1.
Rye whiskey
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In the United States, rye whiskey is, by law, made from a mash of at least 51 percent rye. It is distilled to no more than 160 U. S. proof, the whiskey must be put into such barrels at not more than 125 proof. Rye whiskey that has been so aged for at least two years and has not been blended with other spirits may be designated as straight. Rye whiskey was historically the prevalent whiskey of the states, especially Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh was the center of rye whiskey production in the late 1700s, by 1808, Allegheny County farmers were selling one half barrel for each man, woman and child in the country. Rye whiskey largely disappeared after Prohibition, a few brands, such as Old Overholt, survived it, although by the late 1960s even Pennsylvania names such as Old Overholt were being distilled mostly in Kentucky. Today, a number of brands are produced by Campari Group, Diageo, Heaven Hill, Beam Suntory, The Sazerac Company. One notable producer is MGP of Indiana, which is a distiller for many brands marketed by others, rye has been currently undergoing a small but growing revival in the United States. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many producers have been experimenting with rye whiskey. For example, Brown-Forman has also production of a Jack Daniels rye whiskey, releasing unaged. A distillery at Mount Vernon, the homestead of George Washington, rye grain is known for imparting what many call a spicy or fruity flavor to the whiskey. Bourbon, distilled from at least 51% corn, is noticeably sweeter, all other things being equal, the character of the cocktail will be drier with rye. Canadian whisky is often referred to as rye whisky, since much of the content was from rye. In some cases the ratio may be as high as 9,1. Most contemporary Canadian whiskies contain only a fraction of rye, with the exception of a few brands, such as Alberta Premium and Canadian Club Chairmans Select, Canadian whisky must be aged in wooden barrels for at least 3 years. This requirement differs from regulations for U. S. blended whiskey, in which the bulk base spirits are not required to be aged
2.
Beam Suntory
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Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd, which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The companys principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila, Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac, rum, cordials, as a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. On December 16,2011, Beam Inc. agreed to buy the only independent Irish whiskey distiller that existed at the time, on April 23,2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million. On January 13,2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13.6 billion. The acquisition was completed on April 30,2014, for a final cost of about $16 billion – when it was announced that Beam would become a subsidiary named Beam Suntory. Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Chicago Cubs and Beam Suntory announced a long-term sponsorship deal in January 2017, making Beam the official spirits partner of the Cubs and Wrigley Field. In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries, it imports and markets some brands produced by others, additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco. Beam Suntory – official company website
3.
Clermont, Kentucky
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Clermont is a USGS-designated populated place in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States, south of Louisville. Clermont is located at and is 531 feet above sea level and this is in the Eastern Time Zone, ZIP code 40110. A large portion of Clermont consists of the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, Clermont is home to the famous Jim Beam distillery, and Bullitt County is a wet county. The Boy Scouts of America Camp Crooked Creek, which is associated with the Lincoln Heritage Council, is located in Clermont. The area was recognized by the USGS on September 20,1979. U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Clermont, KY
4.
Alcohol by volume
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Alcohol by volume is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the number of millilitres of pure ethanol present in 100 millilitres of solution at 20 °C, the number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/ml. The ABV standard is used worldwide, the International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, such as the U. K and France, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac and this results in the slight difference in marked % noted later in this article. Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume, mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called partial molar volume. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, for example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content, in the United States, a few states regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight, expressed as a percentage of total mass. Some brewers print the ABW on beer containers, particularly on low-point versions of domestic beer brands. However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the factor is not constant. 100% ABW, of course, is equivalent to 100% ABV, during the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol, the density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in gravity of the solution before. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated, there are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author C. J. J, the number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of a 100% ethanol solution. The difference between the starting SG and the final SG measures the specific gravity lost to CO2 release
5.
Alcohol proof
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Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage. The term was used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume. The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof, in the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of content on bottles of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries, the term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them, if the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate. As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57. 15% ABV, the gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816. From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit, defined as spirit with a gravity of 12⁄13 that of water, or 923 kg/m3, the value 57. 15% is very close to the fraction 4⁄7 =0.5714. Thus, the amounts to declaring that 100° proof spirit has an ABV of 4⁄7. From this, it follows that to convert the ABV to degrees proof, thus pure, 100% alcohol will have 100× = 175° proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40× = 70° proof. The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity, 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof. The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical, today, liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume. The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology, oIMLs International Recommendation No.22 provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles, since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C and it replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years. Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof and this scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980. Using the OIML scale or the Gay-Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees, in the United States, alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume. The Code of Federal Regulations requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV, the regulation permits, but does not require, a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number. For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids, actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0. 15% of ABV stated on the label, alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume
6.
Old Grand-Dad
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Old Grand-Dad is a brand of bourbon whiskey distilled at the Jim Beam Plant in Clermont, Kentucky. The brand was created by Raymond B, Hayden and named after his grandfather Basil Hayden, Sr. who was a well known distiller during his lifetime. A fanciful portrait of Hayden Sr. is depicted on the front of each bottle, today, it is owned and produced by Beam Suntory. As of December 2015, Old Grand-Dad and Old Overholt – both of which are Beam Suntory brands – are marketed together as The Olds. The Hayden familys first commercial distillery was created in 1840, during prohibition, the company produced medicinal whiskey for sick, blind, and lame patients. National Distillers had facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio and Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1987, National Distillers Group sold the spirits business to the Fortune Brands holding company, which became Beam Inc. Today, Old Grand-Dad is one of the ten best-selling straight whiskeys and it comes in three different bottling proofs,80 proof,100 proof Bottled In Bond, and 114 Barrel Proof in a short-height bottle gift box package. In 2013 the lower proof offering went from 86 proof to 80 proof, since 1992 Beam has also marketed another brand of Kentucky bourbon, Basil Haydens, named after the same person. Food critic Morgan Murphy said The sweet corn of this whiskey is hot on the lips but has a finish of vanilla. In Travels with Charley, John Steinbecks 1961 account of a road-trip across America, he stocks Old Grand-Dad on his truck and regularly offers a dollop to people he meets. Old Grand-Dad is featured prominently in the scenes of the film Bad Santa and in the Nick Stefanos novels by George P. Pelecanos. Former Pennsylvania State University football coach Joe Paternos son suggested that his father enjoyed Old Grand-Dad on the rocks, George Thorogood references Old Grand-Dad whiskey in his song I Drink Alone, in the lyrics. the only one who will hang out with me is my dear Old Grand-Dad. Old Grand-Dad is cited in the Lynyrd Skynyrd song Whiskey Rock-a-Roller saying, She likes to drink Old Grand-Dad, Old Grand-Dad is specified by James Bond in the novel Live and Let Die for his Old Fashioned. It is also mentioned in the Hank Williams, Jr. song Women Ive Never Had, I like sweet young things and Old Grand-Dad, in Cormac McCarthys Cities of the Plain novel, Old Grand-Dad is the drink of choice for many of the characters. In his book Truman, David G. McCullough writes extensively about President Harry S. Trumans love for bourbon and he further writes that the Presidents preferred drink was Old Grand-Dad on the rocks. In Robert P. Daviss 1976 novel The Pilot, Mike Hagen, the author Charles Bukowski frequently mentioned Old Grand-Dad in his stories. For example, in Post Office, the protagonist Chinaski buys Grandad for breakfast, in Hank Searls 1978 novelization for the film, Jaws 2, one of the attack victims drinks coffee laced with Old Grand-Dad to calm his nerves before going scuba diving. Kolt Racer Raynor, the character of Dalton Furys books Black Site and Tier One Wild
7.
Jim Beam
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Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. It is one of the best selling brands of bourbon in the world, since 1795, seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name Jim Beam in 1933 in honor of James B. Beam, who rebuilt the business after Prohibition ended, previously produced by the Beam family and later owned by the Fortune Brands holding company, the brand was purchased by Suntory Holdings in 2014. During the late 18th century, members of the Böhm family, johannes Reginald Beam was a farmer who began producing whiskey in the style that became known as bourbon. Jacob Beam sold his first barrels of corn whiskey around 1795, the whiskey was first called Old Jake Beam Sour Mash, and the distillery was known as Old Tub. David Beam took on his fathers responsibilities in 1820 at the age of 18, david M. Beam in 1854 moved the distillery to Nelson County to capitalize on the growing network of railroad lines connecting states. James Beauregard Beam managed the business before and after Prohibition, rebuilding the distillery in 1933 in Clermont, Kentucky. Beam Distilling Company was founded in 1935 by Harry L. Homel, Oliver Jacobson, H. Blum, jeremiah Beam started working at the Clear Springs distillery in 1913, later becoming the master distiller and overseeing operations at the new Clermont facility. Jeremiah Beam eventually gained full ownership and opened a distillery near Boston, Kentucky. Jeremiah later teamed up with childhood friend Jimberlain Joseph Quinn, to expand the enterprise. Booker Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe II, grandson of Jim Beam, was the Master Distiller at the Jim Beam Distillery for more than 40 years, working closely with Master Distiller Jerry Dalton. In 1987 Booker introduced his own namesake bourbon, Bookers, the companys first uncut, straight-from-the-barrel bourbon, fred Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe III, became the seventh generation Beam family distiller in 2007 and regularly travels for promotional purposes. The Beam family has played a major role in the history of the Heaven Hill Distillery. All of the Master Distillers at Heaven Hill since its founding have been members of the Beam family, the original Master Distiller at Heaven Hill was Joseph L. Beam, Jim Beams first cousin. He was followed by his son, Harry, who was followed by Earl Beam, Earl Beam was then succeeded by the current Heaven Hill Master Distillers, Parker Beam and his son, Craig Beam. In 1987, Jim Beam purchased National Brands, acquiring brands including Old Crow, Bourbon de Luxe, Old Taylor, Old Grand-Dad, Old Taylor was subsequently sold to the Sazerac Company. On August 4,2003, a fire destroyed a Jim Beam aging warehouse in Bardstown and it held about 19,000 barrels of bourbon. Flames rose more than 100 feet from the burning structure, burning bourbon spilled from the warehouse and set a nearby creek on fire
8.
West Overton, Pennsylvania
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West Overton is located approximately 40 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, in East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on PA819 between the towns of Mount Pleasant and Scottdale and its latitude is 40. 117N and its longitude is -79. 564W. West Overton Village was established in 1800 by German Mennonites from Bucks County, today it operates as a museum complex and is an example of a 19th-century rural industrial village. It is the only pre-American Civil War village still intact in Pennsylvania, the museum has undergone a complete renovation and will focus on the Overholt industries of whiskey distillation, grist milling and coal and coke operations. The museum was scheduled to reopen for tours in August 2012 with the Overholt Homestead to reopen in June 2013, West Overton Historic District is a national historic district located at East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses 19 contributing buildings in the village of West Overton and they are a collection of mid-19th century buildings in a vernacular Greek Revival style. It includes the Christian S. Overholt Store and House, Abraham Overholt Homestead, the springhouse of the Abraham Overholt Homestead is the birthplace of Henry Clay Frick. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, West Overton Museums website Frick Art & Historical Center website All of the following Historic American Buildings Survey records are filed under West Overton, Westmoreland County, PA, HABS No. PA-5654, West Overton,1 photo,3 measured drawings,43 data pages,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5655, Henry S. Overton House,1526 Frick Avenue,4 photos,7 measured drawings,15 data pages,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5657, Overholt Company Workers House B,2 photos,12 data pages,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5656, Christian S. Overholt Store & House,6 photos,6 measured drawings,13 data pages,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5658, Abraham Overholt House,10 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5658-A, Abraham Overholt House, Springhouse,3 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5658-B, Abraham Overholt House, Smokehouse,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5658-C, Abraham Overholt House, Summerhouse & Shed,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5658-D, Abraham Overholt House, South Stables & Hog Pen,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5659, A. & H. S. Overholt Company Distillery,7 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5660, A. & H. S. Overholt Company Coke Over,1 photo,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5661-A, Abraham Overholt Farm, Farm House,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5661-B, Abraham Overholt Farm, Large Barn,4 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5661-C, Abraham Overholt Farm, Barn,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5661-D, Abraham Overholt Farm, Stables,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5662, Overholt Company Workers House C,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, pA-5663, Overholt Company Workers House D,2 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No. PA-5664, Overholt Company Workers House F,2 photos,1 photo caption page
9.
Suntory Holdings
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Suntory Holdings Limited is a Japanese brewing and distilling company group. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest companies in the distribution of alcoholic beverages in Japan and its business has expanded to other fields, and the company now also makes soft drinks and operates sandwich chains. With its 2014 acquisition of Beam, Inc. it has diversified internationally, Suntory is headquartered in Dojimahama 2-chome, Kita-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture. Suntory was started by Torii Shinjiro, who first opened his store Torii Shoten in Osaka on February 1,1899, in 1907, the store began selling a sweet tasting red wine called Akadama Port Wine. The store became the Kotobukiya company in 1921 to further expand its business and in 1923, production began in December 1924 and five years later Suntory Whisky Shirofuda, the first single malt whisky made in Japan, was sold. Due to shortages during World War II, Kotobukiya was forced to halt its development of new products, but in 1946 it re-released Torys Whisky, in 1961, Kotobukiya launched the Drink Torys and Go to Hawaii campaign. At the time, a trip abroad was considered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, in 1963, Kotobukiya changed its name to Suntory, taken from the name of the whisky it produces. In the same year, Musashino Beer Factory began its production of the Suntory Beer, in 1997, the company became Japans sole bottler, distributor, and licensee of Pepsi products. On July 14,2009, Kirin announced that it was negotiating with Suntory on a merger, on February 8,2010, it was announced that negotiations between the two were terminated. In 2009 they acquired Orangina, the soft drink for 300 billion yen. On 2 July 2013 the company debuted on the Tokyo stock exchange, in January 2014, Suntory announced an agreement to buy the largest U. S. bourbon producer, Beam Inc. for US$16 billion. This deal would make Suntory the worlds third largest spirits maker, the acquisition was completed on April 30,2014, when it was also announced that Beam would be renamed as Beam Suntory. Also in January 2014, Suntory purchased the division of British GlaxoSmithKline. This included the brands Lucozade and Ribena, however, the deal did not include Horlicks, in 2003, Suntory acquired a 98. 5% equity holding in Florigene. Prior to this, Florigene had been a subsidiary of global agrochemicals giant Nufarm Limited since 1999. In July 2004, Suntory and Florigene scientists announced to the world the development of the first roses containing blue pigment and it will produce Suntory Oolong Tea, Boss and Orangina. Suntory and its various products are featured in the Ryū ga Gotoku/Yakuza series of games, Suntory was one of the first Asian companies to specifically employ American celebrities to market their product. One of the most notable is Sammy Davis, Jr. who appeared in a series of Suntory commercials in the early 1970s, in the late 1970s, Akira Kurosawa directed a series of commercials featuring American celebrities on the set of his film Kagemusha
10.
Osaka
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Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan. Historically a merchant city, Osaka has also known as the nations kitchen. Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins comprise shell mounds, sea oysters. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a land with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular, by the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, in 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka, making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, although the capital was moved to Asuka in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato, Korea, and China. Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, in 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583, Osaka was long considered Japans primary economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class. Over the course of the Edo period, Osaka grew into one of Japans major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and its popular culture was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780 Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki, in 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the citys unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century, jippenisha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, Edo writers by contrast saw zeeroku as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. The modern municipality was established in 1889 by government ordinance, with an area of 15 square kilometres, overlapping todays Chūō. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres, Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the Manchester of the Orient, the rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves
11.
Mennonite
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The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons of Friesland. Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders, rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believers baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism. There is controversy among Mennonites about this issue, with some insisting that they are simply a group while others argue that they form a distinct ethnic group. Historians and sociologists have increasingly started to treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group, there is also a discussion about the term ethnic Mennonite. There are about 2.1 million Anabaptists worldwide as of 2015, Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from plain people to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. Mennonites can be found in communities in at least 87 countries on six continents, the largest populations of Mennonites are to be found in Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India and the United States. Today, less than 500 Mennonites remain in Ukraine, a relatively small Mennonite presence, known as the Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit, still continues in the Netherlands, where Simons was born. The early history of the Mennonites starts with the Anabaptists in the German, the German term is Täufer or Wiedertäufer. The Greek word palin is the single most used term translated as again throughout the Greek MSS translated into the English KJV Bible, when the Greek prepositional prefix ana is used, it is always translated separately, and not transliterated. The English transliteration of anbaptizmo demands a transliterated rendering as an-other baptism, hence ANA-baptism and these forerunners of modern Mennonites were part of the Protestant Reformation, a broad reaction against the practices and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. Other significant theological views of the Mennonites developed in opposition to Roman Catholic views or to the views of other Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, some of the followers of Zwinglis Reformed church thought that requiring church membership beginning at birth was inconsistent with the New Testament example. At a small meeting in Zurich on January 21,1525, Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz and this meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. In the spirit of the times, many groups followed, preaching about reducing hierarchy, relations with the state, eschatology and these movements are together referred to as the Radical Reformation. They joined forces to fight the movement, using such as banishment, torture. Despite strong repressive efforts of the churches, the movement spread slowly around western Europe. Officials killed many of the earliest Anabaptist leaders in an attempt to purge Europe of the new sect, by 1530, most of the founding leaders had been killed for refusing to renounce their beliefs. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were unwilling to fight for their lives
12.
Jacobs Creek (Pennsylvania)
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Jacobs Creek is a 33. 4-mile-long tributary of the Youghiogheny River beginning in Acme, Pennsylvania and draining at its mouth in the town of Jacobs Creek into the Youghiogheny River. Jacobs Creek is the border of Westmoreland County and the northwestern border of Fayette County. Jacobs Creek, between Chaintown and its mouth, cuts a gorge through the Fayette Anticline, exposing many rock outcroppings. The geography of Jacobs Creek allowed early civilization in the Jacobs Creek Valley as early as 1768 when western Pennsylvania was opened to settlement by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. According to Rambling in the Valley of Jacobs Creek, Various industrial enterprises have been associated with the history of this valley, among the first were the manufacture of salt and iron. By the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 this region was opened for settlement, both salt and iron were in demand, they were expensive and hard to procure, hence men of enterprise naturally sought means to supply these demands. George Dallas Albert in his History of Westmoreland County, says that and he also states that in the Youghiogheny region, twenty bushels of wheat was not thought an unfair exchange for a bushel of salt, or a cow and calf for a similar amount. Other geographic features of the valley include two waterfalls, Freeman Falls and Creek Falls, Jacobs Creek was named for Chief Jacob, a Native American. The valley of Jacobs Creek is home to an abundance of colonial and industrial history, including the home of the Alliance Furnace, the Alliance Furnace was built before ownership of the land was obtained by William Turnbul, John Holker, and Peter Marmie on July 13,1789. The furnace was blown in 1802, starting in the 1790s Jacobs Creek attracted a number of Mennonite farmers. One of those Mennonites was Henry Oberholtzer, in 1800 Henry and his son Abraham cleared 150 acres near West Overton to start a farm. The farm grew rye for distilling into whiskey, the whiskey later became known as Old Overholt. Western Pennsylvania was a producer of rye whiskey in the decades before Prohibition. Other sources of industry along the valley include salt mills, grist mills, coke ovens, strip mining, recreation along Jacobs Creek includes smallmouth bass and trout fishing, seasonal whitewater kayaking, and swimming. It has been the inspiration of the guide Ramblings in the Valley of Jacobs Creek, Acme to Laurelville Chaintown to Youghiogheny River Freeman Falls Creek Falls List of rivers of Pennsylvania Jacobs Creek Bridge. The first iron-chain suspension bridge built in the United States
13.
Korn (liquor)
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Korn also known as Kornbrand, is a German colorless distilled beverage produced from fermented cereal grain seed. In the production of Korn only the cereal grain types rye, wheat, barley, most of the production is based on rye or wheat, barley and buckwheat are rarely used. Barley is mainly used to obtain the required malt for the brewing process, Korn differs from vodka in that it is distilled to lower alcoholic proofs and less rigorously filtered, which leaves more of the cereal grain flavor in the finished spirit. Korn must contain at least a minimum of 32% ABV, above 37. 5% ABV it may be named Kornbrand, and the name Doppelkorn, with 38% ABV, has been used in the market. A weaker variety of Korn that has less than 30% ABV can be a mixture of fruit flavours, Korn is usually consumed neat in shot glasses, but is also popular with a soft drink mixer. In some places, a beer is often ordered together with a Kurzer and this combination is called in German a Herrengedeck in most parts of Germany. Korn is believed to have produced in Germany since the 15th century. The first Korn production ban was imposed in 1545, a decree of the city council of Nordhausen prohibited the use of grain or malt for the production of spirits. Historians believe beer brewers wanted to defend themselves against the competition of Kornbrand producers, the first purity law for the distillation of Korn has existed since 1789, prescribed by the city of Nordhausen, and is still produced there to this day. The regulations set by the city of Nordhausen stipulates that at least two thirds of rye or grain and at most one third of barley or malt may be used, in Nordhausen, the company Echter Nordhäuser Spirituosen GmbH produces the Korn brand Echter Nordhäuser. In 1799, Otto von Bismarcks father, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Korn market leaders in Germany are the brands Oldesloer Weizenkorn, followed by Strothmann Weizenkorn and Echter Nordhäuser Korn. For Doppelkorn, Echter Nordhäuser Doppelkorn was the leader in 2007, followed by Berentzen Doornkaat
14.
Henry Clay Frick
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Henry Clay Frick was an American industrialist, financier, union-buster, and art patron. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company, was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company and he also financed the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Company, and owned extensive real estate holdings in Pittsburgh and throughout the state of Pennsylvania. Frick was born in West Overton, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States, a grandson of Abraham Overholt, Fricks father, John W. Frick, was unsuccessful in business pursuits. Henry Clay Frick attended Otterbein College for one year, but did not graduate, the company was called Frick Coke Company. Thanks to loans from the family of lifelong friend Andrew W. Mellon, by 1880, the company was renamed H. C. Some of the brick and stone structures are visible in both Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. Shortly after marrying Adelaide Howard Childs, in 1881, Frick met Andrew Carnegie in New York City while the Fricks were on their honeymoon and this introduction would lead to an eventual partnership between H. C. Frick & Company and Carnegie Steel Company and, eventually, to United States Steel and this partnership ensured that Carnegies steel mills had adequate supplies of coke. Frick became chairman of the company, Carnegie made multiple attempts to force Frick out of the company they had created by making it appear that the company had nowhere left to go and that it was time for Frick to retire. Despite the contributions Frick had made towards Andrew Carnegies fortune, Carnegie disregarded him in many executive decisions including finances, at the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Frick helped to found the exclusive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club were Benjamin Ruff, T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. White, Henry Clay Frick, E. A. Meyers, hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. Holmes and Andrew Carnegie. The club members made inadequate repairs to what was at time the worlds largest earthen dam. Less than 20 miles downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown, Cambria Iron Company operated a large iron and steel work in Johnstown and its owner, Daniel J. Morrell, was concerned about the safety of the dam and the thoroughness of repairs made to it. Morrell had even sent his own engineer to inspect the site but little was done in the run to satisfy his concerns. Poor maintenance, unusually high snow melt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31,1889, resulting in the Johnstown Flood. Other sources blame a screen placed across the spillway by the club to prevent fish from escaping, as a cause and this strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club’s members. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equalled that of the Mississippi River, although Cambria Irons facilities were heavily damaged, they returned to full production within a year and a half
15.
Andrew Mellon
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Andrew William Mellon was an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, and politician. From the wealthy Mellon family of Pennsylvania, he established a vast business empire before transitioning into politics. He served as United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 9,1921 to February 12,1932, presiding over the years of the 1920s. Leaving office after the onset of the Great Depression, he served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. A conservative Republican, Mellon lowered taxes and government spending in the aftermath of World War I, Mellon was born in Pennsylvania on March 24,1855. His name is listed on the 1860 Census as William A. Mellon and his father was Thomas Mellon, a banker and judge who was a Scots-Irish immigrant from County Tyrone, Ireland, his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He had three brothers, Thomas A. James R. and Samuel, and he also had a younger brother named Richard B. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania and left before graduating, in 1872 his father set him up in a lumber and coal business, which he soon turned into a profitable enterprise. He joined his fathers banking firm, T, Mellon & Sons, in 1880 and two years later had ownership of the bank transferred to him. In 1889, Mellon helped organize the Union Trust Company and Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh and he also branched into industrial activities, oil, steel, shipbuilding, and construction. Areas where Mellons backing created giant enterprises included aluminum, industrial abrasives, Mellon financed Charles Martin Hall, whose refinery grew into the Aluminum Company of America. He became the partner of Edward Goodrich Acheson in manufacturing silicon carbide and he created an entire industry through his help to Heinrich Koppers, inventor of coke ovens which transformed industrial waste into usable products such as coal-gas, coal-tar, and sulfur. He also became an investor in the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. Mellon was one of the wealthiest people in the United States, while he served as Secretary of the U. S. Treasury Department his wealth peaked at around $300–$400 million in 1929–1930. Mellon was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, along with his closest friends Henry Clay Frick and Philander Knox, Mellon served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. Mellon also was one-third owner with Frick and one Charles W. Mauck in the Old Overholt whiskey distillery in West Overton, at the time, Old Overholt was one of the largest and most respected whiskey producers in the country. In 1907, as prohibition became more popular across the country, Frick and Mellon removed their names from the distilling license and it is believed that Mellons connections in the Treasury Department are what allowed the company to secure a medicinal permit during Prohibition. This permit allowed Overholt to sell existing whiskey stocks to druggists for medicinal use, when Frick died in December 1919, he left his share to Mellon
16.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
17.
Warren G. Harding
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Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1921 until his death in 1923. In historical rankings of the U. S. presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst, Harding was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio. He lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere and he settled in Marion when not yet 20 years old and bought The Marion Star, building it into a successful newspaper. In 1899, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and, after four years there and he was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1914. Harding ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, the leading candidates, such as General Leonard Wood, could not gain a majority to secure the nomination, and the convention deadlocked. Hardings support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot and he conducted a front porch campaign, remaining for the most part in Marion and allowing the people to come to him. He won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs, running on a theme of return to normalcy and becoming the first sitting senator to be elected president. Harding appointed a number of well-regarded figures, including Andrew Mellon at the Treasury, Herbert Hoover at Commerce, a major foreign policy achievement came with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the worlds major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that lasted a decade. Two members of his cabinet were implicated in corruption, Interior Secretary Albert Fall, the resulting scandals did not fully emerge until after Hardings death, nor did word of his extramarital affairs, but both greatly damaged his reputation. Harding died of an attack in San Francisco while on a western speaking tour, he was succeeded by his vice president. Harding was born November 2,1865, in Blooming Grove, nicknamed Winnie as a small child, Harding was the eldest of eight children born to George Tryon Harding, Sr. and Phoebe Elizabeth Harding. Tryon farmed and taught school near Mount Gilead, Ohio, through apprenticeship, study, and a year of medical school, Tryon became a doctor, and started a small practice. Hardings mothers ancestors were Dutch, including the well known Van Kirk family, Harding also had ancestors from England, Wales, and Scotland. It was rumored in Blooming Grove that one of Hardings great-grandmothers was African American and his great-great grandfather Amos Harding claimed that a thief, who had been caught in the act by the family, started the rumor in an attempt at extortion or revenge. Nevertheless, even after Warren Hardings death in 1923, African Americans made claims of kinship, the Harding family, who were abolitionists, moved to Caledonia, Ohio, where Tryon acquired The Argus, a local weekly newspaper. At The Argus, Harding, from the age of 11, in late 1879, at the age of 14, Harding enrolled at Ohio Central College in Iberia, where he proved an adept student. He and a put out a small newspaper during their final year at Ohio Central. During his final year, the Harding family moved to Marion, Ohio, about 6 miles from Caledonia, in Hardings youth, the majority of the population still lived on farms and in small towns
18.
Fortune Brands
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Fortune Brands was a holding company founded in 1969 as American Brands and later renamed in 1997 and split apart in 2011. The corporate headquarters was in Deerfield, Illinois in the United States, the company historically had a significant diversity of products. The company then sold its Titleist and FootJoy product lines to FILA Korea, on October 3,2011, it split the remainder of its business into two publicly traded companies, Fortune Brands Home & Security and Beam Inc. 14,2014, Japans Suntory made a US$16bn offer to buy Beam, the American Tobacco Company was founded in 1890. Brown & Williamson acquired the division in 1994. American Tobacco Company was the division of American Brands. American Tobacco was sold to British American Tobacco in 1994, American Brands acquired Franklin Life Insurance in 1979. It sold the company to American General in 1994, in 1987 American Brands acquired ACCO, a holding company which owned several office supply subsidiaries. Stapler manufacturer Swingline, Inc. which American Brands had acquired in 1970, was combined with ACCO, in 2005, the company spun off ACCO to shareholders, and immediately thereafter ACCO merged with General Binding Corporation. This merged company is now known as ACCO Brands, the Acushnet Company, purchased in 1976, became American Brands golf division. It produced golf balls, shoes, and clubs under the Pinnacle Golf, Titleist, FootJoy, the Acushnet Rubber division, which was Acushnets original business, was sold off in 1985. Cobra Golf was sold to Puma AG in March 2010, many of these operations passed to Fortune Brands Home & Security when the company was split. Fortune Brands had a stable of well known brands, led by Jim Beam. After the other lines were sold and spun off, the remaining spirits business became Beam Inc
19.
Tombstone, Arizona
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Tombstone is a historic city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879, by Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It was one of the last wide-open frontier boomtowns in the American Old West, the town prospered from about 1877 to 1890, during which time the towns mines produced US$40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years and it is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral and now draws most of its revenue from tourism. The town was established on a mesa above the Tough Nut Mine, all of these were situated among and on top of a large number of dirty, hardscrabble mines. Under the surface were tensions that grew into deadly conflict, the mining capitalists and the townspeople were largely Republicans from the Northern states. Many of the ranchers were Confederate sympathizers and Democrats, the booming city was only 30 miles from the U. S. –Mexico border and was an open market for cattle stolen from ranches in Sonora, Mexico, by a loosely organized band of outlaws known as The Cowboys. The Earp brothers—Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan and Warren—arrived in December 1879 and they had ongoing conflicts with Ike, Billy Clanton, Frank, Tom McLaury, and other Cowboys members. The Cowboys repeatedly threatened the Earps over many months until the conflict escalated into a shootout on October 26,1881, the now-famous gunfight is often portrayed as occurring at the O. K. Corral, but the actual gunfight was on Fremont Street a block or two away. In the mid-1880s, the silver mines penetrated the water table, a fire in 1886 destroyed the Grand Central hoist and the pumping plant, and it was unprofitable to rebuild the costly pumps. The city nearly became a ghost town, saved only because it was the Cochise County seat until 1929, the citys population dwindled to a low of 646 in 1910, but grew to 1,380 by 2010. Tombstone has frequently noted on lists of unusual place names. Ed Schieffelin was briefly a scout for the U. S. Army headquartered at Camp Huachuca, Schieffelin frequently searched the wilderness looking for valuable ore samples. At the Santa Rita mines in nearby Santa Cruz Valley, three superintendents had been killed by Indians. When friend and fellow Army Scout Al Sieber learned what Schieffelin was up to, he is quoted as telling him, another account reported Schieffelins friends told him, Better take your coffin with you, you will find your tombstone there, and nothing else. In 1877, Schieffelin used Brunckows Cabin as a base of operations to survey the country, after many months, while working the hills east of the San Pedro River, he found pieces of silver ore in a dry wash on a high plateau called Goose Flats. It took him several months to find the source. When he located the vein, he estimated it to be fifty feet long, Schieffelins legal mining claim was sited near Lenoxs grave site, and on September 21,1877, Schieffelin filed his first claim and fittingly named his stake Tombstone. When the first claims were filed, the settlement of tents and wooden shacks was located at Watervale, near the Lucky Cuss mine
20.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
21.
Terry Pratchett
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Sir Terence David John Terry Pratchett, OBE was an English author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels, Pratchetts first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. The first Discworld novel, The Colour of Magic, was published in 1983 and his 2011 Discworld novel Snuff was at the time of its release the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK, selling 55,000 copies in the first three days. His final Discworld novel, The Shepherds Crown, was published in August 2015, Pratchett, with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages, was the UKs best-selling author of the 1990s. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours, in 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents, the first Discworld book marketed for children. He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010, in December 2007, Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimers disease. Pratchett died on 12 March 2015 at age 66, Pratchett was born on 28 April 1948 in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, England, the only child of David and Eileen Pratchett, of Hay-on-Wye where he attended Holtspur School. Pratchett described himself as a student and, in his Whos Who entry. He collected Brooke Bond tea cards about space, owned a telescope and wanted to be an astronomer and he developed an interest in reading science fiction and began attending science fiction conventions from about 1963–1964, but stopped when he got his first job a few years later. His early reading included the works of H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, and every book you ought to read. Pratchett published his first short story entitled Business Rivals in the High Wycombe Technical School magazine in 1962 and it is the tale of a man named Crucible who finds the Devil in his flat in a cloud of sulphurous smoke. The Hades Business, which was published in the magazine when he was 13 was published commercially when he was 15. Pratchett earned five O-levels and started A-level courses in Art, English, One of these episodic stories contains characters found in his novel, The Carpet People. The stories are part of a project by the Bucks Free Press to make them available online. While on day release he finished his A-Level in English and took a course for journalists. Pratchett had his breakthrough in 1968 when he interviewed Peter Bander van Duren, co-director of a small publishing company. During the meeting, Pratchett mentioned he had written a manuscript, Colin Smythe Ltd published the book in 1971, with illustrations by Pratchett. The book received strong, if few, reviews and was followed by the science fiction novels The Dark Side of the Sun, after various positions in journalism, in 1980 Pratchett became Press Officer for the Central Electricity Generating Board in an area which covered four nuclear power stations
22.
The Dark Side of the Sun
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The Dark Side of the Sun is a science fiction novel by Terry Pratchett, first published in 1976. It is similar to the work of Isaac Asimov, according to Don DAmmassa, both this and Pratchetts 1981 sci-fi novel Strata spoof parts of Larry Nivens Ringworld. The holiday of Hogswatch, which appears in the Discworld books, is celebrated by the characters in The Dark Side of the Sun, the story is set in a portion of the galaxy populated by fifty-two different sentient species. The rest of the galaxy is sterile as far as anybody can tell, scattered irregularly across this life-bubble are ancient artefacts of a mysterious race called the Jokers, who apparently became extinct long before any of the current races arose. These artefacts are usually astounding feats of engineering, but leave no hints about the Jokers physical form or day-to-day life. The only piece of translatable Joker text is a poem, which states that they have gone to their new home. His father, before being assassinated, predicted that Dom too would be killed. However, not having been told of his fathers prediction, and against incalculably distant odds, Dom sets out, with Hrsh-Hgn, Isaac and Ig in tow, on a picaresque adventure to find the Jokers world. The book is set in the far future, no current date is given, although the dating system is A. S. Widdershins is a planet orbiting the star CY Aquirii settled by a joint party of phnobes, the planet is mostly water and marsh. Their wealth derives from both the discovery of pilac, a safe death-immunity drug and googoo, a fungal copier. 52 different sentient species exist in the novel, chief among them are, Earth-humans – Natives of Old Earth who have settled such diverse worlds as Third Eye and Eggplant. Creapii – Natives from Creap, first planet of 70 Ophiuchis A, sub-species, Low-degree Middle-degree High-degree Others Drosks – Natives of Quaducquakucckuaquekekecqac. Sundogs – Natives from Eggplant, since relocated to Band, Space dwellers, lay eggs every ten years. The rest, Spooners – small, icy worlds Tarquins – protostar dwellers The Pod – Space roaming hydrogen eaters Sidewinders The Two Evolutions of Seard Jokers – Natives of Jokers World. The First Sirian Bank – intelligent world, legally Human Chatogaster – living water Annotations and quotations for The Dark Side of the Sun
23.
Soul Music (novel)
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Soul Music is the sixteenth Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett, first published in 1994. It also introduces Susan Sto Helit, daughter of Mort and Ysabell, a young harpist, Imp Y Celyn from Llamedos, comes to Ankh-Morpork in hopes of becoming famous. Unable to afford the Musicians Guild fees, he and fellow unlicensed musicians Lias Bluestone and Glod Glodsson form The Band with Rocks In, named after Lias tuned rocks. When Imps harp is destroyed, he acquires a guitar from a mysterious shop, Imp takes the new name Buddy, as Imp Y Celyn literally means bud of holly, and Lias starts calling himself Cliff. Meanwhile, Death is upset over the deaths of his adopted daughter Ysabell and her husband and their daughter, Susan Sto Helit, was initially raised with an awareness of Death as her grandfather, but they later withheld the truth from her and she forgot about it. She attends boarding school in Quirm, and is content to avoid unpleasant conversations by using her ability to fade from others awareness. After this, Buddys life is powered by the music instead of by his life force. Cut-Me-Own-Throat Dibbler becomes the Bands manager, Buddy is becoming less and less like himself, and barely seems aware of his surroundings when he is not playing the guitar. Susan tries to him from the influence of the music, though she does not acknowledge it. And Mr Clete, the secretary of the Musicians Guild. Buddy wants to perform a concert at the musics behest. A large number of the bands participate in the largest concert of all time. Buddy also performs his own song on his harp, which Glod has had repaired. Afterwards, the band flees from their fans, pursued by the Musicians Guild, Dibbler, Susan. The music intends to create a legend by crashing the bands coach into a gorge. Susan rescues them, but the music begins to alter the timeline so the band will have died, Death then arrives, playing an empty chord on the guitar to stop the music, having Buddy play a chord to restart it, and then destroying the guitar. A new timeline is created in which Clete was the only fatality and she is returned to school with a new self-assurance. The next day, she runs to reunite with Imp upon realizing that, in the new version of events, an animated adaptation was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films for Channel 4 in 1996
24.
Overcoat
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An overcoat is a type of long coat intended to be worn as the outermost garment, which usually extends below the knee. Overcoats are most commonly used in winter when warmth is more important and they are sometimes confused with or referred to as topcoats, which are shorter and end at or above the knees. Topcoats and overcoats together are known as outercoats, unlike overcoats, topcoats are usually made from lighter weight cloth such as gabardine or covert, while overcoats are made from heavier cloth or fur. In many countries, coats and gowns reaching below the knee have been worn for centuries, often for formal uses, in the 17th century, the overcoat became widely stylised and available to the different classes. In the West, the profile of overcoats has remained largely unchanged for a long time. During the Regency, the fashion was to have very form-fitting clothes, with sidebodies, waist seams, examples of this included the frock overcoat and paletot. This gradually shifted to the styles more common now, typified by the Chesterfield coat. Until then, most coats were double breasted, but Chesterfields, more recently, there is a decline in the wearing of full-length overcoats, and double breasted ones are much less common. Overcoats in various forms have been used by militaries since at least the late 18th century, the full length overcoat was once again popularised by the use during World War I of the trench coat. Stereotypically, overcoats used by the army tended to be single-breasted, overcoats continued to be used as battle dress until the mid-1940s and 1950s, when they were deemed impractical. However, in countries, such as the former USSR. When more efficient clothing and synthetic fibres became readily available, the overcoat began to be phased out even there, when a 2008–2011 attempt to introduce military uniforms made of warm synthetic fibers was made in Russia, it resulted in many soldiers getting frostbite and pneumonia. Some of the most common historical overcoats, in chronological order
25.
Boardwalk Empire
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Boardwalk Empire is an American period crime drama television series created by Terence Winter and airing on premium cable channel HBO. The series is set in Atlantic City, New Jersey during the Prohibition era, the pilot episode was directed by Martin Scorsese and produced at a cost of $18 million. On September 1,2009, HBO picked up the series for an additional 11 episodes, the series premiered on September 19,2010, and completed its five-season run on October 26,2014. Boardwalk Empire received widespread acclaim, particularly for its visual style and basis on historical figures. The series received 57 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including two for Outstanding Drama Series, winning 20. The series also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama in 2011, Nucky acts with historical characters in both his personal and political life, including mobsters, politicians, government agents, and the common folk who look up to him. The final season jumps ahead seven years, to 1931, as Prohibition nears its end, Steve Buscemi as Enoch Nucky Thompson – the corrupt treasurer of Atlantic County and its most powerful political figure. Based on Atlantic City political boss Enoch L. Johnson, Michael Pitt as James Jimmy Darmody – Nuckys onetime protegé, an honor student who left Princeton to serve in World War I, works briefly for Nucky before striking out on his own into organized crime. Kelly Macdonald as Margaret Thompson – a young widow and mother, she turns to Nucky and becomes his mistress, Michael Shannon as Nelson Van Alden / George Mueller – a former Prohibition Agent on the run. Under the alias George Mueller, he is a bootlegger in the Chicago area working as the muscle for Dean OBanions organization, shea Whigham as Elias Eli Thompson – Nuckys younger brother and former sheriff of Atlantic County. Now works as part of Nuckys organization, aleksa Palladino as Angela Darmody – Jimmys wife and the mother of his young son. Michael Stuhlbarg as Arnold Rothstein – a powerful New York gangster who does business with Nucky, charlie Luciano, Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel work for him. Stephen Graham as Al Capone – a violent Chicago gangster who is the man of Chicago crime boss Johnny Torrio. Vincent Piazza as Charles Lucky Luciano – a New York gangster, paz de la Huerta as Lucy Danziger – Nuckys former mistress. Michael Kenneth Williams as Albert Chalky White – a powerful African-American gangster in Atlantic City, anthony Laciura as Edward Anselm Eddie Kessler – Nuckys loyal butler. Paul Sparks as Mieczyslaw Mickey Doyle Kuzik – an Atlantic City bootlegger, dabney Coleman as Commodore Louis Kaestner – Nuckys mentor and predecessor in Atlantic City, Jimmys father. John Ellison Conlee portrays a young Commodore in the season 5 flashbacks, jack Huston as Richard Harrow – a former Army marksman who allies with Jimmy. Disfigured in the war, he wears a tin mask over half of his face, gretchen Mol as Gillian Darmody – Jimmys mother and Nuckys longtime friend
26.
Doc Holliday
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John Henry Doc Holliday was an American gambler, gunfighter, and dentist, and a good friend of Wyatt Earp. He is most well known for his role as a deputy marshal in the events leading up to. At age 21, Holliday earned a degree in dentistry from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery and he set up practice in Atlanta, Georgia, but he was soon diagnosed with tuberculosis, the same disease that had claimed his mother when he was 15. Hoping the climate in the American Southwest would ease his symptoms, he moved to that region and became a gambler, over the next few years, he reportedly had several confrontations that were inflated after his death to establish his reputation as a gunman. While in Texas, he saved Wyatt Earps life and they became friends, in 1880, he joined Earp in Las Vegas, New Mexico and then rode with him to Prescott, Arizona, and then Tombstone. In Tombstone, local outlaw cowboys repeatedly threatened him and spread rumors that he had robbed a stage, on October 26,1881, Holliday was deputized by Tombstone city marshal Virgil Earp. The lawmen attempted to disarm five cowboys, which turned into the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral, following the Tombstone shootout, Virgil Earp was maimed by hidden assailants and Morgan Earp was murdered. Unable to obtain justice in the courts, Wyatt Earp took matters into his own hands, as the recently appointed Deputy U. S. Marshal, Earp formally deputized Holliday, among others. As a federal posse, they pursued the outlaw cowboys they believed were responsible and they found Frank Stilwell lying in wait as Virgil boarded a train for California and killed him. The local sheriff issued a warrant for the arrest of five members of the posse, the posse killed three others during late March and early April,1882, before they rode to New Mexico. Wyatt Earp learned of an extradition request for Holliday and arranged for Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin to deny Hollidays extradition, Holliday spent the remaining few years of life in Colorado and died in his bed at the Glenwood Springs Hotel of tuberculosis at age 36. Hollidays colorful life and character have been depicted in books and portrayed by well-known actors in numerous movies. Since his death, researchers have concluded that, contrary to popular myth-making, Holliday was born in Griffin, Georgia, to Henry Burroughs Holliday and Alice Jane Holliday. He was of English and Scottish ancestry and his father served in the Mexican–American War and the Civil War. When the war ended, he brought home an adopted son named Francisco, Holliday was baptized at the First Presbyterian Church of Griffin in 1852. He had a sister, Martha Eleanora Holliday, born December 3,1849, in 1864, his family moved to Valdosta, Georgia, where his mother died of tuberculosis on September 16,1866. The same disease killed his adopted brother, three months after his wifes death, his father married Rachel Martin. In 1870, 19-year-old Holliday left home for Philadelphia, on March 1,1872, at age 20, he received his Doctor of Dental Surgery degree from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery
27.
Johnny Ringo
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John Peters Ringo —known as Johnny Ringo—was a known associate of the loosely federated group of outlaw Cochise County Cowboys in frontier Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona Territory, United States. He was affiliated with Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, Ike Clanton, Johnny Ringo was born in Greensfork, Indiana, of distant Dutch ancestry. His family moved to Liberty, Missouri in 1856, in 1858, the family moved to Gallatin, Missouri where they rented property from the father of John W. Sheets. On July 30,1864, his family was in Wyoming en route to California, Johnnys father Martin Ringo stepped out of their wagon holding a shotgun which accidentally discharged, killing him. The buckshot entered the side of Martins face and exited the top of his head. Fourteen-year-old Johnny and his family buried Martin on a hillside alongside the trail, by the mid-1870s, Ringo had migrated from San Jose, California to Mason County, Texas. Here he befriended an ex-Texas Ranger named Scott Cooley, who was the son of a local rancher named Tim Williamson. Trouble started when two American rustlers, Elijah and Pete Backus, were dragged from the Mason jail and lynched by a predominantly German mob. Full-blown war began on May 13,1875, when Tim Williamson was arrested by a hostile posse, Cooley and his friends, including Johnny Ringo, conducted a terror campaign against their rivals. Officially called the Mason County War, locally it was called the Hoodoo War, Cooley retaliated by killing the local German ex-deputy sheriff, John Worley, shooting him, scalping him, and tossing his body down a well on August 10,1875. Cooley already had a reputation as a man, and was respected as a Texas Ranger. He killed several others during the war, cheyney came out unarmed, invited them in, and began washing his face on the porch, when both Ringo and Williams shot and killed him. The two then rode to the house of Dave Doole and called him outside, but he came out with a gun so they fled back into town, some time later, Scott Cooley and Johnny Ringo mistook Charley Bader for his brother Pete and killed him. After that, both men were jailed in Burnet, Texas by Sheriff A. J. Strickland, both Ringo and Cooley were broken out of jail by their friends shortly thereafter, and parted company to evade the law. By November 1876, the Mason County War had petered out after costing a dozen or so lives, Scott Cooley was believed dead, one of Ringos alleged cellmates was the notorious killer John Wesley Hardin. While Gladden was sentenced to 99 years, Ringo appears to have been acquitted, two years later, Ringo was noted as being a constable in Loyal Valley, Texas. Soon after this, he appeared in Arizona for the first time, Ringo first appeared in Cochise County, Arizona Territory in 1879 with Joseph Graves Olney, a friend from the Mason County War. In December 1879, a drunk Ringo shot unarmed Louis Hancock in a Safford, Arizona saloon when Hancock refused a drink of whiskey
28.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
29.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
30.
John Foster Dulles
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John Foster Dulles served as U. S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era and he negotiated numerous treaties and alliances that reflected this point of view. Born in Washington, D. C. he was one of five children and his paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles, had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. His maternal grandfather, John W. Foster doted on Dulles and his brother Allen, the brothers attended public schools in Watertown, New York. Dulles attended Princeton University and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1908, at Princeton, Dulles competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team. He then attended the George Washington University Law School in Washington, both his grandfather Foster and his uncle Robert Lansing, the husband of Eleanor Foster, had held the position of Secretary of State. On June 26,1912, Dulles married Janet Pomeroy Avery and their older son John W. F. Dulles was a professor of history and specialist in Brazil at the University of Texas at Austin. Their daughter Lillias Dulles Hinshaw became a Presbyterian minister and their son Avery Dulles converted to Roman Catholicism, entered the Jesuit order, and became the first American theologian to be appointed a Cardinal. Upon graduating from law school and passing the bar examination, Dulles joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, after the start of World War I, Dulles tried to join the United States Army, but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an Army commission as Major on the War Industries Board, Dulles later returned to Sullivan & Cromwell and became a partner with an international practice. In 1915, Dulles uncle, Robert Lansing, then the U. S, in Panama, Dulles offered waiver of the US tax on the annual Canal fee, so long as Panama declared war on Germany. Dulles made an impression as a junior diplomat by clearly and forcefully arguing against imposing crushing reparations on Germany. Afterwards, he served as a member of the War Reparations Committee at Wilsons request, as a partner in Sullivan & Cromwell, Dulles expanded upon his late grandfather Fosters expertise, specializing in international finance. Under that compromise, the money was invested and the profits sent as reparations to Britain and France, in the 1920s Dulles was involved in setting up a billion dollars worth of these loans. Dulles, a religious man, attended numerous international conferences of churchmen during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1924, he was the counsel in the church trial of Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick. The case settled when Fosdick, a liberal Baptist, resigned his pulpit in the Presbyterian Church congregation, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Dulles previous practice brokering and documenting international loans ended. After 1931 Germany stopped making some of its scheduled payments, in 1934 Germany unilaterally stopped payments on private debts of the sort that Dulles was handling
31.
Morgan Murphy (food critic)
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Morgan Murphy is an American Southern food critic, humorist, author, journalist, restorer of classic cars, Internet entrepreneur, and Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy Reserve. Murphy began his career at Vanity Fair, meeting Graydon Carter in an elevator at Condé Nast – according to the memoir How to Lose Friends & Alienate People by Toby Young. As a reporter for Forbes under Jim Michaels, Murphy was the first journalist to estimate the net worth of Harry Potter author, rowling, at the time believed to be $42 million. In 2000, Murphy joined Southern Living and served as the food critic, travel editor. He has appeared on the Travel Channels American Grilled, the Today Show, Fox & Friends, Fox News, CNN, Sirius XM, Food Talk, Car Talk, NPR, the Speed Channel, and QVC. Murphy joined the United States Naval Reserve in 1999, and has served on four continents. As of December 2010, he held the rank of Lieutenant Commander and had served in Morocco. In November 2012, he was assigned to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Murphys first book, I Love You – Now Hush, co-authored with author Melinda Rainey Thompson, Murphys cookbook Off the Eaten Path, Favorite Southern Dives and 150 Recipes that Made Them Famous is a collection of his favorite restaurants and their most famous recipes from the American South. The book includes a history of bourbon and tasting notes for 75 of his favorite whiskies. In 2015, he published Off the Eaten Path, On the Road Again, More Unforgettable Foods and Characters from the Souths Back Roads and Byways, Murphy is a classic car enthusiast with a special focus on vintage Cadillacs. In 2005, Murphy discovered The Duchess – a 1941 Cadillac limousine created for the abdicated king Edward VIII and his consort Wallis Simpson – in a barn in Fort Worth, Texas. The car was a creation by General Motors chief designer Harley Earl, under the direction of the companys chairman and chief executive officer. When Murphy purchased the car, it was in disrepair and its provenance was unproven, Murphy conducted a three-year restoration effort, and in November 2013, he offered the car for sale through an RM Auctions and Sothebys Art of the Automobile sale. The auction houses called it one of the most famous and iconic cars of both American and English society, and suggested the car should sell for between $500,000 and $800,000. In 2007, Murphy left Southern Living and founded Motorpool. com, the launch was backed by more than $1 million in venture capital. In late 2010, Murphy had recently toured the country in a vintage Cadillac to promote the sites launch, however, as of March 2015, the Motorpool. com domain name was no longer operating as a distinct website and was simply a redirect to Murphys personal site. Murphy was born in Mountain Brook, Alabama and grew up in Birmingham and he received a Bachelors degree in 1994 from Birmingham-Southern College
32.
Jim Murray (whisky writer)
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Jim Murray is an English writer and journalist. He is best known for his observations on whisky and his annually updated book on the subject, Murray was born in Merstham, Surrey, UK. A keen journalist from an age, he wrote for his local papers while still at school and presented his own television show in Northamptonshire, Murray on Monday. Murray would report and comment on local sporting events and his passion for writing and sport, specifically football, culminated in his first book Millwall, Lions of the South, a history of Murrays beloved and unfashionable Millwall F. C. As a national newspaper journalist with the Sunday People and Daily Star in 1992, having visited his first distillery, Talisker in 1975 it is believed that he has since visited more distilleries globally than any person. He had used his secondments to Scotland in the early and mid-1980s to visit as many distilleries as possible and even work in them during his free time. 1994 saw the release of Jim Murrays Irish Whiskey Almanac, the first of many popular books that he would go on to write in securing his place as possibly the worlds leading authority. This book was revised and extended for a three years later as Classic Irish Whiskey. Other publications include Jim Murrays Complete Book of Whisky, Classic Bourbon, Tennessee & Rye, Classic Blended Scotch, Murray won the Glenfiddich Whisky Writer of the Year award three times. Murray is quoted as saying that he guards his independence. He says that he believes this can be compromised by writing for advertising-dependent media and his recent magazine writings have been selective and only on the understanding that he retains full copyright. To further protect his writing, Murray has trademarked his name, Jim Murrays Whisky Bible is an ongoing project, with the first of the series having been published in 2003. It is a compact guide containing every whisky that Murray and a team of researchers are able to source from the worldwide market, each whisky is tasted by Murray alone and graded out of an overall score of 100. This total is reflective of the four key criteria, nose, taste, finish and balance, each awarded marks out of 25. As well as writing and broadcasting on whisky, and being a judge at the International Wine and Spirit Competition. He claims one of his achievements playing a major role in resurrecting Ardbeg distillery in Islay after it closed in 1996. Murray lives in Northamptonshire, England, and also has a home near Frankfort, Kentucky, United States, Millwall, Lions of the South Murray, Jim. Jim Murrays Irish Whiskey Almanac Murray, Jim, the Complete Guide to Whisky Murray, Jim
33.
The Daily Beast
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The Daily Beast is an American news and opinion website focused on politics and pop culture. The Daily Beast began publishing on October 6,2008, The Beasts founding editor was Tina Brown, Brown stepped down as editor in September 2013. John Avlon, an American journalist and political commentator as well as a CNN contributor, is the editor in chief. Mike Dyer is chief strategy and product officer, and Sarah Chubb serves as senior adviser, the name of the site was taken from a fictional newspaper in Evelyn Waughs novel Scoop. A feature of The Daily Beast is the Cheat Sheet, billed as must reads from all over, published throughout the day, the Cheat Sheet offers a selection of articles from online news outlets on popular stories. The Cheat Sheet includes brief summaries of the article, and a link to read the text of the article on the website of its provider. Since the launch, the site has introduced additional sections, including a video Cheat Sheet, the site frequently creates encyclopedic landing pages on topical subjects such as President Obamas inauguration, the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme, Michael Jackson, the Iran uprising, and the US Open. In 2014, The Daily Beast became majority mobile and released an iOS app, contributors to the publication include notable writers and political activists such as Ana Marie Cox, P. J. Gelb, Dean Obeidallah, Matt K. Editor-in-Chief John Avlon announced in his column at the end of 2016 that they had doubled their traffic from four years before, the Daily Beast won a Webby Award for Best News Site in 2012 and 2013. Also in 2012 John Avlon won National Society of Newspaper Columnists’ award for best online column in 2012 for The Daily Beast, anna Nemstova received the Courage in Journalism Award in 2015 from the International Womens Media Foundation. Also that year, Michael Daly won with the National Society of Newspaper Columnists award in the category of Online, Blog, in 2016 The Los Angeles Press Club nominated several of The Beast’s writers including M. L. Also nominated for best in field were Kevin Fallon for Industry/Arts Soft News, the Association of LGBTQ Journalists or NLGJA nominated both Tim Teeman 2016 Journalist of the Year and Heather Boerner Excellence in HIV/AIDS Coverage. In September 2009, The Daily Beast launched a publishing initiative entitled Beast Books that will produce books by Beast writers on a publishing schedule. In March 2013, Beast Books, now operating under the name Book Beast, won a National Magazine Award for Website Department, the Daily Beast is owned by IAC, where the vice chairman of the Clinton Foundation, Chelsea Clinton, serves on the board of directors. In February 2010, Jack Shafer of Slate, Shafer also discovered that Posner had written plagiarized content from a Miami Herald blog, a Miami Herald editorial, Texas Lawyer magazine and a health care journalism blog. An immediate internal investigation by The Daily Beast led to Posners dismissal, on November 12,2010, The Daily Beast and Newsweek announced a merger deal, creating a combined company, The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. On August 3,2013, IAC, owner of The Daily Beast, sold Newsweek to IBT Media, owner of the International Business Times. Hines, a married man, signed up for several gay and straight dating apps, including Tinder, Bumble and Grindr
34.
Harper (publisher)
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Harper is an American publishing house, currently the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins. James Harper and his brother John, printers by training, started their book publishing business J. & J. Harper in 1817 and their two brothers, Joseph Wesley Harper and Fletcher Harper, joined them in the mid-1820s. The company changed its name to Harper & Brothers in 1833, the headquarters of the publishing house were located at 331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square in Lower Manhattan. Harper & Brothers began publishing Harpers New Monthly Magazine in 1850, the brothers also published Harpers Weekly, Harpers Bazar, and Harpers Young People. George B. M. Harvey became president of Harpers on Nov.16,1899, Harpers New Monthly Magazine ultimately became Harpers Magazine, which is now published by the Harpers Magazine Foundation. Harpers Weekly was absorbed by The Independent in 1916, which in turn merged with The Outlook in 1928, Harpers Bazar was sold to William Randolph Hearst in 1913 and is now Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation. In 1924, Cass Canfield joined Harper & Brothers and held a variety of positions until his death in 1986. In 1925, Eugene F. Saxton joined the company as an editor, in 1935, Edward Aswell moved to Harper & Brothers as an assistant editor of general books and eventually became editor-in-chief. Aswell persuaded Thomas Wolfe to leave Scribners, and, after Wolfes death, edited the posthumous novels The Web and the Rock, You Cant Go Home Again, in 1962 Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company to become Harper & Row. Marshall Pickering was bought by Harper and Row in 1988, marshall Pickering itself was formed in 1981 from two long established Christian publishers. Marshall Morgan and Scott, a London-based predominantly Baptist publishing house, Pickering and Inglis was a long established Glasgow based publisher, publishing largely for the non conformist church in Scotland with many Brethren publications. Rupert Murdochs News Corporation acquired Harper & Row in 1987, the names of these two national publishing houses were combined to create HarperCollins, which has since expanded its international reach with further acquisitions of formerly independent publishers. The Harper imprint began being used in place of HarperCollins in 2007, after the purchase of Harper & Row by News Corporation, HarperCollins launched a new mass market paperback line to complement its existing trade paperback Perennial imprint. It was known as Harper Paperbacks from 1990 to 2000, HarperTorch from 2000 to 2006, the Harper Establishment, or, How a New York Publishing Giant Was Made. The brothers Harper, a publishing partnership and its impact upon the cultural life of America from 1817 to 1853 Eugene Exman, The House of Harper, NY, Harper & Row
35.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
36.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
37.
Southern Living
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Southern Living is a widely read lifestyle magazine aimed at readers in the Southern United States featuring recipes, house plans, garden plans, and information about Southern culture and travel. It is published by Birmingham, Alabama–based Southern Progress Corporation, a unit of Time Inc, the magazine was started in 1966 by The Progressive Farmer Company, the publisher of Progressive Farmer magazine. In 1980, the changed its name to Southern Progress Corporation to reflect its increasingly diverse business. Southern Living is now the largest regional lifestyle publication in the U. S, one of the major topics in Southern Living is food, and since 1979, the magazine has published a popular Annual Recipes book each year. Southern Living regularly features floorplans, and over the magazines history, many of these plans are available for purchase as construction blueprints from the companys website. In 2001, Southern Progress Corporation started a direct marketing company called Southern Living at Home. The products available at the parties include exclusive lines of home accessories and dishware seen in or inspired by Southern Living as well the various books, in April 2010, Southern Living at Home introduced its new name, Willow House. First person interview conducted on October 8,2012, with Charles Faudree, interior designer featured in Southern Living
38.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
