1.
Eastern Slavic naming customs
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They are also featured in the non-Slavic Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan as a result of the expansion of Russia and the result of Russification. As with most cultures, a person has a name chosen by the parents. First names in East Slavic languages mostly originate from two sources, Orthodox church tradition and native pre-Christian Slavic lexicons, all first names are single, non-doubled. Doubled first names are a very rare foreign-influenced instance, most doubled first names are spelled with the dash. Being highly synthetic, Eastern Slavic languages treat personal names as grammatical nouns and this auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name while most names have it derived unproductively. Most commonly, Russian philologists distinguish the forms of given names, The short name, historically also half-name, is the most simple. Some names, such as Zhanna, Mark, etc. do not possess short forms, in the latter case, one form is usually more informal than the other. Diminutive forms are produced from the name by means of various suffixes. Unlike the full name, a diminutive name carries a particular emotional attitude, depending on the nature of this attitude, nameforms can be subdivided in three broad groups, affectionate, familiar and slang. Typically formed by suffixes -еньк-, -оньк-, -ечк-, -ушк and it is often used to address children or intimate friends. Within a more official context, this form may be combined with honorific plural to address a female colleague. Colloquial diminutives are derived from short names by means of -к- suffix, expressing a highly familiar attitude, it may be considered rude or even pejorative outside of friendly context. Slang forms mostly exist for male names, being produced though suffixes -ян, -он and these suffixes give off the sense of male brotherhood once expressed by patronymic-only form of address in Soviet Union. Originating in criminal communities, these came into wide usage in Russia in the 1990s. During the days of revolutionary enthusiasm, as part of the campaign to rid Russia of bourgeois culture, there was a drive to invent new, as a result, a large number of Soviet children were given unusual or atypical names. The patronymic name is based on the first name of the father and is written in all legal, if used with the first name, the patronymic always follows it. The patronymic is formed by a combination of the fathers name, the suffix -ович is used for son, suffix -овна - for daughter. For example, if the name was Иван, then the patronymic will be Иванович for a son
Eastern Slavic naming customs
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An example of an
ID document of a citizen of
Russia. The lower page includes the lines: Имя ("Name"), Фамилия ("Family name") and Отчество ("Patronymic").
Eastern Slavic naming customs
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Marina Tsvetaeva, a Russian poet. The name "Marina" traditionally has no short form.
Eastern Slavic naming customs
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Руслан (Ruslan), a character in
Alexander Pushkin 's poem
Ruslan and Ludmila. The short form for Руслан (Ruslan) is Руся (Rusya).
Eastern Slavic naming customs
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Николай II (
Nicholas II), the last Russian emperor. In private communication,
his wife called him in the German manner, "Nicky", instead the East Slavic short variant Коля ("Kolya").
2.
National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine
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National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine or NSDC, is an advisory state body to the President of Ukraine. It is an agency tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic. All the sessions of the council take place in the Presidential Administration Building, the council is currently headed by Oleksandr Turchynov. The Defense Council was created by the provision of Supreme Council of Ukraine #1658-12 on October 11,1991, after the adaptation of the Constitution of Ukraine on June 28,1996, the provisions of the council were outlined in the Article 107. Thus the National Security Council was merged with the already existing Defense Council of Ukraine and was adapted by the Presidential edict on August 30,1996, the head of the council is the President of Ukraine assisted by secretary whom he is allowed to appoint. In the absence of existing President of Ukraine such as elections, the acting chairman of the council is the Prime Minister. The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada is not a member of the council, members of the council may also be other chairmen of government bodies of the Executive branch. Any other individual is allowed by the special invitation from the Chairman of the Council. In June 2014 President Petro Poroshenko reshuffled the membership of the council, if a President resigns, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada will be the acting head of the National Security and Defense Council. President Viktor Yanukovych limited the number of employees of the Council to 180 employees on 9 April 2012, Official web-site of the NSDC Official web-site of the President of Ukraine Official twitter page English language Official Ulrainian language Twitter page
National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine
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All the sessions of the council take place in the
Presidential Administration Building.
3.
Petro Poroshenko
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Petro Oleksiyovych Poroshenko is the fifth and current President of Ukraine, in office since 2014. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2011, from 2008 until 2013, Poroshenko headed the Council of Ukraines National Bank. Outside government, Poroshenko has been a prominent oligarch with a career in acquiring and building assets. His most recognized ownerships are Roshen, the confectionery company which has earned him the nickname of Chocolate King, and a TV channel 5 kanal. He was elected president on 10 May 2014, capturing more than 54% of the vote in the first round, thereby winning outright, Poroshenko was born in the city of Bolhrad, in Odessa Oblast, on 26 September 1965. He also spent his childhood and youth in Bendery, where his father Oleksiy was heading a machine building plant. In his youth, Poroshenko practiced judo and sambo, and was Candidate for Master of Sport of the USSR, despite good grades he was not awarded the normal gold medal at graduation, and on his report card he was given a C for his behavior. After getting into a fight with four Soviet Army cadets at the military commissariat, in 1989, Poroshenko graduated, having started studying in 1982, with a degree in economics from the international relations and law department at the Kiev State University. At this university he was friends with Mikheil Saakashvili who he in May 2015 would appoint as Governor of Odessa Oblast, in 1984 Poroshenko married a medical student, Maryna Perevedentseva. Their first son, Oleksiy, was born in 1985, from 1989 to 1992 Poroshenko was an assistant at the universitys international economic relations department. At the same time, he was deputy director of the Republic Union of Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs, Poroshenkos brother, Mykhailo, older by eight years, died in a 1997 car accident under mysterious circumstances. His business success in the confectionery industry earned him the nickname Chocolate King, Poroshenkos business empire also includes several car and bus plants, Kuznya na Rybalskomu shipyard, the 5 Kanal television channel, as well as other businesses in Ukraine. According to Poroshenko since becoming President of Ukraine he has relinquished the management of his businesses, in March 2012, Forbes placed him on the Forbes list of billionaires at 1, 153rd place, with $1 billion. As of May 2015, Poroshenkos net worth was about $720 million, losing 25 percent profit ever since Russias ban of Roshen products and the state of the Ukrainian economy. The estimate of his assets was set at 979 million US dollars, a 20% growth, the article noted that Poroshenko remained one of the only two European leaders who owned a business empire of such scale, with Silvio Berlusconi being the other one. A number of businesses were part of the Ukrprominvest which Poroshenko headed in 1993–1998. The investment group was dissolved in April 2012, Poroshenko has stated that upon beginning his political activity he passed on his holdings to a trust fund. Bogdan group Roshen group 5 Kanal television channel Kuznya na Rybalskomu shipyard Poroshenko first won a seat in the Verkhovna Rada in 1998 for the 12th single-mandate constituency
Petro Poroshenko
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Petro Poroshenko Петро Порошенко
Petro Poroshenko
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Poroshenko and
Viktor Yushchenko during the meeting before
Mukacheve mayoral election on 16 April 2004
Petro Poroshenko
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Poroshenko attending a U.S. Independence Day celebration at the
U.S. Embassy in Kiev, 6 July 2005
Petro Poroshenko
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Poroshenko at the Russian-Ukrainian international commission meeting in 2009
4.
Andriy Parubiy
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Andriy Volodymyrovych Parubiy is a Ukrainian politician who has been the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament, since 14 April 2016. In the years leading up to the Ukrainian independence in 1991 Parubiy was an independence activist and was arrested for organizing a rally in 1989. In 1991 he founded the Social-National Party of Ukraine together with Oleh Tyahnybok, in 1998–2004 Parubiy led the paramilitary organization of SNPU, the Patriot of Ukraine. Parubiy left these organizations in 2004, Parubiy co-led the Orange Revolution in 2004. In the 2007 parliamentary elections he was voted into the Ukrainian parliament on an Our Ukraine–Peoples Self-Defense Bloc ticket and he then became a member of the deputy group that would later become For Ukraine. Parubiy stayed with Our Ukraine and became a member of its political council, in early February 2012 Parubiy left Our Ukraine because their views diverged. In 2012 he was re-elected into parliament on the party list of Fatherland, from December 2013 to February 2014 Parubiy was a commandant of Euromaidan. He was coordinator of the volunteer security corps for the mainstream protesters and he was then appointed Secretary of the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine. This appointed was approved by new Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko on June 16,2014, as Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council, Parubiy oversaw the anti–terrorist operation against pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. Parubiy resigned as Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council on August 7,2014. He declined to say why, stating I believe it is unacceptable to comment on my resignation in a time of war, President Poroshenko signed a decree confirming Parubiys dismissal the same day. RT reported that local media were stating that Parubiy resigned after he was ordered to another ceasefire in the southeast of Ukraine. In September 2014 Parubiy became a member of his new party Peoples Front
Andriy Parubiy
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Andriy Parubiy in January 2015
5.
List of chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada
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The following table includes the Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR and the Chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. According to the regulations, a chair person of the Ukrainian parliament during his or her term at the position. Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada Official website of the Chairman, Высшие органы государственной власти Украинской ССР. Handbook on history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991
List of chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada
List of chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada
List of chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada
List of chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada
6.
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
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The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the presiding officer of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraines unicameral parliament. The chairman presides over the parliament and its procedures, Chairmen are elected by open voting from the parliaments deputy ranks. Andriy Parubiy is the current chairman since being confirmed on 14 April 2016, the office of Chairman has existed since the ratification of the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on January 30,1937. Mykhailo Burmystenko, who was appointed on January 30,1937, was the holder of the office. The post replaced the position of a chairman of Central Executive Committee. Along with the chairman, from 1937 to 1990 Verkhovna Rada was also governed by the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada that consisted of about 20 members, there have been 18 Chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada since 1927. Until Ukraines independence in 1991, it was titled as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, the chairman and his two assistants cannot head factions of deputies. The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada is designated as the first in the order of succession of the head of state with limited authority while new presidential elections are conducted. No provisions for presidential succession are included in both the presidents and chairmans positions are vacant. During the Soviet era, the chairman was the Ukrainian SSRs de jure head of state, all former chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada receive special state privileges. After the completion of their tenure, former chairmen are provided with cabinets in the building, an official government car and an adviser. The respective decree #296 was signed by Volodymyr Lytvyn as early as on June 7,2006 – a month before he was dismissed from the post of Parliaments Speaker. After three years since its adoption, Verkhovna Rada officials kept silent about the law, after which it was public by an article in the DELO newspaper in mid-May 2009. Высшие органы государственной власти Украинской ССР
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
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Incumbent
Volodymyr Groysman since November 27, 2014
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
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Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of
Ukraine Голова Верховної Ради України
7.
Volodymyr Vasylyovych Rybak
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Volodymyr Rybak (Ukrainian, Володимир Васильович Рибáк, born on 3 October 1946 in Donetsk is a Ukrainian politician. He was the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada from 13 December 2012 to 22 February 2014, volodymyr Rybak is also the original leader of the predecessor of the Party of Regions, the Party of Regional Revival of Ukraine. He is a Merited Builder of Ukraine, born in the same city, Rybak graduated from the Department of Economy at the Donetsk State University in 1973, eventually receiving a doctor of economic sciences. He served as chairman of the city council, executive committee, Rybak was co-organizer and first chairman of the Party of Regions between 1997 and 2001. Since the 2002 parliamentary elections Rybak is a member of the Verkhovna Rada, Rybak was Vice Premier of Ukraine and Construction, Architecture and Housing and Utility minister and Vice Premier of Ukraine in the Second Yanukovych Government. On 13 December 2012 he was elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and he resigned on 22 February 2014. Citing ill health and amidst the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Rybak did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Rybak on Party of Regions official website
Volodymyr Vasylyovych Rybak
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Volodymyr Vasylyovych Rybak
8.
Volodymyr Groysman
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Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman, sometimes transliterated as Volodymyr Borysovych Hroisman, has been the Prime Minister of Ukraine since 14 April 2016. From March 2006 until February 2014 Groysman was the Mayor of Vinnytsia and he was elected into parliament on the party lists of the pro-presidential Petro Poroshenko Bloc. Groysmans next post was the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, starting late November 2014 until being appointed Prime Minister, Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman was born in Vinnytsia into a Jewish family on 20 January 1978. In 1994 he started his career as a director of his fathers small private business company ОКО. In the 2002 local elections, he was elected as a member of the Vinnytsia City Council from the 29th electoral district. In the city council, he worked as the Deputy Head of the Permanent Committee of the City Council on Human Rights, Lawfulness, Council Members Activities, in 2003, he graduated from the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management with a specialty in Jurisprudence. In 2004 Groysman joined the party Our Ukraine, on 25 November 2005, he was elected the head of the city council and the acting mayor. In the 26 March 2006 local elections, he was elected as the citys mayor, becoming the youngest ever mayor of a Ukrainian administrative center. In the 10 October 2010 local elections, he was re-elected mayor for a term, as a candidate of the party Conscience of Ukraine. While mayor, Groysman was the Vice-President of the Association of Ukrainian Cities, in February 2010, Groysman graduated from the National Academy of State Administration with a specialty in Community Development Management, especially management on the local and regional levels. However, Yatsenyuks resignation was not accepted by parliament, nevertheless, on 25 July 2014, the Yatsenyuk Government appointed Groysman as its acting Prime Minister. However, on 31 July 2014, the Verkhovna Rada declined Yatsenyuks resignation because only 16 of the 450 MPs voted for his resignation, in the 2014 parliamentary election, Groysman was elected into parliament after being in the top 10 of the Petro Poroshenko Blocs electoral list. On 27 November 2014, at the first session of newly elected parliament and he was also the only candidate for the post. With public dissatisfaction and allegations of corruption surrounding his government, Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk announced on 10 April 2016 that he planned to resign. Following several days of debate, on 14 April 2016. Groysman is the youngest Ukrainian prime minister ever, Groysman is not well-known outside Ukraine, and is seen by outside observers as President Poroshenkos protégé. Those posts in the new Groysman government were assigned to people who were perceived as Poroshenko allies. Groysman has indicated he would fight corruption and build ties with the European Union
Volodymyr Groysman
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Volodymyr Groysman Володимир Гройсман
9.
President of Ukraine
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The president of Ukraine is the Ukrainian head of state. The president represents the nation in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the state, conducts negotiations, the president is directly elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term of office, limited to two terms consecutively. The presidents official residence is the Mariyinsky Palace, located in the Pechersk district of the capital Kyiv, other official residences include the House with Chimaeras and the House of the Weeping Widow, which are used for official visits by foreign representatives. Since the offices establishment on 5 July 1991, there have been five presidents of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk was the inaugural president, serving three years from 1991 until his resignation in 1994. Leonid Kuchma was the president to have served two consecutive terms in office. Oleksandr Turchynov was the acting president in Ukraines modern history. On 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of president of Ukraine, the current president is Petro Poroshenko who took the oath of office on 7 June 2014. The prime minister serves as the head of government, a role filled by Volodymyr Groysman who was appointed to the position in April 2016. As with the separation of powers, the president has checks on the authority of parliament, for instance, any law passed by the parliament can be vetoed by the president, however, parliament can override his veto with a 2/3 constitutional majority vote. The president has limited authority to disband the Verkhovna Rada, and nominates candidates for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, six out of eighteen of the Constitutional Court judges are appointed by the president. Decisions of the president are subject to review by Ukraines courts with the Constitutional Court having the sole authority, while in office, the president enjoys the right of immunity. By-passing local governments is a practice in Ukraine. With the proclamation of the last universal of the UPR dated 25 January 1918 due to a military aggression, the Central Rada of the UPR proclaimed its independence from the Russia. On 29 April 1918, the Rada elected Mykhailo Hrushevskyi as the first President of the Central Rada of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic, although a rather widespread misconception, the state leadership position title varied and none of them had an official presidential title. In November of the year the directorate government of the UPR was established as the opposition movement to the Skoropadskys regime. Although really the Directorate was the governing body until the new Ukrainian Constituent Assembly would elect its president. Symon Petliura assumed the representation of the state after Vynnychenkos resignation on 11 February 1919, after the Soviet offensive in 1920 and brought control of the Ukrainian territory under the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Peoples Republic was forced into exile. Upon the assassination of Petliura, the control over the affairs were transferred to the former Prime Minister Andriy Livytskyi who in 1948 created the office of the President of Ukraine
President of Ukraine
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Incumbent
Petro Poroshenko since 7 June 2014
President of Ukraine
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Presidential Standard
President of Ukraine
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First President
Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1917-18).
President of Ukraine
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2nd President
Volodymyr Vynnychenko (1918-19).
10.
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
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Arseniy Petrovych Yatsenyuk is a Ukrainian politician, economist and lawyer who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Ukraine from 27 February 2014 to 14 April 2016. Yatsenyuks first government post was as Minister of Economy from 2005 to 2006, subsequently he was Foreign Minister of Ukraine in 2007, Yatsenyuk was one of the leaders of Ukraines second biggest party All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland, and former leader of its parliamentary faction. He became the Prime Minister of Ukraine following the 2014 revolution that removed Viktor Yanukovych from power, in September 2014 Yatsenyuk started the new party Peoples Front. On 10 April 2016, Yatsenyuk announced that he would report to parliament on 12 April, on 14 April 2016, Yatsenyuk was replaced by new Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman. Yatsenyuk was born on May 22,1974, in the Ukrainian SSRs Chernivtsi and his father, historian Petro Ivanovich Yatsenuk, was a professor at the Faculty of History at Chernivtsi National University and has since become deputy dean of its history faculty. Arsenys mother, Maria Grigoriievna Yatsenyuk, has long been a French teacher at high schools. Yatsenyuk also speaks Russian and English as well as having knowledge of Romanian. According to Yatsenyuk, he comes from a family of ethnic Ukrainians and he is of partly Romanian ancestry, one of his ancestors was a citizen of Greater Romania from the region around Chernivtsi. Some sources state he was born tо a family of ethnic Jewish-Ukrainians, however, Yaakov Bleich, a chief rabbi of Ukraine stated, Arseniy Yatsenyuk is not Jewish. Furthermore, Anna Rudnitskaya said, hypothetical Jewishness was never established, after Yatsenyuk began studying at Chernivtsi University in 1992, he set up a student law firm. Yatsenyuk graduated from the university in 1996, and later attended the Chernivtsi Trade-Economics Institute of the Kyiv National Trade-Economics Institute in 2001. In addition to holding a law degree and a degree in accounting and auditing. From December 1992 to September 1997 Yatsenyuk was the president of Yurek Ltd. a law based in Chernivtsi. From January 1998 until September 2001, Yatsenyuk worked in the Aval bank, from November 2003 to February 2005, Yatsenyuk served as the first vice-president of the National Bank of Ukraine under Serhiy Tihipko. After Tihipko left the National Bank, Arseniy Yatsenyuk was put in charge of it, after Vasyl Tsushko was appointed as the new Governor of Odessa Oblast, Tsushko asked Yatsenyuk to serve as his vice-governor, which he served from March 9 to September 2005. From September 27,2005 to August 4,2006, he served as the Minister of Economy of Ukraine in the Yekhanurov Government, Arseniy Yatsenyuk then headed talks about Ukrainian membership in the World Trade Organization. Yatsenyuk also heads the Ukraine-European Union commission, from September 20,2006, he served as the first vice-president of the Head of Secretariat of the President of Ukraine, and the representative of the president in the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Yatsenyuk was proposed for the post of Foreign Minister by the President of Ukraine, Yatsenyuk was chosen for the post by the Verkhovna Rada on March 21,2007 with 426 votes, but only after the Ukrainian parliament twice denied the post to Volodymyr Ohryzko
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
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Arseniy Yatsenyuk Арсеній Яценюк
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
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Yatsenyuk as Minister of Foreign Affairs meeting with United States Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice.
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
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Yatsenyuk and
Mykola Tomenko at a press conference of Yatsenyuk in
Mykolaiv.
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
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Opposition leaders Yatsenyuk,
Vitali Klitschko and
Oleh Tyahnybok, addressing demonstrators, November 27, 2013
11.
Viktor Yanukovych
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Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych is a Ukrainian politician who served as the fourth President of Ukraine from February 2010 until his removal from power in February 2014. He is currently in exile in Russia and wanted by Ukraine for high treason, Yanukovych served as the governor of Donetsk Oblast, a province in eastern Ukraine, from 1997 to 2002. He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 21 November 2002 to 31 December 2004, Yanukovych first ran for president in 2004, he advanced to the runoff election, and initially defeated his opponent. However, the election was fraught with allegations of fraud and voter intimidation and this caused widespread citizen protests and Kievs Independence Square was occupied in what became known as the Orange Revolution. The Ukrainian Supreme Court nullified the election, and ordered a second runoff. Yanukovych lost this second election to Viktor Yushchenko. Yanukovych served as Prime Minister for a time from 4 August 2006 to 18 December 2007. Yanukovych was elected President in 2010, defeating Yulia Tymoshenko, November 2013 saw the beginning of a series of events that led to his ousting as President. Yanukovych rejected a pending EU association agreement, choosing instead to pursue a Russian loan bailout and this led to popular protests and the occupation of Kievs Independence Square, a series of events dubbed the Euromaidan by young pro-European Union Ukrainians. In January 2014, this developed into deadly clashes in Independence Square and in areas across Ukraine, as Ukrainian citizens confronted the Berkut. In February 2014, Ukraine appeared to be on the brink of civil war, on 21 February 2014, Yanukovych claimed that, after lengthy discussions, he had reached an agreement with the opposition. Later that day, however, he fled the capital for Kharkiv, travelling next to Crimea, on 22 February, the Ukrainian parliament voted to remove him from his post, on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties. Parliament set 25 May as the date for the election to select his replacement. After his departure, Yanukovych conducted several press conferences, in one of these, he declared himself to remain the legitimate head of the Ukrainian state elected in a free vote by Ukrainian citizens. On the same day, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that he didnt know anything about this, on 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of President of Ukraine by the Supreme Rada of Ukraine. Viktor Yanukovych was born in the village of Zhukovka near Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR and he endured a very hard childhood about which he has stated, My childhood was difficult and hungry. I grew up without my mother who died when I was two, I went around bare-footed on the streets. I had to fight for every day
Viktor Yanukovych
–
Viktor Yanukovych Віктор Янукович
Viktor Yanukovych
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Russian President Vladimir Putin meets
Prime Minister Yanukovych during a visit to
Kiev (22 December 2006).
Viktor Yanukovych
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Supporters of Viktor Yanukovych in
Dnipropetrovsk, December 2009
Viktor Yanukovych
–
Before the beginning of the Nuclear Security Summit with President of France
Nicolas Sarkozy and Dmitry Medvedev.
12.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
The Prime Minister of Ukraine is Ukraines head of government, presiding over the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which is the highest body of the executive branch of the Ukrainian government. The position replaced the Soviet post of the Chairman of Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, since Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, there have been sixteen prime ministers, or twenty, counting acting PMs. Arseniy Yatsenyuk was the first Prime Minister who came from Western Ukraine, two prime ministers were born in the Russian SFSR. The current prime minister is Volodymyr Groysman since he was sworn on 14 April 2016, the prime minister is appointed by the president with the consent of the Verkhovna Rada. The consent is deemed granted by the parliament when a majority of its constitutional membership votes in favour of the candidate nominated by the president. The highest parliamentary approval to date was received by Yulia Tymoshenko who was appointed the Prime Minister on February 4,2005 with 373 votes in the Verkhovna Rada. Other prime ministers who received more than 300 votes were Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Yatsenyuk again in 2014 Vitold Fokin, the procedure of granting consent by the parliament is usually preceded by several days of comprehensive consultations and interviews of the candidate by the parliamentary factions. The approval by the legislature is not a mere formality, some candidates were ratified by a narrow margin and a candidate may be turned down. For instance, in 1999, Valeriy Pustovoitenko fell three short of being re-confirmed after he tendered his resignation at the second inauguration of President Leonid Kuchma in 1999. Kuchma chose Viktor Yushchenko as his alternative candidate, another example is the approval of Yuriy Yekhanurovs candidacy. After the constitutional reform of late 2004, the president was restricted in his choice of prime minister and was obliged to nominate the person proposed by the parliamentary coalition. The prime minister, as all members of executive branch. The prime minister heads Ukraines executive branch of government, the Cabinet of Ministers, the prime minister can also propose candidates for the heads of regional administrations to the president for consideration. The prime minister can also countersign decrees and laws passed by the president, the constitution is silent on the exact regulation of the countersigning. The prime minister are responsible for the execution of laws passed by the cabinet, while in office, the prime minister is granted full legal immunity from all prosecutions and legal proceedings. The prime ministers office is headquartered in the Cabinet of Ministries building in central Kiev, the prime minister was paid a yearly salary of 202,776 UAH in 2005. Prime ministers are frequently asked by citizens for help in solving their personal problems. In 2012, Prime Minister Azarov received dozens of personal pleas every day on his Facebook page, by-passing local Governments is an ages old practice in Ukraine
Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
Incumbent
Arseniy Yatsenyuk since 27 February 2014
Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
President
Barack Obama talks with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the
Oval Office, March 12, 2014.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
Oleksandr Turchynov served as Acting Prime Minister in 2010 after
Yulia Tymoshenko tendered
her government's resignation.
13.
Serhiy Arbuzov
–
Serhiy Hennadiyovych Arbuzov is Ukraines former First Deputy Prime Minister, who became interim Prime Minister following the resignation of Mykola Azarov on 28 January 2014. On 27 February 2014, Arbuzov was dismissed and Arseniy Yatsenyuk was elected as new Prime Minister and he was the former chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine. The youngest chairman of the National Bank in Europe as of 2012, in the 2000s Arbuzov worked as a director of several leading Ukrainian banks, including Privatbank and Ukreximbank. Arbuzov is wanted by the General Prosecutor of Ukraine, Arbuzov’s defence insists that it is political persecution. He graduated from the Donetsk State University, having specialized in finance and credit, at the start of his professional career Arbuzov worked as an administration chairman of Privatbank in Donetsk and a director of Privatbank in Kostyantynivka. In 2003-10 he was a director of the Ukrainian Business Bank, in 2005 Arbuzov became a member of Our Ukraine and in 2006 unsuccessfully ran for the Donetsk Regional Council as a member of the party. Upon his appointment to the National Bank of Ukraine his political affiliation became uncertain, in 2010 Arbuzov was appointed chairman of the Supervising Council of UkrEximBank and in September 2010 he became a deputy chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine. On December 21,2010 the President of Ukraine sent a petition to the parliament to replace Volodymyr Stelmakh with Arbuzov, on December 23,2010 the Verkhovna Rada approved the petition, making Arbuzov the youngest chairman of a state central bank. After the appointment, the son of the President, Oleksandr Yanukovych. The chairperson of the bank is Arbuzovs mother, Valentyna, who also has experience in banking business. In May 2012 the Ukrainian magazine Focus pointed out that Arbuzov has the highest salary among the Ukrainian civil servants -140,000 hryvnia per month, in the same year another Ukrainian magazine, Korrespondent, placed him among the thirty most influential people in the country. As the chairman of the National Bank, he was best remembered for a set of directed at maintaining the stability of national currency of Ukraine – hryvnia. Alongside this, slowdown of inflation rate was secured, on 24 December 2012 Viktor Yanukovych appointed Arbuzov First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine by presidential decree. As the First Vice Prime Minister, he was engaged in European integration issues, Arbuzov initiated preparation of the so-called “road map” – document, in which Association Agreement process was set out on a phased basis. On October 29,2013 World Bank published another Doing Business rating, the best results were seen in obtaining construction permits, registration of property rights. Ukraine ranked 13th for ease in getting credit by businesses in overall Doing Business rating, after weeks of Euromaidan protests, and clashes, during which civilians were killed, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov offered his letter of resignation on 28 January 2014. Hence the second Azarov Government continued as a caretaker government, and Arbuzov replaced Azarov as Prime Minister of Ukraine. On 29 March 2014, during a party congress, Arbuzov was expelled from the Party of Regions, despite tries to bring about resolution to the dispute between authorities and opposition, Sergij Arbuzov was bound to leave the country after change of regime
Serhiy Arbuzov
–
Serhiy Arbuzov Сергій Арбузов
Serhiy Arbuzov
–
Serhiy Arbuzov № 30 in ranking for the most influential Ukrainian magazine Korrespondent 2012.
14.
Yulia Tymoshenko
–
Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko is a Ukrainian politician. She co-led the Orange Revolution and was the first woman appointed Prime Minister of Ukraine, serving from 24 January to 8 September 2005, Tymoshenko is the leader of the All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland political party that has 19 seats in parliament and has Tymoshenko as its parliamentary faction leader. In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party had received the second most votes, in the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election Tymoshenko received 12. 81% of the vote, coming in second place after Petro Poroshenko who won the election with 54. 7%. Tymoshenko finished second in the Ukrainian presidential election of 2010 runoff, losing by 3.5 percentage points to the winner, in the first round she had also finished second. After the 2010 presidential election, a number of cases were brought against her. On 11 October 2011 she was convicted of embezzlement and abuse of power, the decision was supported by 322 votes. She was officially rehabilitated on 28 February 2014, just after the Euromaidan revolution, the Ukrainian Supreme Court and European Court of Human Rights closed the case and found that no crime was committed. In 2005 Tymoshenko placed third in Forbes magazines list of the worlds most powerful women, Tymoshenko strives for Ukraines integration into the European Union and strongly opposes the membership of Ukraine in the Eurasian Customs Union. Yulia Tymoshenko supports NATO membership for Ukraine, Tymoshenko was born Yulia Hrihyan 27 November 1960, in Dnipropetrovsk, Soviet Ukraine, Soviet Union. Her mother, Lyudmila Telehina, was born on 11 August 1937, yulias father, Volodymyr Hrihyan, who according to his Soviet passport was Latvian, was born on 3 December 1937, also in Dnipropetrovsk. He abandoned his wife and young daughter when Yulia was between one and three old, Yulia used her mothers surname. Yulias paternal grandfather, Abram Kapitelman, was born in 1914, Kapitelman was mobilized into the army in the autumn of 1940 and subsequently was killed while taking part in the Great Patriotic War on 8 November 1944, with the rank of lieutenant in Signal corps. In 1977, Tymoshenko graduated from school in Dnipropetrovsk. In 1978 Tymoshenko was enrolled in the Automatization and Telemechanics Department of the Dnipropetrovsk Mining Institute, in 1999 she defended her PhD dissertation, titled State Regulation of the tax system, at the Kyiv National Economic University. Tymoshenko has worked as a practicing economist and academic, prior to her political career, she became a successful but controversial businesswoman in the gas industry, becoming by some estimates one of the richest people in the country. Before becoming Ukraines first female minister in 2005, Tymoshenko co-led the Orange Revolution. She was placed third in Forbes magazines List of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women 2005, after graduating from the Dnipropetrovsk State University in 1984, Tymoshenko worked as an engineer-economist in the Dnipro Machine-Building Plant in Dnipropetrovsk until 1988. Tymoshenko worked as a general director, in 1995 this company was reorganized into United Energy Systems of Ukraine
Yulia Tymoshenko
–
Tymoshenko in March 2011
Yulia Tymoshenko
–
Yulia Tymoshenko in
Parliament, 4 February 2005
Yulia Tymoshenko
–
Yulia Timoshenko and
Vladimir Putin (19 March 2005); in November 2009 Putin stated he found it comfortable to work with Tymoshenko and also praised her political choices.
Yulia Tymoshenko
–
President
George W. Bush and Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko, Kiev, 1 April 2008
15.
Mykola Azarov
–
Mykola Yanovych Azarov is a Ukrainian politician who was the Prime Minister of Ukraine from 11 March 2010 to 27 January 2014. He was the First Vice Prime Minister and Finance Minister from 2002 to 2005, Azarov also served ex officio as an acting Prime Minister in the First Yanukovych Government when Viktor Yanukovych ran for president at first and then upon resignation of his government. After weeks of Euromaidan protests, and clashes, during which civilians were killed, since 3 July 2014 Azarov is in the international wanted list for alleged abuse of power. On 19 January 2015 Kiev District Court of Pechersk Raion issued an arrest warrant as a measure to allow for extradition of Azarov from the Russian Federation. On 3 February 2017 he declared support for Communism, when he married his wife, Lyudmila Azarova, he took her name. Azarov attended the Moscow State University where he earned his doctorate in geology and mineralogy in 1973 and he worked at the Tulaugol coal enterprise until 1976. Azarov moved to Donetsk permanently in 1984 to become deputy director of the Ukrainian State Geological Institute, in 1984–1995 he was a deputy director and director of Ukraines State Research and Design Institute of Mining Geology and Geomechanics. In 1991 he was hired as a professor at Donetsk National Technical University, in 1994 Azarov was elected member of the Verkhovna Rada for the first time, representing the Petroskiy electoral district, located in the city of Donetsk. In 1995–1997 he served as head of the parliaments Committee on Budgets, in parliament, he belonged to an interregional group of MPs supporting then-President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma. In 1995, while carrying on as an MP, Azarov was appointed an adviser to the council of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In 1996 he became Chairman of the State Tax Administration of Ukraine, Azarov was a long-term head of the State Tax Administration. During this period tax inspections were used to limit the freedom of the press in Ukraine, Azarov has vehemently refuted all these allegations. In 2002, he accused Slavyansk Bank president Borys Feldman of being behind the Cassette Scandal recordings, in 2001 he became the head of the Party of Regions but resigned from the post in less than a year. In 2003 Azarov was elected chairman of the Party of Regions political council, Azarov was appointed First Vice Prime Minister and Finance Minister in late November 2002, when the first Yanukovych Government took office. During the first Yanukovych Government governing the set of reforms was implemented including fiscal, tax. During Azarovs first term as Finance Minister, the annual GDP growth was 9. 6% in 2003 and 12. 1% in 2004 in Ukraine, with capital investments of 31. 3% and 28. 0%. Azarov first served as acting Prime Minister from 7 December 2004 to 28 December 2004, the Yanukovych Cabinet was officially dismissed on 5 January 2005. Azarov continued as acting Prime Minister until shortly after the inauguration of Viktor Yushchenko, Azarov remained a strong political ally of Yanukovych, and again became a member of parliament for the Party of Regions after the 2006 Parliamentary elections
Mykola Azarov
–
Mykola Azarov Микола Азаров
Mykola Azarov
–
Polish President Bronisław Komorowski and Azarov (30 September 2010)
16.
Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine is a government post of Cabinet of Ukraine. In an absence of the Prime Minister of Ukraine performs his or her duty as the acting Prime Minister of Ukraine, in 1991 the post was grandfathered from the already existing First Deputy Chairman that was part of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR. In an absence of the First Vice Prime Minister, his or her functions are performed by other Vice Prime Ministers who are members of the Cabinet of Ministers. Similarly to Prime Minister, all duties of the First Vice Prime Minister are supported by the Secretariat of Cabinet of Ministers. Along with other members of Cabinet of Ministers, the newly appointed First Vice Prime Minister takes one, according to the Article 10, a member of Cabinet of Ministers who refuses to take the oath is considered as such who refused to accept the post. Every newly appointed member of already existing cabinet needs to take the oath at the plenary session of Verkhovna Rada. With adoption of the Act of Independence of Ukraine, the Ukrainian SSR was officially renamed into Ukraine, because of the 1991 August Putsch in Moscow, the Communist Party was prohibited in Ukraine. In February 1992 there was adopted the new coat of arms, law of Ukraine About the Cabinet of Minesters
Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
–
First Vice Prime Minister of
Ukraine Перший віце-прем'єр-міністр України
Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
17.
Andriy Klyuyev
–
Andriy Petrovych Klyuyev, also spelled as Kluev/Klyuev, is a Ukrainian businessman and politician, ranked as 7th Most influential person in Ukraine in 2011 by the Korrespondent. He is a head of the Presidential Administration of Ukraine. Following being for two years the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine and his brother Serhiy Klyuyev is also politician and businessman. In 2006 experts estimated the joint assets of the Klyuyev brothers to be US$144 million, in June 2009, Klyuyev brothers were ranked 48th in the Korrespondent s list of Top 50 richest Ukrainians with the estimated wealth of US$227 million. He was last seen with Viktor Yanukovych in Balaklava, Ukraine in2014, but has since been on Russian television shows. Andriy Klyuyev graduated from the Mining College of the Donetsk Politech Institute as an automation and mechanization engineer. He also earned his Candidate of Technical Sciences post-graduate degree in 1989, Klyuyev started working in 1983 as the underground miner of the Zasyadko coal mine, then becoming a foreman at the Gorki Mine. After the graduation he worked as the deputy chief and the chief of transport at the Bilorichenska Mine. From 1986 to 1991 Klyuyev was conducting full-time postgraduate research at his alma mater, from 1991 to 1994, Andriy Klyuyev headed several coal mining-related machine building companies, including Ukrpidshipnyk SC which is widely mentioned as his own company. Klyuyev and his brother Serhiy Klyuyev sold Active Bank in March 2013, Klyuyev has been repeatedly accused by journalists of being a shadowy oligarch with business links to Viktor Yanukovychs family, allegedly using his power to secure multi-billion contracts. Since 1994 Klyuyev was a deputy chairman of the Donetsk Oblast Executive Council, from November 1995 to April 1996 he was a Deputy Head of the Donetsk Oblast State Administration, responsible for local development, trade, and consumer goods production. After a career in Donetsk Oblast, at the working closely with later and current President Viktor Yanukovych. On December 14,2001 Klyuyev was elected the deputy chairman of the Party of Regions, at the 2002 election, he became a member of the Verkhovna Rada for the Party of Regions, working as head of the Energy, Nuclear Policy and Nuclear Safety Committee. On April 19,2003 at the 5th Party Congress Klyuyev was elected the secretary of the political council. From 2003 to 2004 Klyuyev was the Energy Vice Prime Minister in the First Yanukovych Government, Klyuyev is described in the press as the Yanukovych’s shadow campaign head in 2010 presidential election, following Borys Kolesnikov as head of the electoral headquarter of the Party of Regions. At the 2006 and 2007 parliamentary elections, Klyuyev was re-elected as a deputy for Party of Regions, on February 14,2012, Klyuyev was appointed Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. NSDC secretary sees Azarov as likely candidate for premiership, on 23 February 2014, just after the Maidan revolution, Klyuyev resigned from this post. Since 7 March 2014 he is wanted for involvement in mass murder, the day before the EU froze his asset
Andriy Klyuyev
–
Andriy Klyuyev
18.
Security Service of Ukraine
–
The Security Service of Ukraine or SBU, is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and terrorism combatting. Educational Institutions National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers Peasant Government of the Ukrainian SSR, to support the Soviet government in Ukraine in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, in its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry. On August 19,1920 the All Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution, on December 10,1934 the State Political Directorate was liquidated. The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB, many of whom came from the KGB’s 5th directorate. Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants, in 2004, the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security, as of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine, the protection agency for the most senior government officials. The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko, Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, however, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent. Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case and he was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine, later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, however, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, in 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events
Security Service of Ukraine
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Main Department "K" (Fight with corruption and organized crime)
Security Service of Ukraine
–
Service insignia
Security Service of Ukraine
–
Badge of the Main Investigation Administration
Security Service of Ukraine
–
33 Volodymyrska Street, SBU Headquarters in Kiev
19.
Viktor Yushchenko
–
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko is a Ukrainian politician who was the third President of Ukraine from January 23,2005 to February 25,2010. As an informal leader of the Ukrainian opposition coalition, he was one of the two candidates in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko won the presidency through a runoff election between him and Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. The Ukrainian Supreme Court called for the election to be repeated because of widespread electoral fraud in favor of Viktor Yanukovych in the original vote. Public protests prompted by the electoral fraud played a role in that presidential election. He suffered disfigurement as a result of the poisoning, but has made a full physical recovery. Before his election as President, Yushchenko already had a career in Ukrainian politics, in 1993, he became Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine. From 1999 to 2001 he was Prime Minister. 57% of the votes, Yushchenko failed to secure a run-off spot during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, gaining 5. 5% of the vote. During the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, Yushchenko headed the election list of Our Ukraine, the party won 1. 11% of the national votes and no constituencies, and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko was born on February 23,1954 in Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union and he survived the ordeal, and after returning home, taught English at a local school. Viktors mother, Varvara Tymofiyovna Yushchenko, taught physics and mathematics at the same school, the Sumy Oblast region where he was born is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, and this differentiated him in later life from his political counterparts, for whom Russian was the mother tongue. Viktor Yushchenko graduated from the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute in 1975 and began work as an accountant, then, from 1975 to 1976, he served as a conscript in the Transcaucasian Military District on the Soviet–Turkish border. In 1976 Yushchenko began a career in banking, in 1983, he became the Deputy Director for Agricultural Credit at the Ukrainian Republican Office of the Soviet Union State Bank. From 1990 to 1993, he worked as vice-chairman and first vice-chairman of the JSC Agroindustrial Bank Ukraina, in 1993, he was appointed Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine. In 1997, Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, re-appointed him, as a central banker, Yushchenko played an important part in the creation of Ukraines national currency, the hryvnia, and the establishment of a modern regulatory system for commercial banking. In 1998, he wrote a thesis entitled The Development of Supply and Demand of Money in Ukraine and he thereby earned a doctorate in economics. Ukraines economy improved during Yushchenkos cabinet service, however, his government, particularly Deputy Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, soon became embroiled in a confrontation with influential leaders of the coal mining and natural gas industries. The vote passed 263 to 69 and resulted in Yushchenkos removal from office, in 2002, Yushchenko became the leader of the Our Ukraine political coalition, which received a plurality of seats in the years parliamentary election
Viktor Yushchenko
–
Viktor Yushchenko Віктор Ющенко
Viktor Yushchenko
–
Yushchenko with fellow opposition leader
Oleksandr Moroz during the
Orange Revolution
Viktor Yushchenko
–
Pro-
Orange Revolution revolution demonstration in
Brussels, Belgium
Viktor Yushchenko
–
Yushchenko at the University of Amsterdam, with
chloracne from
TCDD dioxin poisoning (2006).
20.
Ihor Smeshko
–
In 2010, he entered politics with the Ukrainian Strength and Honor party, which he formed with several former security and intelligence officials. Born in 1955 in Khrystynivka, Cherkasy Region, Smeshko has made a career as a professional soldier-scholar and he holds a doctorate in Military Cybernetics and served as professor of information systems and systems analysis, publishing over 100 papers. In 1992, he secretary of the Science Advisory Council of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. That same year he was reassigned as Defense Attache to the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington D. C. where he spent 4 years, while there he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with the United States during that time. In 1995, Smeshko was awarded a star and recalled to the Ukraine to lead the presidents committee on intelligence. Smeshko implemented stricter controls, particularly for the Kolchuga air defense system, in this position, he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with Switzerland. In 2002, Smeshko completed a masters in Military Administration and a Law Degree from Shevchenko University in Kyiv. In late 2002, Leonid Kuchma asked Smeshko to return to Ukraine to assist him in handling accusations made by the U. S. State Department that Ukraine had sold the Kolchuga system to Iraq. Later that year, Derkach was fired and Smeshko was appointed head of the SBU, Smeshko was instrumental in the prevention of military action against the civil protests in late 2004. He demanded General Popkov stop his efforts to crack down on the protesters, the SBU and the military intelligence directorate worked to block the fraudulent ascension of Viktor Yanukovich, supporting Viktor Yushchenko. In 2005, Yushchenko fired Smeshko from the SBU, Smeshko speaks fluent English, German and French. Smeshko has been implicated in the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko, a parliamentary commission investigating in October 2004 confirmed that Smeshko dined with Yushchenko on the night of September 5,2004, where he may have been poisoned. Yushchenko claims to have fallen ill about 3 hours after the dinner, according to disgraced Undersecretary of Defense John A. At these meetings Shaw claims that Smeshko provided intelligence confirming that Iraqi WMDs had been moved outside of Iraq by Russian Spetznaz forces, Shaws Ukrainian-American aide was friends with David Nicholas, U. S. OSCE Ambassador to Ukraine, and Smeshko. These reports were determined to be false by a led by Charles Duelfer. He further notes that, contrary to Mr. Shaws account, Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper was in attendance, smeshkos immediate and unequivocal response was simply, We have absolutely no information concerning this matter. After a few minutes this unexpected meeting came to an end
Ihor Smeshko
–
Ihor P. Smeshko
21.
Hromada (political party)
–
All-Ukrainian Association Community, simply known as Hromada, is a Ukrainian political party registered in March 1994 and reregistered in March 2005. Party leader is former Prime Minister Pavlo Lazarenko, the party is a former parliamentary party in 1998 -2002 and since then unsuccessfully participated in national elections. In 1994 the party was created by Oleksandr Turchynov together with Lazarenko, at the 1998 elections the party won 24 seats in the Ukrainian parliament, mainly because of its good results in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The party won 4. 7% of the votes and 16 proportional seats 8 individual seats the Verkhovna Rada, the Hromada faction was disbanded in the Ukrainian parliament on February 29,2000 because it was unable to meet the minimum requirement of fourteen members. The party did not participate in the 2002 elections, but the block reached third place in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast council elections of 2006. Pavlo Lazarenkos brother, Ivan Lazarenko, is vice-chairman of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast council, the party planned to participate in the elections in an election bloc with the Social Democratic Union. Social Democratic Union did not participate in the 2007 election either, during the 2010 Ukrainian local elections the party won 2 representatives in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Council. In the council of Dnipropetrovsk the party lost all its seats, in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 0. 08% of the national votes and no constituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. The Central Election Commission of Ukraine had refused Pavlo Lazarenkos registration for this election, the party did participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections in 4 simple-majority constituencies but did not win parliamentary representation. The party did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election
Hromada (political party)
–
Hromada
22.
6th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
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The Peoples Deputies of Ukraine of the 6th convocation were elected in the snap parliamentary elections on September 30,2007. The elections were held under the system according to electoral lists of political parties. The 6th convocation ended on 14 December 2012, all other political parties and blocks do not pass the electoral threshold of 3%. 2, 73% of electors voted against all
6th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Seat composition of the 6th Verkhovna Rada.
23.
7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
The 7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada is the previous session of the legislative branch of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraines parliament. Its composition was based on the results of the 2012 parliamentary election and it first met in the capital Kiev on December 12,2012 and ended its session on November 27,2014 after the 8th Verkhovna Rada began its first session. Parliamentary work was virtually paralyzed the first months of 2013 because the opposition blocked the podium and presidium seats on various days, according to a study conducted by Opora, parliamentary deputies did not work for 53 days during the first hundred days in the 7th convocation. Election of presidium, establishing parliamentary factions, establishing and assigning of committee, PACE Ukraine delegation, confirming on the Presidential appointment of Mykola Azarov as the Prime Minister of Ukraine February 5,2013. Parliament was unblocked on 22 February 2013 after procedural measures had been implemented to prevent multiple voting, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine deprived United Centre member Pavlo Baloha and independent Oleksandr Dombrovsky of their deputy seats. The Court had established that the results in single-member districts number 11, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine stripped Andrey Verevskiy of his seat in parliament because he simultaneously was parliamentary deputy and headed a commercial entity. Parliament was unblocked on 19 March 2013, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine stripped Serhiy Vlasenko of his seat in parliament because he practiced advocacy and was a people’s deputy at the same time. Party of Regions members started to gather signatures for dismissal of Ruslan Koshulynsky from the position of parliamentary vice-speaker, according to one of the Party of Regions members, Inna Bohoslovska it is done due to the fact that Svoboda is a neo-fascist party. Party of Regions stated 244 deputies supported the move, but the opposition insists that number was 182, the last time the parliament split into two and held two sessions on two different premises was in 2000. Opposition also claimed none of its representatives were allowed to attend the session at Bankova. Parliament did not start its session, as it was still blocked, the opposition blocked the parliaments presidium seats until President Viktor Yanukovych reports his annual address to parliament personally in parliament. Pavlo Baloha and Oleksandr Dombrovsky mandates were officially cancelled, President Yanukovych urged parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine will meet the European Union criteria so Ukraine and the EU can formally sign an Association Agreement in November 2013. The Verkhovna Rada itself set the date of the 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine deprived Rodina Party member Ihor Markov of his deputy seats. The Court had established that the results in single-member districts number 133 had been unreliable, the parliaments chairman, first deputy, and deputy are all unaffiliated peoples deputies according to parliamentary procedure. The ruling majority is situational and officially consists of Party of Regions, communists are officially in opposition to everyone but its parliamentary faction usually votes exactly the same as the Party of Regions parliamentary faction. The parliamentary opposition includes UDAR, Fatherland and Freedom and other unaffiliated members, second Azarov Government First Yatsenyuk Government Calendar of registered bills
7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Oleh Tyahnybok (standing),
Oleksandr Turchynov (left) and
Ruslan Koshulynskyi (right) in parliament on February 24, 2014.
7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Seat composition on February 26, 2014.
24.
8th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
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The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the 8th convocation is the current convocation of the legislative branch of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraines unicameral parliament. The 8th convocation meets at the Verkhovna Rada building in Kiev and its term will last five years and is scheduled to close its last session on November 27,2019. Ukraines head of state during the term is President Petro Poroshenko. Further information, Ukrainian parliamentary election,2014 in the section titled Background, two deputies, Vitali Klitschko, and Ihor Palytsia rejected their parliamentary mandates to remain in office as Mayor of Kiev and Governor of Odessa Oblast, respectfully. Meanwhile, the parliaments preparatory deputy group adopted a resolution which accepted Nadiya Savchenkos handwritten letter stating that she accepted her parliamentary mandate, savchenko is currently held captive by the Russian government, after being abducted during the pro-Russian unrest. A total of 27 constituencies were not elected due to events taking place in the country. Elections in these regions can only place after the re-introduction of Ukrainian control over these territories. November 27,2014, Arseniy Yatsenyuk is confirmed as Prime Minister for a term with 341 votes in favor. December 2,2014, The second Yatsenyuk Government is approved with 288 votes in favor, December 23,2014, Ukraines status as that of a neutral non-aligned country, one of the coalitions key points of action, is removed with 303 votes in favor. December 25,2014, The National Security and Defense Councils jurisdiction, December 29,2014, Along with a collection of other economic policy laws, the 2015 Ukraine budget is approved with 233 votes in favor. On November 27,2014, the parliament elected Volodymyr Groysman from the Petro Poroshenko Bloc as the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, the parliaments chairman, first deputy chairman, and deputy chairman are all unaffiliated peoples deputies according to parliamentary procedure. Oksana Syroyid is the first woman to hold a deputy chairman position in the Verkhovna Rada. For the first time in Ukrainian history, the Communist Party has failed to gain representation in the Verkhovna Rada, Meanwhile, the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform, which had 40 seats in the previous parliaments convocation, did not participate in the election independently. For the 2014 parliamentary election, UDAR merged their lists with that of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc. A large portion of the 8th Verkhovna Rada are freshmen peoples deputies who did not have any prior legislative service and this convocation of parliament also has the largest representation of women in the Ukrainian parliament for the first time in history. While the women participation rate in parliament is lower than the 25.3 percent average of the OSCE member states,49 of the deputies in parliament are women. Out of the elected deputies,410 of them possess an academic degree. Fifty-four deputies are currently candidates for doctoral sciences, while 27 of them possess a doctoral degree
8th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Volodymyr Groysman (from the
Petro Poroshenko Bloc) is the current
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada.
8th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Seat composition of the 8th Verkhovna Rada
8th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada
–
Arseniy Yatsenyuk (from the
People's Front) was re-appointed as
Prime Minister with 341 votes.
25.
Dnipropetrovsk
–
Dnipropetrovsk or Dnepropetrovsk, is Ukraines fourth largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is 391 kilometres southeast of the capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative centre of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance, the city was originally envisioned as the Russian Empires third capital city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg. A vital industrial centre of Soviet Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centres of the nuclear, arms, in particular, it is home to the Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile design bureau and manufacturer. Because of its industry, Dnipropetrovsk was a closed city until the 1990s. On 19 May 2016 the official name of the city was changed to Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk is a powerhouse of Ukraines business and politics as the native city for many of the countrys most important figures. Ukraines politics are still defined by the legacies of Leonid Kuchma, Pavlo Lazarenko, in some Anglophone media the city was also known as the Rocket City. In 1918, the Central Council of Ukraine proposed to change the name of the city to Sicheslav, however, in 1926 the city was renamed after Communist leader Grigory Petrovsky. Hence following the 2015 law on decommunization the city had to be renamed, on 19 May 2016 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to officially rename the city to the name Dnipro. A monastery was founded by Byzantine monks on Monastyrsky Island, probably in the 9th century, the Tatars destroyed the monastery in 1240. At the beginning of the 15th century, Tatar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, by the mid-15th century, the Nogai and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper and it was in this time that a new force appeared, the free people, the Cossacks. They later became known as Zaporozhian Cossacks and this was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation and depopulation in that area, the area became known as the Wild Fields. On the night of ¾ August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down, the fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison. Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711, the ruins of the Kodak are visible now. There is currently a project to restore it and create a tourist centre, under the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, the territory became part of the Russian Empire. For practical purposes, the Prydniprovye lands remained a border area until the destruction of the Zaporizhian Sich in 1775. The Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia was founded in the late-1760s, between the settlements of Stari and Novi Kodaky and it was located at the present centre of the city to the West to district of Central Terminal and the Ozyorka farmers market
Dnipropetrovsk
–
Transfiguration Cathedral, central Dnipropetrovsk skyline,
Merefa-Kherson bridge, Monastyrsky Island and
Dnieper river
Dnipropetrovsk
–
Kipchak statues near the Historical Museum, Karla Marksa Prospekt
Dnipropetrovsk
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Map of Ekaterinoslav, 1885.
Dnipropetrovsk
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Catherine the Great monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840-1920)
26.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. From the start, the city of Kharkiv served as the republics capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was moved to the city of Kyiv. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, the Ukrainian SSRs border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Unions western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, the name Ukraine, derived from the Slavic word kraj, meaning land or border. It was first used to part of the territory of Kievan Rus in the 12th century. The name has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century, after the abdication of the tsar and the start of the process of the destruction of the Russian Empire many people in Ukraine wished to establish a Ukrainian Republic. During a period of war from 1917-23 many factions claiming themselves governments of the newly born republic were formed, each with supporters. The two most prominent of them were the government in Kyiv and the government in Kharkiv, the former being the Ukrainian Peoples Republic and the latter the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. This government of the Soviet Ukrainian Republic was founded on 24–25 December 1917, in its publications it names itself either the Republic of Soviets of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies or the Ukrainian Peoples Republic of Soviets. The last session of the government took place in the city of Taganrog, in July 1918 the former members of the government formed the Communist Party of Ukraine, the constituent assembly of which took place in Moscow. On 10 March 1919, according to the 3rd Congress of Soviets in Ukraine the name of the state was changed to the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. After the ratification of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the names of all Soviet republics were changed, transposing the second, during its existence, the Ukrainian SSR was commonly referred to as Ukraine or the Ukraine. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence, since the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in June 1996, the country became known simply as Ukraine, which is the name used to this day. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, several factions sought to create an independent Ukrainian state, the most popular faction was initially the local Socialist Revolutionary Party that composed the local government together with Federalists and Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks boycotted any government initiatives most of the time, instigating several armed riots in order to establish the Soviet power without any intent for consensus, immediately after the October Revolution in Petrograd, Bolsheviks instigated the Kiev Bolshevik Uprising to support the Revolution and secure Kyiv. Due to a lack of support from the local population and anti-revolutionary Central Rada, however. Most moved to Kharkiv and received the support of the eastern Ukrainian cities, later, this move was regarded as a mistake by some of the Peoples Commissars
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Territories claimed by the
Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920).
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Flag
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Soviet soldiers preparing rafts to cross the
Dnieper during the
Battle of the Dnieper (1943). The sign reads "To Kiev!".
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
"Eternally Together": a Soviet poster made for the 300th anniversary of the
Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1954.
27.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
–
Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
–
Flag
Soviet Union
–
Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
28.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated in English as CPSU, was the founding and ruling political party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The party was founded in 1912 by the Bolsheviks, a group led by Vladimir Lenin which seized power in the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917. The party was dissolved on 29 August 1991 on Soviet territory soon after a failed coup détat and was abolished on 6 November 1991 on Russian territory. The highest body within the CPSU was the party Congress, which convened every five years, when the Congress was not in session, the Central Committee was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo, the Secretariat, and the Orgburo. The party leader was the head of government and held the office of either General Secretary, Premier or head of state, or some of the three offices concurrently—but never all three at the same time. The CPSU, according to its party statute, adhered to Marxism–Leninism, a based on the writings of Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx. The party pursued state socialism, under which all industries were nationalized, a number of causes contributed to CPSUs loss of control and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Some historians have written that Gorbachevs policy of glasnost was the root cause, Gorbachev maintained that perestroika without glasnost was doomed to failure anyway. Others have blamed the stagnation and subsequent loss of faith by the general populace in communist ideology. The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the worlds first constitutionally socialist state, was established by the Bolsheviks in the aftermath of the October Revolution. Immediately after the Revolution, the new, Lenin-led government implemented socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates, in this context, in 1918, RSDLP became Russian Communist Party and remained so until 1997. Lenin supported world revolution he sought peace with the Central Powers. The treaty was voided after the Allied victory in World War I, in 1921, Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and recovery from the Civil War. On 30 December 1922, the Russian SFSR joined former territories of the Russian Empire in the Soviet Union, on 9 March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke, which incapacitated him and effectively ended his role in government. He died on 21 January 1924 and was succeeded by Joseph Stalin, after emerging victorious from a power struggle with Trotsky, Stalin obtained full control of the party and Stalinism was installed as the only ideology of the party. The partys official name was All-Union Communist Party in 1925, Stalins political purge greatly affected the partys configuration, as many party members were executed or sentenced for slave labour. Happening during the timespan of the Great Purge, fascism had ascened to power in Italy, seeing this as a potential threat, the Party actively sought to form collective security alliances with Anti-fascist western powers such as France and Britain
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
Khrushchev succeeded Stalin as the Soviet leader. His rule is best known for his liberalization of political and social life, and the end of terror as a means of social control
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
The Brezhnev era is commonly referred to by historians as the
Era of Stagnation, a term coined by CPSU General Secretary Gorbachev
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
Gorbachev, the last leader of the CPSU and the Soviet Union, as seen in 1986
29.
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc
–
The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc was since 2001 the name of the bloc of political parties in Ukraine led by Yulia Tymoshenko. In November 2011 the participation of blocs of political parties in elections was banned. The core party of the alliance Fatherland stayed a major force in Ukrainian politics, founded for the 2002 parliamentary elections the alliance attracted most of its voters from Western Ukrainian provinces and from central Ukraine. The alliance had low support in the east and the south of Ukraine and they did recruited several politicians from these Russian speaking provinces like Crimea and Luhansk Oblast. The alliance was often associated with the 2004 Orange Revolution and thus named an Orange Party in media publications, other noticeable BYuT deputies are Soviet dissident Levko Lukyanenko and former UNA-UNSO leader Andriy Shkil. BYuT was intending to more representatives from the education sector into voting for its lists. According to the partys leader Tymoshenko, Certain branches and sectors have powerful lobbies, and there are only three to four lobbyists who represent the spheres of education and health care in the Verkhovna Rada. Therefore some sectors lack financing, while others have excessive funding, according to party-leader Tymoshenko representatives of business had no dominant influence on decision making in her political force. Business is represented in the parliament, but it doesnt shape politics this is what distinguishes my political force from the Party of Regions for instance, several billionaires have been member of the BYuT faction in the Verkhovna Rada. This organisation later merged into the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc in November 2001, the Bloc itself complained of campaign related violations including an informal media blackout, negatively slanted coverage. 2% of the popular vote and 22 out of 450 seats. This result was better than expected, because BYuT had limited access to the media, in January 2005 Tymoshenko became Prime Minister of Ukraine under Yushchenkos presidency. After a it had lost a few seats in the years 2002 and 2003, to the parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006 the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko went only with Fatherland and Ukrainian Social Democratic Party after both republican parties left the alliance. Nonetheless the elections saw BYuT move into place with 22, 27% of the vote behind Party of Regions which had 33%. They won 129 seats out of 450, the rest left the party and stayed with Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. After the elections in 2006 Levko Lukyanenko managed to reinstate the original Ukrainian Republican Party, top 10 members In the parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the bloc won 156 out of 450 seats, securing an additional 1.5 million votes in comparison with the 2006 election. In 2007 Yulia Tymoshenko received a swing of 8. 24% in comparison their 2006 vote, most of the swing came as a result of consolidation of the vote in regions in which BYuT already was the leading party. Statistics published by Ukraines Central Electoral Commission indicate that most of the came from minor parties. On 15 October 2007, Our Ukraine–Peoples Self-Defense Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc agreed to form a majority coalition in the new parliament of the 6th convocation, on 29 November, a coalition was signed between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine–Peoples Self-Defense Bloc
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc
–
Map showing the results of
BYuT (% of total national vote) per region for the 2006 parliamentary election.
30.
Dictatorship Resistance Committee
–
It was especially designed to promote public and civic actions against the conviction of former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, who is also the leader of one of the member parties. Late September 2011 Tymoshenko called for the opposition to run the elections on a single-party ticket, as of March 2012, the Committee is formed by the following parties, All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland, biggest opposition party led by Yulia Tymoshenko. Its also the member of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. Front for Change, a centrist political party, until it became a member of the Dictatorship Resistance Committee it had been wary to cooperate with Tymoshenko. Peoples Movement of Ukraine, a party and former member of OU-PSDB. European Party of Ukraine, a party and former member of OU-PSDB. Reforms and Order Party, a party which is also member of BYuT. Motherland Defenders Party, a member of OU-PSDB. All-Ukrainian Union Svoboda, a far right nationalistic party, although UDAR of Vitaliy Klychko has not joined the Dictatorship Resistance Committee it signed an agreement on 22 January 2012 on joint actions with the alliance. Civil Position, a party led by former Defence Minister Anatoliy Hrytsenko. It left the alliance in late November 2011 because of members had voted for the new law on parliamentary elections on 17 November 2011. In the same month of August 2011 in which the alliance was created, Ukraine – Forward. as Ukrainian Social Democratic Party a former member of BYuT. It left the alliance on 14 March 2012 after its party-leader Natalia Korolevska was expelled from the “Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna”-faction in the Verkhovna Rada and our Ukraine, the former core party of OU-PSDB. The party was excluded from the committee on June 15,2012 because of a consistent infringements against the decisions of KOD, Dictatorship Resistance Committee Facebook page Dictatorship Resistance Committee Twitter page
Dictatorship Resistance Committee
–
Dictatorship Resistance Committee
31.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
Alma mater
–
The Alma Mater statue by
Mario Korbel, at the entrance of the
University of Havana in
Cuba.
Alma mater
–
John Legate's Alma Mater for Cambridge in 1600
Alma mater
–
Alma Mater (1929, Lorado Taft),
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
32.
Ukrainian language
–
Ukrainian /juːˈkreɪniən/ is an East Slavic language. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script, historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kievan Rus. After the fall of the Kievan Rus as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Modern Ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate. From 1804 until the Russian Revolution, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools in the Russian Empire and it has always maintained a sufficient base in Western Ukraine, where the language was never banned, in its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors. The Ukrainian language retains a degree of intelligibility with Belarusian and Russian. The first theory of the origin of Ukrainian language was suggested in Imperial Russia in the middle of the 18th century by Mikhail Lomonosov and this theory posits the existence of a common language spoken by all East Slavic people in the time of the Rus. Another point of view developed during the 19th and 20th centuries by linguists of Imperial Russia, like Lomonosov, they assumed the existence of a common language spoken by East Slavs in the past. This general point of view is the most accepted amongst academics worldwide, the supporters of this theory disagree, however, about the time when the different languages were formed. Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at time periods. During the time of the incorporation of Ruthenia into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and this point of view is, however, at variance with some historical data. In fact, several East Slavic tribes, such as Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Dulebes, White Croats, Tiverians, notably, some Ukrainian features were recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic as far back as the language can be documented. In contrast, Ahatanhel Krymsky and Alexei Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century, Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky went even further, denying the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo, Ivan Ohienko, according to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to a migration of the population within the territory of todays Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was supported by George Shevelovs phonological studies. During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of Galicia-Vollhynia and their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts, examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh, rura, rynok, kushnir, and majster
Ukrainian language
–
Miniature of
St Luke from the
Peresopnytsia Gospels (1561).
Ukrainian language
–
Ukrainian-speaking world
Ukrainian language
–
The 1921 Soviet recruitment poster. It uses traditional Ukrainian imagery with Ukrainian-language text: "Son! Enroll in the school of
Red commanders, and the defense of
Soviet Ukraine will be ensured."
Ukrainian language
–
Anti-russification protest. The banner reads "For Ukrainian Children – a Ukrainian school!".
33.
Ukraine
–
Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
Ukraine
–
Gold
Scythian pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal
kurgan in
Ordzhonikidze, dated to the 4th century BC
Ukraine
–
Flag
Ukraine
–
Principalities of
Kievan Rus', 1054-1132
Ukraine
–
The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in
Kievan Rus'.
34.
National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine
–
National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine or NSDC, is an advisory state body to the President of Ukraine. It is an agency tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic. All the sessions of the council take place in the Presidential Administration Building, the council is currently headed by Oleksandr Turchynov. The Defense Council was created by the provision of Supreme Council of Ukraine #1658-12 on October 11,1991, after the adaptation of the Constitution of Ukraine on June 28,1996, the provisions of the council were outlined in the Article 107. Thus the National Security Council was merged with the already existing Defense Council of Ukraine and was adapted by the Presidential edict on August 30,1996, the head of the council is the President of Ukraine assisted by secretary whom he is allowed to appoint. In the absence of existing President of Ukraine such as elections, the acting chairman of the council is the Prime Minister. The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada is not a member of the council, members of the council may also be other chairmen of government bodies of the Executive branch. Any other individual is allowed by the special invitation from the Chairman of the Council. In June 2014 President Petro Poroshenko reshuffled the membership of the council, if a President resigns, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada will be the acting head of the National Security and Defense Council. President Viktor Yanukovych limited the number of employees of the Council to 180 employees on 9 April 2012, Official web-site of the NSDC Official web-site of the President of Ukraine Official twitter page English language Official Ulrainian language Twitter page
National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine
–
All the sessions of the council take place in the
Presidential Administration Building.
National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine
–
RNBO logo
35.
2014 Ukrainian revolution
–
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine endured years of corruption, mismanagement, lack of economic growth, currency devaluation, and problems to secure funding from public markets. Successive Ukrainian governments in the 2000s sought a relationship with the European Union. One of the measures meant to achieve this was an agreement with the European Union. President Yanukovych announced his intention to sign the agreement, but ultimately refused to do so at the last minute and this sparked a wave of protests called the Euromaidan movement. During these protests Yanukovych signed a treaty and multibillion-dollar loan with Russia, the Ukrainian security forces cracked down on the protesters, further inflaming the situation and resulting in a series of violent clashes in the streets of Kiev. As tensions rose, Yanukovych fled to Russia and did not return, Russia refused to recognize the new interim government, calling the revolution a coup détat, and began a military intervention in Ukraine. The International Monetary Fund pledged more than $18 billion in loans contingent on Ukraines adopting those reforms, a period of relative calm in the anti-government demonstrations in Kiev ended abruptly on 18 February 2014, when protesters and police clashed. At least 82 people were killed over the few days, including 13 policemen. The confrontation turned violent, the BBC, citing correspondents, reported that each side blamed the other, the police fired guns with both rubber bullets and, later, live ammunition, while also using tear gas and flash grenades in an attempt to repel thousands of demonstrators. The protesters fought with weapons, firearms, and improvised explosives. Police officers stormed the main protest camp on Maidan Nezalezhnosti and overran parts of the square, the Trade Unions Building, which served as the Euromaidan headquarters, was burned down. Political commentators suggested that Ukraine was on the brink of a civil war, some areas, including Lviv Oblast, declared themselves politically independent of the central government. On 19 February, the authorities instituted police checkpoints, restrictions on public transportation, and school closures in Kiev, on 20 February, Internal Affairs Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko announced that he had signed a decree authorising the use of live ammunition against protesters. Central Kiev saw the worst violence yet, and the toll in 48 hours of clashes rose to at least 77. Parliament also suspended Zakharchenko from his duties, on 21 February, President Yanukovych signed a compromise deal with opposition leaders. It promised constitutional changes to certain powers to Parliament and called for early elections to be held by December. On 21 February, an impeachment bill was introduced in Parliament, on the same day, Yanukovych left for Kharkiv to attend a summit of southeastern regions, according to media reports. On 22 February, the protesters were reported to be in control of Kiev, the parliament, or Verkhovna Rada, voted 328–0 in favour of impeaching Yanukovych and scheduled new presidential elections for 25 May
2014 Ukrainian revolution
–
Crowd in Kiev on 21 February after the peace agreement was signed.
2014 Ukrainian revolution
–
Ukrainian crisis
2014 Ukrainian revolution
–
Crowds of protesters gathering at a mass rally on Independence Square in Kiev on 2 February
2014 Ukrainian revolution
–
A line of riot police in Kiev on 12 February.
36.
Second Tymoshenko Government
–
The government program was named, Ukrainian breakthrough, for people, not for politicians. On March 3,2010 the Ukrainian Parliament passed a motion of no confidence in the second Tymoshenko Government, a day before that the coalition had already lost the parliamentary majority. On March 11,2010 the First Azarov Government was elected, the appointment of the government of Ukraine was scheduled for the December 11,2007. The session was opened due to awaiting of the President of Ukraine who after arriving was giving the first word. At first there were 271 parliamentarians registered that morning with only Party of Regions, during the voting for the appointment, however, the rest of the Communist Party and Lytvyn Bloc were absent together with Ivan Plyushch from Our Ukraine–Peoples Self-Defense Bloc. Beside that for some reason the electronic counting system of the parliament seemed to malfunction, the voting on the first issue was decided to conduct without the parliamentary electronic counting system Rada. At 12,30 the head of the counting commission Mykola Shershun announced the results, for the dismissal of Yanukovych all 226 parliamentarians registered in the session hall voted approvingly. The same results were obtained for the dismissal of the current Cabinet of Ministers, for the appointment of the new government 227 parliamentarians raised their hands that afternoon. March 18,2009 the Cabinet of Ministers halved the salaries of the Prime Minister and all other ministers from April 1,2009, according to Lytvyn he had no intention of changing this position because he valued voters. On November 16,2009 First Vice Prime Minister Oleksander Turchinov stated that the governments vacant ministerial posts could be filled only after the presidential elections. Newly elected President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych wanted to oust the current Cabinet, on February 20,2010 Parliament Speaker Volodymyr Lytvyn stated he would announce the dissolution of the coalition the next plenary week if its activity by then was not confirmed in documents. On February 17 Lytvyn had asked the coalition to provide within ten days documents that confirmed its existence, in particular, Lytvyn stated that it was possible to ensure the effectiveness of the current coalition or create a new coalition in parliament. If the current Cabinet could not be preserved Tymoshenko has stated she would go into Parliamentary opposition, during a Cabinet of Ministers meeting on February 24,2010 Tymoshenko stated “I am certain that Our Ukraine group leaders … will stand firmly in the defense of Ukraine and everything Ukrainian. I am certain that these leaders will not change their ideology or beliefs, on March 2,2010 Chairman Lytvyn announced in parliament that the government had collapsed “In line with the constitution of Ukraine. I announce that the coalition in parliament has ceased its activity,37 Our Ukraine–Peoples Self-Defense Bloc faction members had voted for the continuation of the coalition. On March 1,2010 Prime Minister Tymoshenko demanded a vote of no confidence in the government in parliament. Ukraines parliament held a vote of no confidence in the government on March 3,2010, before the vote and on March 3 Prime Minister Tymoshenko stated If the dismissal of the government is passed today, at that very same moment our government will leave the cabinet. Our political force will cross into the opposition, until a new coalition was formed the government remained in place, as acting ministers, thus the ministers stayed on till March 11,2010 when the First Azarov Government was elected
Second Tymoshenko Government
–
Second Tymoshenko Government
37.
Verkhovna Rada
–
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, often simply Verkhovna Rada or just Rada, is the unicameral parliament of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada is composed of 450 deputies, who are presided over by a chairman, the Verkhovna Rada meets in the Verkhovna Rada building in Ukraines capital Kiev. The current parliament is the eighth convocation, in elections to the Verkhovna Rada, a mixed voting system is used. 50% of seats are distributed under party lists with a 5% election threshold, the method of 50/50 mixed elections was used in the 2002 and 2012 elections, however, in 2006 and 2007, the elections were held under a proportional system only. The name Rada means council, rede and it originated in Kievan Rus, and then represented a boyar and higher clergy council. It was also used by Dnieper Cossacks in the 17th and 18th centuries for the meetings where major decisions were made and this name was later used by the Ukrainian Peoples Republic between March 17,1917 and April 29,1918. As well as West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and the Ukrainian government in exile where it was known as UNRada, Verkhovna, is the feminine form of the adjective верховне meaning supreme. It is derived from the Ukrainian word верх meaning top, another name used less often is the Parliament of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets had already renamed the Supreme Council in 1927. The Congress of Soviets was initiated by the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine, the last chairman of the committee was Hryhoriy Petrovsky. The first elections to the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR took place on June 26,1938, the first session of the parliament took place in Kiev on July 25 through 28,1938. The first Chairman of the council was Mykhailo Burmystenko who later died during World War II, in 1938, a presidium of the council was created that was led by Leonid Korniyets. During the war the presidium was evacuated to the city of Saratov in the Russian SFSR, on June 29,1943, the presidium issued an order postponing elections for the new convocation for one year while extending the first convocation. On January 8,1944, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR in agreement with the Communist Party decided to relocate the Presidium of the Supreme Council from Kharkiv to Kiev, new elections were scheduled for February 9,1947 for the Council. Until 24 August 1991 Verkhovna Rada kept the name Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR, the first partially free elections to the Verkhovna Rada and local councils of peoples deputies were held on 4 March 1990. m. At the time, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada was Leonid Kravchuk, the Act of Ukrainian Independence was overwhelmingly supported in a national referendum held on December 1,1991. On September 12,1991 the parliament adopted the law On Legal Succession of Ukraine, thus, the VR became the Supreme Council of Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted by the convocation of the Verkhovna Rada on June 28,1996
Verkhovna Rada
Verkhovna Rada
–
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Верховна Рада України
Verkhovna Rada
–
Yulia Tymoshenko, is appointed
Prime Minister of Ukraine in the Rada on February 4, 2005.
Verkhovna Rada
–
Verkhovna Rada building
38.
Batkivshchyna
–
The All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland or Batkivshchyna is a political party in Ukraine, led by Yulia Tymoshenko. As the core party of the former Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, Batkivshchyna has been represented in the Verkhovna Rada since Yulia Tymoshenko set up the parliamentary faction of the name in March 1999. Since 2008, Batkivshchyna has been a member of the European Peoples Party. After the November 2011 banning of the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections, Yulia Tymoshenko was a political prisoner of Yanukovych regime from 5 August 2011 until 22 February 2014. After the 2014 revolution she was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, on 15 June 2013 the parties Front of Changes and Reforms and Order finally merged with the All-Ukrainian Union Batkivshchyna by self-liquidation. As at 31 December 2013 the parliamentary faction Batkivshchyna counted 90 deputies, according to the results of local elections-2015 the party Fatherland received second place, and thereby doubled its result in comparison with the parliamentary elections-2014. According to recent opinion polls, Batkivshchyna has the highest rating among all Ukrainian parties. In 2017, Batkivshchyna would have received, according to opinion polls,17, 9%,16, 6%,17, 1%. The organization was founded in 1995 as the All-Ukrainian Fatherland Union of Peaceful Forces Citizen Association by Volodymyr Prisnyakov, in 1998, Tymoshenko was elected a deputy of the Supreme Council of Bobrynets constituency number 99 Kirovohrad Oblast. In spring 1999, Tymoshenkos parliamentary group created the Fatherland as a group of Hromada. On 14 September 1998 the General Prosecutor of Ukraine had accused Hromada leader Pavlo Lazarenko of embezzlement, political party All-Ukrainian Union Fatherlandbased on the founding congress 9 July 1999. The first party chairman elected was Viktor Drachenko, a former Communist Party secretary from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, the party was registered at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 16 September 1999, certificate №122. At the second congress, held on 18 December of the year was elected Chairman of the party Yulia Tymoshenko. In the 2002 parliamentary elections, the party was the constituent of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. The bloc obtained 22 seats in the parliament, all on the party list, thirteen of them were allocated to Fatherland. In January 2005, Tymoshenko became Prime Minister of Ukraine under Viktor Yushchenkos presidency, several months earlier, she was a leader in the Orange Revolution which enabled Yushchenkos election. After losing several seats in 2002 and 2003, in September 2005 the bloc had grown to 40 members, in March 2005, the Yabluko party merged with Batkivshchyna, however, in March 2007 Yabluko became the Party of Free Democrats. In late 2005, the United Ukraine party also merged with Batkivshchyna, in the 2006 and 2007 parliamentary elections the party was part of the Tymoshenko bloc, which won 129 of 450 seats in 2006 and 156 of 450 seats in 2007
Batkivshchyna
–
Yulia Tymoshenko at a March 2011 meeting of the
European People's Party
Batkivshchyna
–
All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" ("Batkivshchyna")
39.
Kryvorizhstal
–
Kryvorizhstal is Ukraines largest integrated steel company located in the Ukrainian city of Kryvyi Rih. Bought in 2005 by Mittal Steel, the company is one of the most important businesses in Ukraine and it is the largest steel manufacturer in Ukraine and largest manufacturer of both reinforcing bar and wire rod in the former Soviet Union. The company also produces processed iron ore concentrates for both own use and market, in 2004, Kryvorizhstal produced over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore. As of 2005, the company employed about 57,000 people, arcelorMittals iron ore mines in Kryvih Riy, Ukraine had an output of 10 million tonnes, of which 90% was open cast. As of 2011 the plants primary production is hot rolled steel products including strip, square and hexagonal rod, L angle sections, round rod and wire. Also produced is cast iron, steel billet, also produced are slag, quicklime, coke and byproducts from coke production including raw benzene, coal tar and ammonia, as well as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton, and neon-helium gases. The companys main markets are the CIS, Middle East, west and north Africa. The presence of iron ore in the regions around Kryvyi Rih has been known since at least 1781 and was rumoured before, throughout the 1800s the region was investigated for its mineral wealth. Iron ore of 70% iron content and manganese ores were found, in 1881 the industrial extraction of iron ore from the near region began, alongside other developments such as the construction of the Kryvyi Rih railway. By 1884 over 100,000 tons of ore had been extracted. The production expanded rapidly in the years, as it did in other industrialized regions. By 1896 there were 20 mines producing over 1,000,000 tonnes of ore in the Kryvyi Rih Basin, industrial expansion continued in the region up to 1917. Production dropped during the first world war due to lack of labour, after the formation of the Soviet Union and the expulsion of Austro-Hungarian forces and then anti-communist forces under Anton Denikin occupying the region relative normalcy was resumed. Prior to occupation by German military forces equipment and workers were evacuated to Nizhny Tagil, during the German administration, the plant was destroyed. In 1996, restructuring took place, combining the mining and ore concentrating unit Novokrivorozhsky HZK with the Kryvyi Rih State Mining, the Krivorozhsky coking plant was included in the group in 1997, forming the Novokrivorozhsky mining and processing combine and Kryvyi Rih coking plant or simply Kryvoriszhstal. Technically this was simply an exercise, the three units had been always been designed to work in concert, and the factory facilities were on the same site. In 2004 the organisation became a company and was privatised. This consortium included Rinat Akhmetovs SCM and Interpipe Group, controlled by then-President Kuchmas son-in-law Viktor Pinchuk, higher offers from foreign investors including a joint bid from Severstal/Arcelor, and a bid from Tata Steel were rejected on bidding technicalities
Kryvorizhstal
–
Headquarters
Kryvorizhstal
–
ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih
Kryvorizhstal
–
Factory construction, 1960
Kryvorizhstal
–
Soviet corporate pin
40.
Komsomol
–
The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as Komsomol, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, although it was officially independent and referred to as the helper. The Komsomol in its earliest form was established in urban centers in 1918, during the early years, it was a Russian organization, known as the Russian Young Communist League, or RKSM. During 1922, with the unification of the USSR, it was reformed into an all-union agency and it was the final stage of three youth organizations with members up to age 28, graduated at 14 from the Young Pioneers, and at nine from the Little Octobrists. Before the February Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks did not display any interest in establishing or maintaining a youth division, after the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 ended, the Soviet government under Lenin introduced a semi-capitalist economic policy to stabilize Russia’s floundering economy. This reform, the New Economic Policy, introduced a new policy of moderation and discipline. Lenin himself stressed the importance of education of young Soviet citizens in building a new society. The first Komsomol Congress met in 1918 under the patronage of the Bolshevik Party, Party intervention in 1922-1923 proved marginally successful in recruiting members by presenting the ideal Komsomolets as a foil to the bourgeois NEPman. However, the party was not very successful overall in recruiting Russian youth during the NEP period and this came about because of conflict and disillusionment among Soviet youth who romanticised the spontaneity and destruction characteristic of War Communism and the Civil War period. They saw it as their duty, and the duty of the Communist Party itself, however, the NEP had the opposite effect, after it started, many aspects of bourgeois social behavior began to reemerge. The contrast between the Good Communist extolled by the Party and the bourgeois capitalism fostered by NEP confused many young people, as a result, there was a major slump in interest and membership in the Party-oriented Komsomol. In March 1926, Komsomol membership reached a NEP-period peak of 1,750,000 members, only when Stalin came to power and abandoned the NEP in the first Five Year Plan did membership increase drastically. The youngest people eligible for Komsomol membership were fourteen years old, the upper age-limit for ordinary personnel was twenty-eight, but Komsomol functionaries could be older. Younger children joined the allied Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, while membership was nominally voluntary, those who failed to join had no access to officially sponsored holidays and found it very difficult to pursue higher education. The Komsomol also served as a pool of labor and political activism. Active members received privileges and preferences in promotion, for example, Yuri Andropov, CPSU General Secretary in succession to Leonid Brezhnev, achieved political importance through work with the Komsomol organization of Karelia in 1940-1944. At its largest, during the 1970s, the Komsomol had tens of millions of members, the government, unions and the Komsomol jointly introduced Centers for Scientific and Technical Creativity for Youth. At the same time, many Komsomol managers joined and directed the Russian Regional, folklore quickly coined a motto, The Komsomol is a school of Capitalism, hinting at Vladimir Lenins Trade unions are a school of Communism
Komsomol
–
1933 Komsomol poster. Caption says "Prepare for worthy successors to the Leninist Komsomol"
Komsomol
–
All-Union Leninist Young Communist League Всесоюзный ленинский коммунистический союз молодёжи
Komsomol
–
Komsomol poster urging youth to become pilots.
Komsomol
–
Monument to Courage, Firmness and Faithfulness of Members of the Komsomol in
Sevastopol
41.
Serhiy Tihipko
–
Serhiy Leonidovych Tihipko is a Ukrainian politician and finance specialist who has been Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine. Tihipko was Minister of Economics in 2000 and subsequently served as Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine from 2002 to 2004. He ran unsuccessfully for President of Ukraine in the 2010 presidential election and participated in the 2014 presidential election, Tihipko is also former Vice Prime Minister–Minister of social policy. Tihipko was born on 13 February 1960 in the village of Drăgăneşti, Sîngerei and his father fought in World War II where he was badly wounded, and died when Tihipko was 10. His mother was a village nurse and he has two brothers, one six years older, and one two years younger. Tihipko grew up in suburb of Chisinau and moved to Dnipropetrovsk and he served in the Soviet Army in a tank regiment from 1982–1984. Tihipko was first head of a department, and then deputy director for teaching, at the same time he developed a strong career in Komsomol, the youth arm of the Soviet communist party. From 1989-1991, Tihipko was the First Secretary of Dnipropetrovsk regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and this was an undeveloped industry in the early stages of the former Soviet Union and it turned out to be a shrewd move. He made swift progress and from 1991-1992 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of a commercial bank called Dnipro Bank. From there he became Chairman of the Board of the commercial bank Pryvat until 1997, in 1994 he became a non-staff consultant on monetary policy to the President Leonid Kuchma. He was also an advisor to Kuchma in the lead up to the introduction of the national currency, realising that there was a conflict of interest between his political role and his shareholding in Privat Bank, he divested himself of the shares Tihipko served as the minister of economics. In June 2000 Tihipko left the Yushchenko Government to take part in a parliamentary by-election on 25 June, in November 2000 became member and leader of Labour Ukraine. At the 2002 parliamentary elections, with the Labour Ukraine being part of the For United Ukraine alliance, Tihipko was Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine in the years 2002-2004. Tihipko chaired the campaign in 2004 for presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych. After the election Tihipko temporarily left Ukrainian politics, resigning as Labour Ukraine leader on 23 April 2005, Tihipko was an ally of former President Leonid Kuchma. Korrespondent estimated his fortune at $369 million in 2009, Tihipko was elected leader of the party Strong Ukraine in November 2009. In January 2010, Tihipko declared his team will participate in the next Kiev local election, Tihipko was a candidate for President of Ukraine in the 2010 presidential election. Of the 18 presidential candidates, Tihipko has declared the biggest income to the Ukrainian election Committee and he had an income of about $2.5 million in 2008 and told Kyiv Post he had spent roughly the same amount on his presidential campaign till December 2009
Serhiy Tihipko
–
Serhiy Tihipko Сергій Тiгiпко
Serhiy Tihipko
–
Tihipko and spouse
Viktoria in July 2010 at the
Odessa International Film Festival
42.
Leonid Kuchma
–
Leonid Danylovych Kuchma is a Ukrainian politician who was the second President of independent Ukraine from 19 July 1994 to 23 January 2005. Kuchma took office after winning the 1994 presidential election against his rival, Kuchma won re-election for an additional five-year term in 1999. His presidency was surrounded by numerous scandals and the lessening of media freedoms. Corruption accelerated after Kuchmas election in 1994, but in 2000–2001, on his watch the Ukrainian economy continued to decline until 1999, whereas growth was recorded since 2000, bringing relative prosperity to some segments of urban residents. During his presidency, Ukrainian-Russian ties began to improve, after a successful career in the machine-building industry of the Soviet Union, Kuchma began his political career in 1990, when he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada, he was re-elected in 1994. He served as Ukrainian Prime Minister between October 1992 and September 1993, since July 2014, Kuchma has been Ukraines representative at the semi-official peace talks regarding the ongoing War in Donbass. Leonid Kuchma was born in the village of Chaikine in rural Chernihiv Oblast and his father Danylo Prokopovych Kuchma was wounded in World War II and eventually died of his wounds in the field hospital #756 when Leonid was four. His mother Paraska Trokhymivna Kuchma worked at a kolhoz, Kuchma attended the Kostobobrove general education school in the neighboring Semenivka Raion. Later he enrolled in Dnipropetrovsk National University and graduated in 1960 with a degree in mechanical engineering, the same year he joined the Communist Party of Soviet Union. Kuchma is a candidate of technical sciences, after graduation, Kuchma worked in the field of aerospace engineering for the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipropetrovsk. At 28 he became a director for the Bureau deployed at the Baikonur cosmodrome. At 38 Kuchma became the Communist party chief at Yuzhny Machine-building Plant and he was a delegate of the 27th and 28th Congresses of the Communist Party of Soviet Union. By the end of the 1980s, Kuchma openly criticized the Communist Party, in 1982 Kuchma was appointed the first deputy of general design engineer at Yuzhmash, and from 1986 to 1992, he held the position of the companys general director. From 1990 to 1992, Kuchma was a member of the Verkhovna Rada, in 1992 he was appointed as Prime Minister of Ukraine. He resigned a year later, complaining of slow pace of reform and he was re-elected into parliament in 1994. Kuchma won a victory against the incumbent President Leonid Kravchuk, receiving strong support from the industrial areas in the east. His worst results were in the west of the country, Kuchma was re-elected in 1999 to his second term. This time the areas that gave him strongest support last time voted for his opponents, during Kuchmas Presidency, he closed opposition papers and several journalists died in mysterious circumstances
Leonid Kuchma
–
Leonid Kuchma Леонід Кучма
Leonid Kuchma
–
President
Vladimir Putin with Leonid Kuchma, in the centre, and Azeri President
Heydar Aliyev before an expanded meeting of the
CIS Council of Heads of State.
Leonid Kuchma
–
Ukraine Without Kuchma protests. 6 February 2001.
43.
Yuzhmash
–
The Production Association Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant named after A. M. Makarov, PA Pivdenmash or PA Yuzhmash is a Ukrainian state-owned aerospace manufacturer and it produces spacecrafts, launch vehicles, liquid-propellant rockets, landing gears, castings, forgings, tractors, tools, and industrial products. The company is headquartered in Dnipropetrovsk, and reports to the State Space Agency of Ukraine and it works with international aerospace partners in 23 countries. Yuzhmash operated initially as plant 586 in the Soviet Union, in 1954 Mikhail Yangel established the autonomous design bureau designated OKB-586, from the former chief designers division of plant 586. Yangel had previously headed OKB-1 and was primarily a supporter of fuel technology – unlike Sergei Korolev at OKB-1. Following this, OKB-586 was designated Southern Design Bureau and plant 586 was renamed Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1966, with an focus on the design, the plant was later renamed Southern Machine-Building Production Union, or Pivdenmash. During the Soviet era, the plant was capable of producing of up to 120 ICBMs a year, in the late 1980s, Yuzhmash was selected to be the main production facility of the RT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM. After the beginning of perestroika, demand for military production declined significantly, one line of products added after 1992 are trolleybuses. Models include the articulated YuMZ T1, its non-articulated brother YuMZ T2, Leonid Kuchma, long-time chief manager of the company, became the Prime Minister in 1992, and later President of Ukraine in 1994. In addition to facilities in Dnipropetrovsk, Pivdenne Production Association includes the Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant. Pivdenmashs importance was further bolstered by its links to Ukraines former President Leonid Kuchma and he was the plants general manager from 1986 to 1991. The firm imposed a two-month unpaid vacation on its workers in January 2015, with the loss of Russian business the only hope for the company was increased international business which seemed unlikely in the time frame available. Bankruptcy seemed certain as of February 2015, as of October 2015, the company was over 4 months late on payroll. The employees worked only once per week, the last space related product were shipped in early 2014,2014 revenues are 4 times less than 2011. The company had been the key missile producer for Soviet ICBM, yuMZ-T1 YuMZ-T2 YuMZ-T2.09 YuMZ E186 YuMZ-2 YuMZ-5 YuMZ-6 YuMZ8040.2 YuMZ8244
Yuzhmash
–
Zenit-2 rocket ready for launch at Baikonur.
Yuzhmash
–
Vladimir Putin at Pivdenmash, during a state visit to Ukraine in 2001
Yuzhmash
–
YuMZ-6
Yuzhmash
–
YuMZ-T1
44.
Pavlo Lazarenko
–
According to United Nations, approximately US$200 million was embezzled by Lazarenko during 1996–97 from the government of Ukraine. Pavlo Lazarenko was born in a village of Karpivka that is located just outside a former Inhulets city on 23 January 1953 in peasant family, in 1970 he worked as a driver in the kolkhoz Zoria Komunizma in Shyroke Raion. From May 1971 to June 1973 Lazarenko served in the Soviet Army on the border with Afghanistan, after that in 1973-1978 he studied at the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University in Agronomic Department. After graduating Lazarenko received a specialty of agronomist, from 1978 to 1983 he worked as agronomist, chief agronomist, and head of kolkhoz administration in the Kalinin kolkhoz, Novomoskovsk Raion. In 1984, Lazarenko was appointed a head of department of Tsarychanka Raion. From 1985 to 1987 he worked as a Communist party functionary in Tsarychanka Raion, in 1987-90 Lazarenko worked for the Communist Party of Dnipropetrovsk region in agricultural production and food industry sectors. In February 1990 he was elected a head of Agro-Industrial Complex of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, in August 1991 Lazarenko was elected as the first deputy of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Governor office, while he also was appointed a director of the regional department of agriculture. In March 1992, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk appointed Lazarenko the representative of President of Ukraine in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Lazarenkos candidacy was nominated by the council of working groups conference of the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University whose decision was supported by over 200 groups. Leonid Kuchma at that time was proposing another candidacy of Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Lazarenko stayed at the governor position until June 1994. Although he sided with incumbent Kravchuk in the 1994 elections, he managed to close ties with the election winner. Upon recommendation of the Prime Minister of Ukraine Yevhen Marchuk, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma appointed Pavlo Lazarenko the First Vice Prime Minister on 5 September 1995. As the government official in affairs, he was charged with a task of negotiating gas supplies with Russia. Already next year in 1996 Ukraine reported no debts to the Russian Gazprom for the first since its independence, in 1996 Lazarenko became Doctor of Economic Sciences. On 28 May 1996, Kuchma confirmed Lazarenko as the Prime Minister of Ukraine within the powers stipulated by the current Constitutional Agreement, on 10 July 1996, less than two weeks after adopting a new Constitution of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada approved the appointment of prime-minister. On 16 July 1996 Lazarenko survived an attempt on his life when a bomb exploded near his car en route from Kiev to Boryspil airport. While in charge of the Cabinet, Lazarenko reportedly exercised control over many lucrative business projects, at that time, he maintained a close business relationship with Yulia Tymoshenko, then the CEO of Yedyni Energosystemy Ukrayiny, a monopoly that imported Russian natural gas. Lazarenko was involved in a prolonged and bitter struggle for domination with the emerging Donetsk clan. Some Ukrainian media indirectly accused Yevhen Shcherban, the leader of the Liberal Party of Ukraine, conversely, others speculated that Shcherbans murder was a tit-for-tat order by the Prime Minister
Pavlo Lazarenko
–
Pavlo Lazarenko Павло Лазаренко
45.
Shadow Economy
–
Parties engaging in the production or distribution of prohibited goods and services are members of the illegal economy. Examples include the trade, prostitution, illegal currency transactions. Violations of the tax code involving income tax evasion constitutes membership in the unreported economy, because tax evasion or participation in a black market activity is illegal, participants will attempt to hide their behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash usage is the medium of exchange in illegal transactions since cash usage does not leave a footprint. Common motives for operating in markets are to trade contraband, avoid taxes and regulations. Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services. Black money is the proceeds of a transaction, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. Because of the nature of the black economy it is not possible to determine its size. There is no single underground economy, there are many and these underground economies are omnipresent, existing in market oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Different types of activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as trafficking, arms trafficking. The unreported economy consists of economic activities that circumvent or evade the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the economy is the tax gap. In the U. S. unreported income is estimated to be $2 trillion resulting in a tax gap of $450–$500 billion, the unrecorded economy consists of those economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the economy is the amount of unrecorded income. Unrecorded income is a problem in transition countries that switched from a socialist accounting system to UN standard national accounting. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded economy, but there is still little consensus concerning the size of the unreported economies of transition countries
Shadow Economy
–
Grey market
Shadow Economy
–
A black market in
Shinbashi in 1946.
Shadow Economy
–
A black market salesman depicted in
graffiti in
Kharkov, Ukraine (2008)
Shadow Economy
–
Barcelona 2015
46.
Oleh Tyahnybok
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Oleh Yaroslavovych Tyahnybok is a Ukrainian politician who is a former member of the Verkhovna Rada and the leader of the nationalist far-right Svoboda political party. Previously he was elected councilman of the Lviv Oblast Council for the second session, Tyahnybok was born in the city of Lviv to a family of doctors and is a doctor himself. Olehs great-grandfather was a brother of Lonhyn Tsehelsky, a politician in the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic, Tyahnybok states he remembers from when he was younger searches conducted by the agents of the KGB in his familys apartment. After secondary school, Tyahnybok enrolled into the Lviv Medical Institute and received part-time medical jobs as a corpsman and nurse, after returning to the institute, he initiated the creation of the Med Institute Student Brotherhood - the first step in his life as a civil activist. Tyahnybok graduated from the institute in 1993 as a qualified surgeon, in 1994 25-year-old Tyahnybok was elected to the Lviv Oblast Council, and in 1998 he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada. In October 1991 Tyahnybok became a member of the Social-National Party of Ukraine and he is characterised as representative of Ukraines far right. From 1994 until 1998, Tyahnybok served as a member of the Lviv Regional Council, in 1998, Tyahnybok was first elected to the Ukrainian Parliament as a member of Social-National Party of Ukraine, in the parliament he became a member of the Peoples Movement of Ukraine faction. In 2002, Tyahnybok was reelected to the Ukrainian parliament as a member of Victor Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine bloc, in parliament he submitted 36 motions for debate, but the parliament adopted only four of them. None of these motions were adopted, on 20 July 2004 Tyahnybok was expelled from the Our Ukraine parliamentary faction after he made a speech in the Carpathian Mountains at the gravesite of a commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. They took their guns on their necks and went into the woods. In his defence Tyahnybok said he had not offended Russians in calling them an occupying force and he also denied that he was anti-Semitic, saying he was rather pro-Ukrainian. The prosecutors office initially filed criminal charges for inciting ethnic hatred, since that time Tyahnybok has won nine court cases in that regard. Moskal were recognized as ones that insult the honor and dignity of Oleh Tyahnybok, the actions around that issue led to creation of the Program in defense of Ukrainians. Tyahnybok stated in 2012 this speech is relevant even today and All I said then, since February 2004 Tyahnybok has headed the All-Ukrainian Union Freedom. In April 2005, Tyahnybok co-signed an open letter to President Yushchenko calling for a investigation into the criminal activities of organized Jewry in Ukraine. Tyahnybok stood as a candidate for the post of Mayor of Kiev during the Kiev local election in 2008, in the elections Leonid Chernovetskyi was reelected with 37. 7% of the vote, while Tyahnybok received 1. 37% of the vote. Tyahnybok was a candidate for President of Ukraine in the 2010 presidential election for the All-Ukrainian Union Freedom party and he received 352,282 votes, or 1. 43% of the total. He received most of his votes in the Halychyna oblasts--Lviv oblast, Ternopil oblast, in the second round, Tyahnybok did not endorse a candidate
Oleh Tyahnybok
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Oleh Tyahnybok
Oleh Tyahnybok
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Opposition leaders Oleh Tyahnybok,
Vitali Klitschko and
Arseniy Yatsenyuk, addressing demonstrators, 27 November 2013
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2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
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The Ukrainian parliamentary election of 2012 took place on 28 October 2012. Because of various reasons, including the impossibility of announcing election results various by-elections have taken place since, hence, several constituencies have been left unrepresented at various times. Unlike the two elections, this election used a mixed voting system with a 5% election threshold. The method of 50/50 mixed elections was used previously in 1998 and 2002, the election campaign was limited to 90 days. Every citizen of Ukraine 18 years of age or older was able to vote in 33,540 polling stations in Ukraine and 116 foreign polling stations in 77 countries, the Party of Regions won the largest number of seats while Fatherland came second. The election was noted for the rise of the far-right party Svoboda. The new party UDAR also enjoyed great success with its third place in the election. The Communist Party of Ukraine almost tripled its numbers of voters, because of this mixed system three small parties and 43 unaffiliated politicians also made it into parliament. The new parliament was appointed and started its tasks on 12 December 2012 – six weeks after the elections, the right of the President to dismiss the parliament was challenged in Ukraines Constitutional Court. The Presidents decree has since lapsed as it was never put into action, nevertheless, a snap election was predicted by Ukrainian politicians during the 2010 presidential election and after the dismissal of the second Tymoshenko Government. One of the arguments against holding early elections were the costs, early elections were estimated to cost approximately UAH₴417 million. On February 1,2011 the Verkhovna Rada set the date for October 28,2012. Several deputies whose votes were registered that day have stated they could not have taken part in voting because they were not in Kiev on February 1,2011, voting by MPs in the place of absent MPs of the Verkhovna Rada is prohibited by law. On July 27,2012 the Central Election Commission of Ukraine announced that campaigning for the elections would commence on July 30, in June,2011 the Venice Commission reviewed a proposed Draft Law on the election of Ukrainian parliamentary members. The option Vote against all was made defunct in the proposal. The opposition and Ukrainian analysts accused the Party of Regions of rewriting the law so that the president could secure a majority in the next Verkhovna Rada, in October 2011 the Venice Commission recommended Ukraine should not return to a mixed election system. Nevertheless, on 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law almost identical to the June 2011 proposed Draft Law. This new law satisfied the major opposition parties Batkivschyna and Front for Change, candidates could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination
2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
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All 450 seats to the
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 226 seats needed for a majority
2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
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