Oligopoly
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An oligopoly is a market in which pricing control lies in the hands of a few sellers.
Kinked demand
Planned obsolescence
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In economics and industrial design, planned obsolescence is the concept of policies planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life or a purposely frail design, so that it bec
Oligopoly
…Perfect competition Planned obsolescence Prisoner's dilemma…
The 1923 Chevrolet is cited as one of the earliest examples of annual facelifts in the car industry because it had a restyled body covering what essentially was nine-year-old technology.
Pentalobe screws used in an iPhone 6S. Critics have argued that Apple's use of pentalobe screws in their newer devices is an attempt to prevent the owner from repairing the device themselves.
Planned obsolescence in a Bosch immersion blender: a plastic latch (indicated by the head of a match) designed to break after a certain number of deformations, making it difficult to use the blender. All the elements shown in the photo (motor, switch, speed control microprocessor, power cord, etc.) are sold by the Bosch service as "single spare part" for a price similar to the new complete device.
Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence, by Bernard London, 1932