1.
Enlisted rank
–
An enlisted rank is, in some armed services, any rank below that of a commissioned officer. In most cases, enlisted service personnel perform jobs specific to their own occupational specialty, the term enlistment refers solely to a military commitment whereas the terms taken of strength and struck off strength refer to a servicemember being carried on a given units roll. In the Canadian Forces, the term non-commissioned member is used, for the ranks used by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, non-commissioned ranks are coded OR1–OR9, OR being an abbreviation for Other Ranks. The five branches of the U. S, armed Forces all use the same E- designation for enlisted pay grades, with service-specific names applied to each. Each branch incorporates it as part of a service members job specialty designator
Enlisted rank
–
v
2.
Commissioned officer
–
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. In this sense, officers are not enlisted, but hold appointments from their government that typically remain in force indefinitely unless resigned, the proportion of officers varies greatly. Officers typically make up between an eighth and a fifth of modern armed forces personnel, in 2013, officers were the senior 17% of the British armed forces, and the senior 13. 7% of the French armed forces. In 2012, officers made up about 18% of the German armed forces, historically, however, armed forces have generally had much lower proportions of officers. During the First World War, fewer than 5% of British soldiers were officers, in the early twentieth century, the Spanish army had the highest proportion of officers of any European army, at 12. 5%. Within a nations armed forces, armies tend to have a proportion of officers. For example,13. 9% of British army personnel and 22. 2% of the RAF personnel were officers in 2013, having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons, in an armed forces environment, a superior officer is an officer with a higher rank than another officer, who is a subordinate officer relative to the superior. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, many advanced militaries require university degrees as a prerequisite for commissioning, even from the enlisted ranks. In the Israel Defense Forces, a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to the rank of lieutenant colonel, the IDF often sponsors the studies for its majors, while aircrew and naval officers obtain academic degrees as a part of their training programmes. In the United Kingdom, there are three routes of entry for British Armed Forces officers, the first, and primary route are those who receive their commission directly into the officer grades following completion at their relevant military academy. The third route is similar to the second, in that they convert from an enlisted to a commission, but these are taken from the highest ranks of SNCOs. LE officers, whilst holding the same Queens Commission, generally work in different roles from the DE officers, in the infantry, a number of Warrant Officer Class 1s are commissioned as LE officers. For Royal Navy and Royal Air Force officer candidates, a 30-week period at Britannia Royal Naval College or a 30-week period at RAF College Cranwell, Royal Marines officers receive their training in the Command Wing of the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines during a grueling 15-month course. The courses consist of not only tactical and combat training, but also leadership, management, etiquette, until the Cardwell Reforms of 1871, commissions in the British Army were purchased by officers. The Royal Navy, however, operated on a more meritocratic, or at least socially mobile, AOCS also also included the embedded Aviation Reserve Officer Candidate and Naval Aviation Cadet programs. NAVCADs were personnel who held associates degrees, but lacked bachelors degrees, nAVCADs would complete the entire AOCS program, but would not be commissioned until completion of flight training and receiving their wings. After their initial tour, they would be assigned to a college or university full-time for no more than two years in order to complete their bachelors degree
Commissioned officer
–
A commissioned officer and a non-commissioned officer prepare for a mission in Afghanistan.
Commissioned officer
–
The
Royal Navy officer training academy
Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, also known as HMS Britannia
Commissioned officer
–
A
platoon from the Australian
29th Battalion being addressed by their Commanding Officer in August 1918
3.
Service academy
–
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard. It normally provides education in an environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. The first military academies were established in the 18th century to provide officers for technically specialized corps, such as engineers and artillery. The Royal Danish Naval Academy was set up in 1701, making it the oldest military academy in existence, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich was set up in 1720 as the earliest military academy in Britain. Its original purpose was to train cadets entering the Royal Artillery, in France, the École Royale du Génie at Mézières was founded in 1748, followed by a non-technical academy in 1751, the École Royale Militaire offering a general military education to the nobility. French military academies were widely copied in Prussia, Austria, Russia and even powers, including Turin. The two original departments were combined and moved to Sandhurst. In the United States, the academy at West Point was founded in 1802. There are 12 Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh, among these, nine for boys and three for girls. Four Cadet Colleges were established before 1971, other cadet colleges were built after the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Air Force – Academia da Força Aérea, founded in 1978, it is an all-boys institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is a fully accredited by the province of Ontario. Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges, RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954. Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had an impact in the Canadian services and society. Royal Roads reopened as a university in the fall of 1995. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a preparatory, Air Force Institute of Technology Army Academy R. O. C. Colombian Army NCO School Colombian Air Force, Marco Fidel Suarez Military Aviation School, Colombian Naval Infantry and Colombian Navy, Admiral Padilla Naval Academy, located in Cartagena de Indias. National Police of Colombia, General Santander National Police Academy, located in Bogotá, univerzita Obrany http, //www. unob. cz/en/ Vojenská akademie a velitelství výcviku http, //www. vavyskov
Service academy
–
Facade of the United Artillery and Engineering School, constructed by
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Service academy
–
Army Academy R.O.C.
Service academy
–
Saint-Cyr cadets at the
Bastille Day military parade
Service academy
–
EMIA cadets
4.
OCS Portsea
–
The Officer Cadet School, Portsea was an officer training establishment of the Australian Army. The motto of OCS Portsea was Loyalty and Service, which was chosen by Colonel James Harrison during his time serving as OCSs first Commandant, OCS Portsea was located at Point Nepean near the mouth of Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, Australia. The land occupied by OCS was originally used as a station for many years. When the quarantine station closed, the OCS took up the remainder of the land, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Defence presence on the land ended when the Army School of Health moved to Latchford Barracks, in Bonegilla, Victoria. In June 2009, the land was transferred to the Victorian government and has incorporated into the Point Nepean National Park. In December 2009, the site was opened to the community as a public park, many of the old buildings were retained and some still stand today, having been protected under law. One of the buildings, which was used as a hospital, OCS Cadets conducted lessons in a building previously used as a mortuary during the operation of the quarantine station. The Regimental Sergeant Majors hut is believed to be one of the oldest buildings in Victoria, the Officer Cadet School, Portsea began training officers for the Australian Army in January 1952. During its 33 years of operation,3,544 cadets graduated, between 1952 and 1985, OCS Portsea trained 40 percent of the new officers commissioned into the Regular Army, compared with Duntroons 28 percent. The remaining officers were provided by the Officer Training Wing of the Womens Royal Australian Army Corps School at Georges Heights, Sydney, and the Officer Training Unit, Scheyville. Unlike Duntroon OCS did not provide a course and trained would be junior officers over a shorter course, initially this was a six-month course. The course later ran for 44 weeks, a significant number of OCS cadets were direct entry civilians. A number of graduates were also RAAF personnel, following the Vietnam War, the national service scheme ended and the OTU Scheyville was closed in 1973. In the mid-1980s, a review of training establishments in Australia occurred. As a result, a decision created a military academy offering tertiary education to officer trainees of all three services. This academy became known as the Australian Defence Force Academy, due to the formation of ADFA, the Royal Military College, Duntroon stopped providing degrees to its graduates and reduced its course from four years to eighteen months. This essentially meant that Duntroon and OCS were providing the same training, the final OCS graduating class was the class of December 1985, which included female cadets for the first time, following the closure of the Womens Officer Training Wing in December 1984. The Royal Military College, Duntroon then became the training establishment for General Service Officers in the Australian Regular Army
OCS Portsea
–
The OCS Portsea Badge
5.
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
The Royal Military College, Duntroon, is the Australian Armys officer training establishment. The Royal Military College, Duntroon, was opened on 27 June 1911 by the Governor-General, the Australian Government first rented the Duntroon homestead for two years and finally acquired the freehold to the estate and 370 acres of land after the creation of the federal capital. The first Commandant of the college was Brigadier General William Bridges, under his recommendations the college was modelled on aspects from the Royal Military College of Canada and the military colleges of Britain, and the United States of America. Several British officers, including Lieutenant Colonel Charles Gwynn as Director of Military Art, were assigned as faculty to the newly established college, during Bridges frequent absences, Gwynn served as acting Commandant. The First World War provided the college with its first chance to demonstrate its worth, however, when the war broke out in August 1914, there had not been enough time for the first class to complete the full Duntroon course. During the war 158 Duntroon graduates had been sent overseas on active service, of whom 42 were killed or died of wounds, in 1927 the Kings Colour was presented to the Corps of Staff Cadets by His Royal Highness, The Duke of York. In the beginning, the college offered a course, during which the first two years focused upon civil subjects and the last two years focused upon military subjects. Over the entire course, however, there was military training, including physical training, drill, signalling. Over the years, however, with the impact of the two World Wars, the duration and focus of the changed as the requirements of the Army dictated. The college was forced to relocate to the Victoria Barracks, Sydney between 1931 and 1936 due to the economic downturn caused by the Great Depression. Of these 122, three went on to have distinguished careers, with one rising to the rank of brigadier in the Australian Army, another to brigadier in the New Zealand Army. McCay, reaching the rank of lieutenant general and serving in the British Indian Army, following the war, the length of the course was set at four years again and efforts were made to increase the level of academic rigour in the colleges programs. This culminated in 1967 when the college affiliated with the University of New South Wales to offer Bachelor courses in Arts, under this program, the first degrees from RMC were awarded in 1971. In order to graduate, cadets had to achieve passes in both military and academic studies and leadership, the inquiry resulted in at least one army career ending, while other personnel were severely punished. A further bastardisation scandal was exposed in 1983, shortly after this, the role of the college changed again with the establishment of the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1986. As a result of change, Duntroon ceased to offer university degrees as ADFA became responsible for the academic training of Army cadets, as well as those from the Air Force. The same year, the college celebrated its 75th anniversary, as an acknowledgement of this,33 cent stamps featuring the head of a male officer cadet were printed, the first day of issue was 27 June 1986. RMCs purview was expanded in 1995 as it became responsible for the military training of all full-time, part-time
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Major General William Bridges
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Royal Military College, Duntroon
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
First Class of cadets at Royal Military College Duntroon 1916–1919
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Military cadets on parade at RMC, Duntroon, taken around 1920
6.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
Canberra
–
Canberra, with the old and new
Parliament House in the centre, viewed from
Mount Ainslie
Canberra
–
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Canberra
–
The opening of
Parliament House in May 1927.
Canberra
–
Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks,
Parliament House and
Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display.
Questacon is on the right.
7.
Conscription in Australia
–
Conscription in Australia, or mandatory military service also known as national service, has a controversial history dating back to the first years of nationhood. Australia currently only has provision for conscription during times of war, the legislation did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service. This legislation was passed through the support of the Protectionist Party. John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, Falling In, noted, since universal was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000. Under Labor prime minister Billy Hughes, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during WWI through two plebiscites, the first plebiscite was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against. A second plebiscite was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by a greater margin, the question put to Australians was, Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas. After the failure of the first plebiscite, Billy Hughes left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus, the remainder of the Labor Party, under their new leader Frank Tudor, then expelled Hughes and all who had followed him. Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years, H. Coombe of the Daily Herald. The young John Curtin, at the time a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested, anti-conscriptionist publications, were seized by government censors in police raids. Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, the Queensland Labor Premier Thomas Ryan, Vida Goldstein, most trade unions actively opposed conscription. The County Cork born Archbishop Mannix stated that Ireland had been wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany. Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain, however, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and opposed conscription. Some groups argued that the war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight. The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against, the womens vote was seen as important with large womens meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes at a huge meeting at the Sydney Town Hall where he outlined the Governments proposals. This was followed by a huge meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September. An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people and it was passed on 21 September 1916 and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first plebiscite campaign was underway. By 5 October The Age reported that of 11607 men examined,4581 were found fit, the Age noted, in the article Influence of the IWW, that the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria
Conscription in Australia
–
Supporters of conscription campaigning at
Mingenew, Western Australia in 1917
Conscription in Australia
–
Industrial Workers of the World anti-conscription poster, 1916
Conscription in Australia
–
Cartoons such as this one, by artist
Norman Lindsay, were used both for recruitment and to promote conscription
Conscription in Australia
–
1917 Handbill – The Blood Vote
8.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
9.
Officer Candidate School - Philippines
–
It was established in the Philippines for training future officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The school trains civilians and enlisted personnel who are baccalaureate degree holders, since its creation, more than 3,000 officers have graduated from the Officer Candidate School. The school’s motto Valor, Integrity, and Duty still remains strong and relevant despite changes in the society, the story of the Officer Candidate School began during the formation of the School for Reserve Commission in 1937. Three Schools were set up, two for the Infantry in Tarlac and Lanao, and one for the Field Artillery in Mabalacat and these schools were active until the Second World War reached the shores of the Philippines in 1941. After the war, the school was reactivated and transferred to Fort McKinley under the Philippine Army School Center, for the Philippine Air Force, they produced three classes of officer candidates at Nichols Air Base before the PA SRC was reestablished. Three classes were held during April 1951 to May 1953, graduates of the said program subsequently earned their commissions in the AFP Reserve Force. Following this, the Ground Combat School, PASC took over the training in Fort McKinley, SRC Classes 7 to 25 were trained during the period of September 1954 to April 1959 until it was stopped. The school was transferred to Fort Magsaysay in Nueva Ecija. NCOC courses 1 to 3 were completed from April 1959 to January 1960, the SRC resumed its training courses when it was transferred to Camp Tinio in Bangad, Cabanatuan City in 1975. After its first class, the name SRC was changed to the AFP Officer Candidate School while still continuing the SRC program of instruction. Before being deactivated again in 1979, the AFPOCS completed seven classes while one SRC class in 1975 was conducted exclusively for the Philippine Air Force. The next reincarnation of AFPOCS was at Camp Capinpin, Tanay, seventeen classes, including the four pioneer members of the Womens Auxiliary Corps of OCS Cl 02-89 were produced by the AFPOCS. Upon the deactivation of the AFP Training Command, the OCS transferred to the control of TRADOC, in October 1996,105 former members of the Moro National Liberation Front graduated as officers of the Philippine Army pursuant to the 1996 peace agreement between the MNLF and the Government. Some noteworthy members who made star ranks include Brigadier Generals Leandro Lonzame, Brigadier Generals Alexander Felix, Armando Mateo, and Rogelio Martin were products of SRC classes in Fort McKinley. Notable SRC Bangad graduates include J/Director Arturo W Alit, OCS class 02-89 pride themselves with including in their ranks Maj Dahlia Nograles WAC and Maj Ester Bautista WAC, the 1st skipper and executive officer of the 1st all-female crewed PN vessel
Officer Candidate School - Philippines
–
Officer Candidate School
10.
Armed Forces of the Philippines
–
The Armed Forces of the Philippines are composed of the Philippine Army, Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force. In 2014, a senior AFP officer reported it had 90,000 members, of which 30,000 were in the Army and this figure matches closely with the International Institute for Strategic Studies 2011 figure of 40,000,10,000, and 10,000. In 2012, the AFP Chief of Staff said that there had been no increase in the number of soldiers over a period. In 2013 the IISS listed reserves as 40,000 Army,30,000 Navy and Marine Corps, in 2014, manpower figures of 125,000 active and 131,000 reserve were reported by the IISS. Pre-Hispanic Philippines maintained local militia groups under the barangay system, reporting to the datu, these groups, aside from maintaining order in their communities, also served as their defense forces. With the arrival of Islam, the system of forces in the Mindanao regions sultanates under Muslim control mirrored those other existing sultanates in the region. These local warriors who were in the service of the Sultan were also responsible to qualified male citizens appointed by him. In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1935, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was officially established on December 21,1935, General Douglas MacArthur was asked to supervise its foundation and training. President Quezon officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on August 24,1936 when he appeared with a marshals baton. The Army of the Philippines included naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters, in 1938 the Constabulary Division was separated from the army and reorganized into a national police force. In 1940-41, most soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the U. S. Army Forces Far East, USAFFE made its last stand on Corregidor Island, after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining Filipino and American troops to surrender. After Japan was defeated in World War II, the Philippines gained its independence in 1946, in 1947 the modern AFP first emerged with the upgrade of the PAAC to the Philippine Air Force. In 1966, an AFP battalion was sent into South Vietnam during the Vietnam War to ameliorate the economic. AFP units were sent at the same time to the Spratly Islands. 1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the forces with the raising of the Womens Auxiliary Corps. A missile development program known as the Sta, ver and Marcos also extended the tour of duty of those military officers who should have been effectively retired, to the dismay also of the younger officers. Consequently, discontent in the AFP ensued, the 1989 coup attempt, the bloodiest of all coup attempts against her was crushed with US help. The AFP, during her term also launched a campaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus
Armed Forces of the Philippines
–
Airmen of the
Philippine Air Force with the
6th SOS unit of the
USAF during a bilateral exercise
Armed Forces of the Philippines
–
Emblem of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Armed Forces of the Philippines
–
A
Philippine Marine Corps instructor teaches US Marines "
Pekiti-Tirsia Kali ", a Philippine martial art during military exercises
Armed Forces of the Philippines
11.
U.S. Army Forces in the Far East
–
United States Army Forces in the Far East was a military formation of the United States Army active from 1941 to 1946. The new commands headquarters was created on July 26,1941,1, Calle Victoria, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines, with General Douglas MacArthur as commander. The Chief of Staff was Brigadier General Richard K. Sutherland, the core of this command was drawn from the Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government. MacArthur explains, It became an administrative echelon and it was analogous to a corps area. MacArthur recommended that Philippine Department commander Major General Grunert be reassigned, on October 23, Grunert returned to the United States and MacArthur was temporarily appointed as the Philippine Departments commander. It does not appear this idea was considered until Douglas MacArthur suggested, to the Army Chief of Staff. On June 6, Acting Chief of the War Plans Division Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow noted that he saw no need for such a command, as US Forces in the Far East were concentrated in the Philippines. As such, Gerow argued that should a crisis occur, then MacArthur should become the commander of, not some new command, but rather, of the Philippine Department itself. On June 20, Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall informed MacArthur, Both the Secretary of War and your qualifications and experience make you the logical selection for the Army Commander in the Far East should the situation approach a crisis. The Secretary has delayed recommending your appointment as he does not feel the time has arrived for such action, at the proper time, he will recommend to the President that you be so appointed. S. Army reserve officers be sent to the Philippines to assist in mobilization, on July 25, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson requested that President Roosevelt issue orders calling the military forces of the Commonwealth into active service for the United States. Stimson explains, All practical steps should be taken to increase the strength of the Philippine Islands. The following day, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets within the United States and that same day, the War Department created the USAFFE command, with jurisdiction over the Philippine Department and the military forces of Commonwealth of the Philippines. At the same time, MacArthur was recalled to duty as the USAFFE commander, from his positions as military advisor to the Philippine government. The short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command was formed on January 1,1942, to control all Allied forces in South East Asia, ABDACOM nominally controlled USAFFE forces, although the latter was effectively an independent force. In March, due to the worsening Allied position in Asia, macArthurs famous speech regarding the Philippines, in which he said, I came out of Bataan and I shall return was made at Terowie, South Australia on March 20. General Jonathan Wainwright officially assumed control of the forces in the Philippines. On April 18,1942, ABDACOM was replaced by General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area in Melbourne, Australia, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander, SWPA
U.S. Army Forces in the Far East
–
Lt. Gen. Douglas MacArthur conducts a ceremony formally inducting the
Philippine Army Air Corps into United States Army Forces in the Far East at
Camp Murphy,
Rizal on 15 August 1941. Behind MacArthur, from left to right, are: Lt. Col.
Richard K. Sutherland, Col.
Harold H. George, Lt. Col
William F. Marquat, and Maj. LeGrande A. Diller.
U.S. Army Forces in the Far East
–
Philippine Scouts being trained at
Fort William McKinley on a
37 mm (M3) anti-tank gun.
U.S. Army Forces in the Far East
–
December 1941. The
26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts moves past a
M3 Stuart tank, into
Pozorrubio, in an attempt to repel Japanese forces.
12.
USAFFE
–
United States Army Forces in the Far East was a military formation of the United States Army active from 1941 to 1946. The new commands headquarters was created on July 26,1941,1, Calle Victoria, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines, with General Douglas MacArthur as commander. The Chief of Staff was Brigadier General Richard K. Sutherland, the core of this command was drawn from the Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government. MacArthur explains, It became an administrative echelon and it was analogous to a corps area. MacArthur recommended that Philippine Department commander Major General Grunert be reassigned, on October 23, Grunert returned to the United States and MacArthur was temporarily appointed as the Philippine Departments commander. It does not appear this idea was considered until Douglas MacArthur suggested, to the Army Chief of Staff. On June 6, Acting Chief of the War Plans Division Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow noted that he saw no need for such a command, as US Forces in the Far East were concentrated in the Philippines. As such, Gerow argued that should a crisis occur, then MacArthur should become the commander of, not some new command, but rather, of the Philippine Department itself. On June 20, Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall informed MacArthur, Both the Secretary of War and your qualifications and experience make you the logical selection for the Army Commander in the Far East should the situation approach a crisis. The Secretary has delayed recommending your appointment as he does not feel the time has arrived for such action, at the proper time, he will recommend to the President that you be so appointed. S. Army reserve officers be sent to the Philippines to assist in mobilization, on July 25, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson requested that President Roosevelt issue orders calling the military forces of the Commonwealth into active service for the United States. Stimson explains, All practical steps should be taken to increase the strength of the Philippine Islands. The following day, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets within the United States and that same day, the War Department created the USAFFE command, with jurisdiction over the Philippine Department and the military forces of Commonwealth of the Philippines. At the same time, MacArthur was recalled to duty as the USAFFE commander, from his positions as military advisor to the Philippine government. The short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command was formed on January 1,1942, to control all Allied forces in South East Asia, ABDACOM nominally controlled USAFFE forces, although the latter was effectively an independent force. In March, due to the worsening Allied position in Asia, macArthurs famous speech regarding the Philippines, in which he said, I came out of Bataan and I shall return was made at Terowie, South Australia on March 20. General Jonathan Wainwright officially assumed control of the forces in the Philippines. On April 18,1942, ABDACOM was replaced by General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area in Melbourne, Australia, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander, SWPA
USAFFE
–
Lt. Gen. Douglas MacArthur conducts a ceremony formally inducting the
Philippine Army Air Corps into United States Army Forces in the Far East at
Camp Murphy,
Rizal on 15 August 1941. Behind MacArthur, from left to right, are: Lt. Col.
Richard K. Sutherland, Col.
Harold H. George, Lt. Col
William F. Marquat, and Maj. LeGrande A. Diller.
USAFFE
–
Philippine Scouts being trained at
Fort William McKinley on a
37 mm (M3) anti-tank gun.
USAFFE
–
December 1941. The
26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts moves past a
M3 Stuart tank, into
Pozorrubio, in an attempt to repel Japanese forces.
13.
Philippine Army
–
The Philippine Army, is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines responsible for ground warfare. Commanding General, Lieutenant General Eduardo Año, former Chief of Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its main headquarters is located at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig, Metro Manila. Years of Spanish rule, which dragged on to almost three centuries made the Filipinos restive and they were soon clamoring for reforms and an end to oppressive friar rule. In 1896, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan to prepare his band of freedom loving Filipinos for armed revolt, the Katipunan formed the nucleus of the Revolutionary Army. General Artemio Ricarte was named Captain General of the Ejercito en la Republica de las Islas Filipinas or the revolutionary Philippine Army and this date marks the founding day of the modern day Philippine Army. On June 12,1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spain and formed the first Philippine Republic, the treaty ceded the Philippines to the United States. On February 4,1899, the Filipino-American War erupted, due to the superiority of American arms, the Filipinos fell from one position to another until they were forced to disband. Even after the cessation of hostilities and as the Americans have established government in 1901. Between that time until 1935, the army lost many of its cohorts in sporadic engagements with American troops. Both of these organizations and their victories over the PRA contributed to the end of the conflict in 1902. Starting in 1910, Filipino personnel in the Philippine Scouts were sent to the United States Military Academy with one PS soldier being sent per year. Several of these graduates who served with the Scouts, plus PC officers, the Philippine Army of today was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. After the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on November 15,1935, the official rebirth of the Philippine Army occurred with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 1, approved on December 21,1935, which effected the organization of a Council of National Defense, the act set forth the organizational structure of the army in some detail, set forth enlistment procedures, and established mobilization procedures. With this act, the AFP was officially established, the development of the new Philippine Army was slow. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U. S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction, by the end of the year instructors had been trained and camps established. The first group of 20,000 men was called up on January 1,1937, coast artillery instruction was carried on at Fort Stotsenburg and at Grande Island in Subic Bay by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor. On the same date, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Presidential Order did not order all the military forces of the Philippine government into the service of the United States Armed Forces
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Staff Sgt. Manolo Martin demonstrates the proper method of holding a cobra during a survival course in the
Balikatan Exercise 2008.
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Emblem
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Special Forces freefall jumpers with Special Operations Command, stationed at Fort Magsaysay
14.
Philippine Constabulary
–
The Philippine Constabulary was a gendarmerie-type police force of the Philippines from 1901 to 1991. It was created by the American colonial government to replace the Spanish colonial Guardia Civil and it was the first of the four service commands of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. On January 29,1991, it was merged with the Integrated National Police to form the Philippine National Police, the Philippine Constabulary was established on August 18,1901, under the general supervision of the civil Governor-General of the Philippines, by authority of Act. No.175 of the Second Philippine Commission, for the purpose of maintaining peace, law, by the end of 1901, a total of 180 officers had been commissioned. This phase of the Philippine–American War ended in Luzon by 1906, with the surrender and execution of one of its last remaining generals, continued disorder and brigandry prompted Governor-General William Howard Taft to maintain the PC to combat insurgents. Captain Henry T. Allen of the 6th U. S. Cavalry, a Kentucky-born graduate of West Point, was named as the chief of the force, and was later dubbed as the Father of the Philippine Constabulary. With the help of four army officers, Captains David Baker, W. Goldsborough, H. Atkinson. Garwood, Captain Allen organized the force, trained, equipped and armed the men as best as could be done at the time, llorente retired as a Colonel in 1921 while Velasquez retired as Major in 1927. The Philippine Constabulary Band was formed on October 15,1902 by Colonel Walter Loving upon the instructions of Governor-General Taft, the Philippines was famous abroad before the first world war was the Philippine Constabulary Band. A school for the constabulary was established on February 17,1905 at the Santa Lucia barracks in Intramuros, in 1908, the school was transferred to Baguio. In 1916 the school was renamed Academy for Officers of the Philippine Constabulary, in 1926, the school was renamed the Philippine Constabulary Academy. When the Philippine Army was created in 1936, as the Philippine Commonwealth Army, the school is the main source of regular officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which prior to 1991 included those of the Philippine Constabulary. In 1935, a tract of land was acquired in New Manila Heights. It was given by the City of Manila government in exchange for the old Gagalangin barracks compound in Tondo. Part of this tract became Camp Crame, named after Brigadier General Rafael Cramé of Rizal Province who became the first Filipino appointed Chief of the Constabulary on December 17,1917. Other parts of the tract became Camp Murphy, and Zablan Field and it consisted of soldiers trained in military police duties with nationwide jurisdiction. The move to abolish the national force and to make it a nucleus of a Philippine Army got underway when the Army of the Philippines was created in 1936. The Constabulary was inactivated on this date and was known as the Constabulary Division, the PC was not gone but got submerged in a bigger organization
Philippine Constabulary
–
Two Constables posing for a photo in the
New York Tribune in 1905.
Philippine Constabulary
–
Philippine Constabulary Emblem
Philippine Constabulary
–
Cornelius C. Smith (far right), a recipient of the
Medal of Honor, as commander of the Philippine Constabulary with Brig. Gen.
John J. Pershing and
Moro chieftains in 1910. Smith participated in expeditions against the
Moro rebels for much of his time in the Philippines.
Philippine Constabulary
–
"The Philippine constabulary guard with shore party of Hubert A. Paton. Off the
Pathfinder ", Philippines, 1926 from the Historic Coast & Geodetic Survey (C&GS) Collection, NOAA Photo Library.
15.
Philippine Air Force
–
The Philippine Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. On March 17,1917 Senate President Manuel L. Quezon enacted a bill for the creation of the Philippine Militia and it was enacted in anticipation that there would be an outbreak of hostilities between United States and Germany. By the end of the First World War, the US Army and Navy began selling aircraft, the Commission then hired the services of the Curtiss School of Aviation to provide flight training to 33 students at a local base in Parañaque. The early aviation unit was, however, still lacking enough knowledge, on January 2,1935, Philippine Military Aviation was activated when the 10th Congress passed Commonwealth Act 1494 that provided for the organization of the Philippine Constabulary Air Corps. PCAC was renamed as the Philippine Army Air Corps in 1936 and it started with only three planes on its inventory. In 1941, PAAC had a total of 54 aircraft including pursuit light bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, light transport and they later engaged the Japanese when they invaded the Philippines in 1941–42, and were reformed in 1945 after the countrys liberation. The PAF became a military service on July 1,1947. The main aircraft type in the era of the PAF was the P-51 Mustang. Ground attack missions were flown against various insurgent groups, with aircraft hit by ground fire, in the 1950s the Mustang was used by the Blue Diamonds aerobatic display team. These would be replaced by the jet-powered North American F-86 Sabres in the late 1950s, assisted by Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star, the PAF saw its first international action in the Congo under the UN peacekeeping mission in 1960. Since the retirement of the Northrop F-5s in September 2005 without a planned replacement, the PAF resorted to the Aermacchi S-211 trainer jets to fill the void left by the F-5s. These S-211s were later upgraded to light attack capability and used for air and sea patrol, the only active fixed wing aircraft to fill the roles were the SF-260 trainers with light attack capability, the OV-10 Bronco light attack and reconnaissance aircraft and the AS-211 warriors. The PAF currently has three active C-130s which were used during the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda crisis. In December 2014, the PAF received 2 of the 8 AW-109E power attack version helicopters from Agusta Westland and was commissioned August 2015,6 more are expected to be delivered and these additional helicopters aims to boost its helicopter strike wing currently filled by the MD-520s. The MD-520s has been used to conduct operations against terrorist groups in Mindanao, some additional 21 refurbished UH-1 Hueys are due to arrive along with the NC-212 Aviocar acquired the same date as the CASA C-295M. In March 2015 the DND announced the upgrading of an old station to improve its air defense monitoring capability. In May 2015, the Philippines expressed interest in acquiring a number Lockheed P-3 Orion from Japan, in August 2015 all Bell-412 helicopters where delivered and commissioned,3 where for VIP and 5 as combat utility helicopters. In September 2015,30 defence acquisition projects including the LRPA,2 brand new frigates, ASW helicopters and CAS has been approved, the projects were put on hold due to the pending signing of the new AFP Modernization Law
Philippine Air Force
–
PAF P-51 Mustang
Philippine Air Force
–
Seal of the Philippine Air Force
Philippine Air Force
–
F-5A of the Philippine Air Force
Philippine Air Force
–
F-86D of the Philippine Air Force
16.
Philippine Navy
–
The Philippine Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and one of the three uniformed services of the Philippines. It has a strength of 24,000 active service personnel. To organize, train, equip, maintain, develop and deploy forces for prompt and sustained naval, a flotilla of balangay was discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte. Philippine ships, such as the karakao or korkoa were of excellent quality and some of them were used by the Spaniards in expeditions against rebellious tribes and Dutch, some of the larger rowed vessels held up to a hundred rowers on each side besides a contingent of armed troops. Generally, the vessels held at least one lantaka at the front of the vessel or another one placed at the stern. Philippine sailing ships called praos had double sails that seemed to rise well over a hundred feet from the surface of the water, despite their large size, these ships had double outriggers. Some of the sailing ships, however, did not have outriggers. Antecedent to this raids, somethime between A. D, in A. D. However, the author observed that these reaiders spoke a different language and had an entirely different appearance. In the Battle of Manila in 1365 is an unspecified and disputed battle occurring somewhere in the vicinity of Manila between the forces of the Kingdoms in Luzon and the Empire of Majapahit, alternatively, Luzon may have been successfully invaded but was able to regain its independence later. The Republics need for a force was first provided for by Filipino revolutionaries when they included a provision in the Biák-na-Bató Constitution. This authorised the government to permit privateers to engage enemy vessels. On May 1,1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, the ships were refitted with 9 centimeter guns. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, Compania de Filipinas, steam launches purchased from China, after passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War headed by Gen. Mariano Trías. As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a blockade on naval forces by the Americans. The Americans employed many Filipino sailors in this bureau and in the Bureaus of Customs and Immigration, Island and Inter-Island Transportation, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Lighthouses. They also reopened the former Spanish colonial Escuela Nautica de Manila, which was renamed the Philippine Nautical School, adopting the methods of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. The U. S. Naval Academy accepted its first Filipino midshipman in 1919, in 1935, the Commonwealth Government passed the National Defense Act, which aimed to ensure the security of the country. This was criticized because it placed the burden of the defense of the Philippines on ground forces and it discounted the need for a Commonwealth air force and navy, and naval protection was provided by the United States Asiatic Fleet
Philippine Navy
–
VADM Jesus C Millan AFP, the incumbent Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy.
Philippine Navy
–
Seal of the Philippine Navy
Philippine Navy
–
A U.S. Navy
Vought O2U Corsair floatplane flying over the Cavite Navy Yard, c. 1930.
Philippine Navy
–
Sangley Point Cavite Navy Yard burning after a Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941. Small-arms shells explode (left) and a torpedo-loaded barge (center) burns.
17.
Officer Cadet School (Singapore)
–
Officer Cadet School is one of the several training establishments within the SAFTI Military Institute camp complex. Its role is to train officers of all three services of the Singapore Armed Forces and it is run independently from the other schools in the complex, but is ultimately overseen by the Commandant of SAFTI MI. Officer Cadet School is the only commissioning route in the Singapore Armed Forces, outstanding graduates from Basic Military Training and the Specialist Cadet School are sent to OCS to train to be officers. Regular Specialists may also attend OCS on application, recommendation, trainees are known as Officer Cadets for Army and Air Force servicemen, and Midshipmen for Naval servicemen respectively. There are a total of 12 wings in OCS inclusive of tri-service wings and they are, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, Sierra, Tango, Mids and Air. Mids and Air Wings are for the Navy and Air Force Officer Cadets respectively, the Officer Cadet Course used to last 42 weeks but this was reduced to 38 weeks after a revamp of the National Service system. The course is divided into three terms, Service, Professional, and Joint term, Common Leadership Module The Service Term starts with the Common Leadership module in the first two weeks of the Officer Cadet Course. This is also the Initiation period where the Officer Cadets are granted some latitude in terms of discipline and regimentation to facilitate adjustment. In this Module, the newly inducted officer cadets are introduced to the SAF Leadership Framework, one of the aims of this module is getting the new Officer Cadets used to the new environment. Subsequently, Officer Cadets are streamed into their services and receive training specific to their service, the end of this module is marked by a solemn initiation ceremony in SAFTI MIs ceremonial hall, to officially mark the new officer cadets formal entry to Officer Cadet School. Service term Officer Cadets who remain in the Army Wings undergo platoon and section-level infantry training for their Service term, at the end of Service term, the Officer Cadets may indicate their preferred vocation, Infantry, Armour, Artillery, Combat Engineers, Logistics, or Signals. The Officer Cadets are sent to the various vocations based on their preference, as well as other factors such as performance in the course, security clearance. Before reporting to their schools, Officer Cadets in the support arms are sent for SOCJOT in Brunei. Infantry Officer Cadets will go on two overseas training trips during their stay in OCS, usually, they will go to either Taiwan or Thailand for general infantry training, and Brunei for training in jungle terrain for the Jungle Confidence Course. Joint term On completion of their training, all the Officer Cadets will return to SAFTI MI for their Commissioning Parade in the Joint term from weeks 36 to 38. The first week of the Joint term mainly involves visits to all services, either the President, or a representative will officially commission them as Second Lieutenants in the Singapore Armed Forces. Like officers and warrant officers, Officer Cadets wear their insignia on chest epaulets. The insignia consist of one, two, or three bars, denoting their seniority
Officer Cadet School (Singapore)
–
The Officer Cadet School building within the
SAFTI Military Institute as seen from the northwest.
18.
SAFTI Military Institute
–
The SAFTI Military Institute is a tri-service military training institution for officers of all ranks of the Singapore Armed Forces. Located within an 88 hectare campus in Jurong West, it was opened by the then-prime minister Goh Chok Tong on 25 August 1995. The link to the past is preserved in both the name of the new institute, as well as the name of the bridge connecting Pasir Laba Camp with the new SAFTI MI, officially named SAFTI Link, it is referred to by insiders as Link Bridge. There is much symbolism in the SAFTI MI campus, the Officer Cadet School HQ is described by the architect as being shaped like a cradle, from which officers are born. The locations of school are metaphors for the career of an SAF officer. The lower reaches house the barracks for Officer Cadets, advancing up the hill, SAF Advanced Schools are encountered. Finally, at the pinnacle, is the Goh Keng Swee Command, a prominent feature is the Tower, approximately 60 m tall and visible from many parts of western Singapore. It is a tower, for the tri-service nature of the SAF. It is served by a lift and a 265 step stairway which symbolises the days a cadet requires to take towards commissioning day and this number should not be taken literally as the various commissioning courses vary in length. The OCS parade square is 120 m by 170 m in area and it is designed to reduce the heat and glare of the sun. The viewing stands are able to accommodate up to 5000 people, the only restricted areas were the offices and living quarters. Since 9/11, armed sentries are now posted at the main entrances, passes and security checks are now mandatory for all, including military personnel in uniform, in military vehicles. The Commandant, a Brigadier General or Rear Admiral, heads SAFTI MI HQ, MI HQ overlooks all training and training support within the complex. To meet the demands of the environment, curriculum and various exercises of the schools go through major revamps about once every five years. The first revamp was in 1999, led by then-Permanent Secretary Peter Ho, in between the five years, there were smaller reviews to maintain currency. For example, after mission like Operation Flying Eagle, some of the content in SCSC. New doctrine is also infused into the curriculum by SAFTI MI after various exercises carried out by the SAF, Leadership development is the means by which SAFTI MI tries to inculcate values, and better align the value in officers. People dont come in with zero values, all of us have values from our parents, our upbringing, from the schools that we have attended
SAFTI Military Institute
–
SAFTI Military Institute
SAFTI Military Institute
–
Commissioning parade at SAFTI Military Institute
19.
Singapore Armed Forces
–
The Singapore Armed Forces is the military arm of the Total Defence of the Republic of Singapore, as well as the military component of the Ministry of Defence. The SAF has three services, the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force and the Republic of Singapore Navy, the SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats. The SAF relies heavily on a pool of conscripts in the active and reserve forces. It has a strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over a million reservists. National Servicemen make up more than 80% of its defence system. The SAF was formed in 1966, Singapores military role stems from its strategic geographical location, an asset exploited by both local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered remnants of fortresses and other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of modern Singapore, chose Singapore in 1819 to establish a new British colony with the security concerns of the British in the Far East in mind against the Dutch. Thus, Singapore, which attained Crown Colony status, played a role in British military interests for decades, particularly in the years leading up to the First. The Motto of the SVA is In Oriente Primus, which is still in use today by the formations of the Singapore Army. In 1915 it helped to suppress the mutiny of the Sepoys in Singapore, during World War II, the SSVF took part in the Battle of Singapore but most of its members were captured on 15 February 1942 when their positions were overrun by Japanese forces. After the end of the war, the SSVF was re-constituted in 1948, subsequently in 1961, SMF was renamed to Singapore Armed Forces. When Singapore achieved independence in 1965, its military consisted of two infantry regiments, commanded by British officers and made up of mostly non-Singaporean residents. Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving only a small amount of British, Australian. The last of the British soldiers left Singapore in March 1976, the New Zealand troops were the last to leave Singapore, in 1989. At that time, Singapore enlisted the assistance of Israel. Trainings such as jungle warfare were jointly studied so that the Singaporean army may engage in possible combat conflict on the soils of neighbouring countries, the army procured battle tanks from Israel before neighbouring Malaysia acquired theirs, having an edge for a highly effective fighting armed forces. Singapore Armed Forces Day is commemorated by the SAF annually on 1 July, deterrence and diplomacy have been the fundamental tenets of Singapores military defence policy
Singapore Armed Forces
–
The
Officer Cadet School building within the SAFTI Military Institute as seen from the northwest.
Singapore Armed Forces
–
Flag and crest of the Singapore Armed Forces
20.
Service academies
–
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard. It normally provides education in an environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. The first military academies were established in the 18th century to provide officers for technically specialized corps, such as engineers and artillery. The Royal Danish Naval Academy was set up in 1701, making it the oldest military academy in existence, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich was set up in 1720 as the earliest military academy in Britain. Its original purpose was to train cadets entering the Royal Artillery, in France, the École Royale du Génie at Mézières was founded in 1748, followed by a non-technical academy in 1751, the École Royale Militaire offering a general military education to the nobility. French military academies were widely copied in Prussia, Austria, Russia and even powers, including Turin. The two original departments were combined and moved to Sandhurst. In the United States, the academy at West Point was founded in 1802. There are 12 Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh, among these, nine for boys and three for girls. Four Cadet Colleges were established before 1971, other cadet colleges were built after the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Air Force – Academia da Força Aérea, founded in 1978, it is an all-boys institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is a fully accredited by the province of Ontario. Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges, RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954. Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had an impact in the Canadian services and society. Royal Roads reopened as a university in the fall of 1995. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a preparatory, Air Force Institute of Technology Army Academy R. O. C. Colombian Army NCO School Colombian Air Force, Marco Fidel Suarez Military Aviation School, Colombian Naval Infantry and Colombian Navy, Admiral Padilla Naval Academy, located in Cartagena de Indias. National Police of Colombia, General Santander National Police Academy, located in Bogotá, univerzita Obrany http, //www. unob. cz/en/ Vojenská akademie a velitelství výcviku http, //www. vavyskov
Service academies
–
Facade of the United Artillery and Engineering School, constructed by
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Service academies
–
Army Academy R.O.C.
Service academies
–
Saint-Cyr cadets at the
Bastille Day military parade
Service academies
–
EMIA cadets
21.
Military history
–
On the other hand, Just War Theory explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics. The discipline of history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies. An important recent concept is the Revolution in Military Affairs which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies and it highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. In terms of the profession in major countries, military history is an orphan. William H. McNeill points out, This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto, the study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession, historiography is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources, Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records. Historians utilize their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted, despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. Military historians have often compared organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, in the early 1980s, historian Jeffrey Kimball surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He reports that, Of historians in the field of history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None, the documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer and Elam c.2700 BC near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in history are the Trojan War in Homers Iliad. An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon in Anabasis, the records of the Roman Julius Caesar enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili. New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, a rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon, while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot and these became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang Dynasty and the nation states of early to mid Zhou dynasty. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders, the Greeks and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed phalanxes. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with sarissa pikemen, the Romans would later adopt more flexible maniples from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the Warring States in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, in the Sicilian Expedition, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans
Military history
–
Relief of
Ramses II located in
Abu Simbel fighting at the
Battle of Kadesh on a
chariot.
Military history
–
A
Greek trireme
Military history
–
A small
English Civil War -era cannon
Military history
–
A 155 mm
M198 howitzer firing a shell.
22.
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
–
The Academys stated aim is to be the national centre of excellence for leadership. All British Army officers, including officers who were previously Warrant Officers. The Academy is the British Army equivalent of the Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, despite its name, The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is located in Camberley, the boundaries of the academy straddle the counties of Berkshire and Surrey. The county border is marked by a stream known as the Wish Stream. The main entrance is located on the east of the Academy, the nearest railway station is Camberley. The present Royal Military Academy Sandhurst was founded in 1947 with the merger of two institutions, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. The first Military Academy had been established in 1720 at Woolwich, known as the Shop, this academy moved to a permanent site at Woolwich Common in 1806 and was granted royal status in 1841. In 1806, the Military Academy took on the training of Royal Engineers officer cadets and, later, coincidentally,1802 was also the year of foundation of Saint-Cyr in France and of West Point in the United States. In 1812 the Junior Department of the Royal Military College moved from Great Marlow into buildings designed by James Wyatt at Sandhurst. A few years later, the Junior Department was joined at Sandhurst from High Wycombe by the Senior Department, which in 1858 became a separate institution, in 1984, the Womens Officer Training College Bagshot moved to Sandhurst. In 1992 a new Commissioning Course finally unified the training of male, female, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Collection illustrates the history of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. The collection includes the Gentlemen Cadet registers, historic archives, uniforms, paintings, photographs, for the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the newly created Academy hosted the running leg of the modern pentathlon competition. Contemporary training at Sandhurst was the subject of a television series, first broadcast by BBC television in October 2011. In 2012 Sandhurst accepted a £15 million donation from the government of United Arab Emirates for the Zayed Building, an accommodation block, named after the UAEs founding ruler. In 2013 Sandhurst accepted a donation of £3 million from the government of Bahrain for the refurbishment of Mons Hall and it was renamed as King Hamad Hall in honour of the King of Bahrain, which generated some controversy in the United Kingdom. In 2015 Sandhurst appointed Lucy Giles as the first female commander in its history. Potential officers are identified by the Army Officer Selection Board situated in Westbury in Wiltshire, nearly 10 percent of British cadets are female and nearly 10 percent of all cadets come from overseas. More than eighty percent of entrants are university graduates, although a degree is not required for admission, the course is accredited by various academic and professional institutions
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
–
New College buildings of Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
–
Royal Military College cricket grounds, Sandhurst, ca. 1895
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
–
A RMAS community open day
23.
British Army
–
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany
British Army
–
Men of the
Welsh Guards Trooping the Colour 2007.
British Army
British Army
–
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was one of the first generals in the British Army, fighting campaigns in the
War of the Spanish Succession.
British Army
–
The extinction of the
Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the
Battle of Culloden in 1746
24.
Sandhurst, Berkshire
–
Sandhurst is a small town and civil parish in England of 7,966 homes and 20,803 inhabitants, primarily domiciliary in nature with a few light industries. Sandhurst is known worldwide as the location of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, despite its close proximity to Camberley, Sandhurst is also home to a large and well-known out-of-town mercantile development. The site is named The Meadows and has a Tesco Extra hypermarket, a large Next plc clothing and homeware store is open on the site of the old Homebase. Sandhurst is located at grid reference SU836618, Sandhurst is situated within the South East of England on the border of the Home Counties of Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey. The town itself consists of four districts, from west to east, Little Sandhurst, Sandhurst and College Town. North of the town are Edgbarrow Woods and Wildmoor Heath, to the east is Broadmoor Bottom, an expanse of heathland together with fir tree plantations. This eventually backs onto the high-security Broadmoor Hospital, Sandhurst is bordered, on the south, by the River Blackwater, and several of the Yateley Lakes along its course are within the parish, notably Trilakes with its country park. This is also the county boundary with Hampshire at Blackwater, the town of Crowthorne is to the north, the village of Finchampstead to the west, and Camberley, across the Surrey county boundary, is on its southeastern side. This is the closest sizeable town, though Sandhurst is also only 9.5 km south of the new town of Bracknell, the soil is sandy, with a subsoil of sand and gravel. Sandhurst lies just off the A30, is close to junction 4 of the M3 motorway and within reach of the M4 via the Crowthorne bypass to Bracknell. Sandhurst railway station is served by First Great Western, on the line between Gatwick, Guildford and Reading, Sandhurst has representation through several tiers of government – town council, unitary authority, parliamentary. Its Town Council is divided into four wards, Central Sandhurst, Little Sandhurst, College Town and Owlsmoor and it is also part of the Bracknell Forest District. The ancient parish of Sandhurst also covered Crowthorne, until this became a parish in its own right in 1874. The current Mayor of Sandhurst is Councillor Philip Wallington, the name of the village is Anglo-Saxon and originates from the sandy soils and the hurst of the area. These lands belonged to the Bishops of Salisbury, there were two manors in Sandhurst, ‘Hall’ in the grounds of what is now the Royal Military Academy and ‘Sandhurst’ on the site of Sandhurst Lodge. Nothing remains of the original buildings, in the early modern era, Sandhurst parish was a small farming community on the very edge of Windsor Forest, Sandhurst Walke being an important forest division subject to forest laws. Locals had the right to cut turf, bracken, heather and these were hunted by Royal parties from a hunting lodge in the vicinity of Harts Leap Road. A number of disputes are on record, showing how Sandhurst people sometimes took more resources than was allowed
Sandhurst, Berkshire
–
Daffodills in Ambarrow Court
Sandhurst, Berkshire
–
The Church of St Michael and All Angels
25.
Berkshire
–
Berkshire is a county in south east England, west of London. It was recognised as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of Windsor Castle by the Queen in 1957, Berkshire is a county of historic origin and is a home county, a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council. Berkshire County Council was the main county governance from 1889 to 1998 except for the separately administered County Borough of Reading, in 1974, significant alterations were made to the countys administrative boundaries although the traditional boundaries of Berkshire were not changed. The towns of Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire, Slough was gained from Buckinghamshire, since 1998, Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham. It borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, according to Asser, it takes its name from a large forest of box trees that was called Bearroc. Berkshire has been the scene of notable battles through its history. Alfred the Greats campaign against the Danes included the Battles of Englefield, Ashdown, Newbury was the site of two English Civil War battles, the First Battle of Newbury in 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury in 1644. The nearby Donnington Castle was reduced to a ruin in the aftermath of the second battle, another Battle of Reading took place on 9 December 1688. It was the only military action in England during the Glorious Revolution. Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon, boundary alterations in the early part of the 20th century were minor, with Caversham from Oxfordshire becoming part of the Reading county borough, and cessions in the Oxford area. On 1 April 1974 Berkshires boundaries changed under the Local Government Act 1972, Berkshire took over administration of Slough and Eton and part of the former Eton Rural District from Buckinghamshire. 94 Signal Squadron still keep the Uffington White Horse in their insignia, the original Local Government White Paper would have transferred Henley-on-Thames from Oxfordshire to Berkshire, this proposal did not make it into the Bill as introduced. On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished. Berkshire divides into two distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading. The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, in two places the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater, increase the amount of low lying land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey, much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park. In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap
Berkshire
–
Windsor Castle, viewed from the Long Walk
Berkshire
–
Berkshire shown within England
Berkshire
–
Aerial view of
Virginia Water Lake on the southern edge of
Windsor Great Park
Berkshire
–
Physical map of Berkshire. From a book called Berkshire, by H. W. Monckton, published by Cambridge University Press, 1911. Map is credited to George Philip & Son, Ltd.
26.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
27.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
28.
Warrant Officer
–
The rank was first used in the 13th century in the English Royal Navy and is today used in most services in many countries, including the Commonwealth nations and the United States. Outside the United States, warrant officers are included in the Other Ranks category, equivalent to the US E category, Warrant officers in the United States are classified as officers and are in the W category, they are technical leaders and specialists. Chief warrant officers are commissioned by the President of the United States and they may be technical experts with a long service as enlisted personnel, or direct entrants, notably for U. S. Army helicopter pilots. The warrant officer corps began in the nascent English Royal Navy, at that time, noblemen with military experience took command of the new Navy, adopting the military ranks of lieutenant and captain. As cannon came into use, the officers also required gunnery experts, specialist gunners began to appear in the 16th century, since all warrant officers had responsibility for stores, this was enough to debar the illiterate. In origin, warrant officers were specialist professionals whose expertise and authority demanded formal recognition, in the early 19th century, they were joined in the wardroom by naval chaplains, who also had warrant officer status. Other warrant officers included surgeons mates, boatswains mates and carpenters mates, sailmakers, armourers, schoolmasters, masters-at-arms, who had formerly overseen small-arms provision on board, had by this time taken on responsibility for discipline. On 25 July 1864 the standing warrant officers were divided into two grades, warrant officers and chief warrant officers. By the time of the First World War, their ranks had been expanded with the adoption of technology in the Navy to include telegraphists, electricians, shipwrights, artificer engineers. Both warrant officers and commissioned warrant officers messed in the warrant officers mess rather than the wardroom, Warrant officers and commissioned warrant officers also carried swords, were saluted by ratings, and ranked between sub-lieutenants and midshipmen. Collectively, these officers were known as officers, being retitled special duties officers in 1956. In 1998, the special duties list was merged with the general list of officers in the Royal Navy, the Australian Army has two warrant officer ranks, warrant officer class one and warrant officer class two, the former is superior in rank to the latter. All warrant officers are addressed as Sir or Maam, to gain the attention of a particular warrant officer in a group, they can be addressed as Warrant Officer Bloggs, sir/maam or by their appointment, e. g. ASM Bloggs, sir/maam. All warrant officers hold an appointment such as company sergeant major or regimental sergeant major, the WO1 appointed to the position of Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army is the most senior warrant officer in the Australian Regular Army, including the Army Reserve. The appointment of RSM-A was introduced in 1991, the rank insignia are, a crown for a WO2, the Australian Commonwealth coat of arms for a WO1, and the Australian Commonwealth coat of arms surrounded by a laurel wreath for the RSM-A. The Royal Australian Navy rank of warrant officer is the only rank appointed by warrant and is equivalent to the armys WO1. The most senior non-commissioned member of the navy is the warrant officer appointed Warrant Officer of the Navy, the Royal Australian Air Force rank of warrant officer is the air forces only rank appointed by warrant and is equivalent to both the armys WO1 and the navys WO. The most senior non-commissioned member is the warrant officer appointed Warrant Officer of the Air Force, the ranks of adjudant, adjudant-chef, and major may be considered equivalent to Commonwealth warrant officer ranks
Warrant Officer
–
WO2 badge (phasing out)
Warrant Officer
–
WO1 badge
29.
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
Britannia Royal Naval College, commonly known as Dartmouth, is the initial officer training establishment of the British Royal Navy. It is located on a hill overlooking the port of Dartmouth, Devon, Royal Naval officer training has taken place in Dartmouth since 1863. The buildings of the current campus were completed in 1905, earlier students lived in two wooden hulks moored in the River Dart. Since 1998, BRNC has been the centre for Royal Naval officer training. The training of officers at Dartmouth dates from 1863, when the wooden hulk HMS Britannia was moved from Portland. In 1864, after an influx of new recruits, Britannia was supplemented by HMS Hindostan, prior to this, a Royal Naval Academy had operated for more than a century from 1733 to 1837 at Portsmouth, a major naval installation. The original Britannia was replaced by the Prince of Wales in 1869, the foundation stone for a new building at the college was laid by King Edward VII in March 1902. Sir Aston Webb designed the college at Dartmouth, which was built by Higgs and Hill. The first term of cadets entered at the R. N, College Osborne were transferred to Dartmouth in September 1905. The college was known as the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. As a Royal Naval shore establishment, it was known also by the ship name HMS Britannia. The college was named in 1953, when the name Britannia was given to the newly launched royal yacht HMY Britannia, the training ship moored in the River Dart at Sandquay, currently the former Sandown class minehunter HMS Cromer, continues to bear the name Hindostan. Cadets originally joined the Royal Naval College, Osborne, at the age of 13 for two years study and work before joining Dartmouth and they studied there for four years there before starting sea training at age 17. The entry age for the Naval College was changed to 16 in 1948, until 1941, Dartmouth was in effect a specialised boarding school, with parents paying fees for tuition and board. During the Second World War, after six Focke-Wulf aircraft bombed the College in September 1942, students, two bombs had penetrated the Colleges main block, causing damage to the quarterdeck and surrounding rooms. In the early 21st century, officer cadets, as they are known until passing out from the college, while most cadets join BRNC after finishing university, some join directly from secondary school. All spend between 30 and 49 weeks at the college, depending on specialisation, a large contingent of foreign and Commonwealth students are part of the student body. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary sends its cadets to BRNC for an 8-week initial officer training course
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
Badge
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
The college taken from the other side of the Dart at Kingswear
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
International exchange cadets on the main steps.
30.
Royal Air Force College Cranwell
–
The Royal Air Force College is the Royal Air Force training and education academy which provides initial training to all RAF personnel who are preparing to be commissioned officers. The College also provides training to aircrew cadets and is responsible for all RAF recruiting along with officer. Originally established as an aviation training centre during World War I. During World War II, the College was closed and its facilities were used as a training school. Reopening after the War, the College absorbed the Royal Air Force Technical College in 1966, the Royal Air Force College is based at RAF Cranwell near Sleaford in Lincolnshire, and is sometimes titled as the Royal Air Force College Cranwell. Cranwell was first established in 1916 as the Royal Navy air training centre, the Royal Navys Central Depot and Training Establishment opened on 1 April 1916 at Cranwell under Paines leadership. In 1917 Paine was succeeded by Commodore Luce and in 1918 following the foundation of the Royal Air Force in April, as a Royal Air Force establishment, Cranwell became the headquarters of No.12 Group for the last few months of the war. In practice this meant that Cranwell cadets could not reach the temptations of London in their free time, the Royal Air Force College was formed on 1 November 1919 as the RAF College under the authority of its first commandant Air Commodore Charles Longcroft. On 5 February 1920 the College was raised to command status and it is the oldest military air academy in the world. On 20 June 1929, an aeroplane piloted by Flight Cadet C J Giles crashed on landing at the College, a fellow flight cadet, William McKechnie pulled Giles, who was incapable of moving himself, from the burning wreckage. McKechnie was awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal for his actions, in 1936 the College was reduced from command to group status within Training Command and the commandant ceased to hold the title of Air Officer Commanding RAF Cranwell. Just before the outbreak of World War II, the Air Ministry closed the College as an officer training establishment. With the need to train aircrew in large numbers it was redesignated the RAF College Flying Training School and it was also in 1947 that the Equipment and Secretarial Branch cadets were admitted to the College alongside the traditional flight cadets. The postwar restoration of the College was a period of change, by 1960 they lived and were dressed as officers, served by batmen. In the same period the 1957 Defence White Paper suggested the RAF would replace human pilots by guided missiles and these vicissitudes are documented in Haslams narrative and the personal memoir of a New Zealand cadet 1951-53. In 1952 a College Memorial Chapel was established within College Hall, ten years later it was relocated to the then new College Church, St Michael and All Angels, which is situated nearby to the south-east of College Hall. In 1966 the Royal Air Force Technical College at RAF Henlow, the College functioned 1919-71 as a cadet college graduates receiving permanent RAF commissions after a residential course of two to three years. These trainees now include women, and the Royal Air Force College Cranwell is today the RAFs only initial officer training establishment, prior to the construction of the neo-classical College Hall, training took place in old naval huts
Royal Air Force College Cranwell
–
The
Lord Trenchard inspecting cadets
Royal Air Force College Cranwell
–
Coat of arms of the Royal Air Force College
Royal Air Force College Cranwell
–
College Hall
Royal Air Force College Cranwell
–
The dignitaries present for the founding ceremony for the new College Hall building in 1929.
