1.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
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Installation art
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Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that often are site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to spaces, whereas exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or intervention art, however. Installation art can be temporary or permanent. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public, many installations are site-specific in that they are designed to exist only in the space for which they were created, appealing to qualities evident in a three-dimensional immersive medium. Artistic collectives such as the Exhibition Lab at New Yorks American Museum of Natural History created environments to showcase the natural world in as realistic a medium as possible, likewise, Walt Disney Imagineering employed a similar philosophy when designing the multiple immersive spaces for Disneyland in 1955. Since its acceptance as a discipline, a number of institutions focusing on Installation art were created. These included the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh, the Museum of Installation in London, the intention of the artist is paramount in much later installation art whose roots lie in the conceptual art of the 1960s. This again is a departure from traditional sculpture which places its focus on form, early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow. Wolf Vostell shows his installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age in 1963 at the Smolin Gallery in New York, Installation as nomenclature for a specific form of art came into use fairly recently, its first use as documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1969. It was coined in this context, in reference to a form of art that had existed since prehistory but was not regarded as a discrete category until the mid-twentieth century. Allan Kaprow used the term Environment in 1958 to describe his transformed indoor spaces, out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life. In Art and Objecthood, Michael Fried derisively labels art that acknowledges the viewer as theatrical, here installation art bestows an unprecedented importance on the observers inclusion in that which he observes. Ultimately, the things a viewer can be assured of when experiencing the work are his own thoughts and preconceptions. All else may be molded by the artists hands, the central importance of the subjective point of view when experiencing installation art, points toward a disregard for traditional Platonic image theory. In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue, Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory perception, in a sense installing the viewer into an artificial system with an appeal to his subjective perception as its ultimate goal. Interactive installation is a sub-category of installation art, an interactive installation frequently involves the audience acting on the work of art or the piece responding to users activity. With the improvement of technology over the years, artists are able to explore outside of the boundaries that were never able to be explored by artists in the past. The media used are more experimental and bold, they are also usually cross media and may involve sensors, by using virtual reality as a medium, immersive virtual reality art is probably the most deeply interactive form of art
3.
Icelandic name
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Icelandic names differ from most current Western family name systems by being patronymic or occasionally matronymic, they indicate the father of the child and not the historic family lineage. Iceland shares a cultural heritage with the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden. Icelanders, however, unlike other Scandinavians, have continued to use their traditional name system, the Icelandic system is thus not based on family names. Generally, a persons last name indicates the first name of their father or in some cases mother, some family names do exist in Iceland, most commonly adaptations from last name patronyms Icelanders took up when living abroad, usually Denmark. Since 1925, one cannot adopt a name unless one explicitly has a legal right to do so through inheritance. First names not previously used in Iceland must be approved by the Icelandic Naming Committee before being used, the criterion for acceptance of names is whether or not they can be easily incorporated into the Icelandic language. A man named Jón Einarsson has a son named Ólafur, Ólafur’s last name will not be Einarsson like his father’s, it will become Jónsson, literally indicating that Ólafur is the son of Jón. The same practice is used for daughters, Jón Einarssons daughter Sigríður’s last name would not be Einarsson but Jónsdóttir. Again, the name literally means Jón’s daughter, in some cases, an individual’s surname is derived from a parents middle name instead of the first name. For example, if Jón is the son of Hjálmar Arnar Vilhjálmsson he may either be named Jón Hjálmarsson or Jón Arnarsson, the reason for this may be that the parent prefers to be called by the middle name instead of the first name, this is fairly common. It may also be that the middle name seems to fit the child’s first name better. This practice has now become common, but features conspicuously in the Icelandic sagas. The vast majority of Icelandic last names carry the name of the father, some women use it as a social statement while others simply choose it as a matter of style. In all of these cases, the convention is the same, Ólafur, one well-known Icelander with a matronymic name is football player Heiðar Helguson, another is novelist Guðrún Eva Mínervudóttir. One medieval example is the poet Eilífr Goðrúnarson, in the Icelandic film Bjarnfreðarson the title characters name is the subject of some mockery for his having a womans name – as Bjarnfreðurs son – not his fathers. In the film this is connected to her radical feminism and shame over his paternity, some people have both a matronymic and a patronymic, for example, Dagur Bergþóruson Eggertsson, the current mayor of Reykjavík. Another example is the girl Blær mentioned above, her name is Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir. In Iceland, listings such as the directory are alphabetised by first name rather than surname
4.
Icelandic language
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Icelandic /aɪsˈlændɪk/ is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. It is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages, historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the colonisation of the Americas. Icelandic, Faroese, Norn, and Western Norwegian formerly constituted West Nordic, Danish, Eastern Norwegian, modern Norwegian Bokmål is influenced by both groups, leading the Nordic languages to be divided into mainland Scandinavian languages and Insular Nordic. Most Western European languages have reduced levels of inflection, particularly noun declension. In contrast, Icelandic retains a four-case synthetic grammar comparable to, Icelandic is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic also has many instances of oblique cases without any governing word, for example, many of the various Latin ablatives have a corresponding Icelandic dative. The vast majority of Icelandic speakers—about 320, 000—live in Iceland, more than 8,000 Icelandic speakers live in Denmark, of whom approximately 3,000 are students. The language is spoken by some 5,000 people in the United States. Notably in the province of Manitoba, while 97% of the population of Iceland consider Icelandic their mother tongue, the language is in decline in some communities outside Iceland, particularly in Canada. Icelandic speakers outside Iceland represent recent emigration in almost all cases except Gimli, Manitoba, the state-funded Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies serves as a centre for preserving the medieval Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet Jónas Hallgrímsson is celebrated as Icelandic Language Day, the oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100 AD. Much of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally, the most famous of the texts, which were written in Iceland from the 12th century onward, are the Icelandic Sagas. They comprise the historical works and the eddaic poems, the language of the sagas is Old Icelandic, a western dialect of Old Norse. Danish rule of Iceland from 1380 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic, though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels. The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from an established in the 19th century. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with changes to fit concurrent Germanic conventions. Various archaic features, as the letter ð, had not been used much in later centuries, rasks standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of é instead of je, apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on vellum
5.
Iceland
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Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 332,529 and an area of 103,000 km2, the capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active, the interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate. According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, emigrated to Iceland, the island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing, one of the worlds oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, Iceland thus followed Norways integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Swedens secession from that union in 1523. In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, Icelands struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918, until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture, and was among the poorest in Europe. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, in 1994, it became a part of the European Economic Area, which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has an economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. Iceland ranks high in economic, political and social stability and equality, in 2013, it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy, some bankers were jailed, and the economy has made a significant recovery, in large part due to a surge in tourism. Icelandic culture is founded upon the nations Scandinavian heritage, most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is related to Faroese
6.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
7.
Venice Biennale
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The Venice Biennale is an arts organization based in Venice, and also the original and principal exhibition it organizes. The organization changed its name to the Biennale Foundation in 2009, while the exhibition is called the Art Biennale to distinguish it from the organisation. The Art Biennale, a visual art exhibition, is so called as it is held biennially. A year later, the council decreed to adopt a by invitation system, to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too, to works by uninvited Italian artists. The first Biennale, I Esposizione Internazionale dArte della Città di Venezia was opened on April 30,1895 by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I, the first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed- a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a show for Renoir. A work by Picasso was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public, by 1914 seven pavilions had been established, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled, in 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art,1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there, in 1928 the Istituto Storico dArte Contemporanea opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art, in 1933 the Biennale organised an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section, during World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted,1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, the Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her famous New York collection,1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe,1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Rays Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West,1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra
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Olafur Eliasson
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In 1995 he established Studio Olafur Eliasson in Berlin, a laboratory for spatial research. Olafur represented Denmark at the 50th Venice Biennale in 2003 and later that year installed The Weather Project in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern, London. He was a professor at the Berlin University of the Arts from 2009 to 2014 and is a professor at the Alle School of Fine Arts. Olafur Eliasson was born in Copenhagen in 1967 to Elías Hjörleifsson and his parents had emigrated to Copenhagen from Iceland in 1966, he to find work as a cook, and she as a seamstress. He was 8 when his parents separated, he lived with his mother and his stepfather and his father, then an artist, moved back to Iceland, where their family spent summers and holidays. At 15 he had his first solo show, exhibiting landscape drawings, however, Olafur considered his break-dancing during the mid-1980s to be his first artworks. With two school friends, he formed a group — they called themselves the Harlem Gun Crew — and they performed at clubs and dance halls for four years, Olafur studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1989 to 1995. Olafur received his degree from the academy in 1995, after having moved in 1993 to Cologne for a year, and then to Berlin, where he has since maintained a studio. First located in a former train depot right next door to the Hamburger Bahnhof. In 1996, Olafur started working with Einar Thorsteinn, an architect, the first piece they created called 8900054, was a stainless-steel dome 30 feet wide and 7 feet high, designed to be seen as if it were growing from the ground. Though the effect is an illusion, the mind has a hard time believing that the structure is not part of a grander one developing from deep below the surface. Thorsteinns knowledge of geometry and space has been integrated into Olafurs artistic production, often seen in his lamp works as well as his pavilions, tunnels. As professor at the Berlin University of the Arts, Olafur Eliasson founded the Institute for Spatial Experiments, early works by Olafur consist of oscillating electric fans hanging from the ceiling. Ventilator swings back and forth and around, rotating on its axis, quadrible light ventilator mobile is a rotating electrically powered mobile comprising a searchlight and four fans blowing air around the exhibition room and scanning it with the light cone. The weather project was installed at the Londons Tate Modern in 2003 as part of the popular Unilever series, the installation filled the open space of the gallerys Turbine Hall. Olafur used humidifiers to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, the ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge mirror, in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of orange light. Many visitors responded to this exhibition by lying on their backs and waving their hands, open for six months, the work reportedly attracted two million visitors, many of whom were repeat visitors. Olafur has been developing various experiments with atmospheric density in exhibition spaces, in Room For One Colour, a corridor lit by yellow monofrequency tubes, the participants find themselves in a room filled with light that affects the perception of all other colours
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Tate Modern
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Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britains national gallery of modern art and forms part of the Tate group. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark, Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and contemporary art. Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world and it is directly across the river from St Pauls Cathedral. The power station closed in 1981, prior to redevelopment, the power station was a 200 m long, steel framed, brick clad building with a substantial central chimney standing 99 m. The structure was divided into three main areas each running east-west - the huge main turbine hall in the centre, with the boiler house to the north. For many years after closure Bankside Power station was at risk of being demolished by developers, many people campaigned for the building to be saved and put forward suggestions for possible new uses. An application to list the building was refused, in April 1994 the Tate Gallery announced that Bankside would be the home for the new Tate Modern. In July of the year, an international competition was launched to select an architect for the new gallery. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron were announced as the architects in January 1995. The £134 million conversion to the Tate Modern started in June 1995, the most obvious external change was the two-story glass extension on one half of the roof. Much of the internal structure remained, including the cavernous main turbine hall. The history of the site as well as information about the conversion was the basis for a 2008 documentary Architects Herzog and de Meuron and this challenging conversion work was carried by Carillion. Tate Modern was opened by the Queen on 11 May 2000, Tate Modern received 5.25 million visitors in its first year. The previous year the three existing Tate galleries galleries had received 2.5 million visitors combined, Tate Modern had attracted more visitors than originally expected and plans to expand it had been in preparation since 2004. These plans focused on the south west of the building with the intention of providing 5, 000m2 of new display space, the southern third of the building was retained by the French power company EDF Energy as an electrical substation. In 2006, the released the western half of this holding and plans were made to replace the structure with a tower extension to the museum. The tower was to be built over the old oil storage tanks, structural, geotechnical, civil, and façade engineering and environmental consultancy was undertaken by Ramboll between 2008 and 2016
10.
Serpentine Galleries
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The Serpentine Galleries are two contemporary art galleries in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Central London. Their exhibitions, architecture, education and public programmes attract up to 1.2 million visitors a year, admission to both galleries is free. The Serpentine Gallery was established in 1970 and is housed in a Grade II listed former tea pavilion built in 1933–34 by the architect James Grey West. On the ground at the entrance is a permanent work made by Ian Hamilton Finlay in collaboration with Peter Coates, and dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales. Located five minutes walk from the Serpentine Gallery across the Serpentine Bridge, it comprises 900 square metres of space, restaurant, shop. The Magazine Restaurant adjoins the gallery space, every year since 2000 the Serpentine Gallery has commissioned a temporary summer pavilion by a leading architect. The series presents the work of an architect or design team who has not completed a building in England at the time of the Gallery’s invitation. Each Pavilion is completed six months and is situated on the Gallery’s lawn for three months for the public to explore. Cecil Balmond has been a force behind Serpentine Pavilion programme
11.
New York City Waterfalls
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The most famous was at the Brooklyn Bridge in lower Manhattan. At $15.5 million, it is the most expensive public arts project since Christo, the waterfalls officially began flowing on June 26,2008. They ran from 7 am to 10 pm, until October 13,2008, the sites chosen for the four waterfalls were the East River Esplanades Pier 35 in Manhattan, beneath the Brooklyn Bridge in DUMBO between piers 4 and 5, also in Brooklyn, and Governors Island. Work on erecting the four support scaffolds began in mid-March,2008, on the shore of Governors Island construction teams used pile driving to secure the scaffolding in place. This method was not used at the locations for various reasons, including the effects of vibrations through car. Once completed, the scaffolding would total 64,000 square feet and weigh 270 tons. ”Construction involved the work of 108 different people, the installation was designed to be ecologically-friendly. When the project closed the materials were intended to be available for re-use in a future project. The over $15 million project had no city funding and was paid for entirely by private organizations, business, mayor Michael Bloombergs company, Bloomberg LP, donated $13.5 million. With estimates that the waterfalls could generate up to $55 million for the local economies, during the run, trees and shrubs along the Brooklyn Heights Promenade were damaged as a result of the saltwater blown into the parks during high winds. Several steps were taken to solve this problem which included cutting the time to 50 hours a week instead of the original 101. At the Brooklyn Bridge, the owner of The River Café claimed customer loss, how to see the Waterfalls Olafur Eliasson interview on Weekend America Photo-slideshow
12.
Public Art Fund
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The Public Art Fund is a non-profit organization founded in 1977 by Doris Freedman, a Director of New York Citys Department of Cultural Affairs, and the President of the Municipal Art Society. They have organized highly visible artists projects, new commissions, installations and exhibitions in public spaces throughout New York City, the Public Art Fund was born from the merger of two pre-existing organizations, CityWalls and the Public Arts Council. The organization has cooperated with the Whitney Museum of American Art on the Whitney Biennial Outdoors, the Funds work has increased due to the influence of Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a supporter of public art. Since Bloomberg took office, he has asked the Public Art Fund to organize exhibitions of outdoor artwork in City Hall Park. In 2003, they organized Element E, created by Roy Lichtenstein 13 years before his death in 1997, for installation at City Hall Park. According to Susan Freedman, president of the Public Art Fund, these projects are important to the morale of the art community and it was housed in a 40-foot-tall spiraling wooden structure in which one room follows another, up several levels. It cost $300,000 and was shown at the 69th Regiment Armory, recent New York City projects included Nancy Rubins Big Pleasure Point at Lincoln Center, Corner Plot by Sarah Sze at the Doris C. The Fund moved into a new territory when it announced it would present Martin Creed’s Variety Show on March 30,2007, creed won the Turner Prize in 2001. Public art Plop art Culture of New York City Public Art Fund homepage Digital Art in Public Space Public Art Fund Artabase page Susan K Freedman, Plop, recent projects of the Public Art Fund ISBN 1-85894-248-9, ISBN 1-85894-247-0
13.
Berlin University of the Arts
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The Universität der Künste Berlin, UdK, situated in Berlin, Germany, is the largest art school in Europe. It is an art and design school, and one of the four research universities in the city. The university is known for being one of the biggest and most diversified universities of the arts world-wide and it has four colleges specialising in fine arts, architecture, media and design, music and the performing arts with around 3,500 students. Thus the UdK is one of three universities in Germany to unite the faculties of art and music in one institution. The teaching offered at the four colleges encompasses the full spectrum of the arts, having the right to confer doctorates and post-doctoral qualifications, Berlin University of the Arts is also one of Germany’s few art colleges with full university status. Almost all the courses at Berlin University of the Arts are part of a centuries-old tradition. In the same way, the University of the Arts is publicly recognized for being on the edge in the areas of Visual Arts, Fashion Design, Industrial Design. Its roots institutions date back to the foundation of Academie der Mal-, Bild- und Baukunst, in 1975, both art schools merged under the name Hochschule der Künste Berlin, HdK. The organization received the title of a university on 1 November 2001, the exchange program with UDK is a direct enrollment program offered during the fall, spring and academic year to students interested in the arts and with four semesters of German language study. Each academic year the school receives 100 exchange students on the basis of institutional agreements, students participating in the exchange are required to subsidize their own accommodations with little help from the school. Annually, the university opens its doors to the public in its four colleges, course “Art in Context” at the Berlin University of the Arts, Study Art and Music in Berlin
14.
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts has provided education in the arts for more than 250 years, playing its part in the development of the art of Denmark. The Royal Danish Academy of Portraiture, Sculpture, and Architecture in Copenhagen was inaugurated on 31 March 1754 and its name was changed to the Royal Danish Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture in 1771. The building boom resulting from the Great Fire of 1795 greatly profited from this initiative, in 1814 the name was changed again, this time to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. It is still situated in its building, the Charlottenborg Palace. The School of Architecture has been situated in former naval buildings on Holmen since 1996, the academy is larger and better funded than the Jutland Art Academy and Funen Art Academy, which offer similar programs. It teaches and conducts research on the subjects of painting, sculpting, architecture, graphics, photography, the academy is under the administration of the Danish Ministry of Culture. The academy’s School of Architecture offers education in the fields of design and restoration, urban and landscape planning and industrial, graphic. The school has nine departments, four research institutes and six affiliated research centres. The undergraduate course, leading to the Bachelor of Architecture diploma, in 2011, the Wall Street Journal named Ingels the Innovator of the Year for architecture. Hansen Medal Thorvaldsen Medal Eckersberg Medal Thorvald Bindesbøll Medal N. L. Høyen Medal The School of Visual Arts C. C
15.
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
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Part of Brooklyn Community Board 1, the neighborhood is served in the south by the NYPDs 90th Precinct and in the north by the 94th Precinct. On the New York City Council, the western and southern parts of the neighborhood are represented by the 33rd District, and its eastern part by the 34th District. As of the 2010 United States Census, the neighborhood had a population of 32,926, since the late 1990s, Williamsburg has undergone gentrification characterized by hipster culture, a contemporary art scene, and vibrant nightlife. During the early 2000s, the became a center for indie rock and electroclash. Numerous ethnic groups inhabit enclaves within the neighborhood, including Italians, Jews, Hispanics, Poles, Puerto Ricans, in 1638 the Dutch West India Company first purchased the areas land from the local Native Americans. In 1661, the company chartered the Town of Boswijck, including land that would later become Williamsburg, after the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the towns name was anglicized to Bushwick. During colonial times, villagers called the area Bushwick Shore and this name lasted for about 140 years. Bushwick residents called Bushwick Shore the Strand, farmers and gardeners from the other Bushwick villages sent their goods to Bushwick Shore to be ferried across the East River to New York City for sale via a market at present day Grand Street. Bushwick Shores favorable location close to New York City led to the creation of several farming developments, in 1802, real estate speculator Richard M. Woodhull acquired 13 acres near what would become Metropolitan Avenue, then North 2nd Street. He had Colonel Jonathan Williams, a U. S. Engineer, survey the property, Williamsburg was incorporated in as the, Village of Williamsburgh within the Town of Bushwick in 1827. In two years it had a company, a post office and a population of over 1,000. The deep drafts along the East River encouraged industrialists, many from Germany, raw material was shipped in, and finished products were sent out of factories straight to the docks. Several sugar barons built processing refineries, Now all are gone except the now-defunct Domino Sugar. Other important industries included shipbuilding and brewing, on April 18,1835, the Village of Williamsburg annexed a portion of the Town of Bushwick. The Village then consisted of three districts, the first district was commonly called the South Side, the second district was called the North Side, and the third district was called the New Village. The names North Side and South Side remain in common usage today, the New Village became populated by Germans and for a time was known by the sobriquet of Dutchtown. In 1845 the population of Williamsburgh was 11,500, reflecting its increasing urbanization, Williamsburg separated from Bushwick as the Town of Williamsburg in 1840. It became the City of Williamsburg in 1852, which was organized into three wards, the old First Ward roughly coincides with the South Side and the Second Ward with the North Side, with the modern boundary at Grand Street
16.
Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire, the central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined, the Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception. What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a vision of psychology. Perhaps there is, in fact, little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together and this principle maintains that when the human mind forms a percept or gestalt, the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts. Koffka did not like the translation and he firmly corrected students who replaced other with greater. This is not a principle of addition he said, the whole has an independent existence. In the study of perception, Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli, contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response, gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism, Gestalt theory, it is proposed, allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements. The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels, the idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, David Hartley, and Ernst Mach. On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory and this gestalt or whole form approach sought to define principles of perception—seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived. It is based on the here and now, and in the way things are seen, images can be divided into figure or ground. The question is what is perceived at first glance, the figure in front and these laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate, objects together, within this global process. The founders of Gestalt therapy, Fritz and Laura Perls, had worked with Kurt Goldstein, Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls. The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed, in any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology. Thus, though recognizing the historical connection and the influence, most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology and his work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology. There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the field, foremost in Europe. The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research, principle of psychophysical isomorphism – A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity
17.
Hamburger Bahnhof
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Hamburger Bahnhof is the former terminus of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in Berlin, Germany, on Invalidenstrasse in the Moabit district opposite the Charité hospital. Today it serves as an art museum, the Museum für Gegenwart, part of the Berlin National Gallery. The station was built to Friedrich Neuhauss plans in 1846/47 as the point of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway. It is the only surviving building in Berlin from the late neoclassical period. The building has not been used as a station since 1884, the term royal was dropped with the end of the Prussian monarchy in 1918. The museum attracted crowds and was extended with additional wings to the left and right of the main building in 1909–11. Hit by Allied bombing in 1944, the museum was closed, however, the Reichsbahns East German management had no interest in reopening a museum now located in West Berlin, but only in the exhibits, which the Western Allies did not allow to be brought to the East. In 1984 the Reichsbahn transferred both the building and the collection into Western hands, in 1987, the empty halls were used for temporary exhibitions. In the mid-1980s the Berlin entrepreneur Erich Marx offered his collection of contemporary art to the city. The Berlin Senate decided in 1987 to establish a museum of art in the former railway station. The Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation agreed to operate the museum as part of the National Gallery, a competition for the renovation of the station was announced by the Senate in 1989, and was won by the architect Josef Paul Kleihues. Between 1990 and 1996, Kleihues refurbished the building, and in November 1996 the museum was opened with an exhibition of works by Sigmar Polke, the Museum für Gegenwart exhibits modern and contemporary art. Permanent loans from the Marx collection, including works by such as Joseph Beuys, Anselm Kiefer, Robert Rauschenberg. An emphasis of the Nationalgalerie collection is art on video and film, between 2004 and 2010, the Museum für Gegenwart exhibited parts of the Friedrich Christian Flick Collection, whose main focus is on the late 20th century. Due to its connection with the Flick family, the display gave rise to protests in 2004, Berlin State Museums Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation List of museums in Berlin Official website
18.
Prenzlauer Berg
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Prenzlauer Berg is a locality of Berlin, forming the southerly and most urban part of the district of Pankow. Since its founding in 1920 until 2001, Prenzlauer Berg was a district of Berlin in its own right, however, that year it was incorporated into the greater district of Pankow. It was an important site for the revolution that brought down the Berlin Wall in 1989. In the 1990s the borough was home to a vibrant squatting scene. It has since experienced rapid gentrification, Prenzlauer Berg is a portion of the Pankow district in northeast Berlin. To the West and Southwest it borders Mitte, to the South Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, to the East Lichtenberg, geologically, the borough straddles the southernmost edge of the Barnim glacial deposit formed during the last Ice Age. Prenzlauer Berg was always seen as a hill by the inhabitants of historic Berlin situated to the South in the valley along the river Spree. Until the 20th century the area was referred to as Windmill Hill. Today, the highest point of the district is 91 meters above sea level in the northwest of Volkspark Prenzlauer Berg. This hill consists of the rubble from the houses that were destroyed in World War II during allied air raids. Prenzlauer Berg is characterized by Wilhelmine buildings, that were erected at the turn of the 20th century, over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building still standing being from 1848 at 77 Kastanienallee. Though substantial, there was less war-related destruction here than in parts of the city. At the time of German Reunification the boroughs residential areas were characterized by dilapidated grey facades that had not seen a coat of paint since the 1930s. In the 1990s the buildings who belonged to state-owned housing associations were sold to investors who had them renovated and raised the rents. Most of the original inhabitants were not able to afford the increased costs and have since moved away. In the 21st century the many empty lots that were sites for the street culture integral to the character of the borough were filled by high-class condominiums. Today, Prenzlauer Berg forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area, over 300 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the municipal swimming pool at Oderberger Straße and the breweries on Milastraße and Knaackstraße. The borough is famous for its restaurants and bars, the nightlife concentrates around the U-Bahn station Eberswalder Straße
19.
Geometry
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Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer, Geometry arose independently in a number of early cultures as a practical way for dealing with lengths, areas, and volumes. Geometry began to see elements of mathematical science emerging in the West as early as the 6th century BC. By the 3rd century BC, geometry was put into a form by Euclid, whose treatment, Euclids Elements. Geometry arose independently in India, with texts providing rules for geometric constructions appearing as early as the 3rd century BC, islamic scientists preserved Greek ideas and expanded on them during the Middle Ages. By the early 17th century, geometry had been put on a solid footing by mathematicians such as René Descartes. Since then, and into modern times, geometry has expanded into non-Euclidean geometry and manifolds, while geometry has evolved significantly throughout the years, there are some general concepts that are more or less fundamental to geometry. These include the concepts of points, lines, planes, surfaces, angles, contemporary geometry has many subfields, Euclidean geometry is geometry in its classical sense. The mandatory educational curriculum of the majority of nations includes the study of points, lines, planes, angles, triangles, congruence, similarity, solid figures, circles, Euclidean geometry also has applications in computer science, crystallography, and various branches of modern mathematics. Differential geometry uses techniques of calculus and linear algebra to problems in geometry. It has applications in physics, including in general relativity, topology is the field concerned with the properties of geometric objects that are unchanged by continuous mappings. In practice, this often means dealing with large-scale properties of spaces, convex geometry investigates convex shapes in the Euclidean space and its more abstract analogues, often using techniques of real analysis. It has close connections to convex analysis, optimization and functional analysis, algebraic geometry studies geometry through the use of multivariate polynomials and other algebraic techniques. It has applications in areas, including cryptography and string theory. Discrete geometry is concerned mainly with questions of relative position of simple objects, such as points. It shares many methods and principles with combinatorics, Geometry has applications to many fields, including art, architecture, physics, as well as to other branches of mathematics. The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to ancient Mesopotamia, the earliest known texts on geometry are the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus and Moscow Papyrus, the Babylonian clay tablets such as Plimpton 322. For example, the Moscow Papyrus gives a formula for calculating the volume of a truncated pyramid, later clay tablets demonstrate that Babylonian astronomers implemented trapezoid procedures for computing Jupiters position and motion within time-velocity space
20.
Buckminster Fuller
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Richard Buckminster Bucky Fuller was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor. Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as Spaceship Earth, ephemeralization and he also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres, Fuller was the second World President of Mensa from 1974 to 1983. Fuller was born on July 12,1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews and he spent much of his youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay off the coast of Maine. He often made items from materials he found in the woods and he experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term invention, Fuller earned a machinists certification, and knew how to use the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade. Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and after that studying at Harvard College. He was expelled from Harvard twice, first for spending all his money partying with a vaudeville troupe, by his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming misfit in the fraternity environment. Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the meat-packing industry. He also served in the U. S. Navy in World War I, as a radio operator, as an editor of a publication. After discharge, he worked again in the packing industry. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett, Buckminster Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his life. His daughter Alexandra had died in 1922 of complications from polio, Fuller dwelled on her death, suspecting that it was connected with the Fullers damp and drafty living conditions. This provided motivation for Fullers involvement in Stockade Building Systems, a business which aimed to provide affordable, in 1927, at age 32, Fuller lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial challenges, Fuller drank heavily and reflected upon the solution to his familys struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide, so that his family could benefit from an insurance payment. Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and he felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared, From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought and you do not have the right to eliminate yourself
21.
Space
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Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, in Isaac Newtons view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the visibility of spatial depth in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Kant referred to the experience of space in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a pure a priori form of intuition. In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in space is conceived as curved. According to Albert Einsteins theory of relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a model for the shape of space. In the seventeenth century, the philosophy of space and time emerged as an issue in epistemology. At its heart, Gottfried Leibniz, the German philosopher-mathematician, and Isaac Newton, unoccupied regions are those that could have objects in them, and thus spatial relations with other places. For Leibniz, then, space was an abstraction from the relations between individual entities or their possible locations and therefore could not be continuous but must be discrete. Space could be thought of in a way to the relations between family members. Although people in the family are related to one another, the relations do not exist independently of the people, but since there would be no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according to the identity of indiscernibles, there would be no real difference between them. According to the principle of sufficient reason, any theory of space that implied that there could be two possible universes must therefore be wrong. Newton took space to be more than relations between objects and based his position on observation and experimentation
22.
Vejle Fjord
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Vejle Fjord is an East Jutland-type fjord in Denmark. It is approximately 22 km in length, and it stretches east from the town of Vejle at its head to the towns of Trelde Næs on the side and Juelsminde on the north side at the mouth. The fjords generally calm surface waters are surrounded by low forested hills shaped by glaciers during the last ice age, public works projects have re-shaped the small rivers and countryside surrounding the fjord since the Middle Ages. Highway E45 crosses the fjord just east of the town of Vejle on the Vejle Fjord Bridge, Vejle Vejle Fjord Bridge Nakskov Fjord
23.
Svend Aage Madsen
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Svend Åge Madsen is a Danish novelist. He studied mathematics before he began writing fiction and his novels are generally philosophical and humorous. Several of his works have made into films in Denmark. His writings are extensive and has translated into many languages. Madsens writing style and philosophy have placed him amongst the most distinguished and his novels reflect the grave problems faced by modern civilisation, and a number of them have achieved cult status in Denmark. The interplay between quasi-realism and complete fantasy in Svend Åge Madsen’s novels leads to contemplation of the nature of human existence. Madsens work may be divided into three phases, the first phase comprises abstract modernist works influenced by writers such as Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, Alain Robbe-Grillet and James Joyce. Madsen would later define these novels as anti-art, the project was now to show how lower genres could be a mosaic of equal truths that make up reality. This change is also a change from modernist literature to postmodern literature, the third phase of Madsens work comprises some novels that are less abstract and more realistic than his earlier works, but are still highly imaginative. At the same time, Madsen started working on a macro-text in which characters are used repeatedly in different novels, main characters becoming minor characters, all of these novels take places in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. Through a complex net of bizarre stories, Madsen creates an alternative Aarhus in which everything is possible, Madsens late literature is quite unique but can perhaps best be likened to the magical realism of Latin America. A recurring trait in his books is that the characters face some sort of situation which enables a philosophical theme to emerge. Perhaps Madsens most famous work is Vice and Virtue in the Middle Time which has translated into English. In this novel, a man from a distant future takes on the experiment of writing a novel of the age called Middle Time. This creates an amusing philosophical position, in everything we take for granted is questioned in the light of a totally different perspective on life. The main plot is a rewriting of Alexandre Dumas, pères The Count of Monte Cristo, most of Madsens books have not been translated into English
24.
Humidifier
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A humidifier is a device that increases humidity in a single room or an entire building. Medical ventilators often include humidifiers for increased patient comfort, large humidifiers are used in commercial, institutional, or industrial contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC system. Low humidity may occur in hot, dry climates, or indoors in artificially heated spaces. In winter, especially when cold air is heated indoors. This low humidity can cause health effects, by drying out mucous membranes such as the lining of the nose and throat. The low humidity also can affect wooden furniture, causing shrinkage, books, papers, and artworks may shrink or warp and become brittle in very low humidity. Overuse of a humidifier can raise the humidity to excessive levels, promoting the growth of dust mites and mold. A relative humidity of 30% to 50% is recommended for most homes, static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45% relative humidity, between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers has traditionally recommended a range of 45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment, humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital operating rooms. Printers and paper manufacturers use humidifiers to prevent shrinkage and paper curl, humidifiers are needed in cold storage rooms to preserve the freshness of food against the dryness caused by cold temperatures. Art museums use humidifiers to protect works of art, especially in exhibition galleries. A portable humidifier may range in size from a small tabletop appliance to a large floor-mounted unit, the water is usually supplied by manually filling the unit on a periodic basis. The most common portable humidifier, an evaporative, cool moisture, or wick humidifier, consists of just a few basic parts, the wick is made of a porous material that absorbs water from the reservoir and provides a larger surface area for it to evaporate from. The fan is adjacent to the wick and blows air onto the wick to aid in the evaporation of the water, evaporation from the wick is dependent on relative humidity. A room with low humidity will have a higher rate compared to a room with high humidity. Therefore, this type of humidifier is partially self-regulating, as the humidity of the room increases and these wicks become moldy if they are not dried out completely between fillings, and become saturated with mineral deposits over time. One type of evaporative humidifier makes use of just a reservoir, sometimes called a natural humidifier, these are usually non-commercial devices that can be assembled at little or no cost
25.
Monochrome
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Monochrome describes paintings, drawings, design, or photographs in one color or values of one color. A monochromatic object or image reflects colors in shades of limited colors or hues, images using only shades of grey are called grayscale or black-and-white. However, scientifically speaking, monochromatic light refers to light of a narrow band of wavelengths. In computing, monochrome has two meanings, it may mean having only one color which is either on or off, a monochrome computer display is able to display only a single color, often green, amber, red or white, and often also shades of that color. In film photography, monochrome is typically the use of black-and-white film, originally, all photography was done in monochrome. Although color photography was possible even in the late 19th century, easily used color films, if the red channel is eliminated and the green and blue combined then the effect will be similar to that of orthochromatic film or the use of a cyan filter on panchromatic film. The selection of weighting thus allows a range of artistic expression in the final monochromatic image. For production of an image the original color stereogram source may first be reduced to monochrome in order to simplify the rendering of the image. This is sometimes required in cases where an image would render in a confusing manner given the colors and patterns present in the source image. In physics, monochromatic light is electromagnetic radiation of a single frequency, even very controlled sources such as lasers operate in a range of frequencies. In practice, filtered light, diffraction grating separated light and laser light are all referred to as monochromatic. Often light sources can be compared and one be labeled as “more monochromatic”
26.
Mirror
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This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not preserve much of the original wave signal other than color and diffuse reflected light. The most familiar type of mirror is the mirror, which has a flat screen surface. Curved mirrors are used, to produce magnified or diminished images or focus light or simply distort the reflected image. Mirrors are commonly used for personal grooming or admiring oneself, decoration, Mirrors are also used in scientific apparatus such as telescopes and lasers, cameras, and industrial machinery. Most mirrors are designed for light, however, mirrors designed for other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are also used. The first mirrors used by people were most likely pools of dark, still water, the requirements for making a good mirror are a surface with a very high degree of flatness, and a surface roughness smaller than the wavelength of the light. The earliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such as obsidian, examples of obsidian mirrors found in Anatolia have been dated to around 6000 BC. Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BC, polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date from around 2000 BC onwards. In China, bronze mirrors were manufactured from around 2000 BC, some of the earliest bronze, Mirrors made of other metal mixtures such as copper and tin speculum metal may have also been produced in China and India. Mirrors of speculum metal or any precious metal were hard to produce and were owned by the wealthy. Stone mirrors often had poor reflectivity compared to metals, yet metals scratch or tarnish easily, depending upon the color, both often yielded reflections with poor color rendering. The poor image quality of ancient mirrors explains 1 Corinthians 13s reference to seeing as in a mirror, glass was a desirable material for mirrors. Because the surface of glass is smooth, it produces reflections with very little blur. In addition, glass is very hard and scratch resistant, however, glass by itself has little reflectivity, so people began coating it with metals to increase the reflectivity. According to Pliny, the people of Sidon developed a technique for creating crude mirrors by coating glass with molten lead. Glass mirrors backed with gold leaf are mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History and these circular mirrors were typically small, from only a fraction of an inch to as much as eight inches in diameter. These small mirrors produced distorted images, yet were prized objects of high value and these ancient glass mirrors were very thin, thus very fragile, because the glass needed to be extremely thin to prevent cracking when coated with a hot, molten metal. Due to the quality, high cost, and small size of these ancient glass mirrors
27.
Arken Museum of Modern Art
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ARKEN Museum of Modern Art is a private non-for-profit charity, state authorized, contemporary art museum in Ishøj near Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The museum was conceived and created by Copenhagen County, the museum is located in the suburb-city Ishøj, close to the bay of Køge,20 kilometres south of Copenhagen. ARKEN was designed by the Danish architect Søren Robert Lund, in an architectural form. It was opened on 15 March 1996 by her majesty of Denmark, the museum re-opened in January 2008 after major refurbishing, which included an expansion providing an additional 50% of gallery-space. The ARKEN museum features works by Danish, Scandinavian and international painters. The museum also has amassed a collection of around 400 post-war contemporary art pieces and these include works by artist such as Damien Hirst, Olafur Eliasson, Sherin Neshat Shirin Neshat, Wolfgang Tillmans, and Danish / Norwegian duo Ingar Dragset and Michael Elmgreen. Each year ARKEN awards the ARKENs kunstpris prize of 100,000 Danish kroner to a contemporary artist, - in Arkitektur DK,2008, vol. ARKEN, The place and the art / edited by Christian Gether, - Denmark, Arken Museum of Modern Art,2016
28.
Ullens Center for Contemporary Art
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The Ullens Center for Contemporary Art is a non-commercial contemporary art museum situated in Beijing, China. Founded by Belgian art collector baron Guy Ullens and his wife Myriam Ullens, the building covers a floor space of 8,000 square meters with 31-foot-high ceilings. With its contemporary arts library and three art galleries, the center is annually visited by upwards of one million people. UCCA’s four main spaces play host each year to around fifteen exhibitions of varying scale, educational and interpretive programs expand the reach of these displays, bringing viewers into closer contact with the ideas behind the work on view. The Center has presented more than a hundred exhibitions and attracted more than 4 million visitors. It has served as a platform for the works of Olafur Eliasson, Tino Sehgal, Tatsuo Miyajima, Taryn Simon, and Sterling Ruby, introducing China to these significant figures in contemporary art. On the 11th of February 2017, the Ullens Center for Contemporary Art received the 2016 Global Fine Art Awards for Best Contemporary / Postwar / SoloArtist “Rauschenberg in China”. Though its public programs, the center offers a place for exchange, communication, study, and the sharing of interest, knowledge. UCCASTORE maintains a program of limited editions, having collaborated with more than forty artists to produce specially commissioned works and it also showcases the work of cutting-edge designers, offering a wide range of original products. The UCCA Creative Studio is an art program for children 2 to 11 years old. The studio’s curriculum incorporates, Regular Classes, Creative Workshops, the curriculum takes a comprehensive approach to cognitive development through learning about perception, reflection, creation, and expression in the arts. Spread over three factory chambers built in the early 1950s to Bauhaus-influenced designs, UCCAs spaces maintain traces of their industrial past, fully renovated by architects Jean-Michel Wilmotte and Qingyun Ma in 2007, it is a space capable of hosting international exhibitions of the highest caliber. ”
29.
Spree
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The Spree is a river that flows through the Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin states of Germany, and in the Ústí nad Labem region of the Czech Republic. Approximately 400 kilometres in length, it is a left tributary of the River Havel. It is the river on which the centre of Berlin was built. The reach of the river between the Dämeritzsee and Müggelsee to the east of Berlin is known as the Müggelspree, the source of the Spree is located in Neugersdorf, Germany, in the Lusatian Highlands near the Czech border. It runs on the border for a distance at two points before leaving the hills and passing through the old city of Bautzen/Budyšin, the center of the Sorbs in Upper Lusatia. Just to the north of Bautzen the river flows through the Bautzen Reservoir, further north the river passes through the city of Spremberg and the Spremberg Reservoir before reaching the city of Cottbus. To the north of Cottbus the river enters the Spreewald, a wetlands area in Lower Lusatia. In the Spreewald the river passes through the towns of Lübbenau, Lübben, just below Leibsch, the Dahme Flood Relief Canal diverts water from the Spree to run into the River Dahme at Märkisch Buchholz. The Spree continues north from Leibsch before flowing into the Neuendorfer See at the edge of the Spreewald. From the Neundorfer See it then flows in a direction to the Schwielochsee. From Fürstenwalde the river continues to flow westwards, through the Dämeritzsee and Müggelsee, to Köpenick in the part of Berlin, where it is joined by its tributary. The final reach of the Spree is where it is best known, on its route through Berlin, the river passes Berlin Cathedral, the Reichstag and the Schloss Charlottenburg. The renowned Museum Island, with its collection of five museums, is actually an island in the Spree. The Badeschiff is a swimming pool moored in the Spree. Small craft, such as punts, are used in wetlands of the Spreewald. Larger craft can reach as far upstream as Leibsch, although the upper reaches are relatively shallow and are only used by leisure craft. Some intermediate reaches are unnavigable and by-passed by canals, for a stretch of about 20 kilometres east of and flowing through Fürstenwalde, the river forms part of the Oder-Spree Canal. On this reach, and on the reach west of the confluence with the River Dahme at Köpenick, the canal diverges from the Spree just east of Fürstenwalde and later joins the River Dahme at the Seddinsee
30.
Museum Island
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Museum Island is the name of the northern half of an island in the Spree river in the central Mitte district of Berlin, Germany, the site of the old city of Cölln. The Neues Museum finished in 1859 according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler, destroyed in World War II, it was rebuilt under the direction of David Chipperfield for the Egyptian Museum of Berlin and re-opened in 2009. It exhibits the sculpture collections and late Antique and Byzantine art, the Pergamon Museum, the final museum of the complex, constructed in 1930. It contains multiple reconstructed immense and historically significant buildings such as the Pergamon Altar, in 1999, the museum complex was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. A first exhibition hall was erected in 1797 at the suggestion of the archaeologist Aloys Hirt, in 1822, Schinkel designed the plans for the Altes Museum to house the royal Antikensammlung, the arrangement of the collection was overseen by Wilhelm von Humboldt. The island, originally an area, was dedicated to art. Further extended under succeeding Prussian kings, the collections of art. They are today maintained by the Berlin State Museums branch of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Museum Island further comprises the Lustgarten park and the Berlin Cathedral. Between the Bode and Pergamon Museums it is crossed by the Stadtbahn railway viaduct, the adjacent territory to the south is the site of the former Stadtschloss and the Palace of the Republic. These include the Priams Treasure, also called the gold of Troy, excavated by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873, then smuggled out of Turkey to Berlin and today kept at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Then, six months later, Peter-Klaus Schuster took over and set in motion a far more ambitious program intended to turn Museum Island into a Louvre on the Spree. The federal government pledged $20 million a year through 2010 for projects to enhance Berlins prestige and Unesco declaring the island a World Heritage Site. The contents of the museums were decided on as follows, The Pergamon, with the Greek altar that gives it its name, the Neues Museum presented archaeological objects as well as Egyptian and Etruscan sculptures, including the renowned bust of Queen Nefertiti. The Altes Museum, the oldest on the island, displayed Greek and Roman art objects on its first floor, the Bode Museums paintings went from Late Byzantine to 1800. And, as now, the Alte Nationalgalerie will cover the 19th century, the James Simon Gallery, a $94 million visitors’ center designed by the British architect David Chipperfield, is being built beside the Neues Museum. It will in turn be linked to the Neues, Altes, Pergamon, once the Museum Island Master Plan is completed, the so-called Archaeological Promenade will connect four of the five museums in the Museum Island. The Promenade will begin at the Old Museum in the south, lead through the New Museum, before World War II, these museums were connected by bridge passages above ground, they were destroyed due to the effects of the war. There have never been plans to them, instead, the central courts of individual museums will be lowered
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Moss, Norway
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Moss is a coastal town and a municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Moss, the city of Moss was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The rural municipality of Jeløy was merged with the city on 1 July 1943 and its administrative district covers areas east of the town, such as the island of Dillingøy in the lake Vansjø. Parts of the town are located on the peninsula of Jeløy, the Old Norse form of the name was Mors. It may be derived from an old root mer- which means to divide or split, the adjacent topography shares similar etymology, Mosse-elva. Mosse -marsh-river-border+ Elva -see Elbe, Elver Old Norse for river The name is thought to be very old, mosse-marsh-river-border+ Herred -Court akin to hort, garden, from PIE *ghr-ti-, from base *gher- to grasp, enclose Actually Moss county. Archeological finds suggest that there were settlements in the more than 7,000 years ago and continuously through the Iron Age, Viking Age. During the Viking era, the place was known as Varna and was the site of a cooperative for battleships held by local warlords on behalf of the king. The first literary reference to the name Moſs is from Bishop Eystein Aslakssons Red book from 1396, by the 16th century, the towns port was significant enough to warrant its own customs official. Liquor distilleries became one of the dominant industries, and it was not until 1607, after the Reformation, that the town got its own church. By 1700, Moss had become a hub for ship and land traffic between Copenhagen and Christiania, and in 1704 Moss Jernverk was established just north of the city center. By 1720 it received its charter as a merchant town, with its own official, in 1767 a local resident built a pleasure pavilion near the town, which survives as the Hotel Refsnes Gods. In 1814, Moss became the site for the signing of the Convention of Moss and this set the stage for economic development that has persisted to this day. On the morning of 14 July 2006, a bolide exploded above the town of Rygge - moments later. A number of meteorites were recovered by local residents and visiting meteorite hunters, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 2 April 1954, Moss became a separate city in 1786 and received its first seal in the same year. The seal showed a church under some clouds, the whole thing placed within a circle, above the circle there were some fasces, the freedom symbol of the late 19th century. A later seal, dating from around 1829, shows the same composition, when in the 1930s the city wanted to adopt a coat-of-arms and the birds were chosen as a possible symbol
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Bernd and Hilla Becher
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Bernhard Bernd Becher, and Hilla Becher, née Wobeser, were German conceptual artists and photographers working as a collaborative duo. They are best known for their series of photographic images, or typologies, of industrial buildings and structures. As the founders of what has come to be known as the ‘Becher school’ or the ‘Düsseldorf School’ they influenced generations of documentary photographers and they have been awarded the Erasmus Prize and the Hasselblad Award. Bernd Becher was born in Siegen and he studied painting at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart from 1953 to 1956, then typography under Karl Rössing at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf from 1959 to 1961. Hilla Becher was born in Potsdam, prior to Hillas time studying photography at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf from 1958 to 1961, she had completed an apprenticeship as a photographer in her native Potsdam. Both began working as freelance photographers for the Troost Advertising Agency in Düsseldorf, meeting as students at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1957, Bernd and Hilla Becher first collaborated on photographing and documenting the disappearing German industrial architecture in 1959. The Ruhr Valley, where Becher’s family had worked in the steel and they were fascinated by the similar shapes in which certain buildings were designed. In addition, they were intrigued by the fact that so many of these industrial buildings seemed to have built with a great deal of attention toward design. Together, the Bechers went out with a large 8 x 10-inch view camera and photographed these buildings from a number of different angles and they shot only on overcast days, so as to avoid shadows, and early in the morning during the seasons of spring and fall. Objects included barns, water towers, coal tipples, cooling towers, grain elevators, coal bunkers, coke ovens, oil refineries, blast furnaces, gas tanks, storage silos, and warehouses. At each site the Bechers also created overall landscape views of the entire plant, in drawing attention to the cultural dimension of industrial architecture, their work also highlighted the need for preservation of these buildings. On the couples initiative the Zollern II/IV Colliery at Dortmund-Bovinghausen in the Ruhr, the Bechers also photographed outside Germany, including from 1965 buildings in Great Britain, France, Belgium and later in the United States. The Bechers exhibited and published their single-image gelatin silver prints, grouped by subject, in a grid of six, nine, the Bechers used the term “typology” to describe these ordered sets of photographs. The works’ titles are pithy and captions note only time and location, in 1976, Bernd Becher started teaching photography at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he remained on the faculty until 1996. Before him, photography had been excluded from what was largely a school for painters and he influenced students that later made a name for themselves in the photography world. Former students of Bernds included Andreas Gursky, Thomas Ruff, Thomas Struth, Candida Höfer, after Bernd Bechers death, his widow Hilla continued to reassemble their works, mostly using existing photographs. The Becher school has influenced a number of German photographers including Laurenz Berges, Andreas Gursky, Candida Höfer, Axel Hütte, Simone Nieweg, Thomas Ruff, Thomas Struth, the Canadian Edward Burtynsky also works in a similar mode. Aside from its vital documentary and analytical qualities, the Bechers long-term project has also had a impact on Minimalism
33.
David Adjaye
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Sir David Frank Adjaye OBE RA is a Ghanaian British architect. Adjaye is the designer of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, located on the National Mall in Washington. David Adjaye was born in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the son of a Ghanaian diplomat, David Adjaye lived in Tanzania, Egypt, Yemen and Lebanon before moving to Britain at the age of nine. He earned a BA at London South Bank University, before graduating with an MA in 1993 from the Royal College of Art, previously a unit tutor at the Architectural Association, he was also a lecturer at the Royal College of Art. This office was disbanded in 2000 and Adjaye established his own studio at this point. This followed their 2005 publication of Adjayes first book, David Adjaye Houses. C and his design features a crown motif from Yoruba sculpture. Alongside his international commissions, Adjayes work spans exhibitions, private homes and he built homes for the designer Alexander McQueen, artist Jake Chapman, photographer Juergen Teller, actor Ewan McGregor, and artists Tim Noble and Sue Webster. For artist Chris Ofili, he designed a new studio and a house in Port of Spain. He worked with Ofili to create an environment for The Upper Room, Adjaye collaborated with artist Olafur Eliasson to create a light installation, Your black horizon, at the 2005 Venice Biennale. He has also worked on the art project Sankalpa with director Shekhar Kapur, Adjaye coauthored two seasons of BBCs Dreamspaces television series and hosts a BBC radio programme. In June 2005, he presented the documentary Building Africa, Architecture of a Continent, in 2008, he participated in Manifesta 7 and the Gwangju Biennale. In 2015 he was commissioned to design a new home for the Studio Museum in Harlem, recent works include the Museum of Contemporary Art in Denver, the Nobel Peace Centre in Oslo and the Skolkovo Moscow School of Management, completed in 2010. Adjaye currently holds a Visiting Professor post at Princeton University School of Architecture and he was the first Louis Kahn visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and was the Kenzo Tange Professor in Architecture at Harvard Graduate School of Design. In addition, he is a RIBA Chartered Member, an AIA Honorary Fellow, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council. Making Place, The Architecture of David Adjaye was on display at the Art Institute of Chicago from September 2015 to January 2016, in 2014, Adjaye married business consultant Ashley Shaw-Scott. Chris Ofili was his best man, Adjaye was featured in an advertising campaign for British luxury brand Dunhill in 2012. Adjaye has also worked on collaborative projects with his brother Peter Adjaye. In 2006, Adjaye was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize for the Whitechapel Idea Store and he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2007 for services to British architecture
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San Lazzaro degli Armeni
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San Lazzaro degli Armeni is a small island in the Venetian Lagoon. It lies 2 km to the southeast of Venice proper and west of the Lido, the islet covers an area of 3 hectares. It was a colony during most of the Middle Ages. In 1717 San Lazzaro was ceded by the Republic of Venice to Mkhitar Sebastatsi and it has since been the headquarters of the Mekhitarists and, as such, one of the worlds prominent centers of Armenian culture and Armenian studies, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous important publications were made in the island by the monks made it an early major center of Armenian printing. San Lazzaro has been enlarged nearly four times from its original size through land reclamation. It was recognized as an academy by Napoleon in 1810 when nearly all monasteries of Venice were abolished, a significant episode in its history is Lord Byrons visit in 1816–17. The island is one of the best known sites of the Armenian diaspora. The monastery has a collection of books, journals, artifacts. Over the centuries, dozens of artists, writers, political, nowadays, it attracts tens of thousands of tourists annually. Name The islands official Italian name, San Lazzaro degli Armeni and it is often referred to in English as Saint Lazarus Island. In Armenian the island is called Սուրբ Ղազար, Surb Ghazar, Armenian sources often refer to it as Վենետիկի Սուրբ Ղազար կղզի, Saint Lazarus island of Venice. Location and area San Lazzaro lies 2 km to the southeast of Venice proper, the islet is rectangular-shaped and covers an area of 3 hectares. Population The number of monks, students and other residents at San Lazzaro have fluctuated throughout history, in 1816, when Byron visited the island, there were some 70 Mekhitarists in San Lazzaro. In his 1960 book on Venice travel writer James Morris wrote that San Lazzaro hosted approximately 20 monks. Susan Allen Toth noted in a 1998 Los Angeles Times article that San Lazzaro is still a hub of activity. A2014 article in the Russian news site Chastny Korrespondent wrote that 24 Armenian monks from around the live in San Lazzaro. Teresa Levonian Cole wrote in The Independent that, as of 2015,12 vardapets, travel writer Durant Imboden writes that 10 monks,10 seminarians, and 15 Armenian students who study Italian language and culture reside in the island
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Lopud
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Lopud is a small island 4.63 square kilometres off the coast of Dalmatia, southern Croatia. Lopud is economically the most developed of the Elaphiti Islands, and can be reached by boat from Dubrovnik, Trsteno, Orasac and Zaton. The island is famous for its beaches, in particular the bay of Šunj. Lopud is the second largest island of the Elaphiti islands. It is famous as the island in the middle, there are many things to do on Lopud. There is a beautiful park 10-15 minutes away from the boat in which there are many amazing flowers, if you like to walk, there is a pathway going around most of the Island. At the curve of the island, there is a place where you can take breathtaking pictures of the sunset. There are many sports you could do, for example, diving, kayaking, soccer, on the island, there are many restaurants that serve traditional Croatian and food from dubrovnik. There are also shops that sell traditional Croatian desserts. Lopud Lopud Island Lopud-History Island of Lopud info Elaphite Islands
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BMW
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, usually known under its abbreviation BMW, is a German luxury vehicle, motorcycle, and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. It is one of the luxury automakers in the world. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, BMW owns Mini cars and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW was established as a business entity following a restructuring of the Rapp Motorenwerke aircraft manufacturing firm in 1912 named Aerowerke Gustav Otto, after the end of World War I in 1918, BMW was forced to cease aircraft-engine production by the terms of the Versailles Armistice Treaty. The company consequently shifted to production as the restrictions of the treaty started to be lifted in 1923. BMWs first significant aircraft engine, and commercial product of any sort, was the BMW IIIa inline-six liquid-cooled engine of 1918, known for good fuel economy, with German rearmament in the 1930s, the company again began producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe. The factory in Munich made ample use of forced labour, foreign civilians, prisoners of war, the few Me 262 A-1b test examples built used the more developed version of the 003 jet, recording an official top speed of 800 km/h. The first-ever four-engine jet aircraft flown were the sixth and eighth prototypes of the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance-bomber. Through 1944 the 003s reliability improved, making it a power plant for air frame designs competing for the Jägernotprogramms light fighter production contract. Which was won by the Heinkel He 162 Spatz design, the BMW003 aviation turbojet was also under consideration as the basic starting point for a pioneering turboshaft powerplant for German armored fighting vehicles in 1944–45, as the GT101. Towards the end of the Third Reich, BMW developed some military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe, the BMW Strahlbomber, the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljäger, but none of them were built. By the year 1958, the division of BMW was in financial difficulties. It was decided to carry on by trying to cash in on the current economy car boom exploited so successfully by German ex-aircraft manufacturers such as Messerschmitt, BMW bought the rights to manufacture the Italian Iso Isetta. BMWs version of the cars were to be powered by a modified form of BMWs motorcycle engine. This was moderately successful and helped the company get back on its feet, since 1959, the controlling majority shareholder of the BMW Aktiengesellschaft has been the Quandt family, which owns about 46% of the stock. The rest is in public float, BMW acquired the Hans Glas company based in Dingolfing, Germany, in 1966. Glas vehicles were badged as BMW until the company was fully absorbed. However, this factory was outmoded and BMWs biggest immediate gain was, according to themselves, the Glas factories continued to build a limited number of their existing models, while adding the manufacture of BMW front and rear axles until they could be closer incorporated into BMW
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BMW Art Car
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The BMW Art Car Project was introduced by the French racecar driver and auctioneer Hervé Poulain, who wanted to invite an artist to create a canvas on an automobile. In 1975, Poulain commissioned American artist and friend Alexander Calder to paint the first BMW Art Car and this first example would be a BMW3.0 CSL which Poulain himself would race in the 1975 Le Mans endurance race. To date, a total of 17 BMW Art Cars, based on both racing and regular production vehicles, have been created, frank Stella also made one unofficial art car at the behest of race car driver Peter Gregg. The most recent artist to the join BMW Art Car program is Jeff Koons in 2010 with his M3 GT2, artists for the BMW Art Car Project are chosen by a panel of international judges. According to Thomas Girst, who has been in charge of the BMW Art Cars project since 2004, there wasnt much of a public relations effort around them. Since then, some of the Art Cars have been used in advertisements to show that BMW is a player in the arts, with the Eliason work, part of what we are doing is raising awareness of alternative and renewable energy sources. * The 2009 project by Robin Rhode did not create an art car, between 2003 and 2005, BMW released the first 15 Art Cars as 1,18 scale miniature diecast vehicles, manufactured by Minichamps. The first two to be released were Alexander Calders BMW3.0 CSL and Jenny Holzers BMW V12 LMR, the Art Cars were sold through BMW Automobile Dealerships, select Museum shops, as well as directly from BMW. Initially 3000 copies were to be produced with an MSRP of $125 each, in 2009, the Art Cars began a North American tour, starting at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from February 12–24. The second stop was in New York City from March 24 - April 6 at Grand Central Terminal - Vanderbilt Hall, the Cars were exhibited in México, first in MARCO, Monterrey, and later in Guadalajara and Mexico City. In July 2012 a selection of the cars were presented by the Institute of Contemporary Arts in a Shoreditch car park as part of the London 2012 Festival, furthermore, the German artist, painter and graphic designer Walter Maurer designed BMW cars according to his own ideas. In 2013 the artist Andy Reiben created an artwork called 3 Series Fluidum, iridescent, fluorescent and photo luminescent paints were used to create a unique BMW3 Series car. In addition to the commissioned by BMW a couple of artists created unofficial BMW Art Cars. and was sold from the Guggenheim Museum to a BMW dealer in Long Island. The car is part of Stellas Polar Coordinates series, created to commemorate Stellas friend Ronnie Peterson who had died in an incident at Monza in 1978. In 1987 Keith Haring painted a red BMW Z1 at Hans Mayer Gallery, in 2016, the Cultural Council of Greater Jacksonville commissioned artist Christie Chandler to paint a BMW X6 for their annual awards gala at TPC Sawgrass. An overview of BMW Art Cars with videos and a lot of information
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BMW H2R
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The BMW H2R is one of the first of a new breed of racecars adapted to run on liquid hydrogen fuel. Conceived and developed over a span of 10 months under the direction of Dr. Raymond Freymann, the H2R’s 6. 0-liter V12 engine, which draws on BMWs Valvetronic and Double-VANOS technology, is based on the 760i’s gasoline-fueled powerplant. This H2-powered vehicle generates 232 horsepower, helping it to achieve a top speed of over 187.62 mph, on the high-speed track at Miramas the BMW H2R set nine international and FIA-ratified records for cars with hydrogen combustion engines. Eliasson and his team removed the automobiles alloy body and instead replaced it with a new interlocking framework of steel bars. Layers of ice were created by spraying approximately 530 gallons of water during a period of several days upon the structure, on display, the frozen sculpture is glowing from within. Called Your Mobile Expectations, the vehicle was on display in a temperature controlled room at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art from September 8,2007 to January 13,2008. List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles R. Freymann, W. Strobl, J. Kübler, Hydrogen Technology in Automotive Engineering, Sustainable, Clean and Powerful. Proc. of the „First Austrian Hydrogen Conference“, HYCentA, Graz, 10-11 Oct.2005 BMW Hydrogen power program BMW H2R World Record Attempt Video Footage
