1.
Ebenezer Howard
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The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the First Garden City, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, Howard is believed by many to be one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden city principles being used in modern town planning. Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of Ebenezer Howard, a baker and he was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire. Howard left school at 15 and began working as a stenographer in London, Howard subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple. In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle and he went to Nebraska, and after his farming efforts failed, discovered he did not wish to be a farmer. He then relocated to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts, in the US he became acquainted with, and admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to ponder ways to improve the quality of life, by 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard company, which produces the official verbatim record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Howards time in parliament exposed him to ideas about social reform, in August 1879 he married Eliza Ann Bills. Howard has been described as a humble and practical inventor who used his time to create outlines of new cities. It was the milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and socialists, whose revolutionary, following the death of his wife Eliza Ann Bills in 1907 he married Edith Annie Hayward, who ended her days as Edith, Lady Howard, and with whom he is buried in Letchworth Cemetery. Howard read widely, including Edward Bellamys 1888 utopian novel, Looking Backward, and Henry Georges economic treatise, Progress and Poverty, and thought much about social issues. He disliked the way cities were being developed and thought people should live in places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and the countryside. The only publication he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. This book offered a vision of free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town and country. He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram, which addressed the question Where will the people go, the choices being Town, Country or Town-Country. Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism. It proposed the creation of new towns of limited size, planned in advance
2.
Garden city movement
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The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, containing areas of residences, industry. Inspired by the utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry Georges work Progress and Poverty, Howard published his book To-morrow, the garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road. Howard’s To-morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform sold enough copies to result in a second edition and this success provided him the support necessary to pursue the chance to bring his vision into reality. Howard believed that all agreed the overcrowding and deterioration of cities was one of the troubling issues of their time. He quotes a number of respected thinkers and their disdain of cities, Howard’s garden city concept combined the town and country in order to provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or ‘crowded, unhealthy cities’. To build a city, Howard needed money to buy land. He decided to get funding from gentlemen of responsible position and undoubted probity and he founded the Garden City Association, which created First Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the garden city of Letchworth. However, these donors would collect interest on their investment if the city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process. Howard tried to include working class cooperative organisations, which included over two members, but could not win their financial support. In 1904, Raymond Unwin, an architect and town planner, along with his partner Barry Parker, won the competition run by First Garden City Ltd. to plan Letchworth. However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’ design, Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. Despite Howard’s best efforts, the prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for blue-collar workers to live in. The populations comprised mostly skilled middle class workers, after a decade, the First Garden City became profitable and started paying dividends to its investors. Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the line of garden cities. Likely in frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the garden city in 1919. The purchase was at auction, with money Howard desperately and successfully borrowed from friends, the Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction
3.
Arts and Crafts movement
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It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and was essentially anti-industrial and it had a strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was displaced by Modernism in the 1930s, and its influence continued among craft makers, designers, and town planners long afterwards. It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin, writer John Ruskin, the movement developed earliest and most fully in the British Isles, and spread across the British Empire and to the rest of Europe and North America. It was largely a reaction against the perceived impoverished state of the arts at the time. The Arts and Crafts style emerged from the attempt to reform design, but it was as much a movement of social reform as design reform and its leading practitioners did not separate the two. The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner has said that exhibits in the Great Exhibition showed ignorance of basic need in creating patterns. Owen Jones, for example, declared that Ornament, fiona MacCarthy says that unlike later zealots like Gandhi, William Morris had no practical objections to the use of machinery per se so long as the machines produced the quality he needed. Morriss followers also had differing views or changed their minds over time. C. R. Ashbee, for example, a figure in the Arts and Crafts Movement. At the time of his Guild of Handicraft, initiated in 1888, he said, We do not reject the machine, but we would desire to see it mastered. Morris insisted that the artist should be a working by hand and advocated a society of free craftspeople. Because craftsmen took pleasure in their work, he wrote, the Middle Ages was a period of greatness in the art of the common people. The treasures in our museums now are only the common used in households of that age. Medieval art was the model for much Arts and Crafts design and medieval life, before capitalism, the founders of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society did not insist that the designer should also be the maker. Peter Floud, writing in the 1950s, said that The founders of the Society, never executed their own designs, but invariably turned them over to commercial firms. The Arts and Crafts Movement was associated with socialist ideas in the persons of Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Walter Crane, Ashbee, in the early 1880s Morris was spending more of his time on socialist propaganda than on designing and making. Ashbee established a community of craftsmen, the Guild of Handicraft, in east London and those adherents who were not socialists, for example, Alfred Hoare Powell, advocated a more humane and personal relationship between employer and employee. Lewis Foreman Day, a successful and influential Arts and Crafts designer, was not a socialist either
4.
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
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The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London, and forms part of Inner London. Traversed by the east-west main roads of the A4 Great West Road, the local council is Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council. The borough is unique in London in having three professional clubs, Chelsea, Fulham and Queens Park Rangers. The borough was formed in 1965 by merging the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith and it was known as the London Borough of Hammersmith until its name was changed on 1 January 1979 by the borough council. The two had joined together previously in the parish of Fulham until 1834 as the hamlet of Hammersmith had no church until much later. They were joined together again under the Fulham District from 1855 to 1886, there followed numerous international fairs and exhibitions for a century until the construction of Earls Court II in the borough in the 1980s. This was dismantled by developers in 2015, after the 2012 Olympics, 60% of the boroughs population is White British, 20% white non-British, 5% black Caribbean, 8% black African with various other ethnicities making up the remaining 11 percent. The borough has the second-highest proportion of adults of any borough in England and Wales. Around 50% of households are owner–occupiers, and 22% of households were listed as other – that is and these are generally two or more unrelated adults living together, such as students or cohabiting couples. The unemployment rate is well below average at under 5%, although of these, the borough also has the 4th highest house prices in the country. See external links below for more information from the borough. Virgin Group operates its headquarters at The School House,50 Brook Green, sony Mobile Communications has its headquarters in the borough. Iberia operates the Iberia House in the borough, all Nippon Airways operates the London Office on the fourth floor of Hythe House. South African Airways has its United Kingdom office in the South African Airways House, CE Europe, a subsidiary of Capcom, has its head office in the George House in Hammersmith in the borough. As of May 2011 it will be relocating to the Metro Building in Hammersmith, iran Airs London offices are also located in the borough. The airline moved there by Wednesday 4 January 2012, coca-Cola, Disney and LOréal also all have UK headquarters in Hammersmith, as well as a number of other major businesses. For a 15-year period Air France had its UK and Ireland office in Hammersmith, in 2006 the UK and Ireland office was moved to Hatton Cross, London Borough of Hounslow. Also, TAP Portugal runs an office in the Borough
5.
A40 road in London
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The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Fishguard, Wales. In the 1960s Westway was constructed, easing access to. The A40 links the City of London and the West End to the M40 motorway, the route is called The London to Fishguard Trunk Road in legal documents and acts. The A40 officially starts where St. Martins Le Grand meets Cheapside, here it shares a terminus with the A1, the main north London radial. First forming Newgate Street and then through Holborn to Holborn Viaduct and this viaduct carries the A40 over the A201 and on to Holborn Circus where the A40 crosses the terminus of the A4. The A40 here is named High Holborn, one of the four Inns of Court, Grays Inn, is on the north side of the road. Another, Lincolns Inn, is on the south side, the road is now in the Borough of Camden. Leaving Holborn, the A40 crosses into the City of Westminster, the British Museum is close at this point. After crossing the end of Tottenham Court Road at St Giles Circus. Oxford Street is Europes busiest shopping street, many chain stores have their flagship store on the street, including John Lewis, Debenhams, Marks and Spencers, House of Fraser and Selfridges. There are several stations along the road, the Central line runs under Oxford Street and is London Undergrounds second busiest line with 180 million passengers a year. The busiest stations are Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Circus, and Bond Street, the road forms the northern boundary of Soho, the main theatres and cinemas are located to the south near Leicester Square. The area contains a number of clubs, bars and music venues. Centre Point was one of Londons first skyscrapers, the A40 continues as Oxford Street to Marble Arch at the north-east corner of Hyde Park. Nearby is Speakers Corner, where people are allowed considerable freedom of speech. Nearby is the site of Tyburn gallows, where executions took place from 1388 to 1793. At Marble Arch is a road junction of Oxford Street, Park Lane, Bayswater Road. The A40 has taken three courses from here over the last thirty years, the last change was in 2000, when Westway lost its motorway status and became the A40
6.
Wormwood Scrubs
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Wormwood Scrubs, known locally as The Scrubs, is an open space located in the north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is the largest open space in the Borough, at 80 ha, the eastern part, known as Little Wormwood Scrubs, is cut off by Scrubs Lane and the West London Line railway. It has been a public space since the Wormwood Scrubs Act of 1879. The southern edge of the Scrubs is the site of two important buildings. At the western end is HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, built between 1875 and 1891 by convict labour, to the east of the prison is the Hammersmith Hospital campus, which includes the relocated Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital. Within the area are several facilities, including the Linford Christie stadium, tens of football pitches. Queens Park Rangers Football Club played on The Scrubs between 1893 and 1896, in the early 19th century the whole district was open fields, and included several areas of common land. In 1812 an area of 190 acres known as Wormholt Scrubs was leased by the War Office from the Manor of Fulham. This was in order to exercise cavalry horses which until that point had been hacked out in Hyde Park, Belgrave Square and this common land became known as Wormwood Scrubs,135 acres of which was bought by the War Office in 1878. Under this act, the military were able to expel civilians from the Scrubs whenever they were training, the Scrubs became recognised as the duelling ground of London, with several duels having been fought there. In 1908, the route for the Olympic Marathon went across the Scrubs on the stages of the race from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium at White City. The airship shed was used to train RNAS armoured car crews and it remained as an emergency landing ground until the 1930s. Until 1940 it was served by St. Quintin Park and Wormwood Scrubs and it was closed after heavy bombing damage during the Second World War. The prison is located just yards from the scene of the Massacre of Braybrook Street in 1966, holloway and his campaign petitioned the House of Lords, supported by the then MP for Fulham Nick Raynsford, and won concessions. The existing nature reserve includes an area known as Lesters Embankment, the campaign attracted considerable national publicity in 1987, and even a musical. On 10 March 2009 the prison was listed as a Grade II building, the Scrubs, one of the largest open spaces close to central London, is always under threat of development. Other sources of income from the space include the rental of sports fields, advertising billboards, the accounting for costs and revenues of the Charity have been a matter of debate between the Council, currently sole Trustee of the Trust, and the Friends of Wormwood Scrubs. Areas of Wormwood Scrubs, mainly the next to the boundary, are a Local Nature Reserve and these areas include Braybrook Woods, Martin Bells Wood and the Central Woodland Copse
7.
Wormholt Park
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Wormholt Park is a public park in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The park dates from the early 1900s when the Ecclesiastical Commissioners decided to sell parts of the Wormholt, the open air swimming pool known as The White City Lido was built on the western edge of the park, on Bloemfontein Road. It designed by R Hampton Clucas, Borough Engineer, and was built by 60 unemployed men in six months and it cost £13,149 It opened on 4 August 1923. It was 150 by 75 feet with small lawns both ends, on a 250 by 150 feet plot, the two shallow ends were 3 feet 6 inches and the deep centre was 7 feet 3 inches. It closed after the 1979 season and was replaced with a pool in the Janet Adegoke Leisure Centre. This in turn was demolished in 2003, friends of Wormholt Park Retrieved July 2015 Wormholt Park at the London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham Retrieved July 2015 Wormholt Park, the first hundred years Retrieved January 2016
8.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
9.
East Acton tube station
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East Acton is a London Underground station in East Acton in west London. The station is on the Central line, between White City and North Acton stations, and in Travelcard Zone 2 and it is close to Wormwood Scrubs prison and Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital. The station opened in 1920 on the Ealing Broadway extension of the Central London Railway, since the CLR was exclusively a passenger service, two extra dedicated tracks for the GWRs freight trains were opened in 1938, but were closed in 1964. The trackbed of these rails is now overgrown, with vegetation visible immediately to the north of the station, the station has recently been refurbished, with the staircases improved and the East Acton Underground roundels replaced with larger, newer versions. London Buses route 7,70,72,228,272 and 283 serve the station
