the blooms are yellow,2. 5–5 cm diameter, with four bilobed petals. The flower structure has an invisible to the eye bright nectar guide pattern. This pattern is apparent under ultraviolet light and visible to its pollinators, moths, butterflies, the fruit is a capsule 2–4 cm long and 4–6 mm broad, containing numerous 1–2 mm long seeds, released when the capsule splits into four sections at maturity. The seeds of the plant are important food for birds, the evening primrose was introduced to Europe in the early 17th century as an ornamental plant in botanical gardens. Its possible applications in the kitchen and as medicinal plant were discovered more than 100 years later. However, indigenous tribes in North America were using the plant as food, today, the evening primrose is mainly known as garden plant and as medicinal plant in specialized sectors. However, almost all parts of the evening primrose are edible and this includes the roots, leaves, blossoms, flower buds and seeds. The fact that all plant parts are edible makes the evening primrose an interesting food crop. In general, the taste of the plant is mild and reminds of mangold, sometimes there can be a rough aftertaste. The roots can be eaten raw or cooked like potatoes and they can be used from the young plant, from September until the first flowering stem is developed. If soaked in water and boiled the taste is similar to black salsify root, the leaves of the evening primrose can be used from April to June when the plant is not flowering yet. They can be eaten raw in salads or cooked like spinach or in soups, several Native American tribes made tea from the evening primrose leaves and used it as a dietary aid. Evening primrose leaves contain flavonoids, mucilages, tannins, sugar, resin, the flowering stems are preferably used when they are still young in June. They have to be peeled and can then be eaten raw or fried, the flower buds are denoted as delicacy and can be harvested from June to September
6.
Taxonomy (biology)
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Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source, but the core of the remains, the conception, naming. There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy, the broadest meaning of taxonomy is used here. The word taxonomy was introduced in 1813 by Candolle, in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, the term alpha taxonomy is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species. In earlier literature, the term had a different meaning, referring to morphological taxonomy, ideals can, it may be said, never be completely realized. They have, however, a value of acting as permanent stimulants. Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a beta taxonomy, turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole, such as ecology, physiology, genetics, and cytology. He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy, thus, Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species. This activity is what the term denotes, it is also referred to as beta taxonomy. How species should be defined in a group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem. The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy, by extension, macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks, from subgenus and above only, than species. While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations, earlier works were primarily descriptive, and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine. There are a number of stages in scientific thinking. Early taxonomy was based on criteria, the so-called artificial systems. Later came systems based on a complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa, referred to as natural systems, such as those of de Jussieu, de Candolle and Bentham. The publication of Charles Darwins Origin of Species led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships and this was the concept of phyletic systems, from 1883 onwards. This approach was typified by those of Eichler and Engler, the advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of phylogenetic systems based on cladistics, rather than morphology alone. Taxonomy has been called the worlds oldest profession, and naming and classifying our surroundings has likely been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate
7.
Plant
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Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. The term is generally limited to the green plants, which form an unranked clade Viridiplantae. This includes the plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae. Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts and their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and have lost the ability to produce amounts of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize. Plants are characterized by sexual reproduction and alternation of generations, although reproduction is also common. There are about 300–315 thousand species of plants, of which the great majority, green plants provide most of the worlds molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of Earths ecologies, especially on land. Plants that produce grains, fruits and vegetables form humankinds basic foodstuffs, Plants play many roles in culture. They are used as ornaments and, until recently and in variety, they have served as the source of most medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology, Plants are one of the two groups into which all living things were traditionally divided, the other is animals. The division goes back at least as far as Aristotle, who distinguished between plants, which generally do not move, and animals, which often are mobile to catch their food. Much later, when Linnaeus created the basis of the system of scientific classification. Since then, it has become clear that the plant kingdom as originally defined included several unrelated groups, however, these organisms are still often considered plants, particularly in popular contexts. When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a group of organisms or taxon. The evolutionary history of plants is not yet settled. Those which have been called plants are in bold, the way in which the groups of green algae are combined and named varies considerably between authors. Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce energy through photosynthesis, most conspicuous among the algae are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that may roughly resemble land plants, but are classified among the brown, red and green algae. Each of these groups also includes various microscopic and single-celled organisms
8.
Flowering plant
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The flowering plants, also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c.295,383 known species, etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term angiosperm comes from the Greek composite word meaning enclosed seeds, the ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms in the Triassic Period, during the range 245 to 202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants are known from 160 mya. They diversified extensively during the Lower Cretaceous, became widespread by 120 mya, angiosperms differ from other seed plants in several ways, described in the table. These distinguishing characteristics taken together have made the angiosperms the most diverse and numerous land plants, the amount and complexity of tissue-formation in flowering plants exceeds that of gymnosperms. The vascular bundles of the stem are arranged such that the xylem and phloem form concentric rings, in the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium, the soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Among the monocotyledons, the bundles are more numerous in the stem and are scattered through the ground tissue. They contain no cambium and once formed the stem increases in diameter only in exceptional cases, the characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species, the function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf, occasionally, as in violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. There are two kinds of cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which divide to become pollen grains, are the male cells and are borne in the stamens. The female cells called megaspores, which divide to become the egg cell, are contained in the ovule. The flower may consist only of parts, as in willow. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls, the individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals. The outer series is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, the inner series is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators, attraction is effected by color, scent, and nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower
9.
Eudicots
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The eudicots, Eudicotidae or eudicotyledons are a monophyletic clade of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains was initially seen in studies of shared derived characters. These plants have a trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis. Later molecular evidence confirmed the basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains. The term means true dicotyledons, as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots, the term eudicots has subsequently been widely adopted in botany to refer to one of the two largest clades of angiosperms, monocots being the other. The remaining angiosperms are sometimes referred to as basal angiosperms or paleodicots, the other name for the eudicots is tricolpates, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it and these pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the seed plants produce monosulcate pollen. The name tricolpates is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots, numerous familiar plants are eudicots, including many common food plants, trees, and ornamentals. Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots, with exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to magnoliids, and Ginkgo biloba. The name eudicots is used in the APG system, of 1998 and it is applied to a clade, a monophyletic group, which includes most of the dicots. The eudicots can be divided into two groups, the basal eudicots and the core eudicots, basal eudicot is an informal name for a paraphyletic group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group, a 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades, Gunnerales and a clade called Pentapetalae, comprising all the remaining core eudicots
10.
Rosids
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The rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification and these orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families. Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period, molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago. The name is based upon the name Rosidae, which had usually been understood to be a subclass, in 1967, Armen Takhtajan showed that the correct basis for the name Rosidae is a description of a group of plants published in 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling. The clade was later renamed Rosidae and has been variously delimited by different authors, the name rosids is informal and not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN. The rosids are monophyletic based upon evidence found by molecular phylogenetic analysis, three different definitions of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders Saxifragales and Vitales in the rosids, others excluded both of these orders. The circumscription used in this article is that of the APG IV classification, which includes Vitales, the rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade. This is one of three groups compose the Pentapetalae, the others being Dilleniales and the superasterids. The rosids consist of two groups, the order Vitales and the eurosids, the eurosids, in turn, are divided into two groups, fabids and malvids. The rosids consist of 17 orders, in addition to Vitales, there are 8 orders in fabids and 8 orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized and these are Vitales, Zygophyllales, Crossosomatales, Picramniales, and Huerteales. The phylogeny of Rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group website, the nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants. Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however, media related to Rosids at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Myrtales
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The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a sister to the eurosids II clade as of the publishing of the Eucalyptus grandis genome in June 2014. The APG III system of classification for angiosperms still places it within the eurosids, the following families are included as of APG III, Alzateaceae S. A. Graham Combretaceae R. Br. The Cronquist system gives essentially the composition, except the Vochysiaceae are removed to the order Polygalales. The families Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae, and Punicaceae are removed from the Lythraceae, in the classification system of Dahlgren the Myrtales were in the superorder Myrtiflorae. The APG III system agrees with the older Cronquist circumscriptions of treating Psiloxylaceae and Heteropyxidaceae within Myrtaceae, ellagitannins are reported in dicotyledoneous angiospermes, and notably in species in the order Myrtales. Myrtales is dated to have begun 89-99 million years ago in Australasia, there is some contention as to that date however, which was obtained using nuclear DNA. When looking at chloroplast DNA, the ancestor is instead considered to have evolved in the mid-cretaceous period in Southeast Africa. Although the APG system classifies myrtales as within the eurosids, the published genome of Eucalyptus grandis places the order myrtales as a sister to the eurosids rather than inside them. The discrepancy is thought to have due to the difference between using a large number of taxa versus using a large number of genes for constructing a phylogeny. Conti, E. Erikkson, T. Schonenberger, J. Sytsma, K. J. Baum, early Tertiary Out-of-India Dispersal of Crypteroniaceae, Evidence from Phylogeny and Molecular Dating. Schönenberger, J. Conti, E. Molecular phylogeny and floral evolution of Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, and Alzateaceae
12.
Onagraceae
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The Onagraceae are a family, known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family, of flowering plants. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees in 17 genera, the family is widespread, occurring on every continent from boreal to tropical regions. The family includes a number of garden plants, including evening primroses. Some, particularly the willowherbs are common weeds in gardens and in the wild, the family is characterised by flowers with usually four sepals and petals, in some genera, such as Fuchsia, the sepals are as brightly coloured as the petals. The seeds are very small. In some genera, such as Epilobium, they have tufts of hairs and are dispersed on the wind, in others, such as Fuchsia, the seeds develop in juicy berries dispersed by animals. The leaves are commonly opposite or whorled, but are arranged in some species, in most, they are simple. The pollen grains in many genera are loosely held together by viscin threads, the family is named after the genus Onagra in 1836 by John Lindley in the second edition of A Natural System of Botany. Ludwigia L. Smithsonian Institution, Onagraceae classification
13.
Carl Linnaeus
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Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. He is known by the father of modern taxonomy. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus, Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his education at Uppsala University. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands and he then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, at the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe. The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message, Tell him I know no man on earth. The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote, With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, Swedish author August Strindberg wrote, Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist. Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum, The Pliny of the North and he is also considered as one of the founders of modern ecology. In botany, the abbreviation used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species names is L. In older publications, sometimes the abbreviation Linn. is found, Linnæus was born in the village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden, on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nicolaus Ingemarsson and Christina Brodersonia and his siblings were Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus, and Emerentia Linnæa. One of a line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur botanist, a Lutheran minister. Christina was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius, a year after Linnæus birth, his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. The family moved into the rectory from the curates house, even in his early years, Linnæus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus, soon Linnæus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants
14.
Oenothera albicaulis
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Oenothera albicaulis is a New World plant in the evening primrose family. It is known by the common names prairie evening-primrose, white-stem evening-primrose, whitish evening primrose, Oenothera albicaulis is native to North America, in the United States, and in Mexico. The Zuni people rub the chewed blossoms on the bodies of young girls so that they can dance well, picture of an Oenothera albicaulis flower, from Vascular Plants of the Gila Wilderness in association with Western New Mexico University Department of Natural Sciences
15.
Oenothera caespitosa
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It produces a rosette of lobed or toothed leaves each up to 36 centimeters long around a woody caudex. There are many subtaxa, referred to as subspecies or varieties, oenothera caespitosa grows to 10 centimeters tall. It is good for rock gardens, the 4-petaled white flowers open at dusk and wilt the next morning, turning pink. Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery
16.
Oenothera californica
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Oenothera californica, known by the common name California evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family. The plant is native to regions of southern and western California, the Southwestern United States and it is found in desert and chaparral and woodlands habitats. Desert ecoregions include the Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, and Great Basin Desert, chaparral and woodlands ecoregion locations include the southern California Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area, Transverse Ranges, Channel Islands, and Peninsular Ranges. Oenothera californica is a perennial herb producing a spreading or upright stem up to 80 centimetres long, young plants have a basal rosette of leaves, while older ones have leaves along the stem, lance-shaped to nearly oval in shape and up to 6 centimeters long. Flowers occur in the leaf axils, drooping in bud. The four petals are white, fading pink, and may exceed 3 centimeters long, there are currently three subspecies of Oenothera californica, Oenothera californica ssp. avita W. M. Klein 1962 — desert regions. Oenothera californica ssp. californica — eastern and Southern California Oenothera californica ssp. eurekensis W. M. Klein 1962 — Eureka Dunes evening primrose and it grows alongside another local dune endemic, the endangered Eureka Valley dune grass. It is sometimes listed as its synonym Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis, the Eureka Valley Sand Dunes are within Death Valley National Park. The main threat to the Eureka Dunes evening primrose was off-road vehicle use and that threat has been reduced and the plants population has improved, but is still threatened by other human activities and an invasive species of tumbleweed, Prickly Russian thistle. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service had recommended the plant be removed from the species list. The former subspecies Oenothera californica ssp. arizonica, is now considered to be a separate species, flora of the California desert regions Jepson Manual Treatment of Oenothera californica USDA Plants Profile, Oenothera californica Oenothera californica — U. C
17.
Oenothera deltoides
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Oenothera deltoides is a species of evening primrose known by several common names, including birdcage evening primrose, basket evening primrose, lion in a cage, and devils lantern. It is native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, the plant is grayish with basal, deltoid leaves. The large white flowers turn pinkish as they mature, when the plants die, the stems curl upward and form the birdcage for which the common name is derived. Calflora Database, Oenothera deltoides Jepson Manual eFlora treatment of Oenothera deltoides USDA Plants Profile for Oenothera deltoides UC Photos gallery − Oenothera deltoides
18.
Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii
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Howellii, the Antioch Dunes evening primrose, is an endangered subspecies of plant in the family Onagraceae, genus Oenothera, and species Oenothera deltoides. Howellii is a perennial plant with thick stems varying from 4 to 40 inches in length. It is multi-branching in form and tends to grow in large tufts, the grayish colored leaves are shaped like a lance and are about 1 to 5 inches long with many hairs, primarily short with only a few being longer. Its flowers are white with petals and yellow stamens. It blooms from March to September, the subspecies is often confused with Oenothera deltoides ssp. cognata that grows in an area southeast of the protected area. The Antioch Dunes Evening Primrose blooms for only one night, the flowers are a major host plant for a rare species of sweat bee, Sphecodogastra antiochensis. Howellii is a plant that grows only in an environmentally sensitive sand dune habitat located near the meeting of the Sacramento River. Howellii, the Antioch Dunes Evening Primrose, was declared an endangered species, currently, its habitat is restricted to the Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge, the last remnant of an isolated nine kilometer stretch of sand dune habitat. The refuge was formed in 1980 to prevent extinction of plant, as well as Langes metalmark butterfly. In 2007 a five-year review of its status was completed. Article, Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge, retrieved 2009-11-26 – via HighBeam Research. The Endangered Species Act, history, conservation biology, and public policy
19.
Oenothera elata
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Oenothera elata is a species of Oenothera known by the common name Hookers evening primrose or tall evening primrose. Subspecies include hookeri, hirsutissima, longisima, jamesii, villosa and it is native to much of western and central North America. The plants are tall, especially the hookeri subspecies, native to California. The plants are found along roadsides, in moist meadows, or woodland, the stout, usually reddish stem has many long, narrow leaves, above a basal rosette. At its top is a large, open cluster of 2- to 4-inch wide yellow flowers with 4 large petals and protruding stamens and 4-branched pistil. The fragrant flowers open at dusk and wilt the next morning, turning orange or red, the Zuni people apply a poultice of the powdered flower of the hookeri subspecies and saliva at night to swellings. Raven, Peter, Dietrich, Werner, Stubbe, Wilfried, an Outline of the Systematics of Oenothera Subsect. A New Combination and New Subspecies in Oenothera Elata Kunth, jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery
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Oenothera fruticosa
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Oenothera fruticosa, narrowleaf evening primrose or narrow-leaved sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family. It is native to much of eastern North America, where it is found in a variety of habitats, including dry woodlands, rock outcrops. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 20–90 cm tall, with alternative, simple. The saucer- or cup-shaped yellow flowers,2. 5–5 cm in diameter, appear in late spring, the fruit is a capsule that is strongly 4-angled or winged and shaped like a club. Many varieties have been named, but the taxonomy of this species is still in an unresolved state. Native American Food Plants, An Ethnobotanical Dictionary, CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants, Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
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Gaura biennis
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Gaura biennis, commonly known as biennial gaura or biennial beeblossom, is a native biennial plant that can reach anywhere from 4–6 feet in height at maturity. Its upper half is made up of flowering stems, which are covered with soft, Gaura biennis is most well known for its light pink colored flowers, which turn a vibrant red/pink color in the late summer to early fall seasons. These colors make this plant attractive to butterflies and bees, and are in full bloom just before many fall plant species begin to bloom. Research has been done in order to test the hybridization between different species of the genus Gaura and to describe why many members of this genus are so similar morphologically, Gaura biennis naturally occurs throughout eastern and central North America, and extends as far north as Quebec, Canada. Some of the states in the U. S. it can be found in include, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Virginia. It lives mostly in prairies throughout North America, and in dry, rocky places and it prefers sunny, dry areas, but has the capability of adapting to a wide range of habitats because of its ability to grow deep roots. In order to wet winters, it needs a dry spot in light soil. Individuals of this species are tall and weedy, with white to pink flowers during blooming season. The flimsy makeup of the plant allows it to sway in the wind, a few hair-covered stems exit from the top of the plant where the flowers grow, which is the easiest way to tell that the species is the Gaura biennis. Flowers also usually have 4 petals,8 stamens, and 1 pistol and it starts as a small plant, but grows anywhere from 3–6 feet during its second year. The flowers of Gaura biennis are its most notable feature, with white to light pink color. They have 4 petals,8 stamens, and 1 pistil, the fruits are capsules, ribbed or ridged, and are occasionally woody. It produces small seeds that are dispersed by wind and other methods. Hilty, J. Illinois Wild Flowers - Gaura Biennis Phillips, R. Rix, the botanical gardens II, Perennials and annuals. Buffalo, NY, Firefly Books Ltd Carr, B, gregory, D. Raven, P. Tai, W. Experimental Hybridization and Chromosomal Diversity within Gaura sect. Gaura in Systemic Botany,11, 98-111 United States Department of Agriculture, Gaura biennis L
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Oenothera glazioviana
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Oenothera glazioviana is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names large-flowered evening-primrose and redsepal evening primrose. The plant can be found in scattered locations worldwide, mostly as an introduced species and it may be a European hybrid of two North American species. It has long been cultivated as an ornamental plant, in some locations it has become an invasive species. Oenothera glazioviana is generally a biennial herb producing a stem approaching 1.5 metres in maximum height. It is roughly hairy in texture, the hairs with reddish blistering or glandular bases, the crinkly leaves are up to 15 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a spike of many large flowers. When in bud the long red sepals are visible, when in bloom each flower has four bright yellow petals up to 5 centimeters long which fade orange to red with age. The fruit is a lance-shaped capsule 2 or 3 centimeters long, population Dynamics of Oenothera Glazioviana in a Sand-Dune System with Special Reference to the Adaptive Significance of Size-Dependent Reproduction. Guo, Pan, Wang, Ting, Liu, Yanli, Xia, Yan, Wang, Guiping, Shen, Zhenguo, Chen, phytostabilization potential of evening primrose for copper-contaminated sites. Rees, Mark, Rose, Karen E. Evolution of Flowering Strategies in Oenothera glazioviana, GRIN Species Profile, Oenothera glazioviana Jepson Manual Treatment Oenothera glazioviana — U. C
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Oenothera harringtonii
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Oenothera harringtonii is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names Arkansas Valley evening primrose and Colorado Springs evening primrose. It is endemic to the state of Colorado in the United States and this species is part of the Oenothera caespitosa species complex. It is an annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herb and it produces one or more stems from a basal rosette of leaves and a thick taproot. The stems reach up to 40 centimeters tall and are yellowish with reddish spots, the hairy leaves are roughly lance-shaped and have toothed edges. They are green with a yellowish or red-purple tinge and measure up to 14.5 centimeters in length, the plant bears 5 to 10 flowers at a time on each stem. The strongly fragrant flowers have petals up to 2.6 centimeters long which are white, the fruit is a knobby capsule up to 3.5 centimeters long and 8 millimeters wide. It contains up to 100 seeds and this species has been found only in Colorado, so it is currently considered to be a state endemic, but there is a strong possibility it grows in New Mexico, as well. The plant grows in the middle Arkansas Valley, a known for its unusually high number of rare, imperiled. Its habitat is mainly shortgrass prairie and it can also be found in saltbush and greasewood plant communities. The soils are alkaline and made up of clay, or rocky, the soils may be derived from such geological formations as the Niobrara Formation, Carlile Formation, Greenhorn Limestone, and Pierre Shale
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Oenothera laciniata
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Oenothera laciniata is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name cutleaf evening primrose. It is native to the eastern United States but it can be found in other places as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It is reported from Hawaii, Australia, Britain, France, Korea, Japan and this is an annual or short-lived perennial herb producing a spreading stem from a hairy rosette of deeply cut or lobed leaves. Flowers occur in the axils of leaves higher on the stem, each flower has pale to deep yellow petals up to about 2 centimeters long which fade orange, pink, or red with age. The fruit is a capsule up to 5 centimeters in length. Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Missouri Plants Photo Profile Photo gallery
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Oenothera lamarckiana
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Oenothera lamarckiana is a plant species in family Onagraceae, indigenous to North American Plains. The species was important to the study of genetics, and particularly to the discovery of polyploidy, O. lamarckiana is an annual plant, living just one year. It grows quickly up to 24-60 inches and this primrose species blooms heavily, and dies with first frost. Flowers are open in the afternoon and are closed by morning, flowers are yellow, in a spike of spurred blooms. Weight of seeds is 952,543 per pound, oenothera lamarckiana is a very adaptable plant, but it needs full sun, average moisture, and well-drained soils. It is easily grown from seedst
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Gaura lindheimeri
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Oenothera lindheimeri, formerly Gaura lindheimeri, and commonly known as Lindheimers beeblossom, white gaura, pink gaura, Lindheimers clockweed, and Indian feather, is a species of Oenothera. The perennial plant is native to southern Louisiana and Texas, the specific epithet is after Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer, a German-born botanist who collected extensively in Texas for Harvard University professor Asa Gray. Oenothera lindheimeri is a herbaceous plant growing to 50–150 cm tall. The leaves are hairy, lanceolate, 1–9 cm long and 1–13 mm broad. Oenothera lindheimeri is commonly grown as an ornamental plant and it is used in either garden beds or pots for accent colour and a delicate texture. It grows best in sun and can survive lengthy periods of drought. Several cultivars have been selected for varying flower color, from pure white in Whirling Butterflies to darker pink in Cherry Brandy. In some, the petals are white at dawn then turning pink before falling off at dusk, although a perennial rated USDA Zone 5-9 for hardiness it may not overwinter reliably, and is often treated as an annual outside its native areas. In colder climates a heavy winter mulch is necessary and this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit. Onagraceae of North America Update, database GRIN treatment, Oenothera lindheimeri Floridata, Gaura lindheimeri mobot. org, Gaura lindheimeri
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Oenothera longissima
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Oenothera longissima is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name longstem evening primrose. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it grows in relatively moist areas in scrub and this is a biennial herb producing a tall, erect stem known to well exceed 2 meters in height. The widely lance-shaped leaves may be 22 centimeters in length and may have teeth along the edges. The inflorescence is a spike of showy large flowers, each has yellow petals which may be more than 6 centimeters in length and fade orange or red with age. The fruit is a capsule up to 5.5 centimeters long. Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile
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Oenothera macrocarpa
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Oenothera macrocarpa, the bigfruit evening primrose, Ozark sundrop, Missouri evening primrose, is an herbaceous plant in the evening primrose family. It is native to Mexico and the south-central United States, where it is found in calcareous prairies and this is a perennial herb that produces a red stem 6-12 in. in height. The large wide flowers are cup shaped, canary yellow and have a mild fragrance and they are produced in great numbers from early to mid summer. Leaves are dark green and lanceolate, and bunched along the trailing stem, the seed pods are 4-winged and 2 to 3 inch long. The seeds pods are used in flower arrangements. This plant is grown in gardens for its flowers. There are five commonly accepted subspecies
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Oenothera pilosella
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Oenothera pilosella is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name meadow evening primrose. It is native to the United States and eastern Canada and this species is grown as an ornamental garden plant. It produces flowers with yellow petals in late spring and early summer, one, ssp. sessilis, is a rare herb native to the Mississippi River Valley in Louisiana and Arkansas
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Oenothera primiveris
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Oenothera primiveris is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name desert evening primrose. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico and this is a hairy annual herb producing a dense rosette of leaves in which the inflorescence occurs, there is generally no true stem. The green or grayish leaves are up to 28 centimeters long and have wavy or crinkled edges, flowers arise from the axils of the leaves. Each flower has yellow petals up to 4 centimeters in length which fade orange or red with age, the fruit is a straight or curving capsule up to 6 centimeters in length. Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery
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Calylophus serrulatus
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Calylophus serrulatus is a species of flowering plant in the Onagraceae known by the common name yellow sundrops. Other common names include halfshrub sundrop, serrate-leaved evening primrose, shrubby evening primrose, plains yellow primrose and it is native to central North America, including central Canada and the central United States. This plant is a subshrub which branches and forms a bushy clump up to 18 inches tall, the toothed leaves are up to 3.5 inches long. The yellow flowers bloom between March and November and they open in the morning and close in the afternoon. They fade orange or pink with age, the fruit is a cylindrical capsule. This drought- and heat-tolerant species grows in many types of substrate, including caliche, limestone, the leaves turn so that their edges face the sun, an adaptation to hot conditions
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Gaura sinuata
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Gaura sinuata is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names wavyleaf beeblossom and Red River gaura. In 2007 the species, along with the genus Gaura was reclassified in the genus Oenothera and this species then becomes O. sinuosa in Oenothera Section Gaura. It is native to Mexico and its range extends as far north into the United States as Oklahoma. It can be found across the half of the United States where it is an introduced species. This is a tough mat-forming perennial herb with branching, sprawling stems 20 to 60 centimeters long, the leaves are 1 to 10 centimeters long and are generally toothed along the edges. The plant produces inflorescences of small flowers with white to pinkish spoon-shaped petals which darken as they age. The fruit is a winged, woody capsule with a tapered end, the species is tetraploid, probably of hybrid origin. Its potential for invasive spread through seed is limited by its self-incompatibility, jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery
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Oenothera speciosa
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Oenothera speciosa is a species of evening primrose known by several common names, including pinkladies, pink evening primrose, showy evening primrose, Mexican primrose, and amapola. It is a perennial wildflower native to 28 of the lower 48 U. S. states as well as Chihuahua. The specific name, speciosa, means showy, the plants wild habitat includes rocky prairies, open woodlands, slopes, roadsides, meadows and disturbed areas. While it makes an attractive plant, care should be taken with it as it can become invasive, spreading by runners. This drought-resistant plant prefers loose, fast-draining soil and full sun, the pink primrose has glaborous to pubescent stems that grow to 50 cm in height. The pubescent leaves are alternate with short or no petiole. They are variable in shape, from linear to obovate, and are toothed or wavy-edged and it produces single, four-petaled, cup-shaped flowers on the upper leaf axils. These fragrant shell-pink flowers bloom throughout the summer into early autumn, the 1. 5–2 in flowers start out white and grow pink as they age. The flower throats, as well as the stigmas and stamens, have a yellow color. It blooms both day and night, but typically in the hours, closing when the full sun hits them. They bloom from March to July, and occasionally in the fall, the flowers are frequented by several species of insect, but moths are the most common as the flowers are mostly open at night. This plant is frequently referred to as a buttercup, though it is not a true buttercup. Varieties Oenothera speciosa var. berlandieri Munz Oenothera speciosa var. childsii Munz Oenothera speciosa var. speciosa Tveten, Gloria and Tveten, wildflowers of Houston & Southeast Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, ISBN 0-292-78151-2 Missouri plants, Oenothera speciosa Jepson Manual Treatment Oenothera speciosa photos, Vanderbilt University Oenothera speciosa Calphotos photos gallery, University of California
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Oenothera wolfii
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Oenothera wolfii is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Wolfs evening primrose. It is native to the coastline of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in prairie, dunes. As of 1997 it was known from only about 16 occurrences, the biggest threat to the plant is its easy hybridization with its relative and probable descendent, Oenothera glazioviana. O. wolfii is a biennial herb producing a dense rosette of leaves. The wavy or toothed leaves are up to 18 centimeters long, in its second year the plant produces an inflorescence, a spike of showy yellow flowers with petals one or two centimeters long. The fruit is a capsule which may be almost 5 centimeters in length, jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery
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Genus
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A genus is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of classification, genus comes above species. In binomial nomenclature, the name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. Felis catus and Felis silvestris are two species within the genus Felis, Felis is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist, the standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. Moreover, genera should be composed of units of the same kind as other genera. The term comes from the Latin genus, a noun form cognate with gignere, linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum, but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort is considered the founder of the modern concept of genera. The scientific name of a genus may be called the name or generic epithet. It plays a role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms. The rules for the names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes. The standard way of scientifically describing species and other lower-ranked taxa is by binomial nomenclature, the generic name forms its first half. For example, the gray wolfs binomial name is Canis lupus, with Canis being the name shared by the wolfs close relatives. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany. Especially with these names, when the generic name is known from context. Because animals are typically only grouped within subspecies, it is written as a trinomen with a third name. Dog breeds, meanwhile, are not scientifically distinguished, there are several divisions of plant species and therefore their infraspecific names generally include contractions explaining the relation. For example, the genus Hibiscus includes hundreds of other species apart from the Rose of Sharon or common garden hibiscus, Rose of Sharon doesnt have subspecies but has cultivars that carry desired traits, such as the bright white H. syriaca Diana. Hawaiian hibiscus, meanwhile, includes several separate species, since not all botanists agree on the divisions or names between species, it is common to specify the source of the name using author abbreviations
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Herbaceous plant
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Herbaceous plants are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials, annual herbaceous plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and they then grow again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant survive under or close to the ground from season to season. New growth develops from living tissues remaining on or under the ground, including roots, examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort, herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants are pioneers, or early-successional species, others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests, or in naturally open habitats such as meadow, salt marsh or desert. Some herbaceous plants can grow large, such as the Musa genus. The age of some herbaceous plants can be determined by analyzing annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem
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Native plant
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Native plants are plants indigenous to a given area in geologic time. This includes plants that have developed, occur naturally, or existed for years in an area. Some native plants have adapted to limited, unusual environments or very harsh climates or exceptional soil conditions. Although some types of plants for these reasons exist only within a limited range. Research has found that insects depend on native plants, an ecosystem consists of interactions of plants, animals, and microorganisms with their physical and climatic conditions. Native plants form a part of an environment, or plant community. That could be a case if a plant exists because a certain animal pollinates the plant, some native plants rely on natural conditions, such as occasional wildfires, to release their seeds or to provide a fertile environment in which their seedlings can become established. As societies move plants or introduce them to new locations for cultivation as crops or ornamentals, some of them may become invasive species, besides ecological damage, these species can also damage agriculture, infrastructure, and cultural assets. Government agencies and environmental groups are directing increasing resources to addressing these species, non-native species can have profound effects on ecosystems by changing ecosystem structure, function, species abundance, and community composition. To prevent erosion of the sand dunes at the western edge of the Los Angeles International Airport in 1975. Unfortunately, the mix was representative of coastal sage scrub. As a result, the El Segundo blue butterfly became an endangered species, the rich diversity of unique species across many parts of the world exists only because bioregions are separated by barriers, particularly large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains and deserts. Humans, migratory birds, ocean currents, etc. can introduce species that have never met in their evolutionary history, humans are moving species across the globe at an unprecedented rate. Those working to address invasive species view this as a risk to indigenous species. The term nativar is becoming accepted as cultivars of native plants. The use of nativars is a widely disputed practice among native plant activists, the identification of local plant communities provides a basis for their work. Returning Essential Wildflowers to America’s Landscapes, Project Milkweed, Xerces Society Milkweeds are the required host plants for caterpillars of the monarch butterfly, mary M. Walker, Native Plant Societies of the United States and Canada. Introduced birds of the world, The worldwide history, distribution, New York, Universe Books, New York City, Sydney, Reed ISBN 0-589-50260-3 Vermeij, Geerat J.1991
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Family (biology)
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In biological classification, family is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks, it is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks above the rank of genus. In vernacular usage, a family may be named one of its common members, for example, walnuts and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae. What does or does not belong to a family—or whether a family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no rules for describing or recognizing a family. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions of taxa, and there may be no broad consensus across the community for some time. Some described taxa are accepted broadly and quickly, but others only rarely, if at all, the naming of families is codified by various international codes. In zoological nomenclature, the names of animals end with the suffix -idae. The concept of rank at time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera. Carolus Linnaeus used the word familia in his Philosophia botanica to denote groups of plants, trees, herbs, ferns, palms. He used this term only in the section of the book. In zoology, the family as an intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes. He used families in some but not in all his orders of insects, families can be used for evolutionary, palaeontological and generic studies because they are more stable than lower taxonomic levels such as genera and species
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Primula
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Primula /ˈprɪmjʊlə/ is a genus of mainly herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the familiar wildflower of banks and verges, the primrose, other common species are P. auricula, P. veris and P. elatior. These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers and they have been extensively cultivated and hybridised - in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years. Primula are native to the northern hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea. Almost half of the species are from the Himalayas. Primula has about 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription, Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Some species show a white mealy bloom on various parts of the plant, many species are adapted to alpine climates. The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first, Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from P. elatior, P. juliae, P. veris and P. vulgaris. Polyanthus is one group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals. The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century, as the genus is both large and diverse, botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections, some of these sections contain many species, others contain only one
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