1.
Google Translate
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Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service developed by Google, to translate text, speech, images, sites, or real-time video from one language into another. It offers a web interface, mobile apps for Android and iOS, Google Translate supports over 100 languages at various levels and as of May 2013, serves over 200 million people daily. It uses this broader context to help it out the most relevant translation. GNMT was first enabled for eight languages, to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, images, sites, or real-time video and it supports over 100 languages at various levels and as of May 2013, serves over 200 million people daily. For some languages, Google Translate can pronounce translated text, highlight corresponding words and phrases in the source and target text, if Detect language is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. If a user enters a URL in the text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website. For some languages, text can be entered via a keyboard, handwriting recognition. Google Translate is available in some browsers as an extension which can run the translation engine, a number of Firefox extensions exist for Google services, and likewise for Google Translate, which allow right-click command access to the translation service. An extension for Googles Chrome browser also exists, in February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation. The Android app was released in January 2010, while an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008, an early 2011 version supported Conversation Mode when translating between English and Spanish. This interface within Google Translate allows users to communicate fluidly with a person in another language. In October 2011 it was expanded to 14 languages, the Camera input functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition technology, Camera input is not available for all languages. In January 2015, the gained the ability to translate text in real time using the devices camera. The speed and quality of real-time video translation feature were further enhanced in July 2015 with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, in May 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning. The Translate API page stated the reason as substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse with an end date set for December 1,2011, in response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service. The following languages are supported in Google Translate and these languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community
2.
Ukrainian language
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Ukrainian /juːˈkreɪniən/ is an East Slavic language. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script, historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kievan Rus. After the fall of the Kievan Rus as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Modern Ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate. From 1804 until the Russian Revolution, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools in the Russian Empire and it has always maintained a sufficient base in Western Ukraine, where the language was never banned, in its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors. The Ukrainian language retains a degree of intelligibility with Belarusian and Russian. The first theory of the origin of Ukrainian language was suggested in Imperial Russia in the middle of the 18th century by Mikhail Lomonosov and this theory posits the existence of a common language spoken by all East Slavic people in the time of the Rus. Another point of view developed during the 19th and 20th centuries by linguists of Imperial Russia, like Lomonosov, they assumed the existence of a common language spoken by East Slavs in the past. This general point of view is the most accepted amongst academics worldwide, the supporters of this theory disagree, however, about the time when the different languages were formed. Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at time periods. During the time of the incorporation of Ruthenia into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and this point of view is, however, at variance with some historical data. In fact, several East Slavic tribes, such as Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Dulebes, White Croats, Tiverians, notably, some Ukrainian features were recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic as far back as the language can be documented. In contrast, Ahatanhel Krymsky and Alexei Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century, Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky went even further, denying the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo, Ivan Ohienko, according to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to a migration of the population within the territory of todays Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was supported by George Shevelovs phonological studies. During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of Galicia-Vollhynia and their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts, examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh, rura, rynok, kushnir, and majster
3.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
4.
Sich Riflemen
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The Sich Riflemen Halych-Bukovyna Kurin were one of the first regular military units of the Army of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic. The unit operated from 1917 to 1919 and was formed from Ukrainian soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army, local population, the first kurin was formed in Kiev on 13 November 1917. Commanded by Col. Yevhen Konovalets with his chief of staff Andriy Melnyk, the Sich Riflemen defended the government of UNR against the Bolshevik insurrection in the capital and later against regular Red Army forces that advanced into Ukraine in 1918. When Kiev was recaptured in March 1918 the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen guarded government buildings in the capital, the unit later expanded to include two infantry detachments, a cavalry unit and an artillery battery. With the establishment of Hetmanate of Pavlo Skoropadsky the Sich Riflemen refused to him and were disarmed by the German forces that supported the hetman. Soldiers from the unit joined other forces, notably Second Zaporozhian Regiment of Petro Bolbochan, in August 1918 Skoropadsky finally allowed a partial reestablishment of the unit in Bila Tserkva. The new unit consisted of 1200 men and was divided into a regiment, an artillery battery. In Bila Tserkva, the Sich Riflemen led the revolt against hetman Skoropadsky, later the two other Dnieper and Black Sea divisions joined the unit. In November 1918 with new recruits the ranks of the Riflemen swelled to 25,000 and it played a crucial role in the establishment of the Directorate under Symon Petlura. In December the unit captured Kiev and was divided into smaller units. Different detachments of the unit fought against advancing Bolshevik armies in Ukraine, together with the Directory the Sich Riflemen fled from Kiev when it was recaptured by the Bolsheviks. The Riflemen also fought on different fronts against the White Russian forces of General Denikin, in 1919 the unit took heavy losses in combat and later from typhus. On 6 December 1919 the unit was finally demobilized, some former soldiers were interned by the Polish army, others continued to fight in other smaller detachments in Ukraine. The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism, Galicia As Ukraines Piedmont, Sich Riflemen during the January Uprising
5.
Flag of Ukraine
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The state flag of Ukraine is a banner of two equally sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow. As a national flag, the blue and yellow bicolour has been used since the 1848 Spring of Nations when it was hoisted over the Lviv Rathaus. It was officially adopted as a flag for the first time in 1918 by the short-lived West Ukrainian Peoples Republic. When Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union, the flag was outlawed, people who hoisted the blue-yellow flags in the Soviet Ukraine were prosecuted as criminals. Ukraine has celebrated Flag Day each year on August 23 since 2004, the Law of Ukraine states that the colours of Ukrainian flag are blue and yellow, but other state bodies have determined the colours. In the table below the colours are given according to the technical specification DSTU4512,2006, There are specialists who argue that, according to rules of heraldry, the current set of colours cannot coexist. The head of the Ukrainian Heraldry Society has pointed out that it is not heraldry, but rather vexillology, that studies flags. Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine states the following, citing, in addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings, such as Verkhovna rada in Ukraine use vertical flags. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the flag in this way. The proportions of these flags are not specified. When hung like a banner or draped, the band should be on the left. When flown from a flagpole, the blue band must face the mast. The flag did not appear on Ukrainian official postal stamp issues until the 1992 was released, since that time the flag has frequently appeared on stamps. Cinderella stamps of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists were printed outside Ukraine during the Soviet period, traditionally, the flag may be decorated with a golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag, as long as it does not deface the flag proper. The beginning of this tradition was the flag of the Ukrainian SSR, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia shows a flag decorated with a gold star. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, no specific law governs the legality of this fringe. Ukrainian flags are displayed continuously at certain locations. Maidan Nezalezhnosti, main square of Kiev, traditional place for political rallies, presidential Administration Building, Verkhovna Rada building and Budynok Uryadu
6.
Coat of arms of Ukraine
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It appears on the Presidential standard of Ukraine. Blue colored tridents are considered to be irregular representation by the Ukrainian Heraldry Society, the small coat of arms was officially adopted on 19 February 1992, while constitutional provisions exist for establishing the great coat of arms, which is not yet officially adopted. The small coat of arms was designed by Andriy Grechylo, Olexiy Kokhan and Ivan Turetskyi and it is a representation of the seal-trident of Volodymyr the Great. The Great coat of arms which has not been adopted consists of the coat of arms. The trident was not thought of as a national symbol until 1917, on 22 March 1918, the Central Rada adopted it as the coat of arms of the short-lived Ukrainian Peoples Republic. During the Soviet period of 1919-1991 and independence between 1991-1992 the state symbols were consistent with the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union - a hammer, the modern trident symbol was adopted as the coat of arms of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic in February 1918. The design has precedents in seals of the Kiyivan Rus, the first known archeological and historical evidence of this symbol can be found on the seals of the Rurik dynasty. The symbol was also found on the bricks of the Church of the Tithes in Kiyiv, the tiles of the Dormition Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, and the stones of other churches, castles, and palaces. There are many examples of it used on ceramics, weapons, rings, medallions, seals, most historians agree that the medieval symbol was not intended as depicting a trident, but most likely a stylized falcon. Depictions of a falcon with a cross above its head have been found in Old Ladoga. Such a falcon, along with a cross are also featured on the coins of Olaf Guthfrithsson, falconry for centuries has been a royal sport in Europe. The gyrfalcon was considered a bird and is mentioned in one of the earliest epics of Ruthenia. Later images of the trident among the Rurikids resemble more a bident or the letter У, the Tryzub was also used in conjunction with the Russian tricolor, as the symbol of the anti-communist movement National Alliance of Russian Solidarists in the early 20th century. Furthermore, the Tryzub is heavily used in the heraldry of the Italian Army to commemorate the Italian participation on the Eastern Front during World War II. At least 36 units of the Italian Army carry the Tryzub in their Coat of Arms, a three-fingered hand salute is sometimes used to mimic the Tryzub, as for example in pro-independence demonstrations in the late 1980s and in the logo of the Svoboda party. The coat of arms for Kingdom of Rus and Duchy of Galicia–Volhynia existed since 12th century and it consisted of lion rampant Or on heater shield Azure. After the occupation of Eastern Galicia by the Kingdom of Poland as a result of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars and it was abandoned with partition of Poland and annexation of territory by the Austrian Empire. At the end of World War I and dissolution of Austria-Hungary, with annexation of the West Ukraine by Poland again in 1918 and later the Soviet Union, the gold lion symbol became coat of arms for city of Lviv
7.
State symbols of the President of Ukraine
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The official symbols of the head of state are the state insignia of the President of Ukraine. Pursuant to presidential decree of November 29,1999, they include four items, colour, collar, bulawa, some of the items of the set are adopted from the Cossack regalia that once were accepted from the King of Poland Stefan Batory. The Standard of the President of Ukraine is a royal blue banner, featuring a tryzub, bordered by gold ornament. The staff is wooden with a round onyx top decorated with an embossed lay-on yellow ornament, the collar represents a chained badge, which consists of a pendant locket, six enameled medallions and twelve decorative links in a special order. All of its elements are joined by shaped rings, the presidential bulawa is made of gold-plated silver and its case from mahogany, decorated with an embossed picture of the minor state coat of arms. The handle and the top of the feature a decorative ornament. The mace symbolizes the continuity of traditions of Ukrainian state development. The round presidential seal bears the state coat of arms in the centre. Under the minor coat of arms there is a symbol of the Order of Yaroslav the Wise. Official Symbols of the President of Ukraine
8.
Flag of the President of Ukraine
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The Flag of the President of Ukraine was confirmed by the Decree of the President of Ukraine as of November 29,1999 and used during inaugural ceremony. It is the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine that presents it to President, on delivering his inaugural address President takes a special seat at the session hall of the Verkhovna Rada next to which President’s colour is placed. President’s colour represents a square cloth bearing the golden trident in the center – the Sign of Prince Volodymyr the Great’s State. Two-sided silken cloth was embroidered with the use of computer technologies, one side of the President’s colour bears more than a million stitches of a pure gold and yellow gold threads. The embroidered trident has volume due to a special lining, and the flags of the British Queen, US and French Presidents are made with the use of the same technology
9.
Collar of the President of Ukraine
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The sign of the President of Ukraine weighs about 400 grams. Some countries grant another collar to new head of the state, an open-work chain with a historical relic – an amulet which, as the legend reads, belonged to Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa – was among the attributes of the President of Ukraine. The collar is made of white and yellow gold, kyiv artists have painted its seven medallions. The painted medallions alternate with jewelry ones, above laurel wreathes of white gold there are guelder rose leaves of yellow gold gemmed with 96 garnets each one and a half millimeters. Both, the seal and the collar are kept in leather cases with the velvet lodgement and the imprinted image of the lesser Emblem of Ukraine
10.
Bulava of the President of Ukraine
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The presidential mace is made of gold-covered and weighs 750 grams. It consists of two parts, a handle and a top, the so-called apple. The mace used to have 64 gold-mounted stones, the blade can be extracted from the mace with the help of the button, decorated with a Yakut emerald. The mace is kept in a mahogany carved coffer
11.
Seal of the President of Ukraine
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The official seal of the President of Ukraine is ring-shaped. There is an image of the lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine in the center of the stamp hemmed with the “The President of Ukraine” inscription, below the National Emblem one can see an image of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The handle of the new seal is garnished with a lapis lazuli ball, the neck or central part of the seal is gilded, its color spectrum goes in line with the national Flag of Ukraine – blue above and yellow below. The seal is made of silver and weighs next to half a kilo and it is known that Kyiv jeweler Mykhailo Cheburakhin made it using sketches by Oleksiy Rudenko just for a week
12.
Peresopnytsia Gospel
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The Peresopnytsia Gospels, dating from the 16th century, is one of the most intricate surviving East Slavic manuscripts. It was made between 15 August 1556 and 29 August 1561, at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in Iziaslav, the scribe was Mykhailo Vasyl’ovych, son of an archpriest from Sianik, who worked under the direction of Hryhorii, the archimandrite of the Peresopnytsia Monastery. The manuscript is a Gospel Book containing only the four Gospels of the New Testament, and is ornamented with Glagolitic characters and this is the first known example of a vernacular Old Ukrainian translation of the canonical text of the Scriptures. The Peresopnytsya Gospels are the most well-known translations of texts into the Old Ukrainian language. The Peresopnytsya Gospels were commissioned by Princess Nastacia Yuriyivna Zheslavska-Holshanska of Volyn, after its completion the book was kept in the Peresopnytsya Monastery. On 17 April 1701 it was presented to Pereyaslav Cathedral by Ivan Mazepa the Hetman of Ukraine, scholar Osip Bodyansky discovered the book at the Pereyaslav Seminary and published a paper on the subject. Later on it was held in the Poltava Seminary, Poltava Museum of History and Regional Studies, on 24 December 1948 this treasure of Ukrainian culture was placed at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. All five Ukrainian Presidents since 1991 have taken the oath of office on the Gospels, Leonid Kravchuk, Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, Viktor Yanukovych, and Petro Poroshenko
13.
National colours of Ukraine
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The national colours of Ukraine are usually identified as the combination of blue and gold in that order. These colours are the same as in the flag of Ukraine, the roots of Ukrainian national colours come from before Christian times when yellow and blue prevailed in traditional ceremonies, reflecting fire and water. The most solid proof of yellow and blue colours could be traced as far as the Battle of Grunwald at which participated militia formations from various lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, in maps of the 19th and 20th centuries, the territories of Ukraine were usually coloured yellow. The Gold is nearly always represented by a shade of Yellow, as there is no distinct colour Yellow in heraldry, blue and gold are also national colours of Sweden, Palau and Kazakhstan. The colours in the Ukrainian flag represent golden fields of grain under a blue sky. The Ukrainian flag was blue over yellow prior to the establishment of the Soviet Republic. Used sparingly, blue signifies blue skies or air and it can be used to denote good health. Ukraines state coat of arms feature the same found on the Ukrainian flag, a blue shield with gold trident, called the tryzub. It represents the triune God on earth and in heaven and it appears on the Presidential standard of Ukraine. Blue coloured tridents are considered to be irregular representation by the Ukrainian Heraldry Society and these include National Olympic Committee of Ukraine, Ukraine mens national ice hockey team, Ukraine national basketball team, Ukraine national football team, and Ukraine national bandy team. The club team FC Metalist Kharkiv has also adopted these colours, Ukraine International Airlines current livery is a Eurowhite scheme, comprising a white fuselage with UIA titles and a Ukrainian flag. The tail is blue with yellow line across the it and this livery has been in use since the late 1990s. The tail was white with two blue lines, which tapered from the rear of the tail and met at point towards the front bottom
14.
Vyshyvanka
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Vyshyvanka is the colloquial name for the embroidered shirt in Ukrainian national costume. The knowing eye could detect where a person hailed from by the clothes on their back, embroidery is thus an important craft within Ukraine and different techniques exist to suit local styles with their own particular patterns and colours. Traditionally, the thread was coloured according to local formulas using bark, leaves, flowers, berries, in this way, the local environment is literally reflected in the colour of the embroidery. Vyshyvanka is used as a talisman to protect the person wearing it, embroidery was used in vulnerable places on the garment where evil spirits could potentially enter the body, along the neckline, cuffs, shoulders, back and hem. Vyshyvanka Day is celebrated on the third Thursday of May and it is intended to unite all Ukrainians over the world, regardless of religion, language they speak or their place of residence. It is a flash mob holiday, which is not attached to any holiday or feast day. On this day many Ukrainians wear vyshyvankas to demonstrate adherence to the idea of identity and unity. In its US May issue Vogue wrote that the vyshyvanka has made waves far past the Eastern European country. The Times of London declared it this summers most sought-after item of clothing, french actress Melanie Thierry wore a vyshyvanka at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Queen Máxima of the Netherlands wore a dress when visiting the 2016 Summer Olympics. Ukrainian wreath Vyshyvanka, high quality photos on kievgiftshop Etno-vyshyvanka. kiev. ua
15.
Pysanka
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A pysanka is a Ukrainian Easter egg, decorated with traditional Ukrainian folk designs using a wax-resist method. The word pysanka comes from the verb pysaty, to write, as the designs are not painted on, many other eastern European ethnic groups decorate eggs using wax resist for Easter. These include the Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croats, Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Sorbs. Pysanka is often taken to any type of decorated egg. Several other types of decorated eggs are seen in Ukrainian tradition, krashanky –from krasyty, to decorate– are boiled eggs dyed a single color, and are blessed and eaten at Easter. Pysanky –from pysaty, to write– are raw eggs created with the wax-resist method, the designs are written in hot wax with a pinhead or a special stylus called a pysachok or a kistka which has a small funnel attached to hold a small amount of liquid wax. The word that is used to describe the egg comes from the Ukrainian verb pysaty. Wooden eggs and beaded eggs are referred to as pysanky because they mimic the decorative style of pysanky in a different medium. Krapanky –from krapka, a dot– are raw eggs decorated using the wax-resist method and they are traditionally created by dripping molten wax from a beeswax candle onto an egg. They can be considered the simplest version of a pysanka, or a proto-pysanka, dryapanky –from dryapaty, to scratch– are created by scratching the surface of a dyed egg to reveal the white shell below. Malyovanky –from malyuvaty, to paint– are created by painting a design with a brush using oil or water color paints and it is sometimes used to refer to coloring on an egg. Nakleyanky –from kleyaty, to glue on– are created by glueing objects to the surface of an egg, travlenky –from travlenya, “etching” – are created by waxing eggs and then etching away the unwaxed areas. This is not a traditional Ukraine practice, but has become popularized recently, biserky –from biser, beads– are created by coating an egg with beeswax, and then embedding beads into the wax to create geometric designs. Lystovky –from lystya, leaves– are created by dyeing an egg to which small leaves have been attached, according to many scholars, the art of wax-resist egg decoration in Slavic cultures, and particularly in Ukraine, probably dates back to the pre-Christian era. They base this on the nature of the practice. As in many ancient cultures, Ukrainians worshipped a sun god, the sun was important - it warmed the earth and thus was a source of all life. Eggs decorated with nature symbols became a part of spring rituals. In pre-Christian times, Dazhboh was one of the deities in the Slavic pantheon, birds were the sun gods chosen creations
16.
Bandura
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A bandura is a Ukrainian, plucked string, folk instrument. It combines elements of the zither and lute and, up until the 1940s, was often referred to by the term kobza. Early instruments had 5 to 12 strings and similar to the lute, in the 20th century, the number of strings increased initially to 31 strings,56 strings and up to 68 strings on modern chromaticism concert instruments. Musicians who play the bandura are referred to as bandurists, in the 19th – early 20th century traditional bandura players, often blind, were referred to as kobzars. A number of other court bandurists of Ukrainian ethnicity have also recorded in medieval Polish documents. The term kobza was used as a synonym for bandura. The use of the term kobza pre-dates the first known use of the term bandura, Kobza was first mentioned in a Polish chronicle in 1313, having been introduced into the Ukrainian language sometime in the 12–13th century. It is thought to have Turkic pedigree, the less used term kobza-bandura refers to the dual origins of the instrument. However, it is cumbersome and is used in spoken language. The term bandore or bandora can also be found referring to this instrument. The term made its way into usage through early 20th century Soviet Ukrainian-English and Russian-English dictionaries, the term bandura is also occasionally used when referring to a number of other Eastern European string instruments such as the hurdy-gurdy and the five string guitar. The use of stringed instruments by the inhabitants of the lands that now constitute Ukraine dates back to 591. In that year, Byzantine Greek chronicles mention Bulgar warriors who travelled with lute-like instruments they called kitharas, there are iconographic depictions of lute-like instruments in the 11th-century frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, once the capital of a vast medieval kingdom of the Rus. The instrument became popular in the courts of the nobility in Eastern Europe, there are numerous citations mentioning the existence of Ukrainian bandurists in both Russia and Poland. Empress Elisabeth of Russia had a marriage to her Ukrainian court bandurist. After the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, the instrument continued to be played by wandering, the invention of an instrument combining organological elements of lute and psaltery is sometimes credited to Francesco Landini, an Italian lutenist-composer during the trecento. Filippo Villani writes in his Liber de civitatis Florentiae, invented a new sort of instrument, a cross between lute and psaltery, which he called the serena serenarum, an instrument that produces an exquisite sound when its strings are struck. Rare iconographic evidence reveals that such instruments were still in use in Italy ca, in the Hetman state in left-bank Ukraine, the bandura underwent significant transformations with the development of a professional class of itinerant blind musicians called kobzars
17.
Viburnum opulus
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Viburnum opulus is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae native to Europe, northern Africa and central Asia. The common name guelder rose relates to the Dutch province of Gelderland, where a popular cultivar, other common names include water elder, cramp bark, snowball tree and European cranberrybush, though this plant is not closely related to the cranberry. Some botanists also include the North American species Viburnum trilobum as V. opulus var. americanum Ait. or as V. opulus subsp, V. opulus is a deciduous shrub growing to 4–5 m tall. The leaf buds are green, with bud scales. The fruit is a bright red drupe 7–10 mm diameter. The seeds are dispersed by birds, V. opulus is grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several cultivars have been selected, including Roseum, in all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type. There is some confusion, as there are a few plants, including other members of the Viburnum genus. The shrub is cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings. It is naturalised in North America, where it is called European cranberrybush, the cultivars Compactum, Roseum and Xanthocarpum have gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit. The fruit is edible in small quantities, with an acidic taste. It is however very mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts, the term cramp bark is related to the properties of the barks ability to reduce smooth muscle tightness. It is called cramp bark as relieving this type of muscle tightness is most often associated with relieving womens menstrual cramps, however, this can also be used during pregnancy for cramps or pain and general muscle cramping. Viburnum opulus is one of the symbols of Ukraine. Mentions of the bush can be throughout the Ukrainian folklore such as songs, picturesque art, Ukrainian embroidery. Chervona Kalyna was the anthem of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend kalyna was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called Fire Trinity, the Sun, the Moon, and its berries symbolize blood and the undying trace of family roots. Kalyna is often depicted on the Ukrainian embroidery, towels and shirts, in Slavic paganism kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language, Ka-ly-na - Div-chy-na
18.
Borscht
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Borscht is a sour soup popular in several Eastern European cuisines, including Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Romanian, and Ashkenazi Jewish cuisines. The variety most commonly associated with the name in English is of Ukrainian origin and includes beetroots as one of the main ingredients, which gives the dish a distinctive red color. It shares the name, however, with a selection of sour-tasting soups without beetroots, such as sorrel-based green borscht, rye-based white borscht. Borscht derives from an ancient soup originally cooked from pickled stems, leaves and umbels of common hogweed, a plant growing in damp meadows. With time, it evolved into an array of tart soups. It is typically made by combining meat or bone stock with sautéed vegetables and its popularity has spread throughout Eastern Europe and the former Russian Empire, and – by way of migration – to other continents. In North America, borscht is often linked with either Jews or Mennonites, the English word borscht, also spelled borsch, borsht, or bortsch, comes from Yiddish באָרשט. The latter derives from the word борщ, which is common to East Slavic languages, together with cognates in other Slavic languages, it comes from Proto-Slavic *bŭrščǐ hogweed and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bhr̥sti- < *bhares-/bhores- point, stubble. Common hogweed was the principal ingredient before it was replaced with other vegetables. The beetroot borscht was invented in what is now Ukraine and first popularized in North America by Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe, typical Ukrainian borscht is traditionally made from meat or bone stock, sautéed vegetables, and beet sour, that is, fermented beetroot juice. Depending on the recipe, some of components may be omitted or substituted for. The stock is made by boiling meat, bones, or both. Beef, pork or a combination of both are most commonly used, with brisket, ribs, shank and chuck considered to give the most flavorful results, marrow bones are considered best for the bone stock. Meat stock is cooked for about two hours, whereas bone stock takes four to six hours to prepare. Meat and bones are usually removed afterwards and the meat is added back into the soup about 10–15 minutes before the borscht is done. Some recipes call for smoked meats, resulting in a distinctively smoky borscht, fasting varieties are typically made with fish stock to avoid the use of meat, while purely vegetarian recipes often substitute forest mushroom broth for the stock. The vegetables most commonly added to borscht are beetroots, white cabbage, carrots, parsley root, potatoes, onions, some recipes may also call for beans, tart apples, turnip, celeriac, zucchini or bell peppers. Parsnip may be used as a substitute for parsley root, the traditional technique of preparing the soup is to precook the vegetables – by sautéing, braising, boiling or baking – separately from the meat and only then to combine them with the stock
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Bread and salt
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Bread and salt is a welcome greeting ceremony in many European cultures. It is also common in Albania and Armenia, when important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread placed on a rushnik. A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf, in modern Russia, on official occasions, the bread and salt is presented by young women dressed in national costumes. When this tradition is observed in spaceflight, appropriately small packages of bread and salt are used. Bread, salt and heart is a traditional way of honoring guests, it dates back from the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini Chapter 18 - para.608, The Guest shall be welcomed with Bread, salt. Heart in the context is related with hospitality, the concept is based on giving the most expensive thing of that time which was salt to the awaited guest, nowadays it is not commonly practiced during daily life. Bread and salt is a traditional Bulgarian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed, the bread and salt is commonly presented to guests by a woman. Bulgarians usually make a type of bread for this occasion called pogacha, which is flat, fancy. Regular bread is not usually used, although it may have been historically, usually, guests are presented with the pogacha, and the guest is supposed to take a small piece, dip into the salt and eat it. This custom is common for official visits regardless of whether the guest is foreign or Bulgarian, one notable example of this custom is when the Russians came to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottomans at the end of the 19th century. A common scene from that period was of a Bulgarian village woman welcoming Russian soldiers with bread and this tradition is still practiced in the Czech Republic and Slovakia for special occasions, for example, when presidents from other countries are visiting. It is not commonly practiced during daily life, the tradition gave rise to the Russian word that expresses a persons hospitality, khlebosolny. Also historically the Russian Empire had a salt tax that made salt a very expensive. There also is a traditional Russian greeting Khleb da sol, the phrase is to be uttered by an arriving guest as an expression of good wish towards the hosts household. It was often used by beggars as a hint to be fed, therefore a mocking rhymed response is known. In the Russian Orthodox Church, it is customary to greet the bishop at the steps of the church when he arrives for a visit to a church or monastery with bread. In Poland, welcoming with bread and salt is often associated with the hospitality of the Polish nobility. A 17th-century Polish poet, Wespazjan Kochowski, wrote in 1674, O good bread, another poet who mentioned the custom was Wacław Potocki
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Cossack with musket
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Cossack with rifle, sometimes mistakenly as Knight with rifle or Cossack with musket − an emblem of the Zaporizhian Host and later the state emblem of Hetmanate, and Ukrainian State. Literal translation of the emblem is Knight with improvised weapon, however samopal more precisely here means a general rifle rather than an improvised firearm. According to an arts studies specialist, samopal used to refer to any rifle, the origin of emblem is uncertain, while its first records date back to 1592. On the initiative of Pyotr Rumyantsev the emblem was phased out, the Cossack with rifle was recovered by the Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky in 1918. However, later the emblem disappeared again until in 2005 it reappeared on the proposed Great Seal of Ukraine, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, the emblem has to be included into the Great Seal of Ukraine. Center of folklorist studies Kozak Mamai, abolishment of the Hetmanate Coat of Arms. Center of folklorist studies Kozak Mamai
