1.
Order of Australia
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Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
2.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
4.
Cambridge
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Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
5.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
6.
Max Born
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Max Born was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in Quantum Mechanics. He wrote his Ph. D. thesis on the subject of Stability of Elastica in a Plane and Space, in 1905, he began researching special relativity with Minkowski, and subsequently wrote his habilitation thesis on the Thomson model of the atom. In the First World War, after originally being placed as a radio operator, in 1921, Born returned to Göttingen, arranging another chair for his long-time friend and colleague James Franck. Under Born, Göttingen became one of the worlds foremost centres for physics, in 1925, Born and Werner Heisenberg formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics. The following year, he formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for ψ*ψ in the Schrödinger equation and his influence extended far beyond his own research. Max Delbrück, Siegfried Flügge, Friedrich Hund, Pascual Jordan, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim, Robert Oppenheimer, in January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, and Born, who was Jewish, was suspended. Max Born became a naturalised British subject on 31 August 1939 and he remained at Edinburgh until 1952. He retired to Bad Pyrmont, in West Germany, and died in a hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970. Max Born was born on 11 December 1882 in Breslau, which at the time of Borns birth was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia in the German Empire and she died when Max was four years old, on 29 August 1886. Max had a sister, Käthe, who was born in 1884, Wolfgang later became Professor of Art History at the City College of New York. Initially educated at the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau, Born entered the University of Breslau in 1901, the German university system allowed students to move easily from one university to another, so he spent summer semesters at Heidelberg University in 1902 and the University of Zurich in 1903. Fellow students at Breslau, Otto Toeplitz and Ernst Hellinger, told Born about the University of Göttingen, at Göttingen he found three renowned mathematicians, Felix Klein, David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski. Very soon after his arrival, Born formed close ties to the two men. Being class scribe put Born into regular, invaluable contact with Hilbert, Hilbert became Borns mentor after selecting him to be the first to hold the unpaid, semi-official position of assistant. Borns introduction to Minkowski came through Borns stepmother, Bertha, as she knew Minkowski from dancing classes in Königsberg, the introduction netted Born invitations to the Minkowski household for Sunday dinners. In addition, while performing his duties as scribe and assistant, Borns relationship with Klein was more problematic
7.
Tottie Goldsmith
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Tottie Goldsmith is an Australian actress and singer. In the early 1980s, Goldsmith acted in Australian soap operas The Young Doctors, Starting Out and Prisoner and she was known as a sex symbol early in her career, and posed nude for art magazine Black+White in August 1996. Goldsmith was the host of Sex/Life, a Network Ten program in the mid-1990s and she later acted in the drama series Fire, the police drama series Blue Heelers, and in The Secret Life of Us. In the late 1990s, she co-hosted a breakfast program on Melbourne radio station TTFM, Goldsmith made various one-off appearances on Australian TV shows in the late 2000s, including Berts Family Feud, Big Questions, ABBAmania, Surprise Surprise Gotcha, and Celebrity Singing Bee. Then in 2009, Goldsmith appeared in Neighbours for three months as Cassandra Freedman, Goldsmith performed the opening act at the 2010 Antenna Awards. She played Janet in a season of the New Rocky Horror show, Goldsmith appeared in the 2010 Australian film Ricky. The Movie as the ex-girlfriend of Ricky T, and as a girlfriend in Underbelly. Goldsmith left the Chantoozies to pursue a singing career before the band released their second album. Goldsmith works as a marriage celebrant and has released two meditation and relaxation CDs, Goldsmith is the daughter of Melbourne restaurateur and nightclub owner Brian Goldsmith and British-born actress Rona Newton-John. Her great-grandfather was German physicist and Nobel Prize winner Max Born, olivia Newton-John is her aunt, bass guitarist Brett Goldsmith her elder brother, and racecar driver Emerson Newton-John her half brother. Goldsmith was married to skier Steven Lee and they had a daughter Layla and she became engaged to businessman James Mayo in January 2008. Personal site Tottie Goldsmith at the Internet Movie Database
8.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
9.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
10.
Uni Records
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Uni Records was a record label owned by MCA Inc. The brand, which featured a distinctive UNi logo, was established in 1966 by MCA executive Ned Tanen. In 1967, Uni took over management of MCAs newly acquired Kapp Records, Uni also operated Revue Records, a soul music subsidiary, from about 1966 to 1970. In 1971 Uni was merged with Kapp and the co-owned American Decca Records and that year, Regan left MCA to revive 20th Century Records for 20th Century Fox. In 1988, Uni was briefly revived by MCA Records as a niche hipster label, à la Sire Records, with a roster that included Transvision Vamp, & Rakim, Swans, Steve Earle, and a distribution deal with the Bronx-based hip hop label Strong City Records. By the end of 1989, however, Swans was dropped, the deal with Strong City was terminated, in 1991, MCA revamped the Uni moniker once more when it changed the name of its music distribution network from MCA Music Distribution Corp to Uni Distribution Corp. In 1996, in the wake of Seagrams purchase of MCA, in June 2001, it was renamed Universal Music & Video Distribution Corp. and it was changed again in 2006, after the sale of Universal Pictures to NBC, to Universal Music Distribution. 1967–1973, Mustard yellow label with green, blue and magenta swirls, followed by lime green colored Uni logo in yellow swirl. Many albums during this run were also pressed with custom labels, 1988–1989, Blue label with Uni logo in black at top. MCA Records List of record labels Hall, Claude, MCA Drops Vocalion, Decca, Kapp and Uni, Billboard, February 10,1973 Uni Records official site The Uni Records Story
11.
MCA Records
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MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
12.
EMI Records
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The label was later launched worldwide. Records Ltd. legal entity was created in 1957 as the record manufacturing and it oversaw EMIs various labels, including The Gramophone Co. Ltd. Columbia Graphophone Company, and Parlophone Co. Ltd, in July 1965, the standalone EMI Record companies were extracted from E. M. I. Records Ltd. and folded into The Gramophone Company Ltd, on 1 July 1973, The Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Ltd. Records Ltd. was wound down and its activities were absorbed into EMI Records Ltd, earlier, on 1 January 1973, all of The Gramophone Company Ltd. pop labels had been rebranded as EMI. EMI Records then signed new acts that became global successes, Kraftwerk, Renaissance, Queen, Olivia Newton-John, Iron Maiden, Kate Bush, Sheena Easton, Pink Floyd, in 1997, EMI Records American division was folded into Virgin Records. In 2010, EMI Records opened a music division, EMI Records Nashville, which includes on its roster Troy Olsen, Alan Jackson, Kelleigh Bannen. EMI Records Nashville is a label to the Capitol Nashville unit of Universal Music Group. EMI Christian Music Group was renamed Capitol Christian Music Group, EMI Classics was sold to Warner Music Group on February 2013. After EU regulatory approval, EMI Classics was absorbed into Warner Classics on July 2013, abbey Road Studios List of record labels
13.
Pye Records
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Pye Records was a British record label. Its best known artists were Lonnie Donegan, Petula Clark, the Searchers, the label changed its name in 1980, but was briefly reactivated in 2006. The Pye Company originally manufactured televisions and radios and its main plant was situated off what used to be Haig Road, in Cambridge, and it entered the record business when it bought Nixa Records in 1953. In 1958, Pye International Records was established, the company licensed recordings from American and other foreign labels for the UK market, including Chess, A&M, Kama Sutra, Colpix, Warner Bros. Buddah, Cameo, 20th Century, and King and it also released recordings from British artist Labi Siffre which were produced outside the company. In 1959, Pye Nixa became Pye Records and ATV acquired 50% of the label, ATV bought the other half of the business in 1966. The company entered the album market in 1957, reissuing older Pye material on Pye Golden Guinea Records. This was closed in the seventies and eventually replaced by Marble Arch Records, Pye also offered a series of 4D quadraphonic albums, using the Sansui QS matrix system. In 1969, Pye launched a less mainstream label for folk, jazz, blues and progressive acts, Dawn Records, the most successful Dawn act being Mungo Jerry. When the rights to the name Pye expired in 1980, the changed its name to PRT. Postman Pat songs and music from the series were recorded at PRT Studios. PRTs parent company ACC was purchased by the Bell Group of Australia in 1982, in 1988 the Bell Group was purchased by the Bond Corporation. However, the Bond Corporation was suffering financial problems itself and proceeded to sell of most of its assets. PRTs record and cassette factory was sold to another record manufacturer, the masters of PRTs catalogue were sold to Castle Communications. Precision Records & Tapes Ltd, formerly Pye Records Ltd, was liquidated in December 2013. In July 2006, Pye Records was reactivated by Sanctuary Records as an indie and alternative label, however, plans for continued usage of the Pye name were abandoned when Universal Music Group bought Sanctuary in 2007. Pye Records was a company to the better known ATV Music Publishing. This company, which owned Beatles publisher Northern Songs, was bought by Michael Jackson in 1985, Records, Donovan to Hickory Records, the Searchers to Mercury Records, Liberty Records, and finally Kapp Records, and Status Quo to Chess Records
14.
Festival Records
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Festival Records was an Australian recording and publishing company founded in Sydney in 1952 and operated until 2005. Festival was established by one of Australias first merchant banking companies, Mainguard, founded by entrepreneur, Mainguard had a wide range of investments including one of Australias first supermarket companies, and a whaling business and also backed famed Australian filmmaker Charles Chauvel. Another early staff member was Bruce Gyngell, who was hired to help found Australias first commercial TV station. The connection between Nine and Festival would reap benefits for the label in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Festival was able to gain a foothold in the Australian music market thanks to Welch. When Mainguard began diverting Festivals profits into its other businesses, Welch resigned and he was replaced by disc jockey and former record store clerk Ken Taylor. Like Welch, Taylor did not like rock n roll, Festivals sales trebled, but by this time Mainguard was in serious financial straits and in 1957 Cullen sold Festival to property magnate L. J. Hooker. Hooker was a music fan and reportedly took a keen personal interest in the company, even establishing his own boutique imprint label, Rex. Both artists had heard OKeefe perform the song during their 1958 Aussie tour and this Festival success was followed by four #1 hits in 1959 for another local act, Col Joye & the Joy Boys. S. Festival played a role in the Australian pop scene of the mid-to-late 1960s. Festival recorded or distributed some of the most popular Australian acts of the decade, an important factor in the companys success during the pop boom of the 1960s was the pressing and distribution deals it made with the many small independent pop labels that emerged in this period. A large proportion of the released on Sunshine, Kommmotion and Spin were overseen by producer Pat Aulton. Aulton was probably responsible for more Australian-made hits than any other record producer of his era. Aulton began his career as a singer in the Adelaide band the Clefs, then became an A&R manager for the Sunshine label, where he produced many of that labels releases, including hits by Normie Rowe. When Daymans mini-empire collapsed in 1966, Aulton discovered that he had unwittingly been named as a partner in the record label, as a result, he had most of his assets seized by creditors. Fortunately he was rescued by Festival MD Fred Marks, who offered him a job as a producer for Festival. In 1970, Festival established a new music label, Infinity Records Early Infinity releases included Kahvas Jute. In 1979 Mark Moffatt replaced Batchens as house producer, bringing much of the Mushroom recording in house, another notable success for Festival in this period was Sister Janet Mead
15.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
16.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
17.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
18.
RIAA
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
19.
Grease (film)
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Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on Jim Jacobs and Warren Caseys musical of the same name. The film depicts the life of Rydell High School students Danny Zuko, directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Bronte Woodard, the film stars John Travolta as Danny, Olivia Newton-John as Sandy and Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo. Grease was successful critically and commercially. Only a few of the original cast members reprised their roles, in the summer of 1958, local boy Danny Zuko and vacationing Sandy Olsson met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, the film moves to the start of the seniors term at Rydell High School. Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie, Doody, Sonny, the Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo, Frenchy, Marty, and Jan. After her parents not to return to Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy. Unaware of each others presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their respective groups the accounts of events during the brief romance. Sandys version emphasizes the romance of the affair, while Dannys version is more sexual. When Sandy finally says Dannys name, Rizzo arranges a reunion for the two, but Danny is forced to maintain his bad-boy attitude in front of his pals, upsetting Sandy. Frenchy invites the girls to a party, but Sandy falls ill from trying a cigarette. As she recovers in the bathroom, Rizzo makes fun of her innocence, the T-Birds almost crash the party in Kenickies Greased Lightning car, but a guilty Danny leaves, followed by Rizzo, who departs to make out with Kenickie, who later becomes her boyfriend. Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny, despite his earlier behavior, the two are disturbed by Leo Balmudo, leader of the T-Birds rival gang, the Scorpions, and his girlfriend Cha-Cha, leading to a planned car race between Leo and Kenickie. Kenickie purchases an old car and the group repair it. In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny turns to Coach Calhoun to get into sports and he reunites with Sandy and they attempt to go on a date, but their friends crash it, resulting in Kenickie and Rizzo arguing and parting. Left alone, Frenchy is visited by an angel who advises her to return to school after a mishap in beauty class leaves her with bubblegum-pink hair. The school dance arrives, broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine, Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha-Cha as their dates, while Danny and Sandy arrive together. Danny and Sandy dance well and are expected to win, Danny and Cha-Cha end up performing together and winning
20.
You're the One That I Want
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Youre the One That I Want is a song written by John Farrar for the 1978 film version of the musical Grease. It was performed by John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John, upon its release in conjunction with the film, the single became a huge international hit, reaching number 1 in several countries. In the U. S. the single reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it also topped the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks in the summer of 1978, some months before the film had even been released in that country. As of 2013, it is still the fifth best-selling single of all time in the U. K. where it has sold 2 million copies. A re-released dance version of the single by Almighty Records reached #4 in the UK in 1998, the twentieth anniversary of the films debut. In 1993, Epic Records released the London cast recording, Grease - Original London Cast Recording and it peaked at number thirteen in the UK. British comedians Arthur Mullard and Hylda Baker also released a version of the song in 1978 and their version reached No.22 in the UK. In 1978, the German comedians Dieter Hallervorden and Helga Feddersen released a version under the title Du. The song reached number four in the German charts. In 1982, Alvin and the Chipmunks and Charlene the Chipette covered the song for the album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood, in 2003, teen pop singer Nikki Cleary covered this song with former member of teen pop boy band Dream Street, Chris Trousdale in her self-titled album. The song serves as the source of the title of the American reality TV show Grease, in 2012, a cover version by Angus & Julia Stone was used in commercials for Sky. In 2014, Lo-Fang included a cover on his album Blue Film, in 2015, a cover of the song was added to the song list of Just Dance 2016, the artist is credited as From the Movie Grease. List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles in France List of best-selling singles in the United Kingdom Grease, – a reality game show where contestants competed to star on a Broadway-style revival of the musical List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1978
21.
John Travolta
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John Joseph Travolta is an American actor, producer, dancer, and singer. Travolta first became known in the 1970s, after appearing on the television series Welcome Back, Kotter and starring in the box office successes Saturday Night Fever, Travolta was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for performances in Saturday Night Fever and Pulp Fiction. He won his only Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for his performance in Get Shorty and has received a total of six nominations, in 2014, he received the IIFA Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Cinema. Travolta, the youngest of six children, was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey and his father, Salvatore Travolta, was a semi-professional American football player turned tire salesman and partner in a tire company. His mother, Helen Cecilia, was an actress and singer who had appeared in The Sunshine Sisters, a vocal group. His siblings, Joey, Ellen, Ann, Margaret, and his father was a second-generation Italian American and his mother was Irish American, he grew up in an Irish-American neighborhood and has said that his household was predominantly Irish in culture. He was raised Roman Catholic, but converted to Scientology in 1975, Travolta attended Dwight Morrow High School, but dropped out as a junior at age 17 in 1971. After attending Dwight Morrow High School, Travolta moved across the Hudson River to New York City and landed a role in the company of the musical Grease. Singing the Sherman Brothers song Dream Drummin and he then moved to Los Angeles to further his career in show business. Travoltas first California-filmed television role was as a victim in Emergency. In September 1972, but his first significant movie role was as Billy Nolan, around the same time, he landed his star-making role as Vinnie Barbarino in the TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, in which his sister, Ellen, also occasionally appeared. Travolta had a hit single entitled Let Her In, peaking at ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July 1976. In the next few years, he appeared in two of his most noted screen roles, Tony Manero in Saturday Night Fever and as Danny Zuko in Grease, the films were among the most commercially successful pictures of the decade and catapulted Travolta to international stardom. Saturday Night Fever earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, at age 24, Travolta became one of the youngest performers ever nominated for the Best Actor Oscar. His mother and his sister Ann appeared in roles in Saturday Night Fever. Travolta performed several of the songs on the Grease soundtrack album, in 1980, Travolta inspired a nationwide country music craze that followed on the heels of his hit film, Urban Cowboy, in which he starred with Debra Winger. After Urban Cowboy, Travolta starred in a series of financial and critical failures that sidelined his acting career and these included Perfect, co-starring Jamie Lee Curtis, and Two of a Kind, a romantic comedy reteaming him with Olivia Newton-John. During that time he was offered, but turned down, lead roles in what would become box office hits, including American Gigolo and An Officer and a Gentleman, both of which went to Richard Gere
22.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL
23.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
24.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
25.
Victor Ehrenberg (jurist)
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Victor Gabriel Ehrenberg was a German jurist. Ehrenberg was born in Wolfenbüttel, Duchy of Brunswick and he was the son of Jewish couplee Philipp Samuel Ehrenberg and Julie Fischel. After gymnasium in Wolfenbüttel he studied from 1862 till 1871 legal science in Göttingen, Leipzig and he gave lectures at Universities of Göttingen, Rostock, again Göttingen, Leipzig. Ehrenberg married Elise Marie A. Helene von Jhering, daughter of the legal historian Rudolf von Jhering, Ehrenberg died in Göttingen on March 10,1929. His son, Rudolf Ehrenberg was professor for physiology and medicine at the University of Göttingen and his daughter Hedwig Martha Ehrenberg married scientist Max Born
26.
Rudolf von Jhering
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Caspar Rudolph Ritter von Jhering was a German jurist. He is best known for his 1872 book Der Kampf ums Recht, as a legal scholar, Jhering was born in Aurich, Kingdom of Hanover. He entered the University of Heidelberg in 1836 and, after the fashion of German students, visited successively Göttingen, Munich, of all his teachers, only Georg Friedrich Puchta appears to have influenced him. In 1845, he became a professor at Basel, in 1846 at Rostock, in 1849 at Kiel. He left his mark at each of those seats of learning, in that period the German juristic world was still under the dominating influence of Savigny. The older school looked askance at the professor, who attempted to build up a system of natural jurisprudence. This is the keynote of his famous work, Geist des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung and its originality and lucidity placed its author in the forefront of modern Roman jurists. It is no exaggeration to say that in the half of the 19th century Jherings reputation was as high as that of Savignys in the first half. Their methods were almost diametrically opposed, Savigny and his school represented an historical approach. Jherings conception of jurisprudence was as a science to be utilized for the advancement of the moral and social interests of mankind. In 1868, Jhering accepted the chair of Roman Law at Vienna, in 1872 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria conferred a title of hereditary nobility upon him. The social functions of the Austrian metropolis became wearisome, and Jhering gladly exchanged it for the repose of Göttingen and that year, he had read a lecture in Vienna before an admiring audience, published under the title of Der Kampf ums Recht. Within two years it attained 12 editions, and it has been translated into 26 languages, the relation of rights to personality is explored. Our rights involve a parcel of our social worth, our honor, whoever violates our rights, attacks our worth, our honor. This work was followed five years later by Der Zweck im Recht and these two works reflect Jherings individuality. The Kampf ums Recht shows the firmness of his character, the strength of his sense of justice, the Zweck im Recht evidences the bent of the authors intellect. But perhaps the happiest combination of all his characteristics is to be found in his Jurisprudenz des taglichen Lebens. Aside from shorter positions at Leipzig and Heidelberg, Jhering continued to work in Göttingen until his death, for an account of his life, see also M. de Jonge, Rudolf v. Jhering, and Adolf Merkel, Rudolf von Jhering
27.
MI5
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MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee, and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, within the civil service community the service is colloquially known as Box 500. The service has had a headquarters at Thames House on Millbank in London since 1995. Thames House was, until March 2013, shared with the Northern Ireland Office and is home to the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre. The service has offices across the United Kingdom including an HQ in Northern Ireland, details of the northern operations centre in Greater Manchester were revealed by the firm who built it. The Security Service comes under the authority of the Home Secretary within the Cabinet, the service is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee for intelligence operational priorities. It liaises with SIS, GCHQ, DIS, and a number of bodies within the British government. Judicial oversight of the conduct is exercised by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, all employees of the service are bound by the Official Secrets Act. The current Director General is Andrew Parker, who succeeded Jonathan Evans on 22 April 2013, the service marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history, written by Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Cambridge University. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign target espionage and this specialisation was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. The founding head of the Army section was Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment and its role was originally quite restricted, existing purely to ensure national security through counter-espionage. These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy and this view has been challenged by Nicholas Hiley who has asserted that it is a complete fabrication. In 2006 his article Entering the Lists was published in the journal Intelligence, Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history and objected to the retelling of the story. He later wrote another article, Re-entering the Lists, which asserted that the list of those published in the official history was concocted from later case histories. After this auspicious start, the history of MI5 becomes darker and it was consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and 1920s in its core counter-espionage role. Throughout World War 1, Germany continued trying to infiltrate Britain but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, MI5 used a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail. In post-war years, attention turned to attempts by the Soviet Union, MI5s expertise, combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets, meant the bureau was successful once more in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities
28.
Enigma machine
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The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-twentieth century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I, early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models, however, Japanese and Italian models were also in use. Rejewski did that without knowing the machine wiring, so the result did not allow the Poles to read any messages, however, the French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932. Those keys included the plugboard settings, the French gave the material to the Poles, and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring. Consequently, the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines, Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University. The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key, over time, the German cryptographic procedures improved, and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic. In 1938, the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter. The Poles had six bomby, but when the Germans added two more rotors, ten times as many bomby were needed, but the Poles did not have the resources, the demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort. During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma, the intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed Ultra by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort. Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems, the mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit. When a key is pressed, one or more move to form a new rotor configuration. Current flows through various components in the new configuration, ultimately lighting one display lamp, which shows the output letter. For example, when encrypting a message starting ANX. the operator would first press the A key, the operator would next press N, and then X in the same fashion, and so on. Current flowed from the battery through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch to the plugboard, next, it passed through the plug A via the entry wheel, through the wiring of the three or four installed rotors, and entered the reflector. The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigmas security, the diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression, which caused rotation of at least the right-hand rotor. Current passed into the set of rotors, into and back out of the reflector, the greyed-out lines are other possible paths within each rotor, these are hard-wired from one side of each rotor to the other. The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G and this is because the right-hand rotor has stepped, sending the signal on a completely different route
29.
Bletchley Park
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Bletchley Park was the central site for British codebreakers during World War II. Run by the Government Code and Cypher School, it penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma. Located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England UK, Bletchley Park is open to the public, Bletchley Park is opposite Bletchley railway station. It is close to junctions 13 and 14 of the M1, located 50 miles northwest of London, the site appears in the Domesday Book as part of the Manor of Eaton. Browne Willis built a mansion there in 1711, but after Thomas Harrison purchased the property in 1793 this was pulled down and it was first known as Bletchley Park after its purchase by Samuel Lipscomb Seckham in 1877. A key advantage seen by Sinclair and his colleagues was Bletchleys geographical centrality, Bletchley Park was known as B. P. to those who worked there. Station X, London Signals Intelligence Centre, and Government Communications Headquarters were all cover names used during the war, the formal posting of the many Wrens – members of the Womens Royal Naval Service – working there, was to HMS Pembroke V. Royal Air Force names of Bletchley Park and its outstations included RAF Eastcote, RAF Lime Grove, the postal address that staff had to use was Room 47, Foreign Office. Commander Alastair Denniston was operational head of GC&CS from 1919 to 1942, beginning with its formation from the Admiraltys Room 40, key GC&CS cryptanalysts who moved from London to Bletchley Park included John Tiltman, Dillwyn Dilly Knox, Josh Cooper, and Nigel de Grey. These people had a variety of backgrounds – linguists, chess champions, and crossword experts were common, the British War Office recruited top solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles, as these individuals had strong lateral thinking skills. On the day Britain declared war on Germany, Denniston wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting men of the professor type, personal networking drove early recruitments, particularly of men from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Trustworthy women were recruited for administrative and clerical jobs. Later-recruited cryptanalysts included the mathematicians Derek Taunt, Jack Good, Bill Tutte, and Max Newman, historian Harry Hinsley, joan Clarke was one of the few women employed at Bletchley as a full-fledged cryptanalyst. This eclectic staff of Boffins and Debs caused GC&CS to be dubbed the Golf, Cheese and Chess Society. During a September 1941 morale-boosting visit, Winston Churchill reportedly remarked to Denniston, I told you to leave no stone unturned to get staff, but I had no idea you had taken me so literally. Six weeks later, having failed to get sufficient typing and unskilled staff to achieve the productivity that was possible, Turing, Welchman, Alexander and Milner-Barry wrote directly to Churchill. His response was Action this day make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done. At the end of the week, a worker went off at 8 a. m
30.
Rudolf Hess
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Rudolf Walter Richard Hess, was a prominent politician in Nazi Germany. Appointed Deputy Führer to Adolf Hitler in 1933, he served in this position until 1941 and he was taken prisoner and eventually was convicted of crimes against peace, serving a life sentence, until his death by suicide. Hess enlisted in the 7th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment as an infantryman at the outbreak of World War I and he was wounded several times over the course of the war, and won the Iron Cross, 2nd class, in 1915. Shortly before the war ended, Hess enrolled to train as an aviator and he left the armed forces in December 1918 with the rank of Leutnant der Reserve. Hess joined the NSDAP on 1 July 1920, and was at Hitlers side on 8 November 1923 for the Beer Hall Putsch, a failed Nazi attempt to seize control of the government of Bavaria. Whilst serving time in jail for this coup, Hess helped Hitler write his book, Mein Kampf. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Hess was appointed Deputy Führer of the NSDAP and he was the third most powerful man in Germany, behind only Hitler and Hermann Göring. Hess continued to be interested in aviation, learning to fly the advanced aircraft that were coming into development at the start of World War II. On 10 May 1941 he undertook a flight to Scotland, where he hoped to arrange peace talks with the Duke of Hamilton. During much of the trial, he claimed to be suffering from amnesia, Hess was convicted of crimes against peace and conspiracy with other German leaders to commit crimes and was transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947, where he served a life sentence. Repeated attempts by members and prominent politicians to win him early release were blocked by the Soviet Union. Still in custody in Spandau, he died by suicide in 1987 at the age of 93, after his death the prison was demolished to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. Hess, the oldest of three children, was born on 26 April 1894 in Alexandria, Egypt, into the ethnic German family of Fritz Hess, a merchant from Bavaria. His brother, Alfred, was born in 1897 and his sister, the family lived in a villa on the Egyptian coast near Alexandria, and visited Germany often from 1900, staying at their summer home in Reicholdsgrün in the Fichtel Mountains. Hess attended a German language Protestant school in Alexandria from 1900 to 1908, after a year there, Hess took an apprenticeship at a trading company in Hamburg. Within weeks of the outbreak of World War I, Hess enlisted in the 7th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment and his initial posting was against the British on the Somme, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres. On 9 November 1914 Hess transferred to the 1st Infantry Regiment and he was awarded the Iron Cross, second class, and promoted to Gefreiter in April 1915. After additional training at the Munster Training Area, he was promoted to Vizefeldwebel, returning to the front lines in November, he fought in Artois, participating in the battle for the town of Neuville-Saint-Vaast
31.
Jeff Conaway
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Jeffrey Charles William Michael Jeff Conaway was an American actor, and singer known for playing Kenickie in the movie Grease, and for his roles in two American television series, Taxi and Babylon 5. Conaway was also featured in the first and second seasons of the reality television series Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, Conaway was born in the New York City borough of Manhattan and raised in the Astoria, Flushing, and Forest Hills neighborhoods of the borough Queens. His father, Charles, was an actor, producer and publisher and his mother, Helen, an actress who went by the stage name Mary Ann Brooks, taught music at New York Citys Brook Conservatory. They divorced when he was three, and Conaway and his two sisters lived with his mother. The 1961 Pulitzer Prize-winning play was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play and ran 333 performances and one preview from November 29,1960, Conaway remained for the entire run, then toured with the national company of the play Critics Choice. Conaway worked as a model, and attended high school at the Quintano School for Young Professionals. After playing with the rock band 3 1/2 beginning at age 15, he attended the North Carolina School of the Arts, while at NYU he appeared in television commercials and had the lead in a school production of The Threepenny Opera. He made his debut in the 1971 romantic drama Jennifer on My Mind. He played the role for 2 1/2 years while his friend John Travolta, with whom he shared a manager, later joined the show, the two would reunite in the 1978 motion picture musical Grease, in which Travolta played Zuko and Conaway his buddy Kenickie. And said they had been thinking along the lines, so I read again. Later I got a call from Joel Thurm, who says, Well, its not good news, but its not bad news either. He says Im the only choice for an actor, but that theyd had a meeting and thought that maybe Bobby should be black. So I went back to read, and it was me, Cleavon Little, I ended up reading with Judd Hirsch and it went really well. Conaway left Taxi after the third season, part of the reason was his drug abuse after season one. This caused the producers to realize that he was expendable. Conaway was reported at the time to be dissatisfied with being typecast as a blond bimbo and he also felt creatively stymied, I wanted to do things with Bobby, but as the show went on, I could see I wasnt going to get that chance. Lemme tell you – I loved Bobby, I identified with Bobby, so, yeah, I kind of took everything personally. I had a lot of meetings with because I was unhappy, sure, partially it was ego, but let me do what I do best
32.
Ormond College
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Ormond College is the largest of the residential colleges of the University of Melbourne located in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is home to 358 undergraduates,48 graduates and 27 professorial, the University of Melbourne was established by an act of the Parliament of Victoria in 1853. Seventy-five of the one hundred acres of the university site were set aside for residential colleges, ten acres each were allotted to the Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist and Roman Catholic churches, the remaining area being reserved for sporting facilities. The Anglican Church was the first to accept the offer and Trinity College opened in 1872, a subscription list was opened, with a target of £10,000, on this list Francis Ormonds name appears against a donation of £3,000. Immediate steps were taken to raise the money, in the course of three years, some £38,000 were raised, of which Francis Ormond contributed £22,571. The foundation stone of the college was laid by the Governor of Victoria, George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby, the formal opening of the college took place on 18 March 1881. At this ceremony it was announced that Francis Ormond had offered to bear the whole cost of building, on opening there were 20 students, soon growing to 24. Ormond College was unique amongst University of Melbourne colleges in welcoming students of all faiths and none, Students of other Christian denominations, Jewish students and others were welcomed and this has become a cornerstone of the Colleges inclusive ethos. In honour of the jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. In 1893 the dining hall, kitchens, staff quarters and the lodge were opened. The magnificent neo-Gothic dining hall is reminiscent of an Oxbridge building and is compared to Hogwarts. The next addition to the buildings of the college was the Wyselaskie building, john Dickson Wyselaskie was a Western District squatter, who also gave generously to the Presbyterian Ladies College. The building contained a hall and two residences for theological professors and was adapted and divided in 1968 so as to provide for four residences. On 6 July 1887, the portrait of Francis Ormond, which now hangs above Hall Door, was unveiled by Sir James McBain. In honour of the jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. In 1893 the dining hall, kitchens, staff quarters and the lodge were opened. On either side of the end window of the hall are effigies representing Francis, from the beginning Ormond accepted women as non-residents, able to attend tutorials and participate in college life whilst living offsite with funding from the College. Female students were amongst its most illustrious early scholars, later, from 1961-1974, female students were able to live in college in return for waitressing duties and attend tutorials, they were admitted as members of the Ormond College Students Club in 1969
33.
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire
34.
University High School, Melbourne
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The University High School is a public, co-educational high school, located in the Melbourne, Australia suburb of Parkville. The University High School caters for 1,303 students, in 1910, the University Practising School was opened in a former primary school on the corner of Lygon and Lyton Streets, Carlton. In 1913, it changed its name to The University High School after the closure of the private school. During World War II, the United States Army set up a camp on the school oval, additionally,240 extra students from MacRobertson Girls High School transported to UHS for schooling as their buildings were also seized by the military. An A$8 million upgrade of the facilities was completed in 1997. The school experienced major disruption and change during the years through dislocation of classes. The completion of the works has given the modern facilities with appropriate specialist rooms. The University High School was ranked in the top 200 public secondary schools in Australia based on results in 2009. In 2014,17 students scored an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank above 99 and 130 students, or 61 per cent of the year, scored above 80. The University High School is divided into 10 building, West, North, South, Art/Tech, Music, Hall, Gymnasium, Canteen, EBSS, the North building was constructed in 1930 during the Great Depression. Because of this, no facilities were constructed and therefore assemblies were held in other venues. The north building has three levels, and contains the rooms numbered 100 through 405, the North building holds the main entrance to the school as well as most administrative facilities. Inside the main one can see a collection of photographs commemorating pupils. Also many plaques are hanging from the walls that honour achievements made by students and state principals, there are many banners that show sports achievements, as well as sub-school names that recognise past principals. The South Building is the next largest building containing the Library, the East Building is primarily used for Art and Technology classes and is the third largest of the four buildings. The West Wing is the smallest of the buildings, but is conjoined with the Music Wing, early in 2004, a new Gene Technology Access Centre was opened for use by staff and students from across the state. This allows students from throughout Victoria to have exposure to cutting edge research in the genetics field. An extension of the canteen was completed in the last quarter of 2006 which connected it with the M. S, a fourth level extension to the South Wing was completed early in 2007 and was named the VCE Centre
35.
HSV (TV station)
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HSV is a television station in Melbourne. HSV-7 is the home of the AFL coverage, the HSV building is the networks operations hub, where the Master Control Room is located for all metropolitan and regional feeds to be controlled. Programming line-up, advertisement output, feed switching, time zone monitoring, in the opening ceremony, Eric Pearce declared, We dedicate this station to the full service of the community. To Australian life – the happy families in the homes – we promise to serve you faithfully, HSV-7 and rival station GTV-9 were formed in time to broadcast the Melbourne Olympics, while Sydney stations TCN-9 and ATN-7 in Sydney relayed the Melbourne coverage. HSV-7 was originally owned by The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, owners of The Herald and it was connected back to the stations main Dorcas Street studios by multiple microwave links. The studios were opened with a live show featuring Bob Crosby and his band and Jimmy Edwards. In 1979, Fairfax bought a share of HSV-7 after many failed bids for the entire station. In December 1986 the station was purchased in its entirety by Rupert Murdochs News Limited, in February 1987 HSV-7 was sold back to Fairfax, along with Brisbane station BTQ-7. Walden later moved to Ten as a result of this, in late 1987, the government introduced cross-media ownership laws which forced Fairfax to choose between its print and broadcast operations. It chose print, and HSV-7 was sold to Christopher Skases Qintex, Skase himself pledged to revitalize the channel and its programs after a year of ratings losses against Ten and Nine, as well as SBS, and to bring it back to its place among Melbourne viewers. In 1990, Qintex was sent into damage control after Skase escaped extradition proceedings, entrepreneur Kerry Stokes bought the network in 1995. In November 2011, the station celebrated 55 years on air in Melbourne, at 9 am on Tuesday 10 December 2013, HSV-7 closed its analogue signal as part of the final phase of the national switchover to digital only transmissions. The event was marked on-screen with a special five-minute retrospective of the stations local, hSVs former production studios and headquarters were originally located in, Dorcas Street Studios, South Melbourne. HSV remained at Dorcas Street Studios until March 2002 when news, current affairs, the main production studios located on Dorcas Street Studios and were sold off to Global Television in 2007, while the former offices and news studios were demolished in 2009. The Seven Network now chooses to hire studios facilities for all Melbourne-based entertainment, drama, Docklands Studios Melbourne and Global Television are now home to shows such as Dancing with the Stars, and quiz show The Chase Australia. The new facilities, known as Broadcast Centre Melbourne or BCM, are located near the Etihad Stadium in Docklands, on 11 March 2002, the first Seven News Melbourne bulletin, fronted by Peter Mitchell, was broadcast from these offices for the first time. Approximately 200 full-time employees work in the building, with an additional 100 hired as casual or part-time. BCM experienced a power failure which resulted in a total blackout across the whole Seven Network, as well as all regional affiliates
36.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
37.
Ian Turpie
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During his teens, he discovered a passion for music and focused on playing guitar, songwriting and singing. Turpie made regular appearances on Bandstand, Time For Terry and The Graham Kennedy Show, Turpies talents as musician and compere were recognised at 21, when he replaced Johnny OKeefe for a stint as national television compere on Sing Sing Sing. He was subsequently chosen to host the top-rating teenage variety show The Go, Show from mid 1965 until the end of 1966. He was a boyfriend of Olivia Newton-John, with whom he had starred in the 1965 Australian musical telefilm Funny Things Happen Down Under. In the 1980s, Turpie became a figure as host of the highly successful. This was followed by game shows including Press Your Luck. In the 1990s, Ian developed cult status following a regular stint as Club President on Roy & HGs Club Buggery. Known as the Giant of the G Chord, he performed renditions of such classics as Nirvanas Smells Like Teen Spirit, from 2000 he acted in Pizza and had a lead role in Housos as Wazza Jones, who was also the programs narrator. He also played the role of Depot Manager Keith Warne in Swift and Shift Couriers seasons one, in 2004 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission took legal action against Turpie for misleading and deceptive conduct in breach of the Trade Practices Act. The ACCC alleged that Turpie had made claims in advertisements for an erectile dysfunction treatment spray from the Australian Medical Institute. In 2005 Turpie pleaded guilty to driving after driving in Manly, New South Wales. He was fined $867 and had his drivers licence suspended for six months, after taking into account Turpies charity work and his need to drive to work, Judge Reg Blanch ordered that no conviction be recorded. Turpie told reporters he was sorry for doing a stupid thing, on 18 February 2011 it was announced that Turpie, a heavy smoker, had been diagnosed with cancer. He died on 11 March 2012, aged 68, when The Price is Right debuted its reboot in 2012, host Larry Emdur dedicated the first episode in memory of Turpie. Turpie was married to his wife Jan for 44 years and had three children and three grandchildren. C1 episode Housos as Wazza Club Buggery, ABC The Go
38.
Raymond Revuebar
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The Raymond Revuebar was a theatre and strip club at 11 Walkers Court, in the heart of Londons Soho district. For many years, it was the venue in London that offered full-frontal, on-stage nudity of the sort commonly seen in other cities in Europe. Its huge brightly lit sign declaring it to be the World Centre of Erotic Entertainment made the Revuebar a local landmark, in 1980, the Boulevard Theatre section of the venue was hired by comic actor Peter Richardson to stage his alternative comedy revue, The Comic Strip. This attracted a younger audience to the venue. In 1989, the Boulevard became Eddie Izzards stand-up venue, in the 1990s, the Revuebar struggled, with its dated image and competition from newer more sophisticated venues such as Spearmint Rhino and Stringfellows. The name and leasehold was bought by Gérard Simi in 1997, the Revuebar closed on 10 June 2004 and became a gay bar and cabaret venue called Too2Much, designed by Anarchitect. In November 2006, it changed its name to Soho Revue Bar and was the home of club nights and special events. On 29 January 2009, the Soho Revue Bar closed, reopening in February 2011 as The Box Soho, billed as A theatre of varieties, the Raymond Revuebar was the creation of property magnate and magazine publisher Paul Raymond. The theatre was formerly the Doric Ballroom, when it opened on 21 April 1958 it offered traditional burlesque-style entertainment, which included strip tease, and was popular with leading entertainment figures of the day. Even though homosexual acts between men were illegal at that time, the Revuebar also incorporated a Sunday night show aimed at a gay audience, by 1967, the venue was purely hosting striptease. This would, in turn, make way for glitzy, big budget erotic shows of the type presented by Continental clubs such as the Crazy Horse, performers were mostly female, with a small number of male dancers. Shows involved a mixture of solo striptease acts mixed with simulated boy/girl and girl/girl sex and these were packaged together as a show known as The Festival of Erotica which ran for many years, with as many as three performances nightly. In 1980 Peter Richardson, with assistance from Michael White sourced the Revuebars second venue and it opened in October 1980 and ran until 1981. In 1989, the Boulevard Theatre was also home to Eddie Izzards stand-up venue, the name and control of the theatre was bought by Gérard Simi in 1997. Who reconfigured the show as a more conventional striptease revue, gradually the theatres fortunes waned, with Simi citing rising rent demands from Raymond as the cause. The Revuebar closed on 10 June 2004 and became a gay bar and cabaret venue called Too2Much, on 29 January 2009, the Soho Revue Bar closed. The venue reopened on 8 January 2011, with a new name and new management,31 December 1960. Raymond King of Strip Clubs. An article by Ernest Dudley. Today Magazine January,1961. A Nice Quite Country Town, Paul Raymond talks about the Raymond Revuebar
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