1.
Office space planning
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In many organisations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn rate, expressed as the percentage of the staff moved during a year, office layout designs should provide an environment suitable for the business needs of the organisation. In contrast, companies handling paper based documentation will require larger desks for their staff, storage for records, archive facilities, organizations often have a policy on the minimum standards of accommodation for each staff grade. Administration staff may work in open plan offices whereas managers may have individual offices, in open plan offices screens are sometimes used between desks to reduce noise and provide an element of privacy. The grouping of staff in teams often provides the best option for inter-communication and/or supervision and is a key factor in office layout design. However, where space is at a premium it may be difficult to accommodate a workgroup in an area. These types of move may be complex and disruptive as there is often a chain of events involved, modern office layouts are frequently planned using CAD drawing software. Each desk in an office may require a telephone and computer, in large offices the power and data cables may be run under a raised floor or above in a suspended ceiling, to the desk. Another alternative in smaller offices is to use dado trunking around the wall, consideration may also be given to vending, catering or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk
2.
Mike Judge
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Michael Craig Mike Judge is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, and musician. Judge is the creator of the television series Beavis and Butt-Head, co-creator of the television series King of the Hill, The Goode Family and he also wrote and directed the films Beavis and Butt-Head Do America, Office Space, Idiocracy and Extract. Judge graduated from University of California, San Diego, where he studied physics, after becoming uninterested in his career in science, Judge began to experiment with animation and started to create his own short films. Finding success in his shorts, Judge began to develop one of his most popular shorts which would later become Beavis. The show was acclaimed by both audiences and critics, and launched the spin-off series Daria and the feature film Beavis. In 1995, Judge and former Simpsons writer Greg Daniels developed King of the Hill, during the run of the show, Judge took some time off to write and direct Office Space, Idiocracy, and Extract. As King of the Hill was coming to an end, Judge created his third show titled The Goode Family, after a four-year hiatus, Judge created his fourth show Silicon Valley, which has received critical acclaim since its premiere. Judge has won a Primetime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for King of the Hill and two Critics Choice Television Awards and Satellite Awards for Silicon Valley. On January 12,2017, Deadline confirmed that Cinemax ordered 8 episodes of Judges new animated series, Mike Judge Presents and it is set to premiere in 2017. Michael Craig Judge is the second of three born to archaeologist Jim Judge and librarian Margaret Blue. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where his father worked for an organization promoting agricultural development. Judge was raised from age 7 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Judge attended St. Pius X High School before graduating with a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1986 from the University of California, San Diego. After graduating in 1986 from UCSD with a bachelor of science in physics, Judges first job was as a programmer for the F-18 fighter at Support Systems Associates, Inc. In 1987 he moved to Silicon Valley to join Parallax Graphics, disliking the companys culture and his colleagues, Judge quit after less than three months and became a bass player with a touring blues band. He was a part of Anson Funderburghs band for two years, playing on their 1990 Black Top Records release Rack Em Up, while taking graduate classes at the University of Texas at Dallas. In 1989, after seeing animation cels on display in a theater, Judge purchased a Bolex 16 mm film camera. In 1991, his short film Office Space was acquired by Comedy Central, in the early 1990s, he was playing blues bass with Doyle Bramhall. In 1992, he developed Frog Baseball, a film featuring the characters Beavis and Butt-Head, to be featured on Liquid Television
3.
Ron Livingston
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Ronald Joseph Ron Livingston is an American actor. His early roles as Peter Gibbons in Office Space and Capt. Lewis Nixon in Band of Brothers have been noted as two of his best-known works, Livingston was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Linda, a Lutheran pastor, and Kurt Livingston, an aerospace/electronics engineer. His younger brother John is also an actor, sister Jennifer Livingston and he graduated from Marion High School in Marion, Iowa, and attended Yale University, where he received B. A. degrees in Theater and English. Livingston had his first acting experience at Theatre Cedar Rapids after being introduced to the group during a job shadowing. Livingston relocated to Chicago and became involved in the theater scene. Livingstons first film role was in 1992, in Dolly Partons Straight Talk and he moved to Los Angeles and was cast in supporting roles in Some Folks Call it a Sling Blade and The Low Life. Livingston landed his first role in a film in 1996s Swingers. He starred as the lead, Peter Gibbons, in the comedy cult classic Office Space. He also appeared in HBOs miniseries Band of Brothers as Captain Lewis Nixon opposite Donnie Wahlberg and he also appeared as sardonic writer Jack Berger, Carries short-term boyfriend in the fifth and sixth seasons of Sex and the City. He guest starred in the episode TB or Not TB of House, in 2006, he starred as FBI negotiator Matt Flannery in the Fox series Standoff, co-starring Rosemarie DeWitt, and he was an ad spokesman for Sprint Nextel. In summer 2007, Livingston appeared on the stage in the world premiere of Neil LaButes In a Dark Dark House, produced by MCC Theater, with Frederick Weller. The show ran from May–July at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in New York City, in November 2007, the indie film Holly told the story of a Vietnamese girl trafficked into the sex trade in Cambodia. Livingston starred as Patrick, a card shark who becomes determined to save Holly from her ill-destined fate. In 2009, he portrayed flight engineer Maddux Donner in the series Defying Gravity, in 2010, Livingston co-starred in the Jay Roach comedy Dinner for Schmucks. On February 26,2013, Entertainment Weekly confirmed that he would be joining the cast of HBOs Boardwalk Empire for the fourth season, in 2013, Livingston co-starred in the indie comedy Drinking Buddies alongside Olivia Wilde, Jake Johnson and Anna Kendrick. Drinking Buddies received positive reviews from critics, rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 82% based on 97 reviews. Livingston and his Standoff co-star Rosemarie DeWitt began a relationship after meeting each other on the show, after dating for three years, they were married on November 2,2009, in San Francisco. He was previously engaged to actress Lisa Sheridan, in May 2013, Livingston and wife Rosemarie announced that they had adopted a girl, Gracie James Livingston, who was born on April 29,2013
4.
Jennifer Aniston
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Jennifer Joanna Aniston is an American actress, producer, and businesswoman. She is the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow, the character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the 100 greatest female characters in United States television. Aniston has played the female protagonist in a number of comedies and her box office hits include Bruce Almighty, The Break-Up, Marley & Me, Just Go with It, Horrible Bosses, and Were the Millers, each of which have grossed over US$200 million in worldwide receipts. Her other films include Along Came Polly and Hes Just Not That Into You, in 2008, she co-founded the production company Echo Films. In 2012, Aniston received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and she is one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood, and as of 2014, her net worth is estimated to be US$150 million. She has also included in magazines lists of the worlds most beautiful women. People magazine named Aniston The Most Beautiful Woman in 2004 and 2016, divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, she has been married to actor Justin Theroux since 2015. Aniston was born in Sherman Oaks, California, the daughter of actor John Aniston and her father is Greek, while her mother was born in New York City. One of her maternal great-grandfathers was an Italian immigrant, and her mothers ancestry includes English, Irish, Scottish. Aniston has two half-brothers, John Melick, her older maternal half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother, Anistons godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her fathers best friends. As a child, Aniston lived in Greece for a year with her family and they then moved to Eddystone, Pennsylvania, where they lived with her grandmother Stella Anastassakis in a three-bedroom home. While living in Eddystone, Aniston was enrolled at a elementary school. She and her family moved to New York City. Despite her fathers career, Aniston was discouraged from watching TV. When she was six, she began attending a Waldorf school and her mother and father split up when she was nine years old. Her father is best known for his role as Victor Kiriakis on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives and her mother appeared in two 1960s TV series, The Wild Wild West and The Beverly Hillbillies. In 2015, she spoke about an incident that led to her lifelong fear of water. She stated during an event for her film Cake, I basically have a real fear of going underwater
5.
Stephen Root
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Stephen Root is an American actor, comedian and voice actor. He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio, as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space and his other roles have included Captain KVada in the Star Trek, The Next Generation feature-length episode Unification, and Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall, A True Underdog Story. Root was born in Sarasota, Florida, the son of Leona Estelle and Rolland Clair Root, Root has likened his childhood to that of an Army brat, as his family frequently relocated while his father finished each construction project. Root graduated from Vero Beach High School in Vero Beach, Florida and he received his AA from the University of Florida, and trained in the BFA acting program. The university recognized him as one of its alumni in 2008. He had a role on the final two seasons of The West Wing as Republican campaign consultant Bob Mayer. Root is a favorite of the Coen Brothers and he has appeared in O Brother, Where Art Thou. The Ladykillers, and No Country For Old Men, kevin Smith wrote a role in Jersey Girl specifically for Root. Root reunited with Mike Judge in Idiocracy and has also portrayed NASA flight director Chris Kraft in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and he took on the biographical role of Richard A. Clarke in The Path to 9/11. He has also had many guest appearances in programs across several genres. He was Klingon Captain KVada in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Unification in 1991, in 1992, Root appeared on the TV series Night Court as Mr. Willard. In the 1993–1994 television season, Root appeared as a regular as R. O. on the Beau Bridges/Lloyd Bridges comedy/western series Harts of the West on CBS. Root guest starred on Seinfeld, playing the role of a manager in the episode The Invitations. He had a role in Frasier in the episode Detour as the father of the family helping Frasier when his car broke down, in the CSI episode Homebodies, he played the father of a rape victim. In addition, Root had a regular role on the short-lived CBS series Ladies Man. He played Raymond, a store owner involved in illegal gun trading. Root also has a career as a voice artist. Aside from his roles in King of the Hill, he has played characters in animated films, such as Ice Age, Finding Nemo
6.
Gary Cole
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Gary Michael Cole is an American actor. Cole began his acting career on stage at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. On television, he had starring roles in the series Midnight Caller, American Gothic, in film, Cole has had lead and supporting roles in The Brady Bunch Movie, One Hour Photo, Office Space, Dodgeball and Talladega Nights, The Ballad of Ricky Bobby. Cole is also known for voicing the character of Harvey Birdman. He currently plays Kent Davison on the HBO comedy series Veep, Cole was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, and raised in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. His father was an administrative assistant and his mother was a director of finance. While attending Rolling Meadows High School, Cole made his debut as Snoopy in a high school production of Youre a Good Man. He later attended Illinois State University, where he studied theater as a classmate of actors Laurie Metcalf, Cole began his professional career in 1983 as a stage actor in Chicago, where he joined the ensemble of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. In an early role Cole played an accused Army triple-murderer Capt Jeffrey MacDonald in the mini-series Fatal Vision, Cole has also appeared in several off-Broadway productions in New York City. He has done work on several animated series and had a recurring role on the drama The West Wing as Vice President Bob Russell. He also starred as Captain Matthew Gideon on the short-lived Babylon 5 spin-off Crusade and he also played Joe Maxwell on DCOM Cadet Kelly and appeared as real-life astronaut Edgar Mitchell in HBOs recreation of Project Apollo, From the Earth to the Moon. One of his most notable roles in 1991 was as General Custer in the acclaimed television film Son of the Morning Star. Between 1988 and 1991, Cole became popular on TV for playing the part of Jack Nighthawk Killian in the series Midnight Caller, in 1999, Cole starred in the film Office Space, in which he portrayed the sadistic office supervisor Bill Lumbergh. Cole starred as Lt. Cole also appeared in the films Talladega Nights, Forever Strong, Cole played Katherine Mayfairs ex-husband Wayne on Desperate Housewives and has more recently played the dangerous drug lord Ted Jones in Pineapple Express with Seth Rogen and James Franco. He also appeared in an episode from the season of the USA Network series Psych as S. W. A. T. Cole also played Bill Owens, Sy Parrishs boss, in the film One Hour Photo, in 2008, Cole appeared on Chuck as Sarahs con-artist father, a role which he reprised in 2011. He also appeared in the season of HBOs Entourage playing Ari Golds old pal Andrew Klein for a 3-episode story arc prior to joining the regular cast in the sixth season. Cole had a guest-appearance on the season of the HBO series True Blood
7.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
8.
Diedrich Bader
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Karl Diedrich Bader was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on Christmas Eve,1966, the son of German-born Gretta Bader, a sculptor, and William B. Bader, an executive who worked in politics. His patrilineal great-grandfather was Edward Lawrence Bader, who was mayor of Atlantic City, when Bader was two years old, his family moved to Paris, France, but he returned to the U. S. to attend Groveton High School. Williams High School in Alexandria, Virginia, and attended college at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. He moved into acting for the 1993 film version of The Beverly Hillbillies. Bader also had a role on HBOs Veep. He appeared in the 1999 film Office Space as Peters neighbor Lawrence, and in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite as Rex and he performs in the 2004 film Eurotrip as a thief. In 2010, Bader took the role of Charlie on the television series Outsourced, in 2012, he reprised his role as Rex in the animated TV series Napoleon Dynamite. He played the Russian Cosmonaut Yuri in Disneys Space Buddies, Bader also voices Guy Gardner in Green Lantern, The Animated Series. In 2016, Bader starred in the Its the Obvious Choice series of Time Warner Cable television commercials and currently stars as Greg Otto in American Housewife with Katy Mixon
9.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
10.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
11.
Beavis and Butt-Head Do America
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Beavis and Butt-Head Do America is a 1996 American animated road comedy film based on the MTV television series Beavis and Butt-Head. The film was directed by series creator Mike Judge, and stars the regular television cast of Judge, with guest performances by Demi Moore, Bruce Willis, Robert Stack, the plot follows Beavis and Butt-Head who travel across the country in search of their stolen television set. Previous offers by MTV to create a version of Beavis and Butt-Head were rejected by Judge. When the film went into production, Judge and the shows staff halted production on the series, while Judge and they conceived numerous plot ideas, with Judges being the one developed into a film. The music was composed by John Frizzell, the film was theatrically released on December 20,1996, by Paramount Pictures. After a surreal dream of the two of them menacing a city as giants, Beavis and Butt-Head wake up to realize someone has stolen their television. The pair then embark on a quest to find it, after several mishaps they visit a low-quality motel that advertises TVs in every room. There, they encounter Muddy Grimes, who is waiting for two hired hitmen to murder his wife, Dallas, Muddy, thinking that Beavis and Butt-head are the killers he has contacted, says that they must do his wife. Thinking that by do Muddy means score with, Butt-head convinces Beavis that both of them can score as well as get paid enough to buy a new television, Muddy hands them a photograph of Dallas with instructions on where to find her. He then drives them to the airport to catch a plane to Las Vegas, after arriving in their Vegas casino where they are staying, the boys get arrested by security after being mistaken for trespassers and then they are taken to their rooms. Their room was purchased by Muddy to be adjacent to the room of the woman, Dallas Grimes. Dallas soon realizes they have no idea what they have hired for. While Beavis and Butt-Head begin fighting over who will do Dallas first, thinking quickly, she plants a stolen biological weapon known as the X-5 Unit in Beavis pants in order to get rid of it. She then gets them tickets on a bus to Washington, D. C. instructing them that she will be waiting for them in the United States Capitol and will let them do her there. Flemming becomes convinced that the duo are criminal masterminds after they release the water behind the Hoover Dam. On the tour bus, they visit landmarks including the Grand Canyon, after becoming stranded in a gift shop at Petrified Forest National Park, they are told Washington is about 2,000 miles that way and begin to wander through the desert. A security guard admits that he let go because he was afraid of them. Flemming then sends out roadblocks for over 200 miles over every road in the desert and they soon meet two former Mötley Crüe roadies, who are heavily implied to be their fathers, but part ways before they can make the kinship connection
12.
Information technology
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Information technology is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology, the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology, based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development, pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, electronic. This article focuses on the most recent period, which began in about 1940, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s, the electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the worlds first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer, although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory, programming was carried out using plugs, the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, by comparison the first transistorised computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version. Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is stored magnetically on hard disks. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007. Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly, one of the earliest such systems was IBMs Information Management System, which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later
13.
White-collar worker
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In many countries, a white-collar worker is a person who performs professional, managerial, or administrative work. White-collar work is performed in an office, cubicle, or other administrative setting, many occupations blend blue, white and pink industry categorizations. Formerly a minority in the agrarian and early industrial societies, white-collar workers have become a majority in industrialized countries due to modernization and outsourcing of manufacturing jobs. The blue-collar and white-collar descriptors as it pertains to work dress may no longer be an accurate descriptor as office attire has broadened beyond a white shirt, employees in office environments may wear a variety of colors, may dress business casual or wear casual clothes altogether. In addition work tasks have blurred, white-collar employees may perform blue-collar tasks. An example would be a restaurant manager who may wear more formal clothing yet still assist with cooking food or taking customers orders or a worker who also performs desk work. A Cochrane systematic review published in 2016 concluded that at present there is low quality evidence that sit-stand desks can reduce sitting at work at the short term. There is no evidence for other types of interventions, also, evidence was lacking on the long term health benefits of such interventions. Knowledge worker Designation of workers by collar color Notes Further reading Mills, white Collar, the American Middle Classes, in series, Galaxy Book. New York, Oxford University Press,1956
14.
Cult film
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A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
15.
Kung Fu (TV series)
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Kung Fu is an American action-adventure martial arts western drama television series starring David Carradine. The series aired on ABC from October 1972 to April 1975 for a total of 63 episodes, Kung Fu was preceded by a full-length feature television pilot, an ABC Movie of the Week, which was broadcast on February 22,1972. The series became one of the most popular programs of the early 1970s, receiving widespread critical acclaim. Kung Fu was created by Ed Spielman, directed and produced by Jerry Thorpe, and developed by Herman Miller, who was also a writer for, and co-producer of, the series. Many of the used in the series are adapted from or derived directly from the Tao Te Ching. Keye Luke and Philip Ahn were also members of the regular cast, David Chow, who was also a guest star in the series, acted as the technical and kung fu advisor, a role later undertaken by Kam Yuen. Kwai Chang Caine is the son of an American man, Thomas Henry Caine. After his maternal grandfathers death he is accepted for training at a Shaolin Monastery, in the pilot episode Caines beloved mentor and elder, Master Po, is murdered by the Emperors nephew, outraged, Caine retaliates by killing the nephew. With a price on his head, Caine flees China to the western United States, although it is his intention to avoid notice, Caines training and sense of social responsibility repeatedly force him out into the open, to fight for justice or protect the underdog. After each such encounter he must move on, both to capture and prevent harm from coming to those he has helped. Searching for his family, he meets a preacher and his mute sidekick Sonny Jim, flashbacks are often used to recall specific lessons from Caines childhood training in the monastery from his teachers, the blind Master Po and Master Chen Ming Kan. Part of the appeal of the series was undoubtedly the emphasis laid, via the flashbacks, the Shaolin Monastery which appeared in flashbacks was originally a set used for the 1967 film Camelot. It was inexpensively and effectively converted for the setting in China, in her memoirs, Bruce Lees widow, Linda Lee Cadwell, asserts that Lee created the concept for the series, which was then stolen by Warner Bros. There is circumstantial evidence for this in a December 8,1971 television interview that Bruce Lee gave on The Pierre Berton Show. In the interview, Pierre Berton comments, Theres a pretty good chance youll get a TV series in the States called The Warrior, in it, where you use what. Lee responds, That was the original idea. both of them, I think, they want me to be in a type of a thing. Whereas I want to do the Western, because, you see, how else can you justify all of the punching and kicking and violence, except in the period of the West. Later in the interview, Berton asks Lee about the problems that you face as a Chinese hero in an American series, have people come up in the industry and said well, we dont know how the audience are going to take a non-American
16.
Software bug
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A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. Most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made in either a source code or its design, or in components. A few are caused by compilers producing incorrect code, a program that contains a large number of bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy. Bugs trigger errors that may have ripple effects, Bugs may have subtle effects or cause the program to crash or freeze the computer. Others qualify as security bugs and might, for example, enable a user to bypass access controls in order to obtain unauthorized privileges. Bugs in code that controls the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s. In 1996, the European Space Agencys US$1 billion prototype Ariane 5 rocket had to be destroyed less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the guidance computer program. In June 1994, a Royal Air Force Chinook helicopter crashed into the Mull of Kintyre, for instance, Thomas Edison wrote the following words in a letter to an associate in 1878, It has been just so in all of my inventions. The Middle English word bugge is the basis for the terms bugbear and bugaboo, baffle Ball, the first mechanical pinball game, was advertised as being free of bugs in 1931. Problems with military gear during World War II were referred to as bugs, isaac Asimov uses the term bug to relate to issues with a robot in his short story Catch That Rabbit, published in 1944, and included in his well-known collection of short stories I, Robot. From page 1 of Catch That Rabbit, U. S, robots had to get the bugs out of the multiple robot, and there were plenty of bugs, and there are always at least half a dozen bugs left for the field-testing. The term bug was used in an account by computer pioneer Grace Hopper, operators traced an error in the Mark II to a moth trapped in a relay, coining the term bug. This bug was carefully removed and taped to the log book, stemming from the first bug, today we call errors or glitches in a program a bug. Hopper did not find the bug, as she readily acknowledged, the date in the log book was September 9,1947. Hopper loved to recount the story and this log book, complete with attached moth, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. The related term debug also appears to predate its usage in computing, an analysing process must equally have been performed in order to furnish the Analytical Engine with the necessary operative data, and that herein may also lie a possible source of error. Granted that the mechanism is unerring in its processes, the cards may give it wrong orders. The report highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery, government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws
17.
Traveler's cheque
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A travelers cheque is a medium of exchange that can be used in place of hard currency. They were generally used by people on vacation in foreign countries instead of cash and this means that a travelers cheque can never bounce unless the issuer goes bankrupt and out of business. If a travelers cheque were lost or stolen, it could be replaced by the financial institution. Their use has been in decline since the 1990s, around this time, a variety of more convenient alternatives, such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated teller machines, became more widely available and were easier for travelers to use. Travelers cheques are no widely accepted and cannot easily be cashed. What follows are the terms for the parties to a travelers cheque. The bank or other place that sells it is the agent, the natural person who buys the cheque is the purchaser. The entity to whom the purchaser hands the cheque in payment for goods or services is the payee or merchant, for purposes of clearance, the obligor is both maker and drawee. American Express developed a large-scale international travelers cheque system in 1891 and it is still the largest issuer of travelers cheques today by volume. Several brands of travelers cheques have been marketed, the most familiar of those were Thomas Cook Group, Bank of America, in addition, security concerns of retailers has led to many businesses ceasing to accept them, in turn making them less attractive to travelers. This has led to complaints about the difficulty that holders have in using them, in much of Europe and Asia, travelers cheques are no longer widely accepted and cannot be easily cashed, even at the banks that issued them. The sustained decline in interest rates in most of the world since the early-to-mid 1990s has substantially reduced the profitability of travelers cheques for their issuers. Financial institutions have responded to this development by charging new fees for travelers cheques, increasing existing fees, Travelers cheques are sold by banks and agencies to customers for use at a later time. Upon obtaining custody of a supply of travelers cheques, the purchaser would immediately sign each cheque. The purchaser will receive a receipt and some other documentation that should be kept in a safe place other than where they carry the cheques. Travelers cheques can usually be replaced if lost or stolen, assuming the owner still has the receipt issued with the purchase of the showing the serial numbers allocated. To cash a cheque to make a purchase, the purchaser would, in the presence of the payee, date. Travelers cheques are available in several such as U. S. g
18.
Swingline
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Swingline is a division of ACCO Brands Corporation that specializes in manufacturing staplers and hole punches. The company was located in Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States. Swingline was founded in 1925 in New York City by Jack Linsky, at that time, it was known as the Parrot Speed Fastener Company and opened its first manufacturing facility in Long Island City in 1931. Eight years later the company changed its name to Speed Products and created the first top-opening stapler and this design eventually became the industry standard. In 1999 Acco closed Swinglines Long Island City plant, which it had occupied for fifty years, about 450 workers lost their jobs. At the time it was the largest single job loss in the city caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement. When the closing was announced in 1997, Acco was criticized by New Yorks mayor Rudy Giuliani, a custom-painted red Swingline 747 stapler was prominently featured in the 1999 comedy movie Office Space. Swingline later introduced a red model, in response to an increased demand from fans of the film
19.
John C. McGinley
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John Christopher McGinley is an American actor, author and former comedian. He is most notable for his roles as Perry Cox in Scrubs, Bob Slydell in Office Space, Captain Hendrix in The Rock, Sergeant Red ONeill in Oliver Stones Platoon and he has also written and produced for television and film. Apart from acting, McGinley is also an author, a member and international spokesperson for the Global Down Syndrome Foundation. McGinley, who is one of five children, was born in the Greenwich Village section of New York City, the son of a schoolteacher and his paternal great-grandfather was from Donegal, Ireland. McGinley was raised in Millburn, New Jersey, and attended Millburn High School and he studied acting at Syracuse University, and later at New York Universitys Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 1984. Upon completing his education, McGinley did a variety of different work, including Off Broadway and Broadway productions, McGinley has had a prolific career, primarily as a supporting character actor. McGinley had been cast in his first film role in Alan Aldas Sweet Liberty earlier in 1986 and that was followed the next year with Wall Street, and again the next with Talk Radio. He also was featured in a 1980s Subaru commercial and he appeared in the Celebrity Challenge version of American Gladiators, losing to Dean Cain. McGinley wrote the script for 1990s Suffering Bastards, in which he also co-starred and he worked continually throughout the 1990s, appearing in films such as Point Break, Highlander II, The Quickening, Article 99, Wagons East. Seven, The Rock, Set It Off, Nothing to Lose, in 2007, he had a role as Chuck in the film Are We Done Yet. He also had a role as a gay highway patrolman in the film Wild Hogs. Series WordGirl as well as the character in the Sony PSP video game Dead Head Fred. McGinley received critical acclaim for his performance as a killer in Dean Koontzs suspense drama. It became Fox Televisions highest-rated miniseries and he worked with Koontz and Fox once more in Sole Survivor. In 2001, McGinley began work as a regular on the NBC television series Scrubs as the acerbic Dr. Perry Cox, throughout the series Dr. Cox acts as an unwilling mentor to the protagonist J. D. Since the NFL season of 2007, McGinley has played the Commish of the More Taste League commercials for Miller Lite and he has also done commercials for the Champions Tour, a professional golf tour for men over the age of 50. In 2008, McGinley was the narrator of the documentary of the Detroit Red Wings 2008 Stanley Cup Championship, in 2009, McGinley started narrating commercials for ESPN. com. McGinley wrote a 2005 book titled, Untalkative Bunny, How to be Heard Without saying a Word which featured the character from the show Untalkative Bunny on its cover
20.
Alexandra Wentworth
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Alexandra Elliott Ali Wentworth is an American actress, comedian, author, and producer. Wentworth was born in Washington, D. C. to a prominent family and her mother, Muffie Cabot, was Nancy Reagans White House Social Secretary from 1981 to 1983. Her father, Eric Wentworth, was a reporter for The Washington Post and her stepfather, Henry Brandon, was the editor of the The Sunday Times in London, and her maternal grandmother was explorer Janet Elliott Wulsin. Wentworth attended the Dana Hall School for Girls in Wellesley, Massachusetts, Wentworth made correspondent appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Oprah Winfrey Show. In 1995, she played Jerry Seinfelds girlfriend, Sheila, in the memorable Soup Nazi episode of Seinfeld and she had a recurring role as the boss of the title character on the Warner Bros. series Felicity. In 2003, she co-hosted the syndicated show, Living It Up. With Ali & Jack, with Jack Ford, wentworths most notable film appearances include Jerry Maguire, Office Space, and Its Complicated. Wentworth starred in the comedy Head Case on the Starz TV network and she guest starred on the NBC show The Marriage Ref. Wentworth hosts Daily Shot, a short daily talk show segment on Yahoo. As of 2016, Wentworth created and stars in Nightcap as the lead character Staci Cole, Wentworth is married to George Stephanopoulos, ABC News Chief Anchor correspondent and former Political Adviser to the Clinton Administration. They met on a date in April 2001, were engaged two months later, and were married on November 20,2001, at the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York Citys Upper East Side. They have two daughters, Elliott Anastasia Stephanopoulos and Harper Andrea Stephanopoulos, the WASP Cookbook, Warner Adult,1997. Ali in Wonderland, And Other Tall Tales, happily Ali After, And Other Fairly True Tales, HarperCollins,2015. Alex Davis 1997, The Real Blonde, susan 1996, Life Among the Cannibals. Lee Emory 1991, In Living Color, various 2014, Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Self 2012, The Daily Shot. com, Laura Swisher, January 30,2008
21.
Kinna McInroe
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Kinna McInroe is an American actress, known for her role as Nina in the film Office Space. She appeared in television series including CSI, Strong Medicine, Criminal Minds. Currently McInroe pursues her acting and singing career in film, television, stage, with Jo Luijten she made several web videos under the pseudonym of Squirrel-Monkey which received positive press from a number of news and technology websites. She also studies improvisational theatre with Gary Austin, the founder of The Groundlings, the actress, who used to be obese, has lost over 100 pounds since 2008. Kinna McInroe at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Orlando Jones
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Orlando Jones is an American comedian and film and television actor. He is notable for being one of the original cast members of the comedy series MADtv. Jones was born in Mobile, Alabama on April 10,1968 and his father was a former professional baseball player for the Philadelphia Phillies. He moved to Mauldin, South Carolina, when he was a teen, One of his early acting experiences involved playing a werewolf in a haunted house to help raise money for the junior/senior prom. Jones enrolled in the College of Charleston, South Carolina and he left in 1990 without finishing his degree. To pursue his interest in the entertainment industry, Jones, together with comedian Michael Fechter, formed a company, Homeboys Productions. Together Jones and Fechter worked on projects including a McDonalds commercial with basketball superstar Michael Jordan for the McDonalds specialty sandwich the McJordan. He scored his first Hollywood job in 1987, writing for the NBC comedy A Different World, during 1991-92, Jones penned the Fox series Roc and, in 1993, he co-produced The Sinbad Show. He also made a appearance on the FOX sitcom Hermans Head in 1992. After hosting Foxs music series Sound FX, in 1994, Jones became one of the nine cast members of MADtv. Unlike some of his fellow original repertory performers on MADtv, Jones came to the show with limited sketch comedy experience, however, his comedy writing and television producing skills proved to be valuable to the early success of the show. Throughout Seasons One and Two of MADtv, Jones produced characters like the Cabana Chat band leader Dexter St. Croix and Reverend LaMont Nixon Fatback, the vocal follower of Christopher Walken. He was also noted for his impressions of Thomas Mikal Ford, Temuera Morrison, Warwick Davis, Danny DeVito, Michael Jai White, Eddie Griffin, after two seasons on MADtv, Jones left the show at the end of its second season to pursue a movie career. However, Jones returned to MADtv in 2004 to celebrate its 200th episode, with his guest appearance, Jon Aside from MADtv, Jones made many other television appearances. Perhaps his most popular and enduring television appearance was not in the form of a sitcom or television drama, in 2000, Jones became the spokesperson for 7 Up and he gained wide recognition. This exposure led to a plethora of opportunities for Jones, First, he hosted an HBO First Look special in 2000 and then, in 2003, Jones was given his own late night talk show on FX called The Orlando Jones Show. Although his talk show was short lived, Jones continued to make television appearances. In 2003, he appeared on The Bernie Mac Show and on Girlfriends, in 2006, Jones decided to return to television as one of the lead characters of ABCs crime drama The Evidence, as Cayman Bishop
23.
Short film
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A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
24.
Liquid Television
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Liquid Television is an animation showcase that appeared on MTV. The first season of Liquid Television also aired on BBC Two in co-production with MTV, ultimately, MTV commissioned three seasons of the show, which was produced by Colossal Pictures. It has served as the point for several high-profile original cartoons, including Beavis and Butt-head. The show was succeeded by Cartoon Sushi. Mark Mothersbaugh composed the theme music. It was broadcast in New Zealand on TV3 and in Australia on SBS, there were also a large number of animation pieces adapted from the work of Art Spiegelmans comic compilation, RAW. RAW featured underground cartoonists such as Mark Beyer, Richard Sala, in particular, Dog-Boy by Charles Burns was based on the artists series from RAW. Due to the use of licensed music throughout the series. Selected segments from the series, including the first appearances of Æon Flux, were released on two VHS tapes in the late 1990s as The Best of Liquid Television parts one and two. A collection volume, titled Wet Shorts, comprising the two VHS tapes, was released on DVD in 1997, but this, too, is out-of-print, on October 13,2011, MTVX, MTVs cross media group, announced the return of Liquid Television. It is now a network that is available on the internet, the first content to debut on the network was F**KING BEST SONG EVERRR by Wallpaper, available on the website. Full-length episodes featuring the content and all-new material were released in 2013. Japhet Asher – Executive Producer/Creative Director Prudence Fenton – Executive Producer/Story Editor Mark Mothersbaugh – Composer, soap Opera – A parody of daytime soaps, with bars of soap as the actors. Cut-Up Camera – A parody of Candid Camera involving outrageous situations, miss Lidias Makeover to the Stars – A short about an unseen makeup artist who gives celebrities mock make-overs via her computer. Invisible Hands – About a turban-clad sleuth who solves murders, buzz Box – A short with changing patterns set to rock music. Stick Figure Theatre – A series of shorts recreating scenes from popular movies using stick-figures drawn on 3 ×5 cards, dangerous Puppets – About two puppets who violently destroy each other. The Art School Girls of Doom – A live-action short in the early 1990s about two art school girls, codie Field and Gina Varla Vetro, transgender actresses, played the girls in an animated environment. Footworks – Stories featuring footprints as the characters, Æon Flux – About a scantily-clad female secret agent
25.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
26.
Silicon Valley
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Silicon Valley is a nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area, in the northern part of the U. S. state of California. The valley in its name refers to the Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County, which includes the city of San Jose and surrounding cities and towns, where the region has been traditionally centered. The region has expanded to include the half of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo County. It was in the Valley that the integrated circuit, the microprocessor. As of 2013, the region employed about a quarter of an information technology workers. The term is now used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. The first published use of Silicon Valley is credited to Don Hoefler, hostler used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, titled Silicon Valley in the USA, began in the papers January 11,1971, the term gained widespread use in the early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. The silicon part of the name refers to the concentration of companies involved in the making of semiconductors. These firms slowly replaced the orchards and the fruits which gave the area its initial nickname — the Valley of Hearts Delight, Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valleys early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success, the ship had been outfitted with a wireless telegraph transmitter by a local newspaper, so that they could prepare a celebration on the return of the American sailors. Local historian Clyde Arbuckle states in Clyde Arbuckles History of San Jose that California first heard the click of a key on September 11,1853. It marked completion of an enterprise begun by a couple of San Francisco Merchants Exchange members named George Sweeney and it was known as the Inner Station, the second, as the Outer Station. Both used their primitive mode of communication until Messrs, Sweeney and Baugh connected the Outer Station directly with the Merchantss Exchange by electric telegraph Wire. According to Arbuckle Sweeney and Baughs line was strictly an intra-city, San Francisco-based service, allen and C. Burnham led the way to build a line from San Francisco to Marysville via San Jose, Stockton, and Sacramento. Delays to construction occurred until September 1853, but, …San Jose became the first station on the line when the wire arrived here on October 15, the line was completed when Gambles northbound crew met a similar crew working southward from Marysville on October 24. The Bay Area had long been a site of United States Navy research. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose
27.
Wall Street
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Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
28.
Brazil (1985 film)
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Brazil is a 1985 dystopian science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The film stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins, though a success in Europe, the film was unsuccessful in its initial North America release. It has since become a cult film, the film is named after the recurrent theme song, Ary Barrosos Aquarela do Brasil, as performed by Geoff Muldaur. Sam Lowry is a government employee who frequently daydreams of saving a damsel in distress. Visiting Buttles widow, Sam encounters their neighbour Jill Layton, and is astonished to see that she resembles the woman from his recurring dreams, Jill is trying to help Mrs. Buttle determine what happened to her husband, but her efforts are obstructed by bureaucracy. Sam approaches Jill, but she avoids giving him full details, during this time, Sam comes in contact with Tuttle, who once worked for Central Services but left due to his dislike of the tedious and repetitive paperwork. Tuttle helps Sam deal with two Central Services workers, Spoor and Dowser, who return to demolish Sams ducts. Sam discovers that the way to learn about Jill is to get transferred to Information Retrieval. He had previously turned down a promotion arranged by his mother, Ida, Sam retracts his refusal by speaking with Deputy Minister Mr. Helpmann at a party hosted by Ida. Obtaining Jills records, Sam tracks her down before she can be arrested, then falsifies the records to fake her death, the two share a romantic night together, but are soon apprehended by the government at gunpoint. Charged with treason for abusing his new position, Sam is restrained to a chair in a large, empty room, to be tortured by his old friend. Sam learns that Jill was killed resisting arrest. When Jack is about to start the torturing, Tuttle and other members of the break into the Ministry, shooting Jack, rescuing Sam. Sam and Tuttle flee together, but Tuttle disappears amid a mass of scraps of paperwork from the destroyed building and he lands in a street from his daydreams, and attempts to escape police and monsters by climbing a pile of flex-ducts. Opening a door, he passes through it and is surprised to find himself in a driven by Jill. The two leave the city together, however, this happy ending is a product of Sams delusions, he is still strapped to the chair. Realising that Sam has descended into insanity, Jack and Mr. Helpmann declare him a lost cause. Sam remains in the chair, smiling and singing Brazil, Pryce has described the role as the highlight of his career, along with that of Lytton Strachey in Carrington
29.
Car Wash (film)
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Car Wash is a 1976 American comedy film released by Universal Pictures. The Art Linson Production was directed by Michael Schultz from a screenplay by Joel Schumacher, B, of a Los Angeles, California car wash. Originally conceived as a musical, Car Wash deals with the exploits of a close-knit, richard Pryor also appears in a cameo as a money-hungry evangelist named Daddy Rich who preaches a pseudo-gospel of prosperity theology. The main character is Abdullah, formerly Duane, a Black Muslim revolutionary, among his other misadventures in the film, he must deal with a man who fits the profile of the notorious pop bottle bomber being sought that day by the police. It causes employees, customers, and the owner of the car wash, Mr. B, to fear for their lives, but the strange mans bomb is simply a urine sample he is taking to the hospital. As he gets ready to go to work, he sets off motion sensors that give him the first human car wash, george Carlin appears as a taxi driver searching fruitlessly for a prostitute who stiffed him for a fare. The prostitute, Marleen, has her own hopes shattered as a customer with whom she apparently has fallen in love has given her a telephone number. Ex-con Lonnie is the foreman of the car wash who tries to mentor Abdullah while struggling to raise two children and fend off his parole officer. Abdullah confronts Lindy and sharply criticizes his cross-dressing, to which Lindy coolly replies, Im more man than youll ever be and more woman than youll ever get. Floyd and Lloyd are musicians who have an audition for an agent at the end of their shift, justins elderly grandfather, Snapper, works as the shoe shine man at the car wash and is a follower of Daddy Rich. Among everything, Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha as an escape to his home life. Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street. Lonnie, on the hand, is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he cannot get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to. Later at the end of the movie, Abdullah, after being fired by Mr. B for his absences, appears in the office with a gun while Lonnie is closing up. Lonnie talks him out of it, and the two commiserate at the society has imposed on them, two proud men forced to work at a meaningless job for meager pay. Its a melancholy ending to the day as all go their separate ways. Sully Boyar as Leon Mr B, though they had speaking roles, nearly all of their scenes were deleted from the theatrical version and they are only seen in the background. Their scenes were restored for the television version
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