1.
Toronto International Film Festival
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The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto. In 2015,397 films from 71 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues, welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees, TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, TIFF is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world, in 1998, Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics, stars and market activity. In 2007, TIME noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential film festival to the most influential film festival. This is partially the result of TIFFs ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz, the Toronto International Festival’s Grolsch People’s Choice Award — which is based on popular vote by Festival filmgoers — has emerged as a beacon of awards-season success. Founded by Bill Marshall, Dusty Cohl and Henk Van der Kolk and that first year,35,000 filmgoers watched 127 films from 30 countries presented in ten programmes. Piers Handling has been the director and CEO since 1994. TIFF was once centred on the Yorkville neighbourhood, but the Toronto Entertainment District later gained a level of prominence. TIFF is known for the celebrity buzz it brings to the area with international media setting up near its restaurants and stores for photos and interviews with the stars. In 2010, TIFF opened its permanent headquarters, TIFF Bell Lightbox, TIFF has grown, steadily adding initiatives throughout the years. TIFF Cinematheque and the Film Reference Library opened in 1990, the TIFF Kids International Film Festival launched in 1998. Film Circuit began exhibiting independent and Canadian films in under-serviced cities across Canada in 1994, the festival was founded in 1976 at the Windsor Arms Hotel by Bill Marshall, Henk Van der Kolk and Dusty Cohl. Beginning as a collection of the films from film festivals around the world. Ironically, however, Hollywood studios withdrew their submissions from TIFF due to concerns that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their products, in 1994, the decision was made to replace the name Festival of Festivals with Toronto International Film Festival. From 1994 to 2009, the organization running TIFF was named Toronto International Film Festival Group. In 2009, the umbrella organization TIFFG was renamed to TIFF, in 2001, Perspective Canada, the programme that had focused on Canadian films since 1984, was replaced by two programmes, Canada First. A forum for Canadian filmmakers presenting their first feature-length work, featuring eight to 15 films, and Short Cuts Canada, in 2004, TIFF was featured as the site of murder mystery in the film Jiminy Glick in Lalawood, a comedy film starring Martin Short
Toronto International Film Festival
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The festival is headquartered at TIFF Bell Lightbox, which opened in 2010.
Toronto International Film Festival
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Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)
Toronto International Film Festival
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TIFF box office at the
Manulife Centre in 2006
Toronto International Film Festival
–
TIFF Bell Lightbox
2.
Dredd
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Dredd is a 2012 science fiction action film directed by Pete Travis and written and produced by Alex Garland. It is based on the 2000 AD comic strip Judge Dredd and its eponymous character created by John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra. Karl Urban stars as Judge Dredd, a law enforcer given the power of judge, jury and executioner in a vast, dystopic metropolis called Mega-City One that lies in a post-apocalyptic wasteland. Dredd and his partner, Judge Anderson, are forced to bring order to a 200-storey high-rise block of flats and deal with its resident drug lord. Garland began writing the script in 2006, although the development of a new Judge Dredd film adaptation, produced by British studio DNA Films, Dredd began principal photography, using 3D cameras throughout, in November 2010. Filming took place on sets and locations in Cape Town. Dredd was released on 7 September 2012 in the United Kingdom, despite the positive critical response, the film earned just over $41 million at the box office on an estimated budget of $30–45 million. Dredd saw greater success following its release, and has since been recognised as a cult film. The theatrical gross made an unlikely, but home media sales. The future United States is a dystopic irradiated wasteland known as the Cursed Earth, on the east coast lies Mega-City One, a violent metropolis with 800 million residents and 17,000 crimes reported daily. The only force for order are the Judges, who act as judge, jury, Judge Dredd is tasked by the Chief Judge with evaluating new recruit Cassandra Anderson, a powerful psychic who failed the aptitude tests to become a Judge. Dredd and Anderson are sent in to investigate and learn of a drug den and they arrest a thug named Kay, whom Andersons mind probe reveals to be the one who carried out the drug dealers executions. Dredd decides to take him in for questioning, Ma-Ma orders Dredd and Anderson killed, forcing the Judges to fight their way through dozens of armed thugs. Arriving at the 76th floor, the Judges are assaulted by Ma-Ma and her men with Vulcan cannons that rip through the walls, the Judges breach an outer wall and call for backup. Meanwhile, Ma-Ma sends her henchman Caleb to search for the Judges, when they meet, Dredd throws Caleb off the tower in full view of Ma-Ma. Dredd suspects Ma-Ma is desperate to keep Kay quiet and beats him for information, Anderson reads Kays mind and learns that Peach Trees is the centre of Slo-Mo production and distribution. Anderson suggests they hide while awaiting assistance but Dredd insists they move up the tower, Judges Volt and Guthrie respond to Dredds call, but Ma-Mas computer expert denies them entry by persuading them the security system is malfunctioning. A pair of armed teens confront Dredd and Anderson, allowing Kay to disarm, Kay then escapes with her as hostage, and takes her to Ma-Mas base on the top floor
Dredd
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Theatrical release poster
Dredd
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Olivia Thirlby promoting the film at the 2012
Fantastic Fest
Dredd
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Final art of the city by VFX Art Director Neil Miller; Peach Trees is on the left. The "micro-city state"-like towers were gradually positioned further apart to emphasise their size and allow for a more detailed city to exist between them; highlighting the scale of Mega-City One.
Dredd
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Karl Urban promoting the film at the 2012
Fantastic Fest. Critics praised his performance.
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
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Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
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New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
5.
Juno (film)
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Juno is a 2007 American comedy-drama independent film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. Ellen Page stars as the character, an independent-minded teenager confronting an unplanned pregnancy. Michael Cera, Jennifer Garner, Jason Bateman, Allison Janney, filming spanned from early February to March 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia. It premiered on September 8 at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival, Juno won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and earned three other Oscar nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actress for Page. Juno earned back its budget of $6.5 million in twenty days. It went on to earn $231 million, Juno received acclaim from critics, many of whom placed the film on their top ten lists for the year. It has received criticism and praise from members of both the pro-life and pro-choice communities regarding its treatment of abortion, sixteen-year-old Minnesota high-schooler Juno MacGuff discovers she is pregnant by her friend and longtime admirer, Paulie Bleeker. Going to a clinic run by a womens group, she encounters a schoolmate outside who is holding a one-person protest for pro-life vigil. Once inside, however, a variety of factors lead Juno to leave and she decides against abortion, and she decides to give the baby up for adoption. With the help of her friend Leah, Juno searches the ads in the Pennysaver and she tells her father, Mac, and stepmother, Bren, who offer their support. With Mac, Juno meets the couple, Mark and Vanessa Loring, in their expensive home, Juno visits Mark a few times, with whom she shares tastes in punk rock and horror films. Mark, who has set aside his rock band youth, works at home composing commercial jingles. Juno and Leah happen to see Vanessa in a mall being completely at ease with a child, and Juno encourages Vanessa to talk to her baby in the womb. As the pregnancy progresses, Juno struggles with the emotions she feels for the father, Paulie. Juno maintains an outwardly indifferent attitude toward Paulie, but when she learns he has asked another girl to the upcoming prom, Paulie reminds Juno that it is at her request they remain distant and tells her that she broke his heart. Not long before her baby is due, Juno is again visiting Mark when their interaction becomes emotional, Mark then tells her he will be leaving Vanessa. Juno is horrified by this revelation, with Mark asking Juno How do you think of me, Vanessa arrives home, and Mark tells her he does not feel ready to be a father and there are still things he wants to do first. Juno watches the Loring marriage fall apart, then drives away, returning to the Lorings home, she leaves a note and disappears as they answer the door
Juno (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
Juno (film)
–
Diablo Cody wrote the film based on many of her own high school experiences.
Juno (film)
–
Jason Reitman pictured
Ellen Page as Juno when he first read the script.
Juno (film)
–
Eric Hamber Secondary School stood in for the fictional Dancing Elk High School.
6.
The Darkest Hour (film)
–
The Darkest Hour is a 2011 Russian-American science fiction thriller film directed by Chris Gorak and produced by Timur Bekmambetov. The American-based production depicts an invasion and stars Emile Hirsch, Max Minghella, Olivia Thirlby, Joel Kinnaman. The film was released on December 25,2011 in the United States, americans Ben and Sean travel to Moscow to sell their social networking/party locating software. As they approach the airport the plane short circuits due to an electrical storm and they find their Swedish business partner, Skyler, has betrayed them and already made a deal with the Russians, using a knockoff application. They go to a nightclub and meet Natalie, an American, the lights go out in the club and everyone heads outside. There, they witness what appears to be an aurora, balls of light fall from the sky and then fade away. When a policeman investigates he is disintegrated, the invisible entities begin hunting and disintegrating people, sending them into a panic. Ben, Sean, Natalie, Anne, and now Skyler hide in the clubs storeroom for seven days, with most of their food gone, the group plans to go to the American Embassy. They find the city full of scorched cars and cinders, but empty of people, Ben and Sean search for supplies in a police car near Red Square while the others hide in the nearby GUM department store shopping mall. While they are searching the car, a dog discovers and fatally confronts an alien. Ben and Sean successfully hide under the car as the alien moves closer, causing the cars lights, the alien moves on and the men run to the mall. Sean realizes that light bulbs give the aliens away, the group takes shelter in one of the mall stores. Sean and Natalie go to look for clothes and almost run into an alien who cant see them through a glass wall, Sean theorises that the aliens can only see their electrical charge, but not through glass. The group finds the American Embassy gutted and lifeless, all except Skyler go to the roof to get an aerial view. They find a logbook telling them that the invasion is worldwide and they also find a radio broadcasting a message in Russian. Ben and Sean go to help Skylar, but he is killed, when the others go outside they see a light in a nearby apartment tower and go to investigate, bringing the radio they found. They find a woman named Vika and a man named Sergei. Sergei has made his apartment into a giant Faraday cage that hides everyone from the aliens and he has also developed a microwave gun that weakens an aliens force field, so that it can actually be seen and killed
The Darkest Hour (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
7.
Judge Anderson
–
Judge Cassandra Anderson is a fictional law enforcer and psychic appearing in the British science fiction comics 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine. Created by writer John Wagner and artist Brian Bolland, Anderson made her debut as a character in the Judge Dredd story Judge Death. The characters popularity with readers led to her starring in her own series, Anderson, Psi-Division, in 2012 the character appeared in the film Dredd, played by Olivia Thirlby. John Wagner created both Judge Death and Judge Anderson for the Judge Dredd story Judge Death, the latter helping introduce the Psi-Judges, artist Brian Bolland based the character on Debbie Harry, having recently drawn the singer into an advertisement for Forbidden Planet. Short afterwards, Alan Grant began to co-write Judge Dredd with Wagner, when Anderson got her own series, Wagner and Grant also co-authored those stories. This collaboration lasted until 1988, when their differences of opinion about how to develop Dredds character came to a head while planning the last episode of the Judge Dredd story Oz, after that, Grant wrote Andersons stories on his own, while Wagner wrote Dredds. Grant later said, A lot of Anderson counts among what I think of as my best work, the fact that Ive had one of the best storytellers in the business, Arthur Ranson, along for most of the ride makes it even more memorable for me. Like the mythical Cassandra, Judge Anderson has psychic powers, chiefly telepathy and these abilities made her a member of Mega-City Ones Psi Division of Judges. The character debuts during the first attack by Judge Death of the Dark Judges, during this encounter, Anderson is possessed by Judge Death but then thwarts him by entombing herself in Boing®, a tough but porous material. This lasts until the Dark Judges free her to release Judge Death and she is instrumental in stopping this first attack by the Dark Judges, as well as several others. Due to being possessed and manipulated by them, Anderson develops a hatred of the Dark Judges. Anderson is prominent in her Division and gains the respect of Dredd, unlike Dredd, she is a critic of the weaknesses in the judicial system of Mega-City One, has a sense of humour, forms personal friendships with fellow Judges, and permits herself doubt and remorse. Because her determination is similar to Dredds, the two of them co-operate effectively on several missions, in the story Engram, Anderson regains memories of an abusive father and is shocked to learn that her Division was responsible for blocking them from her mind in the first place. This, together with the events of Leviathans Farewell, Shamballa, The Jesus Syndrome and Childhoods End, after several adventures in outer space, she returns to Mega-City One. Dredd and Anderson are both considered veterans and regarded with awe by less experienced judges, later, after a deadly run-in with Judge Death, Anderson falls into a coma and is infected with the psychic Half-Life virus. A team of Psi-Judges succeeded in rescuing Anderson, but the Half-Life passes to Judge Gistane, when Half-Life is unleashed on the city, causing a wave of mass murder, Anderson stops it. Since she awoke from her coma, Anderson is now in her fifties, being a Psi prevents her from using drugs and treatments Street Judges use to stay active despite aging. Because of this, Anderson expects to age beyond usefulness, in 1994 DC Comics began publishing the short-lived title Judge Dredd – Legends of the Law, which featured their own version of Dredd
Judge Anderson
–
Judge Anderson in "The Jesus Syndrome" (art by
Arthur Ranson)
8.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
–
Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
Vanity Fair (magazine)
–
Cover of the February 2012 issue of Vanity Fair
9.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood
–
The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood
–
Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood
–
The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
10.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
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J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
11.
East Village, Manhattan
–
East Village is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its boundary to the north is Gramercy Park and Stuyvesant Town, to the south by the Lower East Side and it has also been the site of protests and riots. The area that is known as the East Village was originally a farm owned by Dutch Governor-General Wouter van Twiller. Wealthy townhouses dotted the dirt roads for a few decades until the great Irish, from roughly the 1850s to first decade of the 20th century, the neighborhood has the third largest urban population of Germans outside of Vienna and Berlin, known as Klein Deutschland. It was Americas first foreign language neighborhood, hundreds of political, social, sports and recreational clubs were set up during this period, and some of these buildings still exist. However, the vitality of the community was sapped by the General Slocum disaster on June 15,1904, later waves of immigration also brought many Poles and, especially, Ukrainians to the area, creating a Ukrainian enclave in the city. Since the 1890s there has been a large concentration roughly from 10th Street to 5th Street, the post-World War II diaspora, consisting primarily of Western Ukrainian intelligentsia, also settled down in the area. Several churches, including St. Roosevelt Drive, until the mid-1960s, the area was simply the northern part of the Lower East Side, with a similar culture of immigrant, working class life. In the 1950s, the migration of Beatniks into the neighborhood later attracted hippies, musicians, the area was dubbed the East Village, to dissociate it from the image of slums evoked by the Lower East Side. Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized the new name, and the term was adopted by the media by the mid-1960s. In 1966 a weekly newspaper, The East Village Other, appeared, in 1966, Andy Warhol promoted a series of multimedia shows, entitled The Exploding Plastic Inevitable, and featuring the music of the Velvet Underground, in a Polish ballroom on St. On June 27,1967, the Electric Circus opened in the space with a benefit for the Childrens Recreation Foundation whose chairman was Bobby Kennedy. The Grateful Dead, The Chambers Brothers, Sly and the Family Stone, on March 8,1968, Bill Graham opened the Fillmore East in what had been a Yiddish Theatre on Second Avenue at East 6th Street in the Yiddish Theater District. The venue quickly became known as The Church of Rock and Roll, the Fillmore East closed in 1971. CBGB, the nightclub considered by some to be the birthplace of music, was located in the neighborhood. No Wave and New York hardcore also emerged in the areas clubs, few icons of the punk scene remain in the neighborhood as it changed. Richard Hell lives in the apartment he has lived in since the 1970s. Over the last 100 years, the East Village and the Lower East Side have contributed significantly to American arts and culture in New York
East Village, Manhattan
–
1st Avenue, looking north at 10th Street
East Village, Manhattan
–
Former German-American Shooting Society Clubhouse at 12
St Mark's Place (1885). East Village once had a sizable
Little Germany, an area within which this building is located.
East Village, Manhattan
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A wall in the East Village, featuring a mural of two men
East Village, Manhattan
–
Patti Smith, seen here in
Copenhagen in 1976, is one of the many poets, musicians and artists who got their start in the East Village
12.
Friends Seminary
–
Friends Seminary is a private day school in Manhattan. The school, the oldest continuously coeducational school in New York City, the schools mission is to prepare students not only for the world that is, but to help them bring about the world that ought to be. It is guided by a mission statement and a diversity mission statement. Friends is a member of New Yorks Independent School Diversity Network, currently, Robert Bo Lauder is principal, the schools 35th. Lauder came to Friends in the fall of 2002 after serving as Upper School Head at Sidwell Friends School in Washington and it was located on Pearl Street in Manhattan and strived to provide Quaker children with a guarded education. In 1826, the school was moved to a campus on Elizabeth Street. Tuition in that year was $10 or less per annum, except for the oldest students, the school again moved in 1860 to its current location and changed its name to Friends Seminary. In 1878, Friends Seminary was one of the earliest of schools to establish a Kindergarten, in 1925, it was the first private co-educational school to hire a full-time psychologist. M. Scott Peck, who transferred to Friends from Phillips Exeter in late 1952, praised the schools diversity, while at Friends, he wrote, I awoke each morning eager for the day ahead. T Exeter, I could barely crawl out of bed, in recent years, the school has made an effort to increase its endowment and has engaged in an ambitious and controversial renovation of its buildings. The Quakers will continue naming half the members of the governing board. The school is divided into three sections, Lower School - Kindergarten to Grade 4 Middle School - Grades 5-8 Upper School - Grades 9-12 The campus comprises eight buildings. The largest building, built in 1962, holds classes for the entire Middle School, most of the Lower School, attached to the school is the historic Meetinghouse and The Fifteenth Street Monthly Meeting of The Religious Society of Friends. The Meetinghouse plays a part in student life at Friends Seminary. Outside the front doors of the Meetinghouse is the used for recess. In 1997, the school purchased and renovated a former German Masonic Temple located on 15th Street, the new building, called The Annex, incorporates green technology to create a building with less of an ecological footprint than many other buildings in the city. The Annex includes more science labs, as well as three multi-use classrooms, and the offices for the Upper School, the Meetinghouse also serves as a home for the schools music program. Tuition for the 2016-2017, school year for all grades is US$41,750
Friends Seminary
–
Friends Seminary
Friends Seminary
–
The Meetinghouse
Friends Seminary
–
Exterior of Friends Seminary on 16th Street
Friends Seminary
–
The Annex on East 15th Street, formerly the German Masonic Hall
13.
Gramercy, Manhattan
–
The neighborhood, which is divided between New York Citys Manhattan Community Board 5 and Manhattan Community Board 6, is generally perceived to be a quiet and safe area. The neighborhood, associated historic district, and park have generally received positive reviews, calling it a Victorian gentleman who has refused to die, Charlotte Devree in The New York Times said that There is nothing else quite like Gramercy Park in the country. When the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission created the Gramercy Park Historic District in 1966, pines 1921 book, The Story of Gramercy Park, The laying out of Gramercy Park represents one of the earliest attempts in this country at City Planning. The neighborhoods boundaries are 14th Street to the south, Third Avenue to the east, 23rd Street to the north, and Park Avenue South to the west. The boundaries of the Historic District, set in 1966 and extended in 1988, are irregular, lying within the neighborhood, and can be seen in the map in the infobox on the right. The brook, which become known as Crommessie Vly, flowed in a 40-foot gully along what is now 21st Street into the East River at 18th Street. Krom Moerasje/Krom Mesje became corrupted to Crommessie or Crommashie, mayor James Duane – for whom the citys Duane Street is named – acquired the site in 1761 from Gerardus Stuyvesant and named it Gramercy Seat. Gramercy is an archaic English word meaning many thanks, the area which is now Gramercy Park was once in the middle of a swamp. Ruggles, a developer and advocate of space, proposed the idea for the park due to the northward growth of Manhattan. Ruggles then deeded the land on December 17,1832 to five trustees, to develop the property, Ruggles spent $180,000 to landscape it, draining the swamp and causing about a million horsecart loads of earth to be moved. It was the second private square created in the city, after Hudson Square, also known as St. Johns Park, the new streets reduced the number of lots around the park from 66 to 60. Gramercy Park was enclosed by a fence in 1833, but construction on the surrounding lots did not begin until the 1840s, in one regard this was fortunate, since the opening of the Croton Aqueduct in 1842 allowed new townhouses to be constructed with indoor plumbing. The first formal meeting of the trustees took place in 1844 at 17 Union Square, the mansion of James W. Gerard. By that time, landscaping had already begun with the hiring of James Virtue in 1838, major planting also took place in 1844 – the same year the parks gates were first locked – followed by additional landscaping by Brinley & Holbrook in 1916. These plantings had the effect of softening the parks prim formal design, Gramercy Park itself had been protected with howitzers by troops from the Eighth Regiment Artillery, while the 152nd New York Volunteers encamped in nearby Stuyvesant Square. At #34 and #36 Gramercy Park are two of New Yorks first apartment buildings, designed in 1883 and 1905, in addition, #34 is the oldest existing co-operative apartment building in the city. Elsewhere in the neighborhood, nineteenth century brownstones and carriage houses abound, though the 1920s brought the onset of tenant apartments, in 1890 an attempt was made to run a cable car through the park to connect Irving Place to Lexington Avenue. The bill passed the New York State Legislature, but was vetoed by Governor David B. Hill, the Hotel Irving, at 26 Gramercy Park South, was constructed c.1903
Gramercy, Manhattan
–
The view from the south gate of Gramercy Park, looking north from Gramercy Park South (
East 20th Street), with the statue of
Edwin Booth in the center. The
Gramercy Park Hotel is visible in the left background. (May 2007)
Gramercy, Manhattan
–
Gramercy Park Historic District
Gramercy, Manhattan
–
Some of the original
townhouses surrounding the park, these at #1 through #4 Gramercy Park were built between 1844 and 1850
Gramercy, Manhattan
–
Exterior of the
Players' Club, founded in 1888 by
Edwin Booth, at #16 Gramercy Park
14.
Natalie Portman
–
Natalie Portman is an actress with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Her first role was in the 1994 action thriller Léon, The Professional and she was later cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Born in Jerusalem to an Israeli father and American mother, Portman grew up in the eastern United States from the age of three. She studied dancing and acting in New York, and starred in Star Wars, in 1999, Portman enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology, alongside her work as an actress, she completed a bachelors degree in 2003. During her studies she starred in a second Star Wars film and she played leading roles in the historical dramas Goyas Ghosts and The Other Boleyn Girl, and also appeared in Thor and its 2013 sequel. In 2010, Portman starred in the thriller film Black Swan. Her performance received critical acclaim and she earned her first Academy Award for Best Actress, her second Golden Globe Award, the SAG Award, the BAFTA Award. In 2016, she portrayed First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in the biographical drama Jackie and she was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and won the BFCA for Best Actress. In May 2008, Portman served as the youngest member of the 61st Annual Cannes Film Festival jury, the same year she directed a segment of the collective film New York, I Love You. Her first feature film as a director, A Tale of Love, Portman was born on June 9,1981 in Jerusalem. Her original given name was Neta-Lee, a Hebrew name and she is the only child of Shelley, an American homemaker who works as Portmans agent, and Avner Hershlag, an Israeli fertility specialist and gynecologist. Her maternal grandparents, Bernice and Arthur Stevens, were from Jewish families who moved to the United States from Austria and Russia, Natalies paternal grandparents, Mania and Zvi Yehuda Hershlag, were Jewish immigrants to Israel. Zvi, born in Poland in 1914, moved to what was then Mandatory Palestine in 1938 and eventually became an economics professor, One of Natalies paternal great-grandmothers was born in Romania and was a spy for British Intelligence during World War II. Portmans parents met at a Jewish student center at Ohio State University and they corresponded after her father returned to Israel and were married when her mother visited a few years later. In 1984, when Portman was three years old, the moved to the United States, where her father received his medical training. Portman, a citizen of the United States and Israel, has said that although she really love the States. Thats where I feel at home, Portman and her family first lived in Washington, D. C. but relocated to Connecticut in 1988 and then moved to Jericho, New York, on Long Island, in 1990. While living in the Washington, D. C. area, Portman attended Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School in Rockville, Maryland
Natalie Portman
–
Portman at the
2015 Cannes Film Festival.
Natalie Portman
–
Natalie Portman on the set of
Free Zone, 2005
Natalie Portman
–
Natalie Portman at the
2009 Toronto International Film Festival
Natalie Portman
–
Natalie Portman at the premiere of
Black Swan during the
2010 Toronto International Film Festival
15.
Mariah Carey
–
Mariah Carey is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. In 1990, Carey rose to fame with the release of Vision of Love from her eponymous debut album, the album produced four chart-topping singles in the US and began what would become a string of commercially successful albums which solidified the singer as Columbias highest selling act. Carey and Boyz II Men spent a record sixteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995–1996 with One Sweet Day, following a contentious divorce from Sony Music head Tommy Mottola, Carey adopted a new image and traversed towards hip hop with the release of Butterfly. In 1998, she was honored as the worlds best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards, Carey parted with Columbia in 2000, and signed a record-breaking $100 million recording contract with Virgin Records America. In the weeks prior to the release of her film Glitter and its soundtrack in 2001. The project was received and led to a general decline in the singers career. Careys recording contract was out for $50 million by Virgin. After a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned to the top of music charts with The Emancipation of Mimi, Carey once again ventured into film with a well-received supporting role in Precious, and was awarded the Breakthrough Performance Award at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. Throughout her career, Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide, according to the RIAA, she is the third-best-selling female artist in the United States, with 63.5 million certified albums. With the release of Touch My Body, Carey gained her 18th number-one single in the United States, in 2012, the singer was ranked second on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Women in Music. Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, New York, to Patricia and her mother is of Irish descent, while her father had African-American and Afro-Venezuelan ancestry. The surname Carey was adopted by her Venezuelan grandfather, Francisco Núñez, Patricia was an occasional opera singer and vocal coach before she met Alfred in 1960. As he began earning a living as an engineer, the couple married later that year. After their elopement, Patricias family disowned her for marrying a black man, Carey later explained that she felt neglected by her maternal family while growing up, which affected her greatly. In the years between the births of Careys older sister Alison and herself, the Carey family struggled within the community due to their ethnicity, Careys name was derived from the song They Call the Wind Maria, originally from the 1951 Broadway musical Paint Your Wagon. When Carey was three, her parents divorced, after their separation, Alison moved in with her father, while the other two children, Mariah and brother Morgan, remained with their mother. Carey grew apart from her father and would stop seeing him altogether. By age four, she recalled that she had begun to sneak the radio under her covers at night, during elementary school, she excelled in subjects that she enjoyed, such as music, art, and literature, but did not find interest in others
Mariah Carey
–
Carey performing on
Good Morning America in May 2013
Mariah Carey
–
Carey exiting the
Shepherd's Bush Theatre after promoting her single "Vision of Love" on
The Wogan Show, in 1990
Mariah Carey
–
Carey performing "One Sweet Day" alongside
Boyz II Men, during a taping at
Madison Square Garden on October, 1995.
Mariah Carey
–
Carey at the
Edwards Air Force Base during the making of the "
I Still Believe " music video on December, 1998.
16.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
–
The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
–
The main entrance to RADA on Gower Street
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
–
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
–
George Bernard Shaw, who donated the royalties from his play
Pygmalion to RADA in 1912.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
–
The RADA building at 18 Chenies Street
17.
United 93 (film)
–
The film attempts to recount with as much veracity as possible and in real time what has come to be known in the United States as a critical moment. According to the filmmakers, the film was made with the cooperation of all of the passengers families, the majority of the film is presented in real time. Several family members of the passengers aboard the flight attended the premiere to show their support, the film opened in North America on April 28,2006 to critical acclaim. Ten percent of the income from the three-day opening weekend was promised toward a donation to create a memorial for the Flight 93 victims. The total gross intake of United 93 was $31.4 million in the United States, the film also received two Academy Award nominations, including Best Director for Greengrass. Nacke, II, William Joseph Cashman and Patrick Joseph Driscoll, four al-Qaeda terrorists Ziad Jarrah, Saeed al-Ghamdi, Ahmed al-Nami, and Ahmed al-Haznawi also board the flight. Minutes later the aircraft crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, on United 93, Jarrah appears hesitant to initiate the hijacking plan, perhaps seems to be having second thoughts about going through with it. Impatient, the three hijackers prepare for invasion themsevles. Al-Haznawi assembles a fake out of clay and plastic during breakfast, then al-Ghamdi makes the first move. After a passenger is fatally stabbed and the bomb is revealed causing mass panic among passengers, al-Nami, meanwhile, Jarrah and al-Ghamdi threaten Welsh and wrestle their ways into the cockpit. The pilots send out a call but are killed and dragged from the cockpit. Jarrah turns the plane, intending to crash the plane into the United States Capitol and their plan is empowered with the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says. The group begin their counterattack, rushing down the aisle and overpowering Ahmed al-Haznawi, Mark Bingham crushes Ahmed al-Haznawis skull with a fire extinguisher, seeing this, al-Nami alerts Jarrah and al-Ghamdi in the cockpit of the ongoing assault. Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, nonetheless they continue their assault, seeing the passengers getting nearer, al-Ghamdi and Jarrah debate whether to take the flight down, knowing theyll never reach their intended target. The passengers then breach the cockpit with the cart. Nonetheless, the passengers finally gain entrance into the cockpit, as the passengers and hijackers struggle for control of the yoke, the plane plummets into a nosedive and goes upside down as the screen cuts to black. Title cards reveal the plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the following does not include those people that portray themselves in the film, The film was the first Hollywood feature to draw its narrative directly from the September 11 attacks of 2001
United 93 (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
United 93 (film)
–
Core topics
18.
Kidnapped (TV series)
–
Kidnapped is an American television drama series from Sony Pictures Television, which aired on NBC from September 20,2006 to August 11,2007. The series returned on Universal HD in 2008, the show told the story from the discrete points of view of the victim, the parents, the investigators, and the kidnappers. However, this idea of a semi-rotating cast became moot after the shows cancellation, timothy Hutton and Dana Delany co-star as an affluent New York couple whose teenage son Leopold is abducted. Other characters include Gutman and The Accountant, Leopolds bodyguard Virgil Hayes, nielsen ratings for the premiere were 6.0, with total viewers of 7.5 million, and adults 2.8 in the 18-49 demographic. The second episode scored a 2.1 in the 18-49 demographic, Kidnapped was originally scheduled to air on Tuesdays at 9,00 pm, ET in the U. S. as announced in a presentation made by NBC in advance of the normal upfront presentations. This placed Kidnapped in a timeslot against the popular Fox TV series House, the pilot for Kidnapped was also made available online at MSN. Premiering on September 20,2006, Kidnapped started airing on NBC on Wednesday nights, after airing the fifth episode, NBC pulled the show from their schedule. NBC then announced that the eight episodes would be shown online at the NBC website until completion of the story. The series finale was posted online on December 22,2006, the entire series was released on DVD on April 24,2007. This depended on local affiliates, however, as some stations only carry portions of the lineup, in 2008, the series returned on Universal HD. As of April 2009, the series is available for streaming
Kidnapped (TV series)
–
Kidnapped intertitle
19.
Ellen Page
–
Ellen Grace Philpotts-Page, known professionally as Ellen Page, is a Canadian actress. Her career began with roles in Canadian television shows including Pit Pony, Trailer Park Boys, Page starred in the 2005 drama Hard Candy, for which she won the Austin Film Critics Associations Award for Best Actress. Page portrayed Kitty Pryde in the X-Men series of films and she also provided the voice acting, motion capture, and likeness for the character Jodie Holmes in the video game Beyond, Two Souls. Page was born and raised in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the daughter of Martha Philpotts, a teacher, and Dennis Page and she attended the Halifax Grammar School until grade 10, spent some time at Queen Elizabeth High School, and graduated from the Shambhala School in 2005. She also spent two years in Toronto, Ontario, studying in the Interact Program at Vaughan Road Academy, along with close friend, growing up, Page enjoyed playing with action figures and climbing trees. Page first acted in front of the camera in 1997 at age ten in the CBC television movie Pit Pony and this led to more roles in a number of small Canadian films and television series, notably playing Treena Lahey in season two of Trailer Park Boys. At 16, she was cast in Mouth to Mouth, an independent film shot in Europe. Page starred in the 2005 movie Hard Candy as a girl who takes a pedophile hostage. Page appeared in X-Men, The Last Stand and X-Men, Days of Future Past as Kitty Pryde, in the previous X-Men movies, the part had been used in brief cameos played by other actresses, but never as a main character. Page was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Scene Stealer for the role, Page portrayed the title character in the 2007 film Juno. Film critic A. O. Scott of The New York Times described her as talented and Roger Ebert said. Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, Page also co-starred in Smart People, which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. Shot before Juno, but released afterwards, the saw her playing overachieving daughter to Dennis Quaids college professor character. Before his death in January 2008, Heath Ledger had discussed with Page the idea of starring in his directorial debut, in 2008, she was ranked #86 on FHMs Sexiest Women in the World list, and placed at #93 for 2009. In June 2008, Page was listed in Entertainment Weeklys future A-List stars list, Page hosted Saturday Night Live on March 1,2008. On May 3,2009, she guest starred in the episode Waverly Hills 9-0-2-1-Doh of the animated series The Simpsons as a character named Alaska Nebraska, a parody of Hannah Montana. She also starred in Drew Barrymores directorial debut, Whip It, alongside Juliette Lewis, Marcia Gay Harden, Drew Barrymore, the film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival and had its wide release on October 2,2009. She featured in Michael Landers film Peacock, opposite Cillian Murphy, Susan Sarandon, Bill Pullman and Josh Lucas, in August 2009, Page began shooting the big-budget Christopher Nolan thriller Inception, alongside co-stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Marion Cotillard, Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Ken Watanabe
Ellen Page
–
Page at the
2009 Toronto Film Festival
Ellen Page
–
Page in 2007
Ellen Page
–
Page with the cast of
Inception at a premiere in 2010.
Ellen Page
–
Page at the
San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2013
20.
Lycanthropy
–
Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius and Gervase of Tilbury. From the early period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages, during the early period, accusations of lycanthropy were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe, the trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture. The word werewolf continues a late Old English werwulf, a compound of were man, the only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the importance of werewolves in Norse mythology. In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf evening-wolf, presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak, literally wolf-skin, paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn, however, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas, baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvian vilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak for the Slavic vampire is a due to Alexander Pushkin. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak, Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound wolf-man or man-wolf. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology and this is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone, such transformations of men into wolves in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective. In his Man into Wolf, Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning wolf or wolf-men in terms of the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting, a few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias related the story of Lycaon, in accounts by the Bibliotheca and Ovid, Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a god. Lycaons transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves. In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy, virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves
Lycanthropy
–
Dolon wearing a wolf-skin. Attic red-figure vase, c. 460 BC.
Lycanthropy
–
Woodcut of a werewolf attack, by
Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1512
Lycanthropy
–
Vendel period depiction of a warrior wearing a wolf-skin (
Tierkrieger)
Lycanthropy
–
Zeus turning
Lycaon into a
wolf, engraving by
Hendrik Goltzius.
21.
The Wackness
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The Wackness is a 2008 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film by Jonathan Levine and starring Josh Peck, Ben Kingsley, Mary-Kate Olsen, Famke Janssen, and Olivia Thirlby. The film is distributed by Sony Pictures Classics, in New York City in 1994, Luke Shapiro is trading marijuana in exchange for therapy from his psychiatrist, Dr. Jeffery Squires. When Luke returns home, he finds his parents arguing over money, Luke starts dealing more marijuana to make money for his family. After a session with Dr. Squires, he bumps into Steph, Steph has a great time and gives Luke her number so she will not be lonely in the city for the summer. Luke phones Steph but ends up talking to Dr. Squires, another client of Lukes shows up and while getting drunk and high, they get kicked out for underage drinking. Luke and Dr. Squires are walking from the bar and start tagging a wall but are apprehended by the police, Steph bails them out of jail and, against Dr. Squires wishes, takes Luke out for the day. Luke and Steph end up kissing, when Luke gets home, he finds he has strong feelings for her. Luke grabs a letter from his father and reads that his family is getting evicted and he tells his father to be a man and do something about it. Steph invites him to her familys house at Fire Island, Dr. Squires, at the island, Steph finds out Luke is a virgin and offers to give him sex lessons. After taking a shower and having sex together, Luke tells Steph that he loves her and she reacts with astonishment and its obvious that shes not looking for that kind of relationship with him. Justin later contacts Steph asking if she wants to hang out, Luke asks Dr. Squires for help selling pot because he needs to make enough money for college. Luke introduces Dr. Squires to his client, Eleanor, Lukes family gets evicted and is forced to stay with his Grandparents in New Jersey. Luke visits Steph for companionship, but as she greets him at the door, Justin appears, to Lukes dismay, Luke goes to Fire Island to seek counseling with Dr. Squires. Dr. Squires is on a bender because of his now inevitable divorce, while high, Dr. Squires starts to walk into the ocean to kill himself. Luke goes in after him to save him and they both end up back on the beach, alive, more sober, and cracking jokes. Luke later talks with Dr. Squires inside the Squires home, Squires wishes him good luck and tells him goodbye. As Luke is leaving, Steph follows him to the elevator to talk to him, however, Luke says Do me a favor Steph, dont say anything, I wanna remember this, Ive never done it before. And Luke continues, had my heart broken and as he is on the verge of tears he goes into the elevator and Stephanie looks sad for a moment, before smiling and seeming to realize Luke will be fine
The Wackness
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Theatrical release poster
22.
Period piece
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The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as one decade, for example. Historical drama film stories are based upon events and famous people. A period film is a film that attempts to depict a specific time period. Examples include movies like Cinderella Man, Schindler’s List, Les Misérables or Lincoln, the most common type of period piece is the historical period piece, both on stage and in movies. This category includes Robin Hood, Barry Lyndon, Amadeus, The Young Victoria, films that are set in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Last Man Standing, can also be placed in this category. Other examples include Marie Antoinette, Middle march, and Pride, many highly successful television series have been known as period pieces. Notable examples include The Tudors, Mad Men, Boardwalk Empire, Call the Midwife, Downton Abbey, Deadwood, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, and Little House on the Prairie
Period piece
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Filming of a 19th-century scene in London
23.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
Marijuana
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A flowering cannabis plant
Marijuana
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A joint prior to rolling, with a paper handmade filter on the left
Marijuana
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Dried flower buds
Marijuana
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Kief
24.
Josh Peck
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Joshua Michael Josh Peck is an American actor, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Josh Nichols in the Nickelodeon live-action sitcom Drake & Josh and he began his career as a child actor in the late 90s and early 2000s, and became known to young audiences after his role on The Amanda Show. He has since acted in such as Mean Creek, Drillbit Taylor, The Wackness, ATM. He also starred as Gerald in a role with John Stamos in the series Grandfathered. He currently voices Casey Jones in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and he also starred in a Netflix comedy, Take The 10 along with Tony Revolori. Peck also makes appearances in popular YouTuber, David Dobrik. He appears as himself and usually is seen making jokes and relaxing, Peck was born in New York City, New York, where he attended P. S. 40 and The Professional Performing Arts School and his parents were unmarried at the time of his birth and he has never met his biological father. He grew up with his Jewish mother, Barbara, who is a career coach, Peck had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony. He had asthma during his childhood, and often stayed indoors watching old sitcoms and he was inspired to become involved in stand-up comedy when he was eight years old. Youth Theater and performed comedy at Carolines Comedy Club for the Audrey Hepburn foundation. At the age of 13, he was offered a role on Nickelodeons The Amanda Show and, at his mothers suggestion, accepted the part, Peck made his film debut in Snow Day, and appeared regularly on The Amanda Show until the end of its run in 2002. He also starred opposite Alex D. Linz and Zena Grey in the film, Max Keebles Big Move. In 2001, he guest starred in an episode of the popular NBC drama ER called Thy Will Be Done, during this period, Peck appeared in several independent films, including Spun and 2004s Mean Creek, for which he received critical praise. He was cast as Josh Nichols, opposite Drake Bells Drake Parker, in another Nickelodeon sitcom, Drake & Josh, pecks character, Josh Nichols, was smart, funny, and organized, but was always being tormented along with Drake by Megan Parker, Drakes younger sister. Both characters sing in a remake of the song Soul Man by Sam, in 2006, Bell and Peck starred in their own TV movie called Drake & Josh Go Hollywood, and in 2007, they starred in a sequel called Drake & Josh, Really Big Shrimp. Josh was nominated for Favorite Television Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards for his work on Drake & Josh, Peck also made his debut as a director in the Drake & Josh episode, Battle of Panthatar. He also directed his co-star Drake Bells music video for the song to Drake & Josh
Josh Peck
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Peck in 2010
25.
Judd Apatow
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Judd Apatow is a producer, writer, director, actor, and comedian. Apatows work has won awards including a Primetime Emmy Award, a Hollywood Comedy Award. His films have also been nominated for Grammy Awards, PGA Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Judd Apatow was born in Flushing, Queens, and raised in Syosset, New York. His mother, Tamara Tami, worked primarily managing record labels founded by her father and his father, Maury Apatow, was a real estate developer. His family was Jewish, but nonreligious, Apatow has an older brother, Robert, and a younger sister, Mia. His maternal grandmother, Molly, co-starred in his film This Is 40, when Apatow was twelve years old, his parents divorced. Robert went to live with his grandparents, and Mia went to live with her mother. As a child, Apatow lived mainly with his father, Apatows mother spent a summer working at a comedy club, which is where Judd was first exposed to live stand-up comedy. Apatow was obsessed with comedy as a child, his heroes were Steve Martin, Bill Cosby. Apatow began performing comedy at age seventeen, during his senior year of high school. In the September 1985 issue of Laugh Factory Magazine, he is listed as an Associate Editor, after graduating from high school in 1985, he moved to Los Angeles and enrolled in the screenwriting program at University of Southern California. While at USC, he organized and hosted a number of on-campus Comedy Night events, Apatow introduced the acts at these events with short standup routines of his own. He also began volunteering at benefit concerts for HBOs Comic Relief, Apatow dropped out of college during his second year and later moved into an apartment with comedian Adam Sandler, whom he met at the Improv. He competed in the Johnnie Walker Comedy Search in 1989 directed by Saturday Night Live short film producer Neal Marshad. Shortly thereafter, Apatow was introduced by manager Jimmy Miller to Garry Shandling which resulted in Apatow being hired as a writer for the Grammy Awards that year, which Shandling hosted. In 1992, Apatow appeared on HBOs 15th Annual Young Comedians Special and shortly went on to co-create. Apatow had met Stiller outside of an Elvis Costello concert in 1990, despite critical acclaim and an Emmy Award for Apatow and the rest of the writing staff, Fox canceled the show in 1993. Apatow credits Shandling as his mentor for influencing him to comedy that is more character-driven
Judd Apatow
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Apatow at the 2012
Tribeca Film Festival
Judd Apatow
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Apatow, in 2007
Judd Apatow
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Apatow (right) with
Leslie Mann and
Adam Sandler in Berlin (2009)
Judd Apatow
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Apatow with his wife, actress
Leslie Mann
26.
David Gordon Green
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David Gordon Green is an American filmmaker. He has directed dramas such as George Washington, All the Real Girls, in 2008, he transitioned into comedy, directing the films Pineapple Express and Your Highness, as well as episodes of the HBO comedy Eastbound & Down. In 2013, he returned to his more dramatic roots with the independent film Prince Avalanche. Since then, he has worked between the two genres, directing the films Joe, Manglehorn and Our Brand Is Crisis, and episodes of the television comedy-drama Red Oaks, which he also executive produces. Green, one of four children, was born in Little Rock, Arkansas and his mother, Jean Ann, was a Lamaze instructor, and his father, Hubert Gordon Green, Jr. was a medical school dean. Green attended Richardson High School and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, Greens films, which are usually coming-of-age tales set in small rural towns, have been categorized as belonging to the Southern Gothic tradition. Greens dialog often has an obtuse, semi-poetic quality and he followed that in 2003 with All the Real Girls and Undertow in 2004. In 2007, he directed Snow Angels, his first film of another authors screenplay, the film debuted at Sundance in January 2007 and stars Sam Rockwell and Kate Beckinsale. It was released by Warner Independent Pictures and he will produce the Slasher flick Splatter Sisters, which stars Evan Rachel Wood and Marilyn Manson. Green will direct the US remake of the Italian cult classic film Suspiria and he is the creator of the animated series Good Vibes. He directed the comedy The Sitter, released in December 2011, Green also directed and co-wrote, Prince Avalanche in 2013. Green will direct Halloween, a reboot of the film series. Greens favorite films are, in order, Thunderbolt and Lightfoot,2001, A Space Odyssey, The Gravy Train, The Bad News Bears, Deliverance, Nashville and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. It has been suggested, even by the director himself, that Greens films take a lot of influence from the works of fellow Texan Terrence Malick, Malick himself served as an executive producer of Greens 2004 film Undertow. Green has suggested that no other director had used voice-over narration so well, david Gordon Green at the Internet Movie Database
David Gordon Green
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Green at the premiere of Manglehorn, Toronto International Film Festival, September 6, 2014
27.
Pineapple Express (film)
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Pineapple Express is a 2008 American stoner action comedy film directed by David Gordon Green, written by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and starring Rogen and James Franco. The plot concerns a process server and his marijuana dealer friend forced to flee from hitmen, producer Judd Apatow, who previously worked with Rogen and Goldberg on Knocked Up and Superbad, assisted in developing the story, which was partially inspired by the bromantic comedy subgenre. Columbia Pictures released the film on August 6,2008, Franco was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the film. In 1937, a facility is on watch behind a two-way mirror as a soldier, smoking marijuana, begins to reveal very graphically what he hates about the army. A high-ranking officer immediately closes the project and deems marijuana illegal, seventy years later, Dale Denton, a 25-year-old process server and habitual marijuana smoker, makes a visit to the home of his drug dealer, Saul Silver, to buy marijuana. Saul tells him that he may know the identity of Dales next customer. Dale drives to Teds house and witnesses Ted and an officer, Officer Carol Brazier. Dale panics and flees the area, but leaves his roach at the scene, Ted is able to identify the strain and sends his two henchmen, Budlofsky and Matheson to a dealer, Red, who tells them that he has only sold the pot to Saul. Dale flees to Sauls apartment and learns that Ted is a drug lord. Dale and Saul flee into the woods while Teds henchmen persuade Red to arrange a meeting with Saul. They accidentally fall asleep in Dales car and wake up to find that they missed their meeting with Red and they leave the woods and arrive at Reds house, hoping to determine whether Ted has linked them with the Pineapple Express. Red says Ted isnt after them but Dale realizes that hes lying and they wake Red and question him until he reveals that Ted has discovered who they are and is going to kill them. Dale and Saul decide that they must leave the city, in order to leave town, Dale and Saul sell some Pineapple Express to raise bus fare. However, an officer named Barber sees Dale and arrests him for selling marijuana. In the back of the cruiser, Dale tries to convince Barber that Brazier is corrupt and tells her that he witnessed her, Barber recognizes Brazier and promises him that she will investigate her soon since Barber had been long suspicious of Braziers corruption. However, Saul leaps out in front of the police car, Brazier hears a police radio call of Dales arrest and pursues Dale and Saul in a high-speed chase but they manage to escape. After an argument with each other about the situation they are in, Dale, Saul visits his grandmother in an assisted living home, but is kidnapped and held hostage in Teds lair beneath a barn. Dale enlists Red to help him rescue Saul but Red unexpectedly backs out at the last minute, while Dale and Saul are held hostage, they reconcile with each other and make plans to escape
Pineapple Express (film)
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Theatrical release poster
28.
Seth Rogen
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Seth Aaron Rogen is a Canadian-American actor, filmmaker, and comedian. He began his career performing stand-up comedy during his teenage years, while still living in his native Vancouver, he landed a supporting role in the series Freaks and Geeks. Shortly after he moved to Portland, Oregon for his role, Rogen later got a part on sitcom Undeclared, which also hired him as a staff writer. After landing his job as a writer on the final season of Da Ali G Show, for which he. Rogen made his first movie appearance in Donnie Darko with a role as a rebellious student in Donnies high school classes in 2001. Rogen was cast in a supporting role and credited as a co-producer in Apatows directorial debut. After Rogen received critical praise for his performance, Universal Pictures agreed to cast him as the lead in Apatows films Knocked Up, Rogen co-starred as Steve Wozniak in Universals Steve Jobs biopic in 2015. In 2016, he developed the AMC television series Preacher with his writing partner Evan Goldberg and he also serves as a writer and executive producer, and directed the first two episodes of the series with Goldberg. Rogen and Goldberg co-wrote the films Superbad, Pineapple Express, The Green Hornet, This Is the End and he has also done voice work for the films Horton Hears a Who. The Kung Fu Panda film series, The Spiderwick Chronicles, Monsters vs. Aliens, Paul, Rogen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. His mother, Sandy, is a worker, and his father, Mark Rogen, worked for non-profit organizations. Since Rogens father is American, he has American citizenship by birth and he has described his parents, who met on kibbutz Beit Alfa in Israel, as radical Jewish socialists. Rogen has a sister named Danya. Rogen attended Vancouver Talmud Torah Elementary School and Point Grey Secondary School and he was also known for the stand-up comedy he performed at Camp Miriam, a Habonim Dror camp. As a child, Rogen did not want to pursue any other than comedy, As soon as I realized you could be funny as a job. He got his start in business at age 12 after enrolling in a comedy workshop taught by Mark Pooley. His early comedy routines involved jokes about his bar mitzvah, his grandparents, during his teenage years he would perform stand-up comedy routines at places like bar mitzvahs and small parties, later shifting to bars. A mohel paid him to write jokes, at the age of 13, he co-wrote a rough draft of Superbad with childhood friend Evan Goldberg, whom he had met at bar mitzvah classes
Seth Rogen
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Rogen at WonderCon in March 2013
Seth Rogen
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Rogen at the 2011
Toronto International Film Festival
Seth Rogen
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Rogen in 2007
Seth Rogen
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Rogen with his wife,
Lauren Miller, at the 69th Annual Golden Globes Awards in 2012
