1.
Oisin
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For the Irish mythological character, see Oisín. Oisín is an Irish male given name and it is sometimes anglicized as Osheen or spelt without the diacritic, as Oisin. Variants include Scottish Gaelic, Oisean, Welsh, Osian and the English Ossian
2.
Albert Herter
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Albert Herter was an American painter, illustrator, muralist, and interior designer. He was born in New York City, studied at the Art Students League with James Carroll Beckwith, then in Paris with Jean-Paul Laurens and Fernand Cormon. He came from a family, his father, Christian Herter, had co-founded Herter Brothers. Herter Brothers closed its doors in 1906, and Albert founded Herter Looms in 1909, in Paris, he met a fellow American art student, Adele McGinnis. They were married in 1893 and had three children, Everit Albert, Christian Archibald, and Lydia Adele, the couple honeymooned in Japan, then returned to Paris for the first years of their marriage. In 1898 they moved back to the United States and built a Mediterranean-style villa, called The Creeks, in East Hampton, New York, Herters mother built a mansion, El Mirasol, in Santa Barbara, California, where the family spent the winters. Following his mothers death, Herter and his wife renovated the mansion, son Everit and daughter Lydia also became artists although Everit was killed at age 24 in World War I. Son Christian became a politician, serving as governor of Massachusetts, Adele Herter is remembered as a painter of still lifes and Society portraits. He was awarded medals at the 1895 Atlanta Exposition, the 1897 Nashville Exposition, the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle, portrait of Bessie, High Museum of Art. The Muse, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, woman with Red Hair, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Garden of the Hesperides, private collection, self-Portrait in Costume of Hamlet, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Portrait of Courtlandt Palmer, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Palmer, a composer, is shown at the piano. Pendant portraits of Mr. & Mrs. Charles W. Harkness, portrait of a Young Russian Nobleman, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Pilgun Yoon as “Aladdin”, Brooklyn Museum, a double portrait of Maude and Michelle Bouvier, aunts of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis. Still Life with Flowers and Fruit, Hudson River Museum, pilgun Yoon as “Aladdin”, Brooklyn Museum. He painted covers for the Ladies Home Journal and other magazines and he created several World War I posters. In 1909, Herter was commissioned by the Daughters of the American Revolution to create what was intended to be the worlds largest painted theater curtain, the flat curtain was 35 feet high and 60 feet wide. Its theme was an allegory of the United States Declaration of Independence, and included illustrations of historical figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
3.
Fianna
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Fianna were small, semi-independent warrior bands in Irish mythology. They are featured in the stories of the Fenian Cycle, where they are led by Fionn mac Cumhaill and they are based on historical bands of landless young men in early medieval Ireland known as kerns. The historical institution of the fiann is known from references in early medieval Irish law tracts, a fiann was made up of landless young men and women, often young aristocrats who had not yet come into their inheritance of land. A member of a fiann was called a fénnid, the leader of a fiann was a rígfénnid, ness, in response, leads her own fiann of 27 in pursuit of Cathbad. The Dord Fiann was the war-cry of the Fianna, and they frequently employed its use prior to and amid battle, the Battle of Gabhra also marked the demise of the Fianna. Lughaid Stronghand, sorcerous warrior, nephew of Fionn mac Cumhaill, one of the four who could have untied the knots Diarmuid bound the sea-kings with, Irish Fairy Tales, a 1920 book by James Stephens containing many tales of the Fianna
4.
Fenian Cycle
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It is one of the four major cycles of Irish mythology along with the Mythological Cycle, the Ulster Cycle, and the Historical Cycle. Put in chronological order, the Fenian cycle is the third cycle, the cycle also contains stories about other famous Fianna members, including Diarmuid, Caílte, Oisíns son Oscar, and Fionns enemy, Goll mac Morna. Cormac mac Art, the High King of Ireland formed the Fianna, the Fianna was dominated by Clan Bascna, led by Cumhal, and Clan Morna, led by Goll, with Liath Luachra, the treasurer. After the Battle of Knock, Cumhal is killed by the Morna, cumhals wife, Muirne, runs away and has a son, Demna, who is cared for by two warrior women, Liath and the druidess Bodhmall. Muirne marries the king of Kerry, Demna got the name Fionn because of his fair hair, and as soon as he came of age he set off for revenge. He kills Liath Luachra, and retrieves the bag, which he then gives to the survivors of the Battle of Knock. While studying with the poet Finn Eces, Fionn accidentally eats the Salmon of Knowledge, after he was admitted, Fionn became the leader of Clan Bascna. Every Samhain, the phantom Aillén mac Midgna, or Aillén the Burner, would terrorise Tara, using a magic spear that rendered him immune to the music, Fionn killed the phantom. As a reward, Fionn was made the leader of the Fianna, replacing Goll, the spell had been broken by the Dun of Allen, Fionns base, where, as long as she remained within she was protected by the spell. Some while later, Fionn went out to repulse some invaders, fer Doirich impersonated Fionn, tempting Sadbh out of the Dun, whereupon she immediately became a fawn again. Fionn searched for her, but all he found was a boy, whom he named Oisín, Oisín became famous as a bard, but Sadbh was never seen again. One of the most famous stories of the cycle, the lovers are aided by Diarmuids foster-father, the god Aengus. Eventually Fionn makes his peace with the couple, years later, however, Fionn invites Diarmuid on a boar hunt, and Diarmuid is badly gored by their quarry. Water drunk from Fionns hands has the power of healing, and his grandson Oscar threatens him if does not bring water for Diarmuid, but when Fionn finally returns it is too late, Diarmuid has died. Between the birth of Oisin and the Battle of Gabhra is the rest of the cycle, Goll sides with the king against Clan Bascna at the battle. Some stories say five warriors murdered Fionn at the battle, while others say he died in the battle of the Ford of Brea, in any case, only twenty warriors survive the battle, including Oisín and Caílte. Poem ascribed to Flannacán mac Cellaig, king of Bregia, in the Yellow Book of Lecan, story according to which Mongán was Finn. Tenth century, Triads of Ireland, anecdote about Finn and the boar of Druimm Leithe, Poem ascribed to Cináed úa Hartacáin on the cemetery of the Brug on the Boyne, on Finns death
5.
Irish mythology
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The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity. However, much of it was preserved in medieval Irish literature and this literature represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. There are also a number of extant mythological texts that do not fit any of the cycles. Additionally, there are a number of recorded folk tales that, while not strictly mythological. Despite the dates of these sources, most of the material they contain predates their composition, the earliest of the prose can be dated on linguistic grounds to the 8th century, and some of the verse may be as old as the 6th century. The first of these part of the earliest known version of the Táin Bó Cúailnge and is housed in Trinity College. The other three are in the Royal Academy, when using these sources, it is, as always, important to question the impact of the circumstances in which they were produced. There was also a tendency to rework Irish genealogies to fit into the known schema of Greek or Biblical genealogy and it was once unquestioned that medieval Irish literature preserved truly ancient traditions in a form virtually unchanged through centuries of oral tradition back to the ancient Celts of Europe. A consensus has emerged which encourages the critical reading of the material, the Mythological Cycle, comprising stories of the former gods and origins of the Irish, is the least well preserved of the four cycles. The most important sources are the Metrical Dindshenchas or Lore of Places, Other manuscripts preserve such mythological tales as The Dream of Aengus, The Wooing Of Étain and Cath Maige Tuireadh, The Battle of Magh Tuireadh. One of the best known of all Irish stories, Oidheadh Clainne Lir, Lebor Gabála Érenn is a pseudo-history of Ireland, tracing the ancestry of the Irish back to before Noah. They faced opposition from their enemies, the Fomorians, led by Balor of the Evil Eye, Balor was eventually slain by Lug Lámfada at the second battle of Magh Tuireadh. With the arrival of the Gaels, the Tuatha Dé Danann retired underground to become the people of later myth. The Metrical Dindshenchas is the great work of early Ireland. It includes a lot of important information on Mythological Cycle figures and stories, including the Battle of Tailtiu, in which the Tuatha Dé Danann were defeated by the Milesians. It is important to note that by the Middle Ages the Tuatha Dé Danann were not viewed so much as gods as the shape-shifting magician population of an earlier Golden Age Ireland. Texts such as Lebor Gabála Érenn and Cath Maige Tuireadh present them as kings and heroes of the distant past, however, there is considerable evidence, both in the texts and from the wider Celtic world, that they were once considered deities. Even after they are displaced as the rulers of Ireland, characters such as Lug, a poem in the Book of Leinster lists many of the Tuatha Dé, but ends Although enumerates them, he does not worship them
6.
Fionn mac Cumhaill
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Fionn mac Cumhaill, sometimes transcribed in English as MacCool or MacCoul, was a mythical hunter-warrior of Irish mythology, occurring also in the mythologies of Scotland and the Isle of Man. The stories of Fionn and his followers the Fianna, form the Fenian Cycle, much of it narrated in the voice of Fionns son, Fionn means blond, fair, white, or bright. The name Fionn is related to the Welsh name Gwyn, as in the mythological figure Gwyn ap Nudd, and to the continental Celtic Vindos, the 19th-century Irish revolutionary organisation known as the Fenian Brotherhood took its name from these legends. The Scottish form of his name, Fingal /ˈfɪŋɡəl/, comes from a retelling of the legends in epic form by the 18th-century poet James Macpherson, most of Fionns early adventures are recounted in the narrative The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn. He was the son of Cumhall, leader of the Fianna, Cumhall abducted Muirne after her father refused him her hand, so Tadg appealed to the High King, Conn of the Hundred Battles, who outlawed Cumhall. The Battle of Cnucha was fought between Conn and Cumhall, and Cumhall was killed by Goll mac Morna, who took leadership of the Fianna. Fionn Mac Cumhaill was said to be originally from Ballyfin, in Laois, the direct translation of Ballyfin from Irish to English is town of Fionn. In Fiacals house Muirne gave birth to a son, whom she called Deimne. Muirne left the boy in the care of Bodhmall and a woman, Liath Luachra. The young Fionn met the leprechaun-like druid and poet Finn Eces, or Finnegas, near the river Boyne, eventually the old man caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While cooking it Deimne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth and this imbued him with the salmons wisdom, and when Finn Eces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave young Fionn the whole salmon to eat. Fionn then knew how to revenge against Goll, and in subsequent stories was able to call on the knowledge of the salmon by putting his thumb to the tooth that had first tasted the salmon. The story of Fionn and the salmon of knowledge and the Welsh tale of Gwion Bach are similar, Fionn arrived at Tara, armed with his fathers crane-skin bag of magical weapons. He kept himself awake by touching the point of his magically red-hot spear to his forehead, the pain kept Fionn awake, allowing him to pursue and kill Aillen with the same spear. After that his heritage was recognised and he was given command of the Fianna, Goll willingly stepped aside, Fionn demanded compensation for his fathers death from Tadg, threatening war or single combat against him if he refused. Tadg offered him his home, the hill of Allen, as compensation, Fionn met his most famous wife, Sadhbh, when he was out hunting. She had been turned into a deer by a druid, Fear Doirich, Fionns hounds, Bran and Sceólang, born of a human enchanted into the form of a hound, recognised her as human, and Fionn brought her home. She transformed back into a woman the moment she set foot on Fionns land and she and Fionn married and she was soon pregnant
7.
Druid
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A druid was a member of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. While perhaps best remembered as religious leaders, they were also legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals and they are however attested in some detail by their contemporaries from other cultures, such as the Romans. The earliest known references to the date to the fourth century BCE. Later Greco-Roman writers also described the Druids, including Cicero, Tacitus, in about 750 CE the word druid appears in a poem by Blathmac, who wrote about Jesus, saying that he was. Better than a prophet, more knowledgeable than every druid, a king who was a bishop, the druids then also appear in some of the medieval tales from Christianized Ireland like the Táin Bó Cúailnge, where they are largely portrayed as sorcerers who opposed the coming of Christianity. In the wake of the Celtic revival during the 18th and 19th centuries, fraternal and neopagan groups were founded based on ideas about the ancient druids, many popular notions about druids are based on the misconceptions of 18th century scholars. These have been superseded by more recent study. The modern English word druid derives from the Latin druides, which was considered by ancient Roman writers to come from the native Celtic Gaulish word for these figures, other Roman texts also employ the form druidae, while the same term was used by Greek ethnographers as δρυΐδης. Based on all forms, the hypothetical proto-Celtic word may then be reconstructed as *dru-wid-s meaning oak-knower. The two elements go back to the Proto-Indo-European roots *deru- and *weid- to see, the sense of oak-knower is supported by Pliny the Elder, who in his Natural History considered the word to contain the Greek noun drýs, oak-tree and the Greek suffix -idēs. The modern Irish word for Oak is Dair, which occurs in anglicized placenames like Derry – Doire, there are many stories about saints, heroes, and oak trees, and also many local stories and superstitions about trees in general, which still survive in rural Ireland. Both Old Irish druí and Middle Welsh dryw could also refer to the wren, sources by ancient and medieval writers provide an idea of the religious duties and social roles involved in being a druid. One of the few things that both the Greco-Roman and the vernacular Irish sources agree on about the druids is that played an important part in pagan Celtic society. He also claimed that they were exempt from service and from the payment of taxes. Pomponius Mela is the first author who says that the instruction was secret and was carried on in caves. Druidic lore consisted of a number of verses learned by heart. What was taught to Druid novices anywhere is conjecture, of the oral literature, not one certifiably ancient verse is known to have survived. All instruction was communicated orally, but for ordinary purposes, Caesar reports, in this he probably draws on earlier writers, by the time of Caesar, Gaulish inscriptions had moved from the Greek script to the Latin script
8.
Benbulbin
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Benbulbin, sometimes spelled Ben Bulben or Benbulben, is a large rock formation in County Sligo, Ireland. It is part of the Dartry Mountains, in an area sometimes called Yeats Country, Benbulbin is a protected site, designated as a County Geological Site by Sligo County Council. Ben Bulben, Benbulben, and Benbulbin are all anglicisations of the Irish name Binn Ghulbain, Binn means peak or mountain, while Ghulbain means beak or jaw in Irish. The literal translation is therefore beak or jaw peak, Benbulbin was shaped during the ice age, when Ireland was under glaciers. Originally it was a large plateau, glaciers moving from the northeast to southwest shaped it into its present distinct formation. Benbulbin, and the Dartry Mountains as a whole, are composed of limestones on top of mudstones and these rocks formed in the area approximately 320 million years ago in a shallow sea. Uppermost in the layer is a thicker, harder limestone called the Dartry Limestone Formation. Below this is a thinner transitional limestone formation – the Glencar Limestone Formation, further down, the lower slopes consist of shaly mudstone known as the Benbulben Shale Formation. Scree deposits are found near the base, fossils exist throughout the layers of the mountains. All layers have many fossilised sea shells, the shale layer also holds some corals. Barytes was mined at Glencarbury near Benbulbin in the Dartry range between 1894 and 1979, Benbulbin is an established walking destination. If climbed by the face, it is a dangerous climb. That side bears the brunt of the winds and storms that come in from the Atlantic Ocean. However, if approached by the side, it is an easy walk. Upon reaching the summit, the climber is rewarded with a magnificent view over the plain of north Co. The land adjacent to the western edge of the ridge is privately owned farmland. However, there is a path up the south face to the east near Glencar Waterfall just over the County Leitrim border. One of the most beautiful trails running alongside Benbulben mountain is the Gortarowey looped walk and it runs both through the forest and out in the open overlooking the magnificent views of Benbulben and the bay of Donegal
9.
Fairy
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A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot
10.
Dublin Mountains Way
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The Dublin Mountains Way is a waymarked long-distance trail in the Dublin Mountains, Counties South Dublin and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, Ireland. The route is approximately 42 kilometres long and runs from Shankill in the east to Tallaght in the west and it has been developed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership, an umbrella group of relevant state agencies and recreational users working to improve recreational facilities in the Dublin Mountains. Work on the began in 2008 and the first section officially opened in June 2009. The task of upgrading and building paths and waymarking the route has been carried out to an extent by volunteers working under the direction of the Dublin Mountains Partnership. It was opened in October 2010, the Way visits several sites of historical interest including the prehistoric monuments at Ballyedmonduff and on Two Rock and Tibradden Mountains. It also visits several places of scientific interest such as The Scalp, an important example of a glacial lake overflow, and the Glenasmole Valley, a Special Area of Conservation. The route passes through a variety of terrain from urban parks to forest to open mountainside and is on a mixture of roads and forest and mountain tracks, with the formation of the DMP in 2008, the trail began to be realised. The DMP was set up as a result of pressure from the Dublin Mountains Initiative arising from clear felling of forests in the area, the vision document published in 2006 by the Dublin Mountains Initiative included a proposal for a Dublin Way, similar to what has now been developed. Work commenced on the Dublin Mountains Way in September 2008 with the upgrade of the trail at Tibradden Mountain, a sleepered bog bridge was constructed at the summit to protect the surrounding heathland and a stone staircase and water management features were added to other parts of the trail. The work was carried out support from Comhairle na Tuaithe at a cost of €100,000. The first section of the Way – from Tibradden to Cruagh Wood – was officially opened on 19 June 2009 by Éamon Ó Cuív, TD, Minister for Community, Rural, other sections have been completed with assistance from over 300 volunteer workers. The section linking Cruagh Wood and Massys Estate was built by volunteers from the conservation group Mountain Meitheal with funding from the Irish Ramblers Club. Volunteers from Google have upgraded trails and waymarked the route at Barnaslingan and Carrickgollogan, the full route was officially opened on 31 October 2010 by the Dublin Mountains Partnership at a ceremony in Ticknock forest. In November 2011, the Dublin Mountains Way won a Chambers Ireland Excellence in Local Government Award in the Joint Local Authority Initiative section, a number of alterations were made to the route in 2012. The Way originally passed through St Anns graveyard in Glenasmole to reach the Bohernabreena Waterworks but now follows the road to Castlekelly Bridge, entering the Waterworks at its southern end. Following an agreement with a landowner, some 2 kilometres of trail has been taken off-road by facilitating access to Three Rock Mountain via private forestry at Balllyedmonduff. Heading from east to west, the Dublin Mountains Way starts in the village of Shankill at Bradys pub, the trailhead is marked by a mapboard erected by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. The Way is marked with the standard yellow walking man symbol used by long-distance trails in Ireland, sections where the Dublin Mountains Way crosses other trails are also signed DMW
11.
Saint Patrick
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Saint Patrick was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the Apostle of Ireland, he is the patron saint of Ireland, along with saints Brigit of Kildare. He is also venerated in the Anglican Communion, the Old Catholic Church and in the Eastern Orthodox Church as equal-to-the-apostles and Enlightener of Ireland. The dates of Patricks life cannot be fixed with certainty but there is agreement that he was active as a missionary in Ireland during the second half of the 5th century. He has been generally so regarded ever since, despite evidence of some earlier Christian presence in Ireland, after becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland. In later life, he served as a bishop, but little is known about the places where he worked, by the seventh century, he had already come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patricks Day is observed on 17 March, the date of his death. It is celebrated inside and outside Ireland as a religious and cultural holiday, in the dioceses of Ireland, it is both a solemnity and a holy day of obligation, it is also a celebration of Ireland itself. Two Latin works survive which are accepted as having been written by St. Patrick. These are the Declaration and the Letter to the soldiers of Coroticus, the Declaration is the more biographical of the two. In it, Patrick gives an account of his life. Most available details of his life are from subsequent hagiographies and annals, the only name that Patrick uses for himself in his own writings is Pātricius, which gives Old Irish Pátraic and Modern Irish Pádraig, English Patrick and Welsh Padrig. Hagiography records other names he is said to have borne, Magonus appears in the ninth century Historia Brittonum as Maun, descending from British *Magunos, meaning servant-lad. Succetus, which appears in Muirchú moccu Machthenis seventh century Life as Sochet, is identified by Mac Neill as a word of British origin meaning swineherd. The dates of Patricks life are uncertain, there are conflicting regarding the year of his death. His own writings provide no evidence for any dating more precise than the 5th century generally, the Letter to Coroticus implies that the Franks were still pagans at the time of writing, their conversion to Christianity is dated to the period 496–508. The Irish annals for the century date Patricks arrival in Ireland at 432. The date 432 was probably chosen to minimise the contribution of Palladius, who was known to have sent to Ireland in 431
12.
W. B. Yeats
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William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others. He was born in Sandymount, Ireland and educated there and in London and he spent childhood holidays in County Sligo and studied poetry from an early age when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display Yeatss debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, from 1900, his poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, in 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of Anglo-Irish descent, William Butler Yeats was born at Sandymount in County Dublin and his father, John Butler Yeats, was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jerviss grandson and Williams great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler in the family name, Mary was a descendant of the Butler of Ormond family from the Neigham Gowran branch of the family. They were descendants of the first Earls of Ormond, by his marriage, Williams father John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherleys Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from a merchant family in Sligo. Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleons dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty is manifestly true of W. B. Y. Yeatss childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy, the 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement, the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had an effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his countrys biography. In 1867, the moved to England to aid their father, John. At first the Yeats children were educated at home and their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside
13.
The Wanderings of Oisin
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The Wanderings of Oisin is an epic poem published by William Butler Yeats in 1889 in the book The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems. It was his first publication outside magazines, and immediately won him a reputation as a significant poet and this narrative poem takes the form of a dialogue between the aged Irish hero Oisín and St. Patrick, the man traditionally responsible for converting Ireland to Christianity. Most of the poem is spoken by Oisin, relating his three-hundred year sojourn in the isles of Faerie, Oisin has not been a popular poem with critics influenced by modernism, who dislike its pre-Raphaelite character. However, Harold Bloom defended this poem in his study of Yeats. The fairy princess Niamh fell in love with Oisins poetry and begged him to join her in the immortal islands, for a hundred years he lived as one of the Sidhe, hunting, dancing, and feasting. At the end of time he found a spear washed up on the shore and grew sad. Niamh took him away to another island, where the ancient, here they found another woman held captive by a demon, whom Oisin battled again and again for a hundred years, until it was finally defeated. They then went to an island where ancient giants who had tired of the world long ago were sleeping until its end. Oisin then desired to return to Ireland to see his comrades, Niamh lent him her horse warning him that he must not touch the ground, or he would never return. Back in Ireland, Oisin, still a man, found his warrior companions dead. The poem is told in three parts, with the verse becoming more complex with each, the run four, five. The three books begin thus, Book I, You who are bent, and bald, and blind, With a heavy heart, list of works by William Butler Yeats Yeats, William Butler. The Wanderings of Oisin, and other poems
14.
Wordsworth
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William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworths magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was known as the poem to Coleridge. Wordsworth was Britains Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850 and his sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. Wordsworths father was a representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections. He was frequently away from home on business, so the young William and his siblings had little involvement with him and remained distant from him until his death in 1783. However, he did encourage William in his reading, and in particular set him to commit to memory large portions of verse, including works by Milton, Shakespeare, William was also allowed to use his fathers library. William also spent time at his mothers house in Penrith, Cumberland, where he was exposed to the moors, but did not get along with his grandparents or his uncle. His hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide, Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school in Penrith that he met the Hutchinsons, including Mary, after the death of his mother, in 1778, Wordsworths father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She and William did not meet again for nine years. Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine and that same year he began attending St Johns College, Cambridge. He received his BA degree in 1791 and he returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790 he went on a tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland. In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the Republican movement and he fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britains tense relations with France forced him to return to England alone the following year. The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raised doubts as to his wish to marry Annette. With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited Annette, the purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson
15.
Megalith
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A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. The word megalithic describes structures made of large stones without the use of mortar or concrete. For later periods, the monolith, with an overlapping meaning, is more likely to be used. The word megalith comes from the Ancient Greek μέγας and λίθος, megalith also denotes an item consisting of rock hewn in definite shapes for special purposes. It has been used to describe buildings built by people from parts of the world living in many different periods. A variety of stones are seen as megaliths, with the most widely known megaliths not being sepulchral. The construction of these took place mainly in the Neolithic and continued into the Chalcolithic. At a number of sites in eastern Turkey, large ceremonial complexes from the 9th millennium BC have been discovered and they belong to the incipient phases of agriculture and animal husbandry. Large circular structures involving carved megalithic orthostats are a feature, e. g. at Nevalı Çori. Although these structures are the most ancient megalithic structures known so far, at Göbekli Tepe, four stone circles have been excavated from an estimated 20. Some measure up to 30 metres across, as well as human figures, the stones carry a variety of carved reliefs depicting boars, foxes, lions, birds, snakes and scorpions. Dolmens and standing stones have been found in areas of the Middle East starting at the Turkish border in the north of Syria close to Aleppo. They can be encountered in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, the largest concentration can be found in southern Syria and along the Jordan Rift Valley, however they are being threatened with destruction. They date from the late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age, megaliths have also been found on Kharg Island and pirazmian in Iran, at Barda Balka in Iraq, and at Jaintapur in Bangladesh. A semicircular arrangement of megaliths was found in Israel at Atlit Yam and it is a very early example, dating from the 7th millennium BC. The most concentrated occurrence of dolmens in particular is in an area on both sides of the Jordan Rift Valley, with greater predominance on the eastern side. They occur first and foremost on the Golan Heights, the Hauran, and in Jordan, in Saudi Arabia, only very few dolmen have been identified so far in the Hejaz. They seem, however, to re-emerge in Yemen in small numbers, the standing stone has a very ancient tradition in the Middle East, dating back from Mesopotamian times
16.
Court cairn
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They are generally considered to be the earliest chambered cairn tombs in Scotland, and their construction technique was probably brought from Scotland to Ireland. In Scotland, they are most common in what today are Argyll and Dumfries and Galloway, court tombs are rectangular burial chambers. They are distinguished by their roofless, oval forecourt at the entrance and they are gallery graves rather than passage graves, since they lack any significant passage. They usually had two functions, the chamber to serve as a tomb, and the courtyard to accommodate a ritual, objects were often buried with the deceased, as the first neolithic people of this time believed in life after death. Cloghanmore Twohig, Elizabeth Shee,2004, Irish Megalithic Tombs, Shire Archaeology 63, ISBN 0-7478-0598-9
17.
Cushendall
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Cushendall, formerly known as Newtown Glens, is a village and townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located in the barony of Glenarm Lower and the civil parish of Layd. It is on the A2 coast road between Glenariff and Cushendun, in the Antrim Coast and Glens Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It lies in the shadow of the table topped Lurigethan Mountain and this part of the Irish coastline is separated from Scotland by the North Channel, with the Mull of Kintyre about 16 miles away. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,241 people, much of the historic character of the 19th century settlement on the north bank of the River Dall remains. In 1973 it was designated as only the second Conservation Area in Northern Ireland, since 1990, Cushendall has hosted the Heart Of The Glens festival every August. Cushendall is classified as a village, and the population of Cushendall on Census day was 1241 people, the Curfew Tower in the centre of the village was built by then landlord of the town, Francis Turnley, in 1817, to confine riotous prisoners. Dan McBride, a pensioner, was given the job of permanent garrison and was armed with one musket, a bayonet, a brace of pistols. The tower is now owned by artist Bill Drummond, oisíns Grave, off the main Cushendall to Ballymoney road, is a megalithic court cairn on a hillside in Lubitavish, near the Glenann River. It is believed to be the place of Oísín - the Celtic Warrior Poet. A stone cairn was erected here in 1989 in memory of John Hewitt, the ruins of Layd Church, a Franciscan foundation possibly partially from the 13th century, are found 1.5 km north of Cushendall. They are also accessible by a path from Cushendall, as well as by road. There are old vaults in the churchyard and it was one of the burial places of the MacDonnells. There is a stone memorial to Dr James MacDonnell, one of the organisers of the last Belfast Festival of Harpists in 1792. By the gate of the churchyard is a holestone and nearby two corp stones on which coffins were rested, Layd Church saw service as a parish church from 1306 until about 1790. Red Bay Castle, situated between the villages of Cushendall and Waterfoot, built by the Bisset family in the 14th century and later occupied by the MacDonnells, one of the outposts of the Kingdom of Dál Riata. Glenariff Forest Park,5 miles inland from Cushendall, covers an area of 1185 hectares, in the park are two small rivers containing spectacular waterfalls, tranquil pools and stretches of fast flowing water tumbling through rocky gorges. There is a café, toilets and an exhibition centre, four way-marked trails of varying length wind through the forest leading you into some of the parks wooded areas
18.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was a French Neoclassical painter. A man profoundly respectful of the past, he assumed the role of a guardian of orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style represented by his nemesis. His exemplars, he explained, were the great masters which flourished in that century of glorious memory when Raphael set the eternal. I am thus a conservator of good doctrine, and not an innovator, Ingres was born in Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France, the first of seven children of Jean-Marie-Joseph Ingres and his wife Anne Moulet. From his father the young Ingres received early encouragement and instruction in drawing and music, and his first known drawing, the deficiency in his schooling would always remain for him a source of insecurity. In 1791, Joseph Ingres took his son to Toulouse, where the young Jean-Auguste-Dominique was enrolled in the Académie Royale de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture, there he studied under the sculptor Jean-Pierre Vigan, the landscape painter Jean Briant, and the neoclassical painter Guillaume-Joseph Roques. Roques veneration of Raphael was an influence on the young artist. Ingres won prizes in several disciplines, such as composition, figure and antique and his musical talent was developed under the tutelage of the violinist Lejeune, and from the ages of thirteen to sixteen he played second violin in the Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse. Ingres followed his masters neoclassical example but revealed, according to David and his trip to Rome, however, was postponed until 1806, when the financially strained government finally appropriated the travel funds. Working in Paris alongside several other students of David in a provided by the state. He found inspiration in the works of Raphael, in Etruscan vase paintings, in 1802 he made his debut at the Salon with Portrait of a Woman. The following year brought a commission, when Ingres was one of five artists selected to paint full-length portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul. These were to be distributed to the towns of Liège, Antwerp, Dunkerque, Brussels. In the summer of 1806 Ingres became engaged to Marie-Anne-Julie Forestier, although he had hoped to stay in Paris long enough to witness the opening of that years Salon, in which he was to display several works, he reluctantly left for Italy just days before the opening. Chaussard condemned Ingress style as gothic and asked, How, with so much talent, a line so flawless, the answer is that he wanted to do something singular, something extraordinary. M. Ingress intention is nothing less than to make art regress by four centuries, to carry us back to its infancy, Ingres stylistic eclecticism represented a new tendency in art. As art historian Marjorie Cohn has written, At the time, Artists and critics outdid each other in their attempts to identify, interpret, and exploit what they were just beginning to perceive as historical stylistic developments. From the beginning of his career, Ingres freely borrowed from earlier art, adopting the style appropriate to his subject
19.
Ossian
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Ossian is the narrator and purported author of a cycle of epic poems published by the Scottish poet James Macpherson from 1760. Macpherson claimed to have collected word-of-mouth material in Gaelic, said to be from ancient sources, Ossian is based on Oisín, son of Finn or Fionn mac Cumhaill, anglicised to Finn McCool, a legendary bard who is a character in Irish mythology. Contemporary critics were divided in their view of the works authenticity, the work was internationally popular, translated into all the literary languages of Europe and was highly influential both in the development of the Romantic movement and the Gaelic revival. Macphersons fame was crowned by his burial among the giants in Westminster Abbey. Ker, in the Cambridge History of English Literature, observes that all Macphersons craft as a philological impostor would have been nothing without his literary skill. In 1760 Macpherson published the English-language text Fragments of ancient poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland, later that year, he claimed to have obtained further manuscripts and in 1761 he claimed to have found an epic on the subject of the hero Fingal, written by Ossian. The name Fingal or Fionnghall means white stranger, according to Macphersons prefatory material, his publisher, claiming that there was no market for these works except in English, required that they be translated. Macpherson published these translations during the few years, culminating in a collected edition, The Works of Ossian. The most famous of these Ossianic poems was Fingal, written in 1762, the supposed original poems are translated into poetic prose, with short and simple sentences. The mood is epic, but there is no single narrative, the main characters are Ossian himself, relating the stories when old and blind, his father Fingal, his dead son Oscar, and Oscars lover Malvina, who looks after Ossian in his old age. Though the stories are of endless battles and unhappy loves, the enemies and causes of strife are given little explanation, characters are given to killing loved ones by mistake, and dying of grief, or of joy. There is very little information given on the religion, culture or society of the characters, the landscape is more real than the people who inhabit it. Drowned in eternal mist, illuminated by a sun or by emphemeral meteors. Napoleon and Diderot were great admirers, and Voltaire wrote parodies of them, thomas Jefferson thought Ossian the greatest Poet that has ever existed, and planned to learn Gaelic so as to read his poems in the original. They were proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical writers such as Homer, many writers were influenced by the works, including Walter Scott, and painters and composers chose Ossianic subjects. One poem was translated into French in 1762, and by 1777 the whole corpus, goethes associate Johann Gottfried Herder wrote an essay titled Extract from a correspondence about Ossian and the Songs of Ancient Peoples in the early days of the Sturm und Drang movement. Complete Danish translations were made in 1790, and Swedish ones in 1794–1800, in Scandinavia and Germany the Celtic nature of the setting was ignored or not understood, and Ossian was regarded as a Nordic or Germanic figure who became a symbol for nationalist aspirations. It was his translation that Napoleon especially admired, and among others it influenced Ugo Foscolo who was Cesarottis pupil in the University of Padua, by 1800 Ossian was translated into Spanish and Russian, with Dutch following in 1805, and Polish, Czech and Hungarian in 1827–33
20.
James Macpherson
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James Macpherson was a Scottish writer, poet, literary collector and politician, known as the translator of the Ossian cycle of epic poems. He was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, Macpherson was born at Ruthven in the parish of Kingussie in Badenoch, Inverness-shire. On leaving college, he returned to Ruthven to teach in the school there, at Moffat he met John Home, the author of Douglas, for whom he recited some Gaelic verses from memory. He also showed him manuscripts of Gaelic poetry, supposed to have picked up in the Scottish Highlands. Dr. Hugh Blair, who was a believer in the authenticity of the poems. In the autumn he set out to visit western Inverness-shire, the islands of Skye, North Uist, South Uist and he obtained manuscripts which he translated with the assistance of a Captain Morrison and the Rev. Gallie. Later he made an expedition to the Isle of Mull, where he obtained other manuscripts, temora followed in 1763, and a collected edition, The Works of Ossian, in 1765. The name Fingal or Fionnghall means white stranger, and it is suggested that the name was rendered as Fingal through a derivation of the name which in old Gaelic would appear as Finn. More forceful denunciations were later made by Dr. Samuel Johnson, who asserted that Macpherson had found fragments of poems and stories, further challenges and defences were made well into the nineteenth century, but the issue was moot by then. Macpherson never produced the originals that he claimed existed, in 1764 he was made secretary to the colonial governor George Johnstone at Pensacola, Florida. He returned to Great Britain two years later, and, despite a quarrel with Johnstone, was allowed to retain his salary as a pension. He enjoyed a salary for defending the policy of Lord Norths government and he entered parliament in 1780, as Member of Parliament for Camelford and continued to sit for the remainder of his life. For a time Macpherson desired a seat in Parliament and he received it in the 1780 general election. On 11 September 1780, he became member for Camelford. Later he became the member in the results of the April 1784 election. He stayed in position until his death. This suggestion is more or less backed by letters corresponding with other suggested government scammers of the such as Paul Benfield. In 1783 he also held a position as an agent working with Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, in his later years he bought an estate, to which he gave the name Belville or Balavil, in his native Inverness-shire, where he died at the age of 59
21.
Scottish Gaelic
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Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. The 2011 census of Scotland showed that a total of 57,375 people in Scotland could speak Gaelic at that time, the census results indicate a decline of 1,275 Gaelic speakers from 2001. A total of 87,056 people in 2011 reported having some facility with Gaelic compared to 93,282 people in 2001, only about half of speakers were fully literate in the language. Nevertheless, revival efforts exist and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 has increased, Scottish Gaelic is neither an official language of the European Union nor the United Kingdom. Outside Scotland, a group of dialects collectively known as Canadian Gaelic are spoken in parts of Atlantic Canada, mainly Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In the 2011 census, there were 7,195 total speakers of Gaelic languages in Canada, with 1,365 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic. About 2,320 Canadians in 2011 also claimed Gaelic languages as their mother tongue, with over 300 in Nova Scotia, aside from Scottish Gaelic, the language may also be referred to simply as Gaelic. In Scotland, the word Gaelic in reference to Scottish Gaelic specifically is pronounced, outside Ireland and Great Britain, Gaelic may refer to the Irish language. Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, the Middle English-derived language varieties which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the modern era. Prior to the 15th century, these dialects were known as Inglis by its own speakers, from the late 15th century, however, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a language from Irish. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth, by 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic. An exception might be made for the Northern Isles, however, however, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of Gaelicisation was clearly underway during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, by the 10th century, Gaelic had become the dominant language throughout northern and western Scotland, the Gaelo-Pictic Kingdom of Alba. Its spread to southern Scotland, was even and totalizing. Place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west as well as in West Lothian, less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken, the area shifted from Cumbric to Old English during its long incorporation into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria
22.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer and statesman. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters and he was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement. He also contributed to the planning of Weimars botanical park and the rebuilding of its Ducal Palace and his first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants, was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. During this period, Goethe published his novel, Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, the verse epic Hermann and Dorothea, and, in 1808. Goethes comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, Goethes father, Johann Caspar Goethe, lived with his family in a large house in Frankfurt, then an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. Though he had studied law in Leipzig and had been appointed Imperial Councillor, Johann Caspar married Goethes mother, Catharina Elizabeth Textor at Frankfurt on 20 August 1748, when he was 38 and she was 17. All their children, with the exception of Johann Wolfgang and his sister, Cornelia Friederica Christiana and his father and private tutors gave Goethe lessons in all the common subjects of their time, especially languages. Goethe also received lessons in dancing, riding and fencing, Johann Caspar, feeling frustrated in his own ambitions, was determined that his children should have all those advantages that he had not. Although Goethes great passion was drawing, he became interested in literature, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. He also took pleasure in reading works on history and religion. He writes about this period, Goethe became also acquainted with Frankfurt actors, among early literary attempts, he was infatuated with Gretchen, who would later reappear in his Faust and the adventures with whom he would concisely describe in Dichtung und Wahrheit. He adored Caritas Meixner, a wealthy Worms traders daughter and friend of his sister, Goethe studied law at Leipzig University from 1765 to 1768. He detested learning age-old judicial rules by heart, preferring instead to attend the lessons of Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. In Leipzig, Goethe fell in love with Anna Katharina Schönkopf, in 1770, he anonymously released Annette, his first collection of poems. His uncritical admiration for many contemporary poets vanished as he became interested in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, already at this time, Goethe wrote a good deal, but he threw away nearly all of these works, except for the comedy Die Mitschuldigen. The restaurant Auerbachs Keller and its legend of Fausts 1525 barrel ride impressed him so much that Auerbachs Keller became the real place in his closet drama Faust Part One. As his studies did not progress, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the close of August 1768, Goethe became severely ill in Frankfurt. During the year and a half that followed, because of several relapses, during convalescence, Goethe was nursed by his mother and sister
23.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
24.
Book of Leinster
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The Book of Leinster, is a medieval Irish manuscript compiled ca.1160 and now kept in Trinity College, Dublin, under the shelfmark MS H2.18. It was formerly known as the Lebor na Nuachongbála Book of Nuachongbáil, some fragments of the book, such as the Martyrology of Tallaght, are now in the collection of University College, Dublin. The manuscript is a work and more than one hand appears to have been responsible for its production. Internal evidence from the manuscript itself bears witness to Áeds involvement and his signature can be read on f. 32r, Aed mac meic Crimthaind ro scrib in leborso 7 ra thinoil a llebraib imdaib, an alternative theory was that by Eugene OCurry, who suggested that Finn mac Gormáin transcribed or compiled the Book of Leinster for Áed. The manuscript was produced by Aéd and some of his pupils over a period between 1151 and 1224. From annals recorded in the manuscript we can say it was written between 1151 and 1201, with the bulk of the work complete in the 1160s. As Terryglass was burnt down in 1164, the manuscript must have been finalised in another scriptorium, suggested locations include Stradbally and Clonenagh, the home of Uí Chrimthainn. Eugene OCurry suggested that the manuscript may have been commissioned by Diarmait Mac Murchada, king of Leinster, when Meiler fitz Henry established an Augustinian priory in Co. Laois, Oughaval was included in the lands granted to the priory, nothing certain is known of the manuscripts whereabouts in the next century or so after its completion, but in the 14th century, it came to light at Oughaval. It may have kept in the vicarage in the intervening years. However, it is now accepted that the manuscript was originally known as the Lebor na Nuachongbála. This was established by R. I. MS4821 and these extracts are attributed to the Book of Noghoval and were written at a time when Ware stayed at Ballina, enjoying the hospitality of Rory OMoore. His family, the OMoores, had been lords of Noghoval since the early 15th century if not earlier, bests suggestion is corroborated by evidence from Dublin, Royal Irish Academy MS B. iv. 2, also of the early 17th century, as Rudolf Thurneysen noted, the scribe copied several texts from the Book of Leinster, identifying his source as the Leabhar na h-Uachongbála, presumably for Leabhar na Nuachongbála. Third, in the 14th century, the Book of Leinster was located at Stradbally, the manuscript has 187 leaves, each approximately 13 by 9. A note in the manuscript suggests as many as 45 leaves have been lost, a diplomatic edition was published by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in six volumes over a period of 29 years. The Book of Leinster, sometimes called the Book of Glendalough, Book of Leinster, ed. R. I. Best, Osborn Bergin, M. A. OBrien, Anne OSullivan
25.
The Circus Animals' Desertion
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The Circus Animals Desertion is a poem by William Butler Yeats published in Last Poems in 1939. While the original date of the poem is unknown, it was probably written between November 1937 and September 1938. In the preface, Yeats suggests that he intended the poem to combine his personal views and impressions with the customs, the poem was the last work published in Yeatss final collection, with Politics following as an envoi. In the poem, the uses the desertion of circus animals as an analogy to describe his failure to find inspiration for poetic creation as he seeks for new inspiration. Critics have detected aspects of both Modernism and Postmodern literature in the poem, the poem is an ottava rima consisting of 3 parts, the first and the last with 8 lines each and the second containing 3 stanzas of 8 lines. The poems opening lines suggest that the poet is searching for a theme, the reflection upon previous poetic creations appears again as the second part begins and the poet voices his frustration by stating What can I but enumerate old themes. Kurt Koenigsberger describes The Circus Animals Desertion as the attempt to concede lifes detritus, as the beasts. In Yeats and Postmodernism, Earl Ingersol describes the poem as being one of the pieces of Postmodern literature suggesting that The Circus Animals Desertion is a poem about writing poems. He claims that the subject portrays a withdrawal from Modernist literature, Michael ONeil argues that the poem attempts to fill the gaps between Yeatss emotions and the poetry they had inspired over his lifetime, as he was in his seventies when it was composed. A commentary on the poems of W. B. Yeats. The novel and the Menagerie, Totality, Englishness, and Empire, ohio State University Press Ingersol, Earl. Edward A. Kopper, Jr. /University of Michigan ONeil, Yeats, An Annual of Critical and Textual Studies 1995. University of Michigan Press p.202 Vendler, Helen and our Secret Discipline, Yeats and the Lyric Form
26.
Mike Newell (director)
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Michael Cormac Mike Newell is an English director and producer of motion pictures for film and television. Newell won the 1994 BAFTA Award for Best Direction for Four Weddings, Newell was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, the son of amateur actors. Newell was educated at St Albans School and Magdalene College, Cambridge and he then attended a three-year training course at Granada Television, with the intention of entering the theatre. Newell directed various British TV shows from the 1960s onwards, and his first feature-length project was The Man in the Iron Mask, a made-for-television film. His first critically acclaimed movie was Bad Blood, concerning the 1941 manhunt for the New Zealand mass-killer, Stan Graham and this was followed by Dance with a Stranger, a biographical drama starring Miranda Richardson as Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Great Britain. For his directorial efforts, Newell won the Award of the Youth at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival, Newell continued his successes in the film industry with Enchanted April, an adaptation of the 1922 novel by Elizabeth von Arnim. Miranda Richardson received a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical, during this period, George Lucas recruited Newell as one of the numerous feature film directors to direct episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral was also critically acclaimed – it won awards, including a César Award, a Golden Globe. Since these award-winning productions, Newell has directed a number of films in Hollywood, such as Donnie Brasco, Pushing Tin and Mona Lisa Smile. In 2005, Newell was presented with a degree of Doctor of Arts by the University of Hertfordshire which has a campus in St Albans. He was also awarded the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his career prior to 2005, Newell is heard briefly as the radio announcer at the beginning of the film. Newell directed Love in the Time of Cholera in 2007 and Prince of Persia, in February 2011, Newell attended the British Academy Film Awards along with Harry Potter author J. K. Continuing to work on adaptations, Newell directed Great Expectations from the novel by Charles Dickens, with Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter, the film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival
27.
Into the West (film)
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Into the West is a 1992 Irish magical realist film about Irish Travellers written by Jim Sheridan and directed by Mike Newell, and stars Gabriel Byrne and Ellen Barkin. The film also received awards for Best Film, Best European Film. Into the West is a film about two boys, Tito and Ossie, whose father Papa Reilly was King of Irish Travellers until his wife, Mary, died during the birth of their second son. The boys grandfather is an old story-telling Traveller, who regales the children with Irish folk-tales, the horse is stolen from them and they begin their adventure to get their mystical horse back. They escape the poverty of a north Dublin council estate, other themes targeted to adults, are also present, grief, the clash of cultures with differing values, and the use of the police by the rich and powerful to enforce property rights in their favour. Sheridan wrote the five years before he directed My Left Foot. Gabriel Byrne said it was one of the best scripts he ever read, and described it at the time as Jim Sheridans best work to date. Byrne was committed to the work, he said, Apart from it being a story about Travellers, Ellen Barkin said that from the first reading she thought it an extraordinary piece of film writing. The movies most memorable scenes, such as the horse in the cinema, the film has received a mostly positive critical reception. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 70% and holds a share of 73. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the kids will love this movie. Desson Howe of The Washington Post said that the film is a childrens crusade – a rewarding journey for all ages. 1993, Roxanne T. Mueller Audience Choice Award for Best Film at the Cleveland International Film Festival – Mike Newell,1993, Starboy Award at the Oulu International Childrens Film Festival – Mike Newell. 1994, Golden Calf for Best European Film at the Netherlands Film Festival – Mike Newell,1994, Young Artist Award for Outstanding Family Foreign Film at the Young Artist Awards – Mike Newell. 1994, Young Artist Award for Outstanding Youth Actor in a Family Film at the Young Artist Awards – Rúaidhrí Conroy & Ciarán Fitzgerald, into the West was released on VHS and DVD format. It was released in the US on 6 November 2001 by Walt Disney Video, the DVD was released in the US on 4 February 2003 by Miramax Films with an aspect ratio of 1.85,1 anamorphic widescreen. The VHS was released in Ireland and the UK on 21 September 1993 by Entertainment in Video and it was released on DVD in Ireland and the UK on 17 December 2001 by Entertainment in Video and again on 15 September 2003 by Cinema Club. Joe Cleary, Outrageous Fortune, Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland, « Field day files »,2007,320 p
28.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
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Irish Travellers
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Irish Travellers also called pavees or pejoratively referred to as tinkers, pikeys, and gypsies, are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group who maintain a set of traditions. Although predominantly English speaking, some also use Shelta and other similar cants and they live mostly in Ireland as well as having large numbers in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Traveller rights groups have pushed for ethnic status from the Irish government. Travellers refer to themselves as Minkiers or Pavees, or in Irish as an Lucht Siúil, Travellers are often referred to by the terms tinkers, gipsies/gypsies, itinerants, or, pejoratively, knackers in Ireland. The term gypsy first appeared in record in the 16th century to refer to the continental Romani people in England and Scotland, other derogatory names for itinerant groups have been used to refer to Travellers including the word pikey. The 2006 census in the Republic of Ireland reported the number of Irish Travellers as 22,369, a further 1,700 to 2,000 were estimated to live in Northern Ireland. From the 2006 Irish census it was determined that 20,975 dwell in areas and 1,460 were living in rural areas. With an overall population of just 0. 5% some areas were found to have a proportion, with Travellers constituting 7. 71% of the population in Tuam. There were found to be 9,301 Travellers in the 0–14 age range, comprising 41. 5% of the Traveller population, children of age range 0–17 comprised 48. 7% of the Traveller population. Following the findings of the All Ireland Traveller Health Study, the figure for Northern Ireland was revised to 3,905, in 2011, for the first time, the census category Irish Traveller was introduced as part of the broader Gypsy/Traveller section. The London Boroughs of Harrow and Brent contain significant Irish Traveller populations, in addition to those on various official sites there are a number who are settled in Local Authority Housing. These are mostly women who wish their children to have a chance at a good education and they and the children may or may not travel in the summer but remain in close contact with the wider Traveller community. There are also a number of Irish Traveller communities in the Home Counties, there are no official population figures regarding Irish Travellers in the United States as the US census does not recognise them as an ethnic group. While some sources estimate their population in the US to be 10,000, the Georgia Travelers camp is made up of about eight hundred families, the Mississippi Travelers, about three hundred families, and the Texas Travelers, under fifty families. The largest and most affluent population of about 2,500 lives in Murphy Village, outside of the town of North Augusta, Travellers in the US are said to speak English and Shelta, a form of Cant. The Cant spoken in the US is similar to the Cant spoken in Ireland and they typically work in asphalting, spray painting, laying linoleum, or as itinerant workers to earn their living. This would favour the second, endogenous, hypothesis of Traveller origins, the historical origins of Irish Travellers as a group has been a subject of academic and popular debate. Research is complicated by the fact that the group has no records of their own
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John Lenahan
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John Lenahan is an American illusionist and entertainer resident in the UK since 1984. A successful corporate entertainer, he came to fame as a result of a 1994 appearance on the BBC One show How Do They Do That. Explaining the sleight of hand trick known as Three-card Monte, as a result of which he became the first person in 85 years to be expelled from The Magic Circle. His subsequent TV appearances have included his own 1997 series for BBC Two, Stuff the White Rabbit, and he is a former holder of the title Street Magician of the Year. Lenahan also provided the voice of Talkie Toaster in the first series of Red Dwarf, the 1987 series featured Lenahan travelling across the UK and finding out about the lives and traditions of British people. Lenahans first novel, Shadowmagic, was released on podiobooks. com by John himself. Official website John Lenahan at the Internet Movie Database Podiobooks, Shadowmagic
"Ossian". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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