1.
West Virginia
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West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Wheeling, West Virginia
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Wheeling is a city in Ohio County in the U. S. state of West Virginia. Located almost entirely in Ohio County, of which it is the county seat, Wheeling was originally a settlement in the British colony of Virginia and later an important city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Wheeling was the first state capital of West Virginia, due to its location along major transportation routes, including the Ohio River, National Road, and the B&O Railroad, Wheeling became a manufacturing center in the late nineteenth century. Wheeling is the city of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 147,950, the origins of the name Wheeling are disputed. One of the more credible explanations is that the word comes from the Lenni-Lenape phrase wih link and this supposedly referred to a white settler who was scalped and decapitated. His severed head was displayed at the confluence of Wheeling Creek, the area had been inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years. In the 17th century, the Iroquois from present-day New York state conquered the upper Ohio Valley, pushing out other tribes and maintaining the area as their hunting ground. Originally explored by the French, Wheeling still has a lead plate remnant buried by the explorer Céloron de Blainville in 1749 at the mouth of Wheeling Creek to mark their claim, later, Christopher Gist and George Washington surveyed the land, in 1751 and 1770, respectively. During the fall of 1769, Ebenezer Zane explored the Wheeling area, other families joined the settlement, including the Shepherds, the Wetzels, and the McCollochs. In 1787, the United States gave Virginia this portion of lands west of the Appalachians, by the Northwest Ordinance that year, it established the Northwest Territory to cover other lands north of the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi River. Settlers began to move into new areas along the Ohio, in 1793, Ebenezer Zane divided the town into lots, and Wheeling was officially established as a town in 1795 by legislative enactment. The town was incorporated January 16,1805, on March 11,1836, the town of Wheeling was incorporated into the city of Wheeling. By an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 27,1797, originally dubbed Fort Fincastle in 1774, the fort was later renamed Fort Henry in honor of Virginias American governor, Patrick Henry. In 1777, Native Americans of the Shawnee, Wyandot and Mingo tribes joined to attack settlements along the upper Ohio River. They hoped an alliance with the British would drive the settlers out of their territory. Local men, later joined by recruits from Fort Shepherd and Fort Holliday, the native force burned the surrounding cabins and destroyed livestock. During the first attack of the year, Major Samuel McColloch led a force of men from Fort Vanmetre along Short Creek to assist the besieged Fort Henry
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
West Virginia's 1st congressional district
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West Virginias 1st congressional district is located in the northern part of the state. It is the most regularly drawn of the three districts. The largest city in the district is Parkersburg, the second largest is Morgantown and it also includes many rural farm and timber producing areas. The district is represented by David McKinley, a Republican who has represented the district since 2011. West Virginia has tended to give its congressmen long tenures in Washington. Only four men have represented the district since 1953, Bob Mollohan, former Governor Arch Moore, Jr. Bob Mollohan again, Alan Mollohan, despite the lack of turnover in the congressional seat, historically the 1st was not safe for either party. The cities are ancestrally Democratic strongholds, while the areas are much more conservative and have a tendency to swing Republican more often. As late as 2014, state legislators were roughly split between both parties, historically, the district has been very Democratic, mirroring the state as a whole. No Democrat since Bill Clinton has carried the 1st District in presidential elections, george W. Bush carried the district both times in 2000 with 54% of the vote and 2004 with 58% of the vote. John McCain carried the district in 2008 with 56. 77% of the vote while Barack Obama received 41. 51%, the First District has always included Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel counties. The original 1863 districting included also Tyler, Pleasants, Doddridge, Harrison, Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Gilmer, Calhoun, in 1882, the counties of Tyler, Doddridge, Harrison, Gilmer, Lewis and Braxton were added to the core counties. In 1902, the counties were joined by Marion, Harrison. In the 1916 redistricting it included only the five counties and Marion. The district was unchanged in the 1934 and 1954 redistrictings, in 1962, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Lewis, Marion and Taylor joined the five core counties. The 1972 redistricting added Tyler, Pleasants, and Woods and deleted Taylor, the 1982 redistricting added Taylor back to the district. For the election cycle begins in 2012 the district was unchanged. West Virginias congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
District of West Augusta
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The District of West Augusta was a short-lived historical region of Colonial Virginia that encompassed much of what is now northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. The area was populated in the years following the French and Indian War. Virginia administered the region as a part of Augusta County, Virginia, Pennsylvania later established Westmoreland County with its seat at Hannastown, overlapping Virginias claims. Virginias governor, Lord Dunmore, traveled to Pittsburgh, which Virginia claimed as part of its territory, in 1774, the Virginia assembly separated the western portion of Augusta Countys territory and formed the District of West Augusta. The following several years were contentious, local officials from Virginia arrested their counterparts from Pennsylvania and vice versa. Each state made movements to stem settlers coming in from the other state, the government of West Augusta was administered from Fort Dunmore in what is now Pittsburgh. The seat of government was moved to Augusta Town in what is now Washington County. In August 1776, Augusta Town became the site of the first court west of the Monongahela River, in 1776, the District of West Augusta was divided into three counties, Ohio County, Monongalia County, and Yohogania County. Ohio County encompassed most of the region of the district bordering the Ohio River, including parts of what are now Washington. Monongalia County encompassed much of what is now north-central West Virginia, the relatively small part of Yohogania that remained in Virginia was subsumed into Ohio County. That area is now divided between Brooke County and Hancock County, Virginia, which were formed from Ohio County
16.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
17.
West Liberty, West Virginia
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West Liberty is a town in Ohio County, West Virginia, USA. The population was 1,542 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. West Liberty was given its name during the time of the American Revolution. West Liberty is located at 40°9′56″N 80°35′41″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.68 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,542 people,243 households, the population density was 2,267.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 263 housing units at a density of 386.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 3% White,3. 2% African American,0. 3% Asian,0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 2% of the population. 27. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the town was 20.9 years. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,73. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,8. 2% were from 25 to 44,9. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 4. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 43. 3% male and 56. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,220 people,241 households, and 120 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,865.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 285 housing units at an average density of 435.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 64% White,1. 89% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 33% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 74% of the population. 26. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was out with 6. 7% under the age of 18,70. 0% from 18 to 24,10. 9% from 25 to 44,8. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 21 years, for every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $28,393, and the median income for a family was $38,125. Males had an income of $18,750 versus $19,375 for females
18.
Wheeling Creek (West Virginia)
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Wheeling Creek is a tributary of the Ohio River,25 miles long, in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States, with a watershed extending into southwestern Pennsylvania. Via the Ohio River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River and it flows into the Ohio River in downtown Wheeling, just downstream of Ohios Wheeling Creek on the opposite bank. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also known as Big Wheeling Creek. From the confluence of the Dunkard and Enlow forks, Wheeling Creek flows northwestwardly into the city of Wheeling in Ohio County. In Triadelphia, Little Wheeling Creek collects Middle Wheeling Creek, which rises in West Finley Township in Greene County, Pennsylvania, between 1941 and 2005, the annual mean flow of the creek at the gauge was 343 cubic feet per second. The creeks highest flow during the period was estimated at 22,300 ft³/s on September 17,2004, the lowest recorded flow was 0.1 ft³/s on October 7,1963, and on two days in September 1964. Wheeling Creek is a fishing destination to those close to it. There are many entry points located alongside the Wheeling Heritage Trail System, there are a variety of fish species including muskellunge, smallmouth bass, sunfish, hognose suckers, various species of catfish, and bluegill. Wheeling Creek is also stocked with rainbow trout and brown trout. List of tributaries of Wheeling Creek Elm Grove Stone Arch Bridge Fisher Site — archeological site along Enlow Fork, list of West Virginia rivers USGS real-time water data for Wheeling Creek at Elm Grove USGS real-time water data for Dunkard Fork near Majorsville stocking information
19.
Interstate 70 in West Virginia
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Interstate 70 is a portion of the Interstate Highway System that runs from near Cove Fort, Utah, at a junction with Interstate 15 to Baltimore, Maryland. It crosses the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia through Ohio County and this segment is the shortest of all states through which I-70 passes, crossing West Virginia in only 14.45 miles. The longest segment is Colorados, which measures 451.04 miles, the Fort Henry Bridge carries I-70 from Wheeling Island across the Ohio River and into downtown Wheeling before the freeway enters the Wheeling Tunnel. I-470, a bypass of Wheeling and the lone auxiliary Interstate Highway in West Virginia, is intersected near Elm Grove. Before crossing into Pennsylvania, I-70 passes The Highlands, a shopping center in the panhandle. On average, between 27,000 and 53,000 vehicles use the freeway every day, the first road that entered Wheeling was a post road completed in 1794 that connected Wheeling to Morgantown. The National Road was the first interstate road, completed in 1818, when the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926, the National Road was designated U. S. Route 40. The first portions of I-70 in West Virginia were opened in 1963, entering West Virginia from Ohio, I-70 crosses the western channel of the Ohio River onto Wheeling Island, the most populated island along the Ohio River. The freeway passes above a light commercial zone, and has an interchange with Zane Street, US40 and US250 become concurrent with I-70 at this interchange, before traveling east toward the Fort Henry Bridge. The bridge crosses the channel of the river and the Greater Wheeling Trail. Elevated above the city of Wheeling, an interchange provides access to the downtown area. Traveling eastbound, US40 departs the freeway at this interchange, US40 and WV2 travel through downtown Wheeling on a one-way pair, the southbound lanes passing under I-70 and the northbound lanes passing over I-70. After the interchange, I-70 enters the approximately 1⁄4-mile-long Wheeling Tunnel which passes through Wheeling Hill, immediately east of the tunnel, a directional T interchange provides access to WV2 southbound near homes north of the highway. US250 departs I-70 at this interchange, a stub ramp present at this interchange would have carried WV2 north of I-70 had it been extended. As I-70 curves to the south, it intersects US40 and WV88 with the ramps from the lanes of US40 and WV88 crossing underneath I-70. The interchange just west of the Wheeling Tunnel and this interchange are complicated by the fact both are abutted by hills. Wheeling Jesuit Universitys southeastern border is formed by the freeway as I-70 approaches the neighborhood of Elm Grove, between the directional T interchange and I-470, I-70 is paralleled by the eastern branch of the Greater Wheeling Trail. A final interchange within Wheeling city limits provides access to US40, leaving the city, the highway turns further east and enters a deep valley
20.
U.S. Route 40 in West Virginia
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In the U. S. state of West Virginia, U. S. Route 40 runs for 16 miles through the Northern Panhandle region. The highway travels north around Wheeling Hill, before traveling through the suburbs of Wheeling, Triadelphia. A majority of the route follows the old National Road which predates the U. S. Highway System. Before the construction of I-70, US40 continued southeast along Zane Street to Virginia Street, the entire route is in Ohio County. Wheeling Suspension Bridge Wheeling, West Virginia Media related to U. S. Route 40 in West Virginia at Wikimedia Commons
21.
U.S. Route 250 in West Virginia
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U. S. Route 250 is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System, and is a spur of U. S. Route 50. It currently runs for 514 miles from Sandusky, Ohio to Richmond and it passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio. It goes through the cities of Richmond, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Staunton, Virginia, Waynesboro, Virginia and Wheeling, West of Pruntytown, West Virginia, US250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US50. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south, in Ohio and Virginia, the route is signed east–west. In Ohio, U. S.250 is an important cross-state corridor linking Sandusky to Bridgeport. S, Route 250 begins in Sandusky, Ohio at an intersection with U. S. Route 6. It begins carrying the name Sycamore Line, but US250 leaves this road shortly for Milan Road and this part of the route carries much traffic connecting to the Ohio Turnpike, and during the summer, people bound for Cedar Point. It is the most heavily developed section of the road, lined with big box stores, a shopping mall, an outlet mall. US250 crosses Ohio Route 2 as it travels south and eventually crosses the Ohio Turnpike on Interstate 90 and it then picks up Ohio State Route 13 before passing west of Milan. After a short stretch, it enters Norwalk on Milan Avenue and it turns onto League Street and travels southwest to Whittlesey Avenue, which becomes Benedict Avenue as the street travels southeast through the center of the city. Much of this section of the route is rural and two-lane, US250 exits Norwalk and crosses US 20/SR18 at a diamond interchange. The route heads in a southeasterly direction until Fitchville, where it enters on Wooster Street. SR13 finally separates from US250 before the latter turns onto Mill Street Extension, US250 continues southeast until it meets SR60, and the two routes enter Savannah on North Main Street and pass straight through town. They continue together toward Ashland, where it meets an intersection with Cottage Street, SR60 continues south on Cottage Street, while US250 turns east, meeting US42 east of the city and forming an overlap as it turns south. Upon meeting Main Street, US250 leaves US42 at an interchange and it passes through sparse development outside the city until it interchanges with Interstate 71. US250 continues east on Ashland Road in open countryside, passing through small communities. West of Wooster, US250 enters US30, carrying the name Lincoln Way, US250 then turns east on Dover Road south of the city. On Dover Road, US250 follows a two-lane alignment as it passes through open fields on its path to Strasburg. The route forms the main streets of communities as it passes through them, such as Apple Creek, Mount Eaton
22.
West Virginia Route 2
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West Virginia Route 2 is a state highway in the US state of West Virginia. It generally parallels the Ohio River along the border of the state. WV2 leaves the shores of the Ohio River in two places, between Point Pleasant and Mount Alto and between Ravenswood and Waverly, WV2 was reconstructed from Lesage to Glenwood as an improved two-lane highway with shoulders on a four-lane right-of-way in the mid-1980s. Currently, there are plans to widen WV2 from WV193 near Barboursville northeast to Point Pleasant to four lanes at a cost of $237,300,000. Even further down the road is WV2 widening from Point Pleasant to Interstate 77 at a cost of $207,300,000, the projects are ranked 86th and 98th, respectively. Within the six-year plan produced by the West Virginia Department of Transportation is an upgrade for WV2 between McKeefrey and Parkersburg. Ranked 55th, this project has a price tag of $432,000,000. WV2 is a variable two-lane and four-lane highway from Wheeling to its terminus at Chester. For a time, Route 2 deviated from its current alignment to follow a more northeasterly route from New Cumberland to US30 via the area of New Manchester. The current alignment of WV2 passing the Mountaineer Race Track, the former routing of WV2 is now WV8. On June 23,2000, work began on a project that widened WV2 from two to four lanes from Weirton at US22 south to CR8 near Follansbee, the project length was just 0.9 miles. Work was supposed to be complete by June 31,2001, however, the project entailed stabilizing the hillside by reshaping the highwall, widening the roadway with four 12-foot lanes, creating 10-foot outside shoulders, and 8-foot interior shoulders. 3.9 million cubic yards of earth were removed during the excavation process, one year later, the highway widening project progressed further south for 2.5 miles. Likewise, a project to widen WV2 from two to four lanes from Follansbee south to Wheeling is projected to cost $489,500,000. This would connect to an interchange at Interstate 70 and U. S. Route 250. The projects are ranked 45th and 48th, respectively, the state route is the subject of Driving Up the Ohio River on Route 2 in Late Fall, a poem by Larry Smith. The poem was featured on the October 26,2006 edition of The Writers Almanac radio program
23.
Brooke County, West Virginia
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Brooke County is a county in the Northern Panhandle of the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,069, the county was created in 1797 from part of Ohio County and named in honor of Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia from 1794 to 1796. Brooke County is part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Brooke County was formed on November 30,1796, from parts of Ohio County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 93 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in West Virginia by area, the highest point of elevation in Brooke County is approximately 1372 ft. and located about 1.5 miles south of Franklin. The population density was 286 people per square mile, there were 11,150 housing units at an average density of 126 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 90% White,0. 85% Black or African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 09% from other races, and 0. 69% from two or more races. 0. 39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 20. 40% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,25. 80% from 25 to 44,26. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,981, and the median income for a family was $39,948. Males had an income of $34,397 versus $19,711 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,131, about 9. 50% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 40% of those under age 18 and 9. 10% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 24,069 people,10,020 households, the population density was 269.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,967 housing units at a density of 122.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 0% white,1. 2% black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% American Indian,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 7% of the population
24.
Washington County, Pennsylvania
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Washington County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820, the county was created on March 28,1781, from part of Westmoreland County. The city and county were named after American Revolutionary War leader George Washington, who eventually became the first President of the United States. Washington County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county is home to Washington County Airport, located three miles southwest of Washington, Pennsylvania. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 861 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 202,897 people,81,130 households, the population density was 237 people per square mile. There were 87,267 housing units at a density of 102 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 27% White,3. 26% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 82% from two or more races. 0. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 3% were of German,17. 2% Italian,10. 6% Irish,8. 6% English,7. 9% Polish and 6. 2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 27. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 22. 20% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.00 males, as of 1800, this county was largely settled by people of Scot-Irish heritage because prime lands were already taken by the Germans and the Quakers. The County of Washington is governed by a publicly elected commission. The three commissioners serve in both executive and legislative capacities, by state law, the commission must have a minority party guaranteeing a political split on the commission. Each term is for four years, maggi lost to Murphy and earned only 36 percent of the vote. Irey was the Republican candidate for Pennsylvanias 12th congressional district and lost to the late Democratic incumbent John Murtha in the 2006 election, the Washington County Court of Common Pleas, the Twenty-Seventh Judicial District of Pennsylvania, is the state trial court, sitting in and for Washington County. It serves as the court of jurisdiction for the region
25.
Marshall County, West Virginia
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Marshall County is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. At the 2010 census, the population was 33,107, with its southern border at the Mason-Dixon line, it forms the base of the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia. Marshall County is part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Marshall County is home to the largest conical burial mound in North America, at Moundsville. Marshall County was formed in 1835 from Ohio County by act of the Virginia Assembly, in 1852, on Christmas Eve, workers completed the Baltimore & Ohio railroad at Rosbys Rock in Marshall County. It is home to the New Vrindaban community of Hare Krishnas and it was named in honor of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, who died in 1835. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 312 square miles. The population density was 116 people per square mile, there were 15,814 housing units at an average density of 52 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 40% White,0. 43% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 25% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 12% from other races, and 0. 67% from two or more races. 0. 64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.91. In the county, the population was out with 22. 80% under the age of 18,7. 30% from 18 to 24,27. 10% from 25 to 44,26. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 94.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,989, and the median income for a family was $39,053. Males had an income of $31,821 versus $19,053 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,472, about 12. 40% of families and 16. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 30% of those under age 18 and 11. 30% of those age 65 or over. 0% of those under age 18 and 11. 30% of those age 65 or over, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 33,107 people,13,869 households, and 9,359 families residing in the county. The population density was 108.4 inhabitants per square mile, there were 15,918 housing units at an average density of 52.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 0% white,0. 5% black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% American Indian,0. 1% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races
26.
Belmont County, Ohio
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Belmont County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 70,400 and its county seat is St. Clairsville. The county was created in 1801 and later organized in 1815 and it takes its name from the French for beautiful mountain. Belmont County is part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is the only Belmont County nationwide. Belmont County was formed from Jefferson and Washington counties, September 7,1801, in 1976, Belmont County became the first American county to elect a female sheriff, Katherine Crumbly. In 1987, Michael A Massa, a county resident, created and dedicated the Countys first Official Seal, the citizens of the county held an informal election to select the winning seal and flag, and the event was featured nationally on the Paul Harvey Show. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 541 square miles. The population density was 131 people per square mile, there were 31,236 housing units at an average density of 58 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 98% White,3. 64% Black or African American,0. 14% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 16% from other races, and 0. 77% from two or more races. 0. 39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 2% were of German,12. 5% Irish,12. 0% American,10. 3% English,10. 2% Italian and 9. 0% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 28. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90. In the county, the population was out with 21. 80% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,714, and the median income for a family was $37,538. Males had an income of $31,211 versus $19,890 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,221, about 11. 70% of families and 14. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 40% of those under age 18 and 9. 80% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 70,400 people,28,679 households, the population density was 132.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 32,452 housing units at a density of 61.0 per square mile
27.
Jefferson County, Ohio
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Jefferson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 69,709, the county is named for Thomas Jefferson, who was at the time Vice President. Jefferson County is part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Jefferson County was organized on July 29,1797 by proclamation of Governor Arthur St. Clair, six years before Ohio was granted statehood. In 1786, the United States built Fort Steuben to protect the government surveyors mapping the land west of the Ohio River, when the surveyors completed their task a few years later, the fort was abandoned. In the meantime, settlers had built homes around the fort, when the County was created in 1797, La Belle was selected as the County seat. The town was subsequently renamed Steubenville, in honor of the abandoned fort, during the first half of the nineteenth century, Steubenville was primarily a port town, and the rest of the county consisted of small villages and farms. Jefferson Countys population has declined to 70% of its 1960 figure as its manufacturing base collapsed over the last few decades. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 411 square miles. The population density was 180 people per square mile, there were 33,291 housing units at an average density of 81 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 49% White,5. 68% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 25% from other races, and 1. 03% from two or more races. 0. 62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,96. 5% spoke English,1. 1% Spanish and 1. 0% Italian as their first language. 28. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 21. 40% under the age of 18,8. 50% from 18 to 24,25. 60% from 25 to 44,25. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 91.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,853, and the median income for a family was $38,807. Males had an income of $35,785 versus $20,375 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,476, about 11. 40% of families and 15. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 30% of those under age 18 and 8. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 69,709 people,29,109 households, the population density was 170.7 inhabitants per square mile
28.
Nevada County, California
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Nevada County is a County located in the Sierra Nevada of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,764, the county seat is Nevada City. Nevada County comprises the Truckee-Grass Valley, CA Micropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the Mother Lode Country. Created in 1851, from portions of Yuba County, Nevada County was named after the town of Nevada City. The word nevada is Spanish for snowy or snow-covered, Nevada City was the first to use the word Nevada in its name. In 1851 the newly formed Nevada County used the name as the county seat. The bordering state of Nevada used the name in 1861. The region came to life in the Gold Rush of 1849, many historical sites remain to mark the birth of this important region in Californias formative years. Among them are the Nevada Theatre in Nevada City, the oldest theater built in California in 1865 and it operates to this day and once hosted Mark Twain among other historical figures. The Old 5 Mile House stagecoach stop built in 1890, also operates to this day as a provider of hospitality spanning three centuries, the gold industry in Nevada County thrived into the post WWII days. The county had many firsts and historic technological moments, the first long-distance telephone in the world, built in 1877 by the Ridge Telephone Company, connected French Corral with French Lake,58 miles away. It was operated by the Milton Mining Company from a building on site that had been erected about 1853. The Pelton wheel, designed to power gold mines, still drives hydro-electric generators today, Nevada City and Grass Valley were among the first California towns with electric lights. The Olympics, NASA, and virtually every television station around the country utilizes video/broadcasting equipment designed and manufactured by Grass Valley Group, founded in Grass Valley. The Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad was built in 1876, and was the railroad in the West that was never robbed. The rail line closed in 1942 and was torn up for scrap, in Grass Valley the historic Holbrooke Hotel opened in 1851 and housed Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and four U. S. presidents. The Community of Rough and Ready seceded from the Union for a time and became the Great Republic of Rough and Ready. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 974 square miles
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Texas County, Oklahoma
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Texas County is a county located in the panhandle of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,640 and it is the second-largest county in the state, based on land area, and is named for Texas, the state that adjoins the county to its south. Texas County comprises the Guymon, OK Micropolitan Statistical Area, the county economy is largely based on farming and cattle production. It is one of the top producing counties in the U. S. for wheat, cattle and it also lies within the noted Hugoton-Panhandle natural gas field. Texas County was formed at Oklahoma statehood from the central one-third of Old Beaver County, from 1850 to 1890, its lands were never attached to any state or territory, never surveyed, and never divided into townships and sections like the eastern counties were. From 1890 to 1907, it was part of Beaver County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,049 square miles. It is the second-largest county in Oklahoma by area, the county lies in the High Plains of the Great Plains physiographic region. It is generally flat, but has some rolling hills and it is drained by the North Canadian River, often called the Beaver River in this area. Tributaries of the river are Coldwater, Hackberry, Goff, Teepee, Optima Lake, created in 1978 by damming the Beaver River and Coldwater Creek, is 2 miles north of Hardesty. Optima National Wildlife Refuge As of the 2010 census, there were 20,640 people,7,212 households, there were 8,208 housing units at an average density of 2/km². The racial makeup of the county was 75. 7% White,1. 6% Black or African American,1. 3% Native American,1. 6% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,16. 9% from other races, and 2. 8% from two or more races. 42. 0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,65. 7% spoke English and 33. 1% Spanish as their first language. 21. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 28. 80% under the age of 18,12. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 10% from 25 to 44,19. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 105.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,872, and the median income for a family was $42,226. Males had an income of $26,991 versus $20,404 for females
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Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Delaware County, colloquially referred to as Delco, is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. With a population of 562,960, it is the fifth most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county was created on September 26,1789, from part of Chester County and named for the Delaware River. Until 1850, Chester City was the county seat of both Delaware County and, before that, of Chester County, Delaware County is adjacent to the city-county of Philadelphia and is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Delaware County is the county covered in its entirety by area codes 610 and 484. Delaware County lies in the river and bay drainage area named Delaware in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, Governor of the nearby English colony of Virginia. The land was discovered and explored by Henry Hudson in 1609, and over the several decades it was variously claimed and settled by the Swedes, the Dutch. Its original human inhabitants were the Lenni-Lenape tribe of American Indians, once the Dutch were defeated and the extent of New York was determined, King Charles II of England made his grant to William Penn in order to found the colony which came to be named Pennsylvania. Penn divided his colony into three counties, Bucks, Philadelphia, and Chester, the riverfront land south of Philadelphia, being the most accessible, was quickly granted and settled. In 1789, the portion of Chester County was divided from the rest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 191 square miles. It is the third-smallest county in Pennsylvania by area, the lowest point in the state of Pennsylvania is located on the Delaware River in Marcus Hook in Delaware County, where it flows out of Pennsylvania and into Delaware. The highest point in Delaware County is 500 feet at two points southeast of Wyola in Newtown Township, waterways in Delaware County generally flow in a southward direction and ultimately drain into the Delaware River. The waterways are, from west to east, the Brandywine River, Chester Creek, Ridley Creek, Crum Creek, Muckinipates Creek, Darby Creek and Cobbs Creek. Crum Creek was dammed in 1931 near Pennsylvania Route 252 to fill Springton Lake, an approximately 391-acre drinking water reservoir maintained by Aqua America, John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge 2,600 acres of the county are occupied by the Ridley Creek State Park. 3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of 2000, there were 550,864 people,206,320 households, and 139,472 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,990 people per square mile, There were 216,978 housing units at an average density of 1,178 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 32% White,14. 52% African American,0. 11% Native American,3. 29% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 1. 19% from two or more races. 1. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 6% were of Irish,17. 5% Italian,10. 1% German and 6. 7% English ancestry
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1790 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2,1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within, there to remain for the inspection of all concerned. And that the amount of each description of persons for every district be transmitted to the president. Although the Census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. Under the direction of the current Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states, the census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that states admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, if there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate. Historic US Census data 1790 Census of Population and Housing official reports Population of 24 Urban Places,1790
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Ohio. I. A N. W. county of West Virginia". The American Cyclopædia.
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "
Ohio County, West Virginia
