1.
Hatikva Quarter
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Hatikva Quarter is a working class neighbourhood in southeastern Tel Aviv, Israel. The quarter was founded in 1935, named for Mount Hope, almira Steinbeck, who left the farm with her family, was grandmother to John Steinbeck. It became part of the Tel Aviv municipal area after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv football club played at the Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium until moving to Bloomfield Stadium. The headquarters of the Israeli Labor Party is located there, the Shevah Mofet school is located on the site of the Steinbeck farm house. Ofra Haza, singer and actress Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
2.
Tel Aviv
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Tel Aviv-Yafo is a major city in Israel, located on the countrys Mediterranean coastline. It is the center and the technology hub of Israel, with a population of 432,892. Tel Aviv is the largest city in the Gush Dan region of Israel, Tel Aviv is also a focal point in the high-tech concentration known as the Silicon Wadi. Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, headed by Ron Huldai, Tel Aviv is a global city, and is the thirty eighth most important financial center in the world. Tel Aviv is known to have the third-largest economy of any city in the Middle East after Abu Dhabi and Kuwait City, the city receives over a million international visitors annually. Known as The City that Never Sleeps and a party capital, it has a lively nightlife, the city was founded in 1909 by Jewish immigrants on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa. It is named after the Hebrew translation of Theodor Herzls 1902 novel, Altneuland, the modern citys first neighbourhoods had already been established in 1886, the first being Neve Tzedek. Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffas, Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Avivs White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzls Altneuland, translated from German by Nahum Sokolow. The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including Herzliya and it was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv is Hebrew for spring, symbolizing renewal, and tel is a man-made mound accumulating layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient. Although founded in 1909 as a settlement on the sand dunes North of Jaffa. The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment in 1906, wrote, In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city. Since 1886, Jewish settlers had founded new neighborhoods outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv, the first was Neve Tzedek, built on lands owned by Aharon Chelouche and inhabited primarily by Mizrahi Jews. Other neighborhoods were Neve Shalom, Yafa Nof, Achva, Ohel Moshe, Kerem HaTeimanim, once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa. The Second Aliyah led to further expansion, in 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Aryeh Weiss and banded together to form the Ahuzat Bayit society. The societys goal was to form a Hebrew urban centre in an environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics
3.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
4.
Ramat Gan
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Ramat Gan is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the major diamond exchanges. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a farming settlement. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Yisrael Zinger, Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918, the settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan in 1923, the settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents, in the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the countrys language war, A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists. Over the years, the economy shifted from agriculture to commerce, by 1946, the population had grown to 12,000. In 1950, Ramat Gan was recognized as a city, in 1955, it had a population of 55,000. The first mayor was Avraham Krinitzi who remained in office for 43 years, in 1961, the municipal area of Ramat Gan expanded eastward, to encompass the area that includes the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer and Bar Ilan University. In 1968, the worlds largest diamond exchange opened in Ramat Gan, the Sheba Medical Center and the Israel Diamond Exchange are located in Ramat Gan. Ramat Gan is located in the Gush Dan metropolitan area east of Tel Aviv and it is bounded in the north by the Yarkon River and in the east by Bnei Brak. Ramat Gan experiences an average of 500 mm of rainfall per year and is located and it is built on limestone hills. Ramat Gan parks include The National Park which covers some 1,900 dunams, 25% of Ramat Gan is covered by public parkland. According to the 1931 census Ramat Gan had 975 inhabitants, in 253 houses, as of 2006, Ramat Gan had 129,700 residents, on an area of 12,000 dunams. The population was growing at a rate of 1. 0% per annum with 90% of this growth coming through natural increase, the population density of the city is 9,822.6 per square kilometer, one of the highest in Israel. In terms of the origin of Ramat Gans residents,42,900 originate from Europe and America,10,200 from Africa,29,200 from Asia, and 40,600 from Israel. 86,200 of the residents of Ramat Gan were born in Israel, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2001, Ramat Gans socioeconomic ranking stood at 8 out of 10
5.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
6.
Synthpop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
7.
Hed Arzi Music
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Hed Arzi Music, is an Israeli record label founded by Zvi Levin in 1946. Hed Arzi is involved with producing music, importing albums from abroad, hed Arzi is one of the largest and most veteran companies in Israel, and many major artists work with it. Besides its involvement in music, the company imports and distributes multimedia products, such as computer games. The company was founded in Tel Aviv in 1946 as a partnership of Zvi Levin with Josef Grossman, Alexander Borowitz, mr. Levin was an emigrant from Berlin where he owned and operated a bookshop and recording label Semer. The Semer label operated from approximately 1932 until the recording masters, hed-Arzi started operating in September 1947, managed by Ephraim Felix Rzeczynski, making it the oldest recording company in Israel. Originally the company produced 78 rpm grammophone records, the most popular among which were Agala Vesoussa and Bab El-Wad by Yaffa Yarkoni as well as Kalaniot, in 1951, company started building a plant in Ramat-Gan. In 1955, the first LP was manufactured, until 1960, the company has produced over 1250 titles of conventional records, about 700 records 7 in diameter and over 320 LP records, its income was $25,000 a year. In late 1961, the company issued a documentary LP Echoes of the Eichmann trial, in 1980, 50% share was sold to Modi’in Publishing House, ltd. since 1993 owned by Israel Land Development Company, ltd. Since 2008, ownership is held by NMC United
8.
EastWest Records
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East West Records is a record label owned by Warner Music Group operating under WMGs Independent Label Group. Upon its creation in 1955 by Atlantic Records, the label had one hit with the Kingsmen and went into hibernation until 1990, Atlantic senior VP Sylvia Rhone was appointed Chair/CEO of the fledgling label. EastWest also distributed other imprints, such as, Interscope Records, Motor Jams Records, Mecca Don Records, in 1991, East West merged with its Atlantic sister label Atco Records, briefly calling itself “Atco/East west Records”. In 1993, Atcos name was dropped and the continued to operate under the East West name once more. While in the United Kingdom, the brand was applied to many of the WEA artists such as Simply Red, Chris Rea, in 1994, Rhone was appointed Chairman and CEO of Atlantics sister label Elektra Records. At the time, East West also broke away from the Atlantic umbrella to continue to operate under Rhone at Elektra. By the new millennium, budget cuts at Warner Music Group resulted in East West being absorbed into Elektra, where some of its acts were shifted over as well. In 2004, Time Warner sold Warner Music Group to private investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. Subsequently, more cuts were made. In 2005, WMG reactivated the East West imprint as an in-house label, East West today operates under Warners Independent Label Group. East West Records was revived in the UK in 2014 under the direction of Max Lousada, Chairman & CEO, the resurrected label is headed up by Dan Chalmers, President, Rhino, East West and ADA UK. Key artists on the East West roster include Robert Plant, Si Cranstoun, Boyzone, Bette Midler, Jools Holland, Beverley Knight, Amelia Lily, The Corrs, discography of 1957–1959 East West singles Official Website
9.
Sire Records
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Sire Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group and distributed by Warner Bros. The label was founded in 1966 as Sire Productions by Seymour Stein and Richard Gottehrer and its early releases, in 1968, were distributed by London Records. From the beginning, Sire introduced underground, progressive British bands to the American market, early releases included the Climax Blues Band, Barclay James Harvest, Tomorrow, Matthews Southern Comfort and proto-punks The Deviants. In the 70s, Sire released a number of albums, including the 3 volume History Of British Rock series, and diverse artists such as The Turtles, Duane Eddy. ABC Records inherited Sires distribution contract when it acquired Famous Music in 1974, the UK signing policy was vindicated when Climax Blues Band scored a Top 40 hit in 1977 with Couldnt Get It Right. Also in 1977, Stein, who had worked with the group in the 1960s, convinced the Shangri-Las to reform, but the trio was unhappy with the quality of material it recorded, and opted out of its contract, the tracks have yet to be released. Sire returned to distribution in 1977 with a new arrangement with Warner Bros. Records, and the year, Warner acquired Sire outright. In 1994, Sire switched distribution from Warner Bros. Records to sister label Elektra Records, Stein had been appointed president of Elektra Records under Elektras newly appointed CEO Sylvia Rhone. Sire later left Elektra in 1997, becoming a label, and, in 2000, Sire. This partnership dissolved in April 2003, at point the company went back to being called Sire Records. Currently, it signs newcomers like the Ready Set and Lights, although an agreement was made in September 2009 and the videos returned, users have to view the WMG videos within YouTube itself, as embedding codes for them have been disabled. Like Reprise Records, Sire does not have its own website and operates under WBR as an imprint
10.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
11.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
12.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
13.
Honorific nicknames in popular music
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These patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find the King of Rock n Roll and this has been seen as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then new music by a white establishment. Similar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, madonna and Michael Jackson have been closely associated with the terms Queen and King of Pop since the 1980s. They have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects, some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals. Jazz royalty Sobriquet Teen idol A denotes template, i. e. for sources where a reference is alluded to, or given in part and their factuality, thus, may or may not be in question. B denotes template, i. e. for source that needs to be translated. C denotes template, i. e. for source very possibly being unreliable D denotes template, i. e. for source that have been checked, E denotes template, i. e. clarification of wording or interpretation is needed. F denotes template, i. e. source cannot be verified, G denotes template The discussed artists themselves and/or only one cited person
14.
Mezzo-soprano
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A mezzo-soprano or mezzo is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. The mezzo-sopranos vocal range extends from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above. In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to the F below middle C, the mezzo-soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic mezzo-soprano. Mezzo-sopranos are well represented in music, early music. Some roles designated for lighter soubrette sopranos are sung by mezzo-sopranos, such roles include Despina in Mozarts Così fan tutte and Zerlina in his Don Giovanni. Mezzos sometimes play dramatic soprano roles such as Santuzza in Mascagnis Cavalleria rusticana, Lady Macbeth in Verdis Macbeth, the vocal range of the mezzo-sopranos lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a heavier, darker tone than sopranos, the mezzo-soprano voice resonates in a higher range than that of a contralto. The terms Dugazon and Galli-Marié are sometimes used to refer to light mezzo-sopranos, usually men singing within the female range are called countertenors since there is a lighter more breathy tonal quality difference. Within the mezzo-soprano voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories, coloratura mezzo-soprano, lyric mezzo-soprano, and dramatic mezzo-soprano, a coloratura mezzo-soprano has a warm lower register and an agile high register. The roles they sing often demand not only the use of the register but also leaps into the upper tessitura with highly ornamented. They have a range from approximately the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C, some coloratura mezzo-sopranos can sing up to high C or high D, but this is very rare. What distinguishes these voices from being called sopranos is their extension into the register and warmer vocal quality. Although coloratura mezzo-sopranos have impressive and at times thrilling high notes, they are most comfortable singing in the middle of their range, many of the hero roles in the operas of Handel and Monteverdi, originally sung by male castrati, can be successfully sung today by coloratura mezzo-sopranos. Rossini demanded similar qualities for his heroines, and Vivaldi wrote roles frequently for this voice as well. Coloratura mezzo-sopranos also often sing lyric-mezzo-soprano roles or soubrette roles, coloratura mezzo-soprano roles in operas, The lyric mezzo-soprano has a range from approximately the G below middle C to the A two octaves above middle C. This voice has a smooth, sensitive and at times lachrymose quality. Lyric mezzo-sopranos do not have the agility of the coloratura mezzo-soprano or the size of the dramatic mezzo-soprano. The lyric mezzo-soprano is ideal for most trouser roles and this voice has less vocal facility than the coloratura mezzo-soprano
15.
Yemenite Jews
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Yemenite Jews or Yemeni Jews are those Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen. The term may refer to the descendants of the Yemenite Jewish community. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the majority of Yemens Jewish population was transported to Israel in Operation Magic Carpet. After several waves of persecution throughout Yemen, most Yemenite Jews now live in Israel, while small communities are found in the United States, only a handful remain in Yemen. The few remaining Jews experience intense, and at times violent, Yemenite Jews have a unique religious tradition that marks them out as separate from Ashkenazi, Sephardi and other Jewish groups. Some Jewish families have preserved traditions relating to their tribal affiliation, in Yemen, for example, some Jews trace their lineage to Judah, others to Benjamin, while yet others to Levi and Reuben. Of particular interest is one distinguished Jewish family of Yemen who traced their lineage to Bani, one of the sons of Peretz, there are numerous accounts and traditions concerning the arrival of Jews in various regions in Southern Arabia. One tradition suggests that King Solomon sent Jewish merchant marines to Yemen to prospect for gold, another legend says that Yemeni tribes converted to Judaism after the Queen of Shebas visit to king Solomon. The Sanaite Jews have a tradition that their ancestors settled in Yemen forty-two years before the destruction of the First Temple and it is said that under the prophet Jeremiah some 75,000 Jews, including priests and Levites, traveled to Yemen. Another legend states that when Ezra commanded the Jews to return to Jerusalem they disobeyed, according to this legend, as a punishment for this hasty action Ezra was denied burial in Israel. As a result of local tradition, which can not be validated historically, it is said that no Jew of Yemen gives the name of Ezra to a child. The Yemenite Jews claim that Ezra cursed them to be a people for not heeding his call. This seems to have come true in the eyes of some Yemenites, however, some Yemenite sages in Israel today emphatically reject this story as myth, if not outright blasphemy. Archaeological records referring to Judaism in Yemen started to appear during the rule of the Himyarite Kingdom, various inscription in Musnad script in the second century CE refer to constructions of synagogues approved by Himyarite Kings. According to local legends, the kingdoms aristocracy converted to Judaism in the 6th century CE, the Christian missionary, Theophilos, who came to Yemen in the mid-fourth century, complained that he had found great numbers of Jews. By 380 A. D, Himyarites religious practices have undergone fundamental changes, the inscriptions were no longer addressed to El Maqah or Athtar, but to a single deity called Rahman. Debate among scholars continues as to whether the Himyarite monotheism was influenced by Judaism or Christianity. Jews became especially numerous and powerful in the part of Arabia, a rich and fertile land of incense and spices and a way station on the routes to Africa, India
16.
Hebrew
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
17.
Aliyah
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Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel. Also defined as the act of going up—that is, towards Jerusalem—making Aliyah by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism, the opposite action, emigration from the Land of Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as yerida. The State of Israels Law of Return gives Jews and their descendants automatic rights regarding residency, the large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine began in 1882. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, more than 3 million Jews have moved to Israel, as of 2014, Israel and the Palestinian territories together contain 42. 9% of the worlds Jewish population. Successive waves of Jewish settlement are an important aspect of the history of Jewish life in Israel, Eretz Yisrael is the Hebrew name for the region known in English as Israel. This traditional Hebrew toponym, in turn, has lent its name to the modern State of Israel, pre-Zionist Aliyah refers to small-scale return migration of Diaspora Jews to the Land of Israel. Since the birth of Zionism, its advocates have striven to facilitate the settlement of Jewish refugees in Ottoman Palestine, Mandatory Palestine, Aliyah in Hebrew means ascent or going up. Jewish tradition views traveling to the land of Israel as an ascent, anyone traveling to Eretz Israel from Egypt, Babylonia or the Mediterranean basin, where many Jews lived in early rabbinic times, climbed to a higher altitude. Visiting Jerusalem, situated 2,700 feet above sea level, Aliyah is an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental component of Zionism. It is enshrined in Israels Law of Return, which accords any Jew and eligible non-Jews, someone who makes aliyah is called an oleh or olah. Many religious Jews espouse aliyah as a return to the Promised land, and regard it as the fulfillment of Gods biblical promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, nachmanides includes making aliyah in his enumeration of the 613 commandments. In the Talmud, at the end of tractate Ketubot, the Mishnah says, A man may compel his entire household to go up with him to the land of Israel, but may not compel one to leave. Sifre says that the mitzvah of living in Eretz Yisrael is as important as all the other mitzvot put together, there are many mitzvot such as shmita, the sabbatical year for farming, which can only be performed in Israel. In Zionist discourse, the term includes both voluntary immigration for ideological, emotional, or practical reasons and, on the other hand. The vast majority of Israeli Jews today trace their familys recent roots to outside the country, while many have actively chosen to settle in Israel rather than some other country, many had little or no choice about leaving their previous home countries. While Israel is commonly recognized as a country of immigrants, it is also, in large measure, a country of refugees. 2 Chronicles 36,23 Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD God of heaven given me, and he hath charged me to him an house in Jerusalem. Who among you of all his people, the LORD his God with him, and let him go up
18.
Military service
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Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft. Some nations require an amount of military service from every citizen. A nation with a volunteer military does not normally require mandatory military service from its citizens. In this summary,195 countries are included, Compulsory military service has declined considerably since 1970. Albanias armed forces announced an objective to create an army by the end of 2010. Argentina suspended military conscription in 1995 and replaced it with a military service. It should be noted that military conscription has not been abolished, Conscription was known in Argentina as la colimba. Conscripts themselves were known and referred to as colimbas, voluntary service in the Boer War was initially from a number of the separate colonies before federation in 1901 and later volunteers were deployed as an Australian force. Two conscription referendums were defeated during World War 1, Military service during WW1 was voluntary as was service in WW2. The Vietnam War was lost on 1 May 1975 over three years after the ADF withdrew in late 1971, all forms of conscription were abolished by the Whitlam Government in later 1972. The country has set the age for voluntary recruitment into the Barbados Defence Force at 18. Younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent, belgium suspended conscription on 31 December 1992 by amending the 1962 Law on Conscription, which became applicable only to conscripts drafted in 1993 and earlier. In practice this meant that the law no longer applied to those born in 1975, since 1 March 1995 the Belgian armed forces consist of professional volunteers only. Belize has set minimum age for recruitment into the Armed Forces at 18. Conscription has never been prescribed in the Defense Act, but is at the Governor General’s discretion, bosnia and Herzegovina abolished compulsory military service as of 1 January 2007. The last conscripts were sent home on 25 November 2007, previously there was mandatory military service for male citizens from eighteen to twenty-seven years of age. Duration of the depended on the degree of education. For citizens studying for or holding a degree or higher the service was six months
19.
Svika Pick
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Henrik Zvi Svika Pick is an Israeli pop singer and composer. Henrik Zvi Pick was born in Wrocław, Poland and he studied music at the Conservatoire of Ramat Gan and started to perform at age 15. Pick was married to Israeli songwriter Mirit Shem-Or, Shem-Or wrote the lyrics for many of Picks hits, including Mary Lou, which was about herself. They are now divorced but the couple still collaborates artistically, two of Picks daughters have performed duos as the Pick Sisters. Pick was one of Israels leading pop singers in the 1970s and he played a lead part in the Hebrew version of the musical Hair in the early 1970s. In 1998 Pick wrote the song Diva with lyricist Yoav Ginai and performed by Dana International and he also wrote songs for several other Eurovision contestants. In 2002 he reunited with Ginai to write the Light a Candle for Sarit Hadad and that year, Habima Theater staged a musical called Mary Lou based on Picks old hits. In 2009 this musical was made into the television series Tamid oto halom or Mary Lou, in 2003 he composed the song Hasta la vista with his now ex-wife, lyricist Mirit Shem-Or, for Oleksandr Ponomaryov, Ukrainian entrant in Eurovision 2003. He also wrote a song for the Belarusian contestant of Eurovision 2005 Angelica Agurbash and he competed seven times in the Israeli preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2010, he composed an entry for Harel Skaat for Israel and he was one of the judges of the TV talent show, Kokhav Nolad
20.
Nurit Hirsh
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Nurit Hirsh is an Israeli composer, arranger and conductor who has written over a thousand Hebrew songs. Two of her most famous and widely songs are Ba-Shanah ha-Ba’ah, nurit Hirsh studied at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv, majoring in piano. She also studied composition with Mordecai Seter, orchestration with Noam Sheriff and she studied clarinet with Yaacov Barnea of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Hirsh did her IDF military service with the entertainment troupe of the armored corps and she began composing upon completion of her service, debuting with Perach Halilach, composed in 1965 to lyrics by Uri Asaf and which was made famous by singer Chava Alberstein. In 1971 her song Bashana Habana was covered by Joy as Next Year produced by Rod McBrien, with Ilanit she participated in the Athens song contest. Also in 1971 she represented Israel in the Split Song Festival with ‘Na’ari bayam beito’, performed by Edna Goren, in a Serbo-Croatian version, in the Viña del Mar Song Festival in Chile she obtained the second prize with ‘Hora nova’ performed by Aliza Azikri. She obtained first prize in the 1972 Malta Children’s Song Festival with ‘Makhela Aliza’, in 1973, her song Ey Sham, performed by Ilanit, placed fourth in the Eurovision Song Contest in Luxembourg. She orchestrated the song and conducted the orchestra and she was the second female conductor in the contest after Monica Dominique, who conducted the Swedish entry Youre Summer the same year. She won the IBA Children’s Festival in 1976 with ‘Lassie shuvi habaita’ sung by Edna Lev, in the 1978 Eurovision Song Contest, again she conducted the orchestra for the Israeli entry A-Ba-Ni-Bi, which won first prize. In 1979 she wrote ‘Papa Popeye’ who won the Portuguese Children’s Song Festival of Figueira da Foz, in the same year she wrote ‘I want to tell the world about you’ who came second in the Castlebar Song Festival. She won the IBA Childrens Festival with ‘Shuvi harmonica’ in 1984 and ‘Lo na’atsor’ in 1985, Hirsh wrote the film scores for fourteen Israeli movies, among them Lupo. Katz and Karasso, Behind Walls and the Ephraim Kishons movie, The Policeman and she conducted the musical Sallah Shabati during its three-year run at Israels national theater Habima. In February 2000, she was the guest of honor at a tribute concert at the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv. She has performed together with her daughter, Ruth Rosenfeld, an opera singer, Hirsh is also known for Oseh Shalom Bimromav, which was composed for the first Hasidic Song Festival, held in 1969, and which took third prize. Her melody has become part of the liturgy in synagogues
21.
Eurovision Song Contest 1983
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The Eurovision Song Contest 1983 was the 28th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Munich, then West Germany, on 23 April 1983, corinne Hermes was the winner of this Eurovision with the song, Si la vie est cadeau. This was Luxembourgs fifth victory in the contest which equalled the record set by France in 1977 and it was also the second year in a row where the winning entry was performed last on the night and the second year in a row in which Israel won 2nd place. The 1983 contest was the first to be televised in Australia, via Channel 0/28 in Sydney and Melbourne. The contest went to become a popular show in Australia, leading to an intended one-off participation in the 60th anniversary contest in 2015. Ireland was not in the contest because RTÉ was in action at that time. At one point, murmurs and boos arose from the crowd at the Greek jurys decision to give host country Germany only one point and this was the only occasion in which Greece didnt award any point to Cyprus. Due to Charells choice to announce points in three languages instead of two, the voting went on for nearly an hour, stretching the Eurovision contest past three hours for the first time ever. The language problems also occurred during the contest introductions, as Charell introduced Norwegian conductor Sigurd Jansen as. Johannes. Skorgan, having been forced to make up a name on the spot after forgetting the conductors name. Ofra Haza from Israel, who took the place, had an enduring success with her song Hi which became a hit in Europe. This year also marked the first performance of Swedens Carola Häggkvist and her song, Främling, became very popular in Sweden and in various other European countries. In the Netherlands, the reached the top five, coupled with a Dutch-language version which was performed by Carola herself. The 4th placed Džuli, also became a hit in Europe, singer Daniel released an English-language version as Julie. This years nul points were shared by Spain and Turkey, additionally, she sang her song barefoot. Some olés were heard from the present audience when she ended her performance, turkeys entry, Opera, performed by Çetin Alp & the Short Waves, could on the other hand be said to fit in well with the spirit of Eurovision of that time. The interval show was a dance set to a medley of German songs which had become internationally famous. The host, Marlene Charell, was the lead dancer, host conductor in bold Each country had a jury who awarded 12,10,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 point for their top ten songs. Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final, the following is a list of spokespersons who announced the votes for their respective country
22.
Luxembourg
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Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east and its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. It comprises two regions, the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012, ranking it the 8th least-populous country in Europe. As a representative democracy with a monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a country, with an advanced economy and the worlds highest GDP per capita. Luxembourg is a member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political. The city of Luxembourg, which is the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, around this fort, a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, in the following centuries, Luxembourgs fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons, Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the French. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands and this arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London, from which date Luxembourgs full independence is reckoned. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union, the King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III, the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina and this allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourgs neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France and this allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence, in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourgs neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, entirely without justification. A government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourgs neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, in 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held
23.
Hi (song)
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Hi was the Israeli entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1983, performed in Hebrew by Ofra Haza. The song title was transliterated at the contest as Hi, and has also credited in other media as Khay, Jai, Hay. The song is a moderately up-tempo number, the singer begins by singing that she is still alive, and that despite her thorns, she also has many flowers. As the song goes on, this is revealed to be a metaphor for the people of Israel surviving various attempts at destroying it. The song had further profound meanings since it was performed on German soil with the Holocaust background and in the city of Munich, Haza performed the entry with five backup singers, who were all dressed in yellow costumes. The song was performed sixteenth on the night, following Denmarks Gry with Kloden drejer, at the close of voting, it had received 136 points, placing 2nd in a field of 20. Haza also recorded the song in English, German and French, entitled High, Frei, Israel opted not to enter the 1984 Contest, but returned to the contest the following year. Thus, the song was succeeded as Israeli representative at the 1985 Contest by Izhar Cohen with Olé, Olé. Ofra Haza went on to have a hit in 1988 with a dance remix of the Yemeni/Jewish traditional Im Ninalu. This was cut short in 2000, when Haza very unexpectedly died at the age of 42, official Eurovision Song Contest Site, history by year Diggiloo Thrush, detailed info & lyrics, Chai. MTV News, Israeli singer Ofra Haza dies
24.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
25.
Music of Yemen
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In the Arab world, Yemen has long been a cultural capital. Yemens national anthem is United Republic written by Abdallah al-Fadhool Abdulwahab Noman, UNESCO proclaimed the tradition of poetic songs of Sanaa, called al-Ghina al-Sanani, a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 7,2003. This form of performance uses sung poetry and is called homayni, two of the most famous Yemenite musicians, Ahmed Fathey and Osama al Attar, are now resident in the United Arab Emirates. The urban homayni style known in the capital of Yemen, Sanaan singing, is the most well-known kind of homayni today, there is a large Yemeni-Welsh community in Cardiff and other major Welsh cities. Yemeni folk music has become a major part of the Welsh music scene. The hip hop major outbreak in Yemen is often associated to the influence of Hajaj Abdulqawi Masaed, although he had grown in the United States, AJ has successfully reached Yemeni audience by addressing to local issues and incorporating traditional musical language into his hits. He has also played a role on propagating the understanding of rap as a means of change. One contributing factor to the development of the music is also the creation of Yemen Music House in 2007 that has been providing assets to the development of a music scene. In 2009, took place the first Yemeni Rap public festival, co-sponsored by the French, due to the importance of this event, AJ draws a comparison between it and the fall of the Berlin wall. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla, World Music, Vol.1, Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 351–354
26.
Naomi Shemer
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Naomi Shemer was a leading Israeli musician and songwriter, hailed as the first lady of Israeli song and poetry. Her song Yerushlayim Shel Zahav written in 1967, became a second anthem after Israel won the Six-Day War that year. Naomi Sapir was born to Rivka Sapir and Meir Sapir in Kvutzat Kinneret, Shemer did her own songwriting and composing, set famous poems to music, such as those of the Israeli poet, Rachel, and the American Walt Whitman. She also translated and adapted popular songs into Hebrew, such as the Beatles song Let It Be in 1973, in 1963, she composed Hurshat HaEucalyptus, a song that evokes Kvutzat Kinneret where she was born. It was covered in a recent version by Ishtar, in 1967, she wrote the patriotic song, Yerushalayim Shel Zahav, which was sung by Shuly Nathan and became famous. She wrote it for the Israeli Music Festival, after Israels victory in the Six-Day War that year, she added another verse celebrating the reunification of Jerusalem. The song gained the status of a second national anthem. Yerushalayim Shel Zahav and other songs have come over time to be associated increasingly with right-wing politics and she first married actor Gideon Shemer and had a daughter, Lali. She later married an attorney, Mordechai Horowitz, with whom she had a son, Shemer continued to write her own songs. She died in 2004 of cancer, aged 73, shortly before her death, she wrote to a friend, saying she had used a Basque folk melody as the basis for her 1967 anthem, Jerusalem of Gold. She had always denied it before, the friend and her family decided to publish the account. In 1962, singer Paco Ibanez performed the Basque melody, Pello Joxepe, in Israel, in 1983, Shemer received the Israel Prize for Hebrew song
27.
Ehud Manor
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Ehud Manor was an Israeli songwriter, translator, and radio and TV personality. Ehud Weiner was born in Binyamina and he had two brothers, Zvi and Yehuda. He was married to actress Ofra Fuchs for 40 years, together, a fallen soldier in War of Attrition in 1968. Ehuds other brother, Zeev, committed suicide in 2003 as a result of financial trouble, Ehud Manor, who had been a heavy smoker earlier in his life, was diagnosed with lung cancer in the early 2000s. Although he recovered, the cancer treatment weakened his heart, and he died suddenly on April 12,2005, aged 63, Ehud Manor began working for Israel radio in the 1960s as a musical editor. He changed his surname to Manor as it was customary at the time for radio announcers to adopt Hebrew names. During his career, he wrote over 1,250 Hebrew songs, including Ein Li Eretz Acheret, Brit Olam, BaShanah HaBaah which became a standard, Zo Yalduti HaShniya. The latter was written in memory of his brother, who was killed during his service in 1968. Also a successful translator, Manor translated more than 600 works into Hebrew, including such Broadway hits as Cabaret, in addition, he translated Barney songs into Hebrew for the Israeli coproduction Hachaverim Shel Barney. In 1998, Manor was awarded the Israel Prize for Hebrew song, the prize committee noted that For the past 30 years, he has expressed our mood through the hundreds of songs he has written together with the finest composers. The man who declared that he had no country is the laureate of the Israel Prize. Shortly before he died, Manor was chosen to receive a doctorate from Bar-Ilan University in recognition of his prolific activity in the field of Hebrew music. Manors songs are the most played on Israeli radio, list of Israel Prize recipients Music of Israel Culture of Israel The Official Ehud Manor Site Obituary in Haaretz
28.
Izhar Ashdot
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Izhar Ashdot is an Israeli singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He is a member of the Israeli rock band T-Slam. When he was eleven, Ashdot started to play the guitar, while working for the Army Radio he met Yair Nitzani and Dani Bassan, and together they formed a Disco company and played as DJs in parties. After a while they left the Disco style and started to play Rock, founded the band T-Slam, T-Slam became famous with their single Radio Hazak, and later with the releasing of its album with the same name, which was certified platinum. In March 1981 their first tour began and was very successful, T-Slam won numerous Israeli awards, including The Band of the Year, and The Song of the Year with See Her Today. After recording 3 albums, T-Slam disbanded in 1983, and Ashdot decided to create, in the 80s he worked with numerous artists, including Boaz Sharabi, Si Himan, Adam, Corinne Allal, Alon Olearchik, Friends of Natasha and Ofra Haza. A year later, Nitzani announced that Galbi, a Yemenite song performed by Ofra Haza, in 1987 Izhar produced another song for Haza, Im NinAlu. The single was a number 1 single in most European countries and became the 2nd best selling in Europe in 1988, topping the Eurochart and her album, Shaday, produced by Ashdot, was also a great success. After the successful T-Slam reunion shows in 1990, Ashdot started to work on his first solo album, released in 1992, the album included Ish HaShokolad, HaLelilot Shelanu, Ma Tomri and Noa Shel HaYam. Two years later he recorded his album, which included Hiroshima Sheli. The album Hofaa Haya BeHard Rock Cafe that was released in 1995 included many of his songs in new live performances, while producing albums for other artists, Ashdot continued to work on his own work and released his fourth album, Zman Kesem. In 2000, after the release of the first Israeli music downloads internet site, Izhar released an album only through the internet. The album included performances from live shows and previously unreleased recordings, between 2003 and 2005 he recorded his 5th album, BeMerhak Negia MiKan. In 2007 Ashdot released another album, Our Nights. In January 2008, Izhar expanded his band and went on a new tour, on Rikud Katan - The Irish Tour, Izhar invited multi instrumentalist Ehud Nathan, who fronts the Celtic-Irish instrumental band Ktifa Shhora, and violinist Dina Lurie to join his band. The successful tour yielded the live album Rikud Katan, which included the hit song. In September 2012, Izhar released his studio album, Inian Shel Hergel. The album included three hit singles, Erev Bli Telephone on YouTube, Yesh Lach Mazal Sheat Blondinit on YouTube, the title track Inian Shel Hergel on YouTube created a large impact in October 2012 due to its criticism of the Israeli army
29.
KCRW
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KCRW is a National Public Radio member station broadcasting from the campus of Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, where the station is licensed. KCRW airs original news and music programming in addition to programming from NPR, a network of repeaters and broadcast translators, as well as internet radio, allows the station to serve the Greater Los Angeles area and other communities in Southern California. The stations main transmitter is located in Los Angeles Laurel Canyon district, KCRW was founded in 1945 to train servicemen returning from World War II in the then-new technology, FM broadcasting—hence its call letters, which stand for College Radio Workshop. It was a member of NPR in 1970, making Santa Monica College the second community college to own a public radio or television station. The new General Manager is Jennifer Ferro, Ferro is also the President of the KCRW Foundation. The KCRW Foundation provides financial support and other resources to ensure that KCRW can maintain and expand its mission consistent with economic, the KCRW Foundation Board of Directors is composed of business and community leaders, Michael Fleming, Executive Director of the David Bohnett Foundation serves as Chairman. News and information programs dominate weekday early morning and daytime schedules from 03, 00am to 09, 00am PST with NPRs Morning Edition, and from 12,00 noon to 8, 00pm PST ending with Which Way, L. A. Music programming is broadcast from evening to morning, and again from 09. Weekends feature music from noon to 6 am, warren Olney hosts the stations signature news and public affairs programs, To the Point and Which Way, L. A. which began after the riots in response to the Rodney King beating trial verdicts in 1992. From 1986 to 2002 KCRW was the home of Joe Frank, hosting nationally broadcast shows Work in Progress, In The Dark, Somewhere Out There. Frank produced over 200 radio shows for KCRW, which consisted of a series of monologues and he has been described as, one of the greatest-ever purveyors of the postmodern-noir sensibility. He’s spent his career grappling with all the topics, sex, love, morality, lust, greed, sin, fear, hatred. Music programs feature an array of music from around the globe, especially on the daytime daily music program Morning Becomes Eclectic. At night, music such as house, progressive, and electronic music are the main styles on shows formerly known as Metropolis. KCRW dropped all program names except Morning Becomes Eclectic and Strictly Jazz in 2008, three of the stations previous music directors currently have programs on the air at KCRW. Local and regional touring artists can send recordings to KCRW for consideration of airplay, KCRW airs Santa Monica City Council meetings live from 8,00 pm to midnight PST, on the Tuesdays when they are held. Because of the nature of the network, Santa Monica City Council meetings can be heard throughout the Southern California region reaching out to approximately 150 mi. Before its current host, Evan Kleiman, took over as host, KCRWs flagship program is Morning Becomes Eclectic, a three-hour daily music program that has been on the air for more than 30 years
30.
Im Nin'alu
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Im Ninalu is a Hebrew poem by 17th-century Rabbi Shalom Shabazi. It has been set to music and sung by Israeli singer Ofra Haza, the poem opens with the words, Im ninalu daltei ndivim daltei marom lo ninalu Even if the gates of the rich are closed, the gates of heaven will never be closed. Ofra Haza first performed song with the Shechunat Hatikva Workshop Theatre. In the UK the track was a Top 20 hit, peaking at #15 and in the U. S. it reached #15 on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart, british duo Coldcut produced a remix of Eric B. & Rakims Paid In Full which heavily sampled Im Ninalu, the single reportedly sold some three million copies worldwide, making it one of the first world music recordings to cross over to mainstream pop chart success. Even though Hazas version of the song shows her own interpretation, the original version was included on the 1984 album Yemenite Songs, also known as Fifty Gates of Wisdom. The remixed version was part of her international debut Shaday of 1988, a version recorded in 1978 along with the Sadnat Teatron Shechunat Hatikva is available on YouTube. In 1997 Haza re-recorded the track for her eponymous album Ofra Haza, produced by Frank Peterson of Enigma, the German promo 12 for the albums lead single Show Me also featured two remixes of Im NinAlu. In 2008 two new remixes were included on the greatest hits compilation Forever Ofra Haza – Her Greatest Songs Remixed, the international follow-up single to Im NinAlu in 1988 was a remix of the track Galbi, also originally from the Yemenite Songs album. The song was sampled by rap duo Eric B, & Rakim in their single Paid In Full, Snoop Dogg used the same sample on his remake of Paid In Full titled Paperd Up from his album Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$. Canadian band Delerium sample the lyrics in their song Hidden Mask, from the 1989 album Faces, American Rap group Public Enemy also sampled the opening few seconds of the song on the track Cant Truss It, featured on the 1991 album Apocalypse 91. The Enemy Strikes Black. The song features very briefly as background music in a restaurant at the beginning of the 2000 film American Psycho. In 1998 Swedish DJ team C&N Project included a sample of the opening line Im ninalu on their single The Queen of Tel Aviv, Israeli singer Michal Cohen performs Im Ninalu on La Kahena by DJ Cheb i Sabbah. Part of the song appears in Madonnas song Isaac from her 2005 album Confessions on a Dance Floor, Im Ninalu is the opening track on Eliyahu & The Qadim Ensembles album Eastern Wind, with lead vocals by Rachel Valfer. In 2009 Punjabi MC remixed this song on his album named Indian Timing, in 2012, jazz quartet Third World Love performed a version of Im Ninalu on their album Songs and Portraits. 1984 Original recording, Yemenite Songs album a. k. a
31.
Shaday
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Shaday is an album by Israeli singer Ofra Haza, released in 1988. Shaday was released after the chart success of the single Im Ninalu. Both tracks were released in an array of dance remixes both in Israel and internationally, following Eric B. & Rakim, Coldcut, M/A/R/R/S, and a number of other hip-hop, the hit single Im Nin Alu was actually preceded by a 12 remix of Galbi named Special Mix released by the record label Globe Style. It was a club hit in Israel, Europe and the United States in 1985 and 1986. The US Sire Records CD release of Shaday adds the 198812 Sehoog Mix of Galbi bonus track, mixed at Sarm West, London, England, UK. Track 4 recorded at DB Studios, Tel Aviv and the Justice Room, Somerset, mixed at Sarm West, London, England, UK. Track 5 recorded at the Justice Room, Somerset, England, track 6 mixed at Sarm West, London, England, UK. Tracks 7 &8 recorded at the Justice Room, Somerset, England, track 9 recorded at DB Studios, Tel Aviv, Israel. Mixed at Sarm West, London, England, UK
32.
Coldcut
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Coldcut are an English electronic music duo composed of Matt Black and Jonathan More. According to Spin, in ’87 Coldcut pioneered the British fad for ‘DJ records’, Coldcuts records first introduced the public to pop artists Yazz and Lisa Stansfield, through which these artists achieved pop chart success. In 1986, computer programmer Matt Black and ex-art teacher Jonathan More were part-time DJs on the rare groove scene. More also DJed on pirate radio, hosting the Meltdown Show on Kiss FM and worked at the Reckless Records store on Berwick Street, the innovation of Say Kids. caused More and Black to be heralded by SPIN as the first Brit artists to really get hip-hop’s class-cutup aesthetic. This was later sampled in Pump Up the Volume by MARRS, though Black had joined Kiss FM with his own mix-based show, the pair eventually joined forces on its own show later in 1987 called Solid Steel. The eclectic show became a force in underground experimental electronic music and was still running, celebrating 25 years in 2013. The duo adopted the name Coldcut and set up a label called Ahead Of Our Time to release the single Beats + Pieces in 1987. All of these tracks were assembled using cassette pause button edits, the duo used sampling from Led Zeppelin to James Brown. Electronic act The Chemical Brothers have described Beats + Pieces as the ‘first bigbeat record’, Coldcuts first mainstream success came when Julian Palmer from Island Records asked them to remix Eric B. It featured a prominent Ofra Haza sample and many other vocal cut ups as well as a rhythm which later. Off the back of its success in clubs, the Coldcut Seven Minutes of Madness remix ended up being promoted as the single in the UK, in 1988, More and Black formed Hex, a self-titled multimedia pop group, with Mile Visman and Rob Pepperell. The video for Coldcut’s ‘Christmas Break’ in 1989 is arguably one of the first pop promos produced entirely on microcomputers. In 1988, Coldcut released Out To Lunch With Ahead Of Our Time, a double LP of Coldcut productions and re-cuts, and this continued the duo’s tradition of releasing limited available vinyl. The next Coldcut single, released in February 1988, moved towards a more house-influenced style, doctorin the House, which debuted singer Yazz, became a top ten hit, and peaked at #6. In the same year, under the guise Yazz and the Plastic Population, they produced The Only Way Is Up, the record reached #1 in the UK in August, and remained there for five weeks, becoming 1988’s second biggest selling single. Producer Youth of Killing Joke also helped Coldcut with this record, the duo had another top hit in September with Stop This Crazy Thing, which featured reggae vocalist Junior Reid and reached number 21 in the UK. The single People Hold On became another UK Top 20 hit, released in March 1989, it helped launch the career of the then relatively unknown singer Lisa Stansfield. Coldcut and Mark Saunders produced her solo single This Is the Right Time
33.
Eric B. & Rakim
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& Rakim are a hip hop duo from Long Island, New York, composed of Eric B. and MC Rakim. AllMusic wrote that during raps so-called golden age in the late 80s, & Rakim were almost universally recognized as the premier DJ/MC team in all of hip-hop. Eric Barrier was born and raised in the Elmhurst section of Queens and he played trumpet and drums throughout high school, and later switched to experimenting with turntables prior to graduation. The newly dubbed Eric B. soon began DJing for radio station WBLS in New York City, Barrier wound up meeting Alvin Toney, a promoter based in Queens. Griffin had begun writing rhymes as a teenager in Wyandanch and had taken the name Rakim as a result of his conversion to The Nation of Gods and Earths. Eric B. borrowed records from Rakims brother, Stevie Blass Griffin and began cutting them in the basement for Rakim, I took Fonda Raes Over Like A Fat Rat and said This is the bass line Im going to use for this record. Rakim spit the beer all over the wall and thought it was the funniest shit in the world, I told Rakim, just like you laughing now you going to be laughing all the way to the bank and be a millionaire one day because of this record. & Rakim decided to record together and came under the tutelage of Marley Marl, stories vary over who actually produced their first single, 1986s Eric B. Built on the Fonda Rea bass line sample, Eric B. later told AllHipHop, I took the records to Marley Marls house in Queensbridge, thats why hes not a producer, thats why he is not getting publishing. I just couldnt work the equipment because thats not what I did, the duo recorded its debut album, Paid in Full, at Power Play Studios in New York. In 1987, 4th & Bway Records issued the album, after the success of Eric B. is President, the album climbed into the Top Ten on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Eric B. would later admit that the album was rushed, the reason Paid In Full is so short is because we stood in the studio for damn-near a week. The whole album together in a week. Listen to the lyrics on it and listen to how short they are, thats because Rakim wrote it right there and wed been in the studio like for a whole forty-eight hours trying to get the album finished. Rakim agrees, used to write my rhymes in the studio and go right into the booth, when I hear my first album today I hear myself reading my rhymes - but Im my worst critic. Thats what I hear, though - because thats what it was, id go into the studio, put the beat down, write the song in like an hour, and go into the booth and read it from the paper. Marley Marl stated that his cousin MC Shan was an assistant engineer on tracks, including the single My Melody. MTV listed the album as the greatest in hip hop history, When Paid in Full was released in 1987, Eric B. the album was captivating, profound, innovative and instantly influential
34.
Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
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Grand Theft Auto, Liberty City Stories is an open world action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar Leeds in conjunction with Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is a prequel to Grand Theft Auto III and it was published and distributed by Capcom for the Japanese release. It was released on PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network on 2 April 2013, a port for the PlayStation 2 was released on 6 June 2006 in North America. At the time of release, the retail price of the PS2 port was around half the price of the PSP version. The PS2 port does not feature the custom soundtrack ripping capability and it was released on 1 October 2009 as a downloadable game on the revised PSP model PSP Go. It was also released for iOS, Android and Fire OS devices on 17 December 2015,11 February 2016 and 10 March 2016 respectively. In addition, in keeping with recent Grand Theft Auto games, things that are omitted from this game are the ability to climb and the ability to swim - contact with deep bodies of water is instantly fatal in this game. The overall sandbox play area, as it is based upon the original Liberty City layout, is smaller than that of San Andreas. In addition, motorcycles are permitted in the city during this game, though aeroplanes can be found in Vice City and San Andreas, usable aeroplanes cannot be found in Liberty City Stories. However, both games do have usable helicopters, the PSP version of Liberty City has a multiplayer mode, for up to six players through WiFi ad-hoc mode. The game features seven modes of multiplayer gaming, in which various pedestrian. These multiplayer modes were removed in the PS2 and mobile versions, in 1998, Antonio Toni Cipriani, having been forced into living abroad after killing a made man on the orders of Salvatore Leone, decides to return to Liberty City. Upon arrival, Toni is greeted by Salvatore and a member of the Leone family, Vincenzo Lucky Vinnie Cilli, Vincenzo is instructed by Salvatore to set Toni up with an apartment and job in Liberty City. Not long after, Toni quits upon the realisation that Vincenzo had set up a job designed to ensure Toni would be caught by the police. A time after, Toni receives a call from Vincenzo during which he insists that he is apologetic toward the situation regarding Tonis previous job with him, however, this turns out to be a trap set by Vincenzo so that he gets Tonis place in the Leone family. Toni is then attacked by henchmen loyal to Vincenzo but quickly subdues them, following Vincenzos death, Toni resumes working for Salvatore Leone. Toni reunites with his mother only to be met by her disapproval of his status within the Leone ranks and she orders a hit on Toni but he manages to kill the hitmen instead, leaving the business unfinished between both he and his mother. In particularly, a war is orchestrated between the three leading Mafia families, the Leones, Sindaccos, and Forellis, Toni continues working for the Leone family in an effort to display his loyalty and eventually becomes a made man as a result
35.
Yemenite Songs
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The songs are sung in Hebrew with a Yemenite dialect and in Arabic. & Rakim on their Paid In Full and M|A|R|R|S on Pump Up the Volume which led to Haza releasing a remix of her own recording in 1988 which became a pop chart hit in many parts of the world. Remixes of both Im Nin Alu and Galbi were included on the first international album Shaday, the Yemenite Songs album has also been released under the title Fifty Gates of Wisdom
36.
Desert Wind (album)
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Desert Wind is a 1989 album by Ofra Haza, who was one of the most popular singers in Israel at the time. Haza was unknown in the rest of the world until the year when the song Im NinAlu and the following album Shaday were released, bringing her to the attention of Europe. Desert Wind was therefore more oriented toward the international market, the main language of the album is in English, however Ofra also sings in Arabic, Hebrew, and the ancient language of Aramaic. The album has a very oriental feeling, since it contains ancient Yemenite songs, the sound is a mainstream form of dance music with elements of synthpop and, on track 8, an influence of house music. The album ends with Kaddish, a Jewish prayer that, as Haza writes, is meant to hold all the worlds sorrows on the wings of an angel, the song has a short English-language introduction. However, the part of the prayer is in Aramaic. Vocals and strings on track 1 recorded at SoundTrack and Clinton Studios, mixed at Green Street Studio, NYC
37.
Don Was
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Don Edward Fagenson, known as Don Was, is an American musician, record producer and record executive. Primarily a bass player, Was led the 1980s funk rock band Was, in later years he produced songs and albums for a large number of popular recording artists. In 2012, he became president of music label Blue Note Records. Born in Detroit, Michigan, Was graduated from Oak Park High School in the Detroit suburb of Oak Park, then attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor but dropped out after the first year. A journeyman musician, he grew up listening to the Detroit blues sound, using the stage name Don Was, he formed the group Was with school friend David Weiss. The group found success in the 1980s – releasing four albums. A jazz/R&B album of Hank Williams covers, Forevers A Long, Long Time was released in 1997, in 2008, Was reunited for an acclaimed new album and tour. Was has received three Grammy Awards including the 1994 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year and he produced several albums for Bonnie Raitt including her Nick of Time album that won the 1989 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Don also collaborated with co-producer Ziggy Marley, on Family Time, in 1997, he directed and produced a documentary, I Just Wasnt Made for These Times, about former Beach Boy Brian Wilson. The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival and won the San Francisco Film Festivals Golden Gate Award and he also received the British Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his compositions for the film Backbeat. He also worked on the Rolling Stoness reissues Exile on Main Street, released in May 2010, was scoured old master recordings of the albums for lost gems, remastering some songs while producing entirely new vocals and tracks on others. Since 2008, Was has hosted the proceedings at the Detroit All-Star Revue, from 2009 to 2012, Don hosted a weekly radio show on Sirius XM satellite radios Outlaw Country channel called The Motor City Hayride. During the 2011 season of American Idol, Was appeared in several episodes producing contestants Haley Reinhart, Scotty McCreery, Paul McDonald, Lauren Alaina, in January 2012, he was appointed president of the jazz record label, Blue Note Records in succession to Bruce Lundvall. He won the 2014 Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction for his work on the CBS TV special The Beatles, Don Was is the father of Eve 6 drummer Tony Fagenson and also Henry and Solomon Fagenson. He is married to former Virgin Records A&R executive and video director Gemma Corfield and he is the brother of public official Dr. Don Was is Jewish. - Vintage Trouble 2016, Black cat – Zucchero 2016, Blue & Lonesome – The Rolling Stones
Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest