1.
Weight training
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Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles. It utilizes the force of gravity in the form of weighted bars, weight training uses a variety of specialized equipment to target specific muscle groups and types of movement. Sports where strength training is central are bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, and strongman, highland games, shot put, discus throw, strength training for other sports and physical activities is becoming increasingly popular. Strength training is a term that describes all exercises devoted toward increasing physical strength. Weight training is a type of training that uses weights. Endurance training is associated with aerobic exercise while flexibility training is associated with stretching exercise like yoga or pilates, weight training is often used as a synonym for strength training, but is actually a specific type within the more inclusive category. Contrary to popular belief, weight training can be beneficial for men and women. The genealogy of lifting can be traced back to the beginning of history where humanitys fascination with physical abilities can be found numerous ancient writings. Another Greek, the physician Galen, described strength training using the halteres in the 2nd century. Ancient Greek sculptures also depict lifting feats, the weights were generally stones, but later gave way to dumbbells. The dumbbell was joined by the barbell in the half of the 19th century. Early barbells had hollow globes that could be filled with sand or lead shot, another early device was the Indian club, which came from ancient Persia where it was called the meels. It subsequently became popular during the 19th century, and has made a comeback in the form of the clubbell. The 1960s saw the introduction of exercise machines into the still-rare strength training gyms of the time. Weight training became popular in the 1970s, following the release of the bodybuilding movie Pumping Iron. The specific combinations of reps, sets, exercises, and weights depends on the aims of the performing the exercise. In addition to the principles of strength training, a further consideration added by weight training is the equipment used. Types of equipment include barbells, dumbbells, pulleys and stacks in the form of weight machines, different types of weights will give different types of resistance, and often the same absolute weight can have different relative weights depending on the type of equipment used
2.
Bodybuilding
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Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to control and develop ones musculature. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder, the winner of the annual IFBB Mr. Olympia contest is generally recognized as the worlds top male professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Phil Heath, who has won every year from 2011 to 2016. The winner of the Womens Physique portion of the competition is widely regarded as the top female professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Juliana Malacarne, who has won every year since 2014. Since 1950, the NABBA Universe Championships have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners such as Reg Park, Lee Priest, Steve Reeves, stone-lifting traditions were practised in ancient Egypt and Greece. Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with strongmen displaying feats of strength for the public, the focus was not on their physique, and they often had large bellies and fatty limbs. Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England by German Eugen Sandow, now called the Father of Modern Bodybuilding and he allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in muscle display performances. Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, the Oscar-winning 1936 musical film The Great Ziegfeld depicts this beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals. Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he created several businesses around his fame. He was credited with inventing and selling the first exercise equipment for the masses, machined dumbbells, spring pulleys, even his image was sold by the thousands in cabinet cards and other prints. Sandow was a perfect gracilian, a standard of ideal body proportions close to those of ancient Greek, men were judged by how closely they matched these proportions. Sandow organised the first bodybuilding contest on September 14,1901 and it was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of Nottingham, the silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy, now the most famous of all, was presented to third-place winner A. C. Smythe, in 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to Steve Reeves for winning the inaugural NABBA Mr. Universe. It would not resurface again until 1977, when the winner of the IFBB Mr. Olympia contest, Frank Zane, was presented with the bronze trophy, since then, Mr. Olympia winners have been awarded a replica of the bronze trophy
3.
Svetlana Podobedova
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Svetlana Podobedova is a Kazakh weightlifter of Russian descent. Podobedova was awarded the medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the womens 75 kg category with a total of 291 kg. Her 161 kg Clean and Jerk was an Olympic record and her 291 kg total tied the Olympic record set only minutes before by Natalya Zabolotnaya and she was awarded the medal by virtue of lighter bodyweight. If confirmed, she faced losing her Olympic medal, and all results, in October 2016, she was stripped of her Olympic medal. London 2012 profile the-sports. org Proofile IWRP
4.
Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics
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Weightlifting has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the 1920 Summer Olympics, as well as twice before then. It debuted at the 1896 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Greece, in the early Games, all lifters competed in the same events, regardless of their individual body weights. 1896 One hand lift Two hand lift 1904 Two hand lift All-around dumbbell When the sport returned to the Olympic Games in 1920, the number of classes and weight limits for each class have changed several times, as shown in the following table. Womens weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, as of the 2016 Summer Olympics List of Olympic records in weightlifting List of Olympic venues in weightlifting World Weightlifting Championships
5.
Barbell
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A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end. Barbells range in length from 4 feet to above 8 feet, the central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres to 2 inches, and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates are slid onto the outer portions of the bar to increase or decrease the total weight. These weights are often secured with collars to prevent them from sliding off during the exercise, a mens Olympic bar is a metal bar that is 2.2 metres long and weighs 20 kilograms. The outer ends are 50 millimetres in diameter, while the section is 28 millimetres in diameter. The bars have grip marks spaced 910 millimetres apart to allow intuitive grip width measurement and it is the standard used in competitive weightlifting where men and women compete at the highest level - the Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, World Championships, and the Olympics. Bars of this kind must have suitable whip, sleeves which rotate smoothly, a womens Olympic bar is similar to the mens bar, but is shorter -2.01 metres - and lighter -15 kilograms - with a smaller grip section diameter. Also in contrast to the bar, the womens bar does not sport a center knurl. Powerlifting utilizes the bar for both male and female competitors. Weight plates used in Olympic lifting, which are often termed bumper plates, need to be able to be dropped from above head height. General strength training or powerlifting plates are made from cast iron and are considerably cheaper, presently, Olympic plates of 10 kilograms or more are 450 millimetres in diameter. 450 millimetres versions also exist of the lighter 5 kilograms and 2.5 kilograms plates to accommodate the proper starting position for beginner athletes and these can be aluminium or plastic and may have rubber edges. Powerlifting requires use of bars to better accommodate the heavier weights being used in the sport. The barbell sleeves of power bars tend to be longer to accommodate more weight plates, additionally, powerlifting bars have their grip marks spaced closer, at 810 millimetres. This closer spacing is used to check legal grip width in the bench press, another visual difference from typical Olympic bar or IPC approved one is that the IPF bars knurling shall not be covered by chrome. Stating that bar should weigh 25 kg with collars on, effectively permits use of 20 kg bars only, because same as IWF, additionally, differently coloured plates are or were used outside of IWF sanctioned competition, most prominently in powerlifting. These include, Powerlifting plates in contrast to Olympic lifting ones are usually thinner and as they are not meant to be dropped, do not need to utilize additional coating. Nowadays,100 pounds plates are rare, typically only used in some of the powerlifting federations still using plate sets scaled in pounds, such as IPA, SPF
6.
Clean and jerk
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The clean and jerk is a composite of two weightlifting movements, most often performed with a barbell, the clean and the jerk. During the clean, the moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the Deltoids. During the jerk the lifter raises the barbell to a position above the head, finishing with straight arms and legs. Of the several variants of the lift, the most common is the Olympic clean and jerk, to execute a clean, a lifter grasps the barbell just outside the legs, typically using a hook grip. This form of clean, commonly referred to as clean, was popularized by Dent Guarino. The jerk begins from the front rack position, which is the position of the clean. The bar is received overhead on straight arms, and, once stable, the power clean, a weight training exercise not used in competition, refers to any variant of the clean in which the lifter does not catch the bar in a full squat position. The hang clean, another training exercise, begins with the barbell off the ground. Both power and hang cleans are considered to be ideal for sports conditioning, the Continental involves lifting the bar from the floor to the final clean position by any method of the lifters choosing so long as the bar is not upended and does not touch the ground. The bar may be rested on the legs, stomach, or belt, hands may be removed and replaced. Clean and press List of World records in weightlifting Olympic Clean and Jerk Techniques
7.
Squat (exercise)
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Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks, as well as developing core strength. The squat is one of the three lifts in the sport of powerlifting, together with deadlifts and bench press. It is also considered a staple in many popular recreational exercise programs, weights are often used, either in the hand or as a bar braced across the trapezius muscle or rear deltoid muscle in the upper back. The movement is initiated by moving the back and bending the knees and hips to lower the torso and accompanying weight. Squats can be performed to varying depths, the competition standard is for the crease of the hip to fall below the top of the knee, this is colloquially known as parallel depth. Confusingly, many definitions for parallel depth abound, none of which represents the standard in organized powerlifting. Squatting below parallel qualifies a squat as deep while squatting above it qualifies as shallow and this makes the relative safety of deep versus shallow squats difficult to determine. The muscles around the hips provide the power out of the bottom, if the knees slide forward or cave in then tension is taken from the hamstrings, hindering power on the ascent. Returning to vertical contracts the muscles concentrically, and the hips, in a weight bearing squat, the heels should always maintain contact with the floor throughout the movement. Weight shifting forward on to the toes, and off the heels creates unnecessary stress on the knee joint and this added stress may lead to inflammation or other overuse injuries. Two common errors include descending too rapidly and flexing the torso too far forward, rapid descent risks being unable to complete the lift or causing injury. This occurs when the descent causes the squatting muscles to relax, over-flexing the torso greatly increases the forces exerted on the lower back, risking a spinal disc herniation. Another error where health of the joint is concerned is when the knee is not aligned with the direction of the toes. If the knee is not tracking over the toes during the movement this results in twisting/shearing of the joint, the knee should always follow the toe. Have your toes slightly pointed out in order to track the knee properly, various types of equipment can be used to perform squats. A power cage can be used to reduce risk of injury, by putting the bar on a track, the Smith machine reduces the role of hip movement in the squat and in this sense resembles a leg press. Other equipment used can include a weight lifting belt to support the torso and boards to wedge beneath the ankles to improve stability, wrist straps are another equipment needed for squatting, it helps the wrist to keep a vertical position and support. They should be wrap above the wrist going down, heel wedges and related equipment are discouraged by some as they are thought to worsen form over the long term
8.
Deadlift
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The deadlift is a weight training exercise in which a loaded barbell or bar is lifted off the ground to the hips, then lowered back to the ground. It is one of the three powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press, deadlift refers to the lifting of dead weight, such as weights lying on the ground. It is one of the few standard weight training exercises in which all begin with dead weight. There are several positions one can approach when performing the deadlift, in most other lifts there is an eccentric phase followed by the concentric phase. During these exercises, an amount of energy is stored in the stretched muscles and tendons in the eccentric phase. Conventional deadlift, The deadlift can be broken down into three parts, The setup, the pull or drive, and the lockout. Set up behind the bar with it touching or nearly touching the legs, begin by hinging at the hips and knees, setting ones weight predominantly in the heels while maintaining flat feet. Spine stays long and straight as hips hinge back, taking care not to allow knees to track forward over one’s toes. Gripping the bar either between the legs or on the outside, a lifter will depress their shoulders away from their ears in an effort to load the lats, drive, The next section of the deadlift produces the highest amount of force. This is considered the most difficult part of the movement due to the amount of work required to drive the bar off the ground initially. Keep the muscles of the back contracted tightly in order to maintain a safe posture throughout the motion, drive up and forward with the hips and legs to stand erect and lift the bar. Take a deep breath and hold it in during the movement, thus creating an outward pressure on the core to further stabilize the lumbopelvic hip complex. Lockout, The finish is the most critical aspect of the motion and this requires being totally erect with the spine and forceful hip extension to engage the muscles of the lumbar spine and abdomen in unison with the glutes. Finish by driving the hips completely into the bar and getting as tall as possible, contract the glutes while shortening the rectus abdominus to finish the movement with the pelvis in a neutral position. Contracting the glutes as well as the muscles is critical for low back health. Lowering the weight, Finishing a deadlift is simply performing these same steps in reverse order, as the muscles of the back and core must remain tight throughout the motion, one should simply hinge at the hips and knees to bring the weight down. Lowering their chest towards their knees while keeping the bar close is the safest way to complete the motion. The stiff-legged deadlift is a variation whereby the knees are only slightly bent, the Romanian deadlift is a variation on the stiff-legged named for Nicu Vlad
9.
International Weightlifting Federation
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The International Weightlifting Federation, headquartered in Budapest, is the international governing body for the sport of Olympic weightlifting. The IWF was founded in 1905, and has 187 member nations, the IWF president is Tamás Aján of Hungary. Originally called the Fédération Haltéphile International, it changed its name to IWF between the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics, IWF World Weightlifter of the Year Official website
10.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
11.
Human weight
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The term human body weight is used colloquially and in the biological and medical sciences to refer to a persons mass or weight. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, excess or reduced body weight is regarded as an indicator of determining a persons health, with body volume measurement providing an extra dimension by calculating the distribution of body weight. Researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health, there are a number of methods to estimate weight in children for circumstances when actual weight cannot be measured. Most involve a parent or health care provider guessing the weight through weight-estimation formulas. These formulas base their findings on the age and tape-based systems of weight estimation. Of the many formulas that have used for estimating body weight, some include the APLS formula, the Leffler formula. There are also types of tape-based systems for estimating childrens weight. The Broselow tape is based on length with weight read from the color area. The Leffler formula is used for children 0–10 years of age, the Theron formula is m = e 0.175571 a y +2.197099 where m and ay are as above. Body weight varies throughout the day, as the amount of water in the body is not constant and it changes frequently due to activities such as drinking, urinating, or exercise. Professional sports participants may deliberately dehydrate themselves to enter a lower weight class, the term was based on the use of insurance data that demonstrated the relative mortality for males and females according to different height–weight combinations. The most common estimation of IBW is by the Devine formula, other methods used in estimating the ideal body weight are body mass index and the Hamwi method. The IBW is not the perfect fat measurement as it does not show the fat or muscle percentage in ones body, for example, Athletes results show that they are overweight when they are actually very fit and healthy. Machines like the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can accurately measure the percentage, the Devine formula for calculating ideal body weight in adults is as follows, Male ideal body weight =50 kilograms +2.3 kilograms * Female ideal body weight =45.5 kilograms +2. See, e. g. wrestling weight classes, boxing classes, judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Http, //www. scymed. com/en/smnxpn/pndfc237. htm - Online calculator for Hamwi method
12.
Kilogram
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The kilogram or kilogramme is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram. The avoirdupois pound, used in both the imperial and US customary systems, is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg, making one kilogram approximately equal to 2.2046 avoirdupois pounds. Other traditional units of weight and mass around the world are also defined in terms of the kilogram, the gram, 1/1000 of a kilogram, was provisionally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at the melting point of ice. The final kilogram, manufactured as a prototype in 1799 and from which the IPK was derived in 1875, had an equal to the mass of 1 dm3 of water at its maximum density. The kilogram is the only SI base unit with an SI prefix as part of its name and it is also the only SI unit that is still directly defined by an artifact rather than a fundamental physical property that can be reproduced in different laboratories. Three other base units and 17 derived units in the SI system are defined relative to the kilogram, only 8 other units do not require the kilogram in their definition, temperature, time and frequency, length, and angle. At its 2011 meeting, the CGPM agreed in principle that the kilogram should be redefined in terms of the Planck constant, the decision was originally deferred until 2014, in 2014 it was deferred again until the next meeting. There are currently several different proposals for the redefinition, these are described in the Proposed Future Definitions section below, the International Prototype Kilogram is rarely used or handled. In the decree of 1795, the term gramme thus replaced gravet, the French spelling was adopted in the United Kingdom when the word was used for the first time in English in 1797, with the spelling kilogram being adopted in the United States. In the United Kingdom both spellings are used, with kilogram having become by far the more common, UK law regulating the units to be used when trading by weight or measure does not prevent the use of either spelling. In the 19th century the French word kilo, a shortening of kilogramme, was imported into the English language where it has used to mean both kilogram and kilometer. In 1935 this was adopted by the IEC as the Giorgi system, now known as MKS system. In 1948 the CGPM commissioned the CIPM to make recommendations for a practical system of units of measurement. This led to the launch of SI in 1960 and the subsequent publication of the SI Brochure, the kilogram is a unit of mass, a property which corresponds to the common perception of how heavy an object is. Mass is a property, that is, it is related to the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest, or if in motion to remain in motion at a constant velocity. Accordingly, for astronauts in microgravity, no effort is required to hold objects off the cabin floor, they are weightless. However, since objects in microgravity still retain their mass and inertia, the ratio of the force of gravity on the two objects, measured by the scale, is equal to the ratio of their masses. On April 7,1795, the gram was decreed in France to be the weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre
13.
Pound (mass)
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The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. The international standard symbol for the pound is lb. The unit is descended from the Roman libra, the English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pund. All ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression lībra pondō, usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force, the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg. In the United Kingdom, the use of the pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.9144 metre exactly. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains, the conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7, and an grain is thus equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. The US has not adopted the system despite many efforts to do so. Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the libra is an ancient Roman unit of mass that was equivalent to approximately 328.9 grams. It was divided into 12 unciae, or ounces, the libra is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, lb. A number of different definitions of the pound have historically used in Britain. Amongst these were the avoirdupois pound and the tower, merchants. Historically, the sterling was a tower pound of silver. In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound, the avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. It was initially equal to 6992 troy grains, the pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the grain has often been a part of the avoirdupois system
14.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
15.
Launceston Elliot
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Launceston Elliot was a Scottish weightlifter, and the first British Olympic champion. Launceston Elliot was conceived in Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, after which he was named and his family was an established part of the Scottish aristocracy with Lord Minto being head of the family which had strong connections with India. The 4th Earl Minto served as Viceroy of India, Launceston Elliot was the grandson of Sir Charles Elliot, the onetime governor of Saint Helena, and his father Gilbert Wray Elliot served as magistrate with the Indian Civil Service. In 1887, Elliots father gave up his post in India, in January 1891, aged only 16, he performed creditably at what is now recognised as the first British Championships held at the fashionable Café Monico in Piccadilly, London. Three years later he was the winner of the championships at the Royal Aquarium, continuing success encouraged the 21-year-old Elliot to travel to Athens for the first modern Olympic Games. At the time, there were no internationally accepted rules or classifications for weightlifting, jensens lift was accomplished with a superb clean lift whereas Elliot had certainly encountered difficulty. By contrast, the event was a short, sharp event. Elliot declined Prince Georges courteous offer of a rest break but he asked that he might this time lift after Jensen, the request was granted although the order of lifting was not to have a material effect on the result. Elliot also competed in the 100 metres in the athletics programme and he placed third in his heat and did not advance to the final. In the wrestling event, Elliot was defeated in the first round by Carl Schuhmann of Germany and he finished last of the five competitors in the rope climbing event on the gymnastics program. Following his victory in Athens, he set four new records at the 1899 Amateur Championships and, as a prominent figure on the British weightlifting scene and he also competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics, throwing the discus and placing eleventh. After his retirement Elliot carried on farming in England for a few years before settling in Melbourne in 1923 and he died of cancer of the spine on 8 August 1930 aged 56 and is buried in Melbournes Fawkner Cemetery. Photographs of Launceston Elliot are featured among the distinguished Scottish athletes in the section of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. An article about Launceston Elliot by Ian Buchanan Launceston Elliot at Sandow Museum Oxford DNB entry
16.
Viggo Jensen
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Alexander Viggo Jensen was a Danish weightlifter, shooter, gymnast, and athlete. He was the first Danish Olympic champion, at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, the first weightlifting event held was the two-handed lift, in a style now known as the clean and jerk. The British delegation protested, resulting in more attempts being given both lifters to improve their scores, neither did and therefore Jensen retained first place, but he had injured his shoulder in the extra attempts. That injury hampered Jensens efforts in the lift, the snatch. He was able to lift only 57.0 kilograms to Elliots 71.0 kilograms, Jensen competed in the shot put, placing fourth. He was not among the top four in the discus throw, in the gymnastics competitions, Jensen entered the rope climbing event. He did not finish the climb, placing fourth behind the two Greeks who did reach the top of the 14 metre rope and Fritz Hofmann, who had higher than Jensen. He was ahead of Launceston Elliot in the event and he also competed in the two rifle events. In the military rifle, Jensen placed sixth with a score of 1,640 points and 30 hits of 40 shots, the free rifle was more successful for him, as he finished third at 1,305 points on 31 hits. His scores for string of 10 shots were 392,423,280. Viggo Jensen Biography and Olympic Results at sports-reference. com
17.
Karyn Marshall
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Dr. Karyn Marshall, DC, is an American Olympic weightlifter of Norwegian descent who is notable for winning the first women’s world championship in weightlifting, held in 1987. She also set 60 American and world records in weightlifting and in 1985 became the first woman in history to clean and jerk over 300 lb. She became a doctor of chiropractic and runs a practice in Shrewsbury. In 2011, Marshall was inducted into the USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame and she gave a TED talk in 2015. Marshall was born in a Miami hospital in 1956 but grew up in Coral Gables, Florida and she attended Bronxville High School and excelled in field hockey and basketball, graduating in 1974, and she also competed in tennis and track. She earned a bachelor of degree from Columbia University in 1980 and was a Deans List student. She worked as a nurse for six months but changed her mind saying there were a lot of frustrations and she worked as a financial analyst at the Wall Street brokerage firm of P. R. Herzig and Company for ten years. She was coached by talented weightlifters such as Arthur Drechsler and Mark Chasnov and she commented in Sports Illustrated in 1987 that people think women weightlifters are squat and muscle-bound, with all the intelligence of amoebas. But in the 1980s and in subsequent decades, womens athletics were becoming more prominent, marshalls first competition was the qualifying meet for the 1979 Empire State Games in White Plains, New York. She won her first national championship in 1981, during the 1980s, Marshall won her weight class six times out of seven and set 45 national records. Her training regimen included more squatting, pressing and other strength building exercises, in 1984, she made it into the Guinness Sports Record Book with a 289-pound clean and jerk, an Olympic event featuring a two-stage lift of a barbell above ones head. This lift topped the Sandwina record, in 1984, she was recognized as the world record holder for womens weightlifting in the 82.5 kg category, based on her results from a competition in Florida. In 1985, Marshall lifted 303 pounds in the clean-and-jerk lift, in 1987, the first year in which there was a world championship for women in weightlifting, Marshall competed for the United States against a surprisingly strong team from China. She not only won her bodyweight category by 12.5 kilograms and she made the highest total in the competition to earn the title of Worlds Strongest Woman. The Guinness Sports Record Book credited her as being the worlds most powerful female by lifting 303 pounds overhead and she won the International Weightlifting Federation World Championship. She was described as the top American finisher in the 181.75 pounds pound weight class and she said, She married Peter Marshall in 1987. In 1988, she was listed in the New York Times roster of champions for womens weightlifting in the 82.5 kilograms category, in 1989, she won the womens heavyweight division by lifting a total of 507 pounds. She won silver medals in international competitions—Jakarta, Manchester and Sarajevo, in 1989, Marshall won the womens heavyweight division lifting a total of 507 pounds
18.
Judy Glenney
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Judy Glenney is an American National Weightlifting Champion and former IWF referee and coach. She is noted for her influence as a pioneer in womens weightlifting, Glenney has been recognized as the strongest women in history based on her accomplishments throughout her career in professional competitive powerlifting. Judy began lifting unofficially against men in competitions coached by her husband Gary Glenney and she lifted in the first official American national womens meet held in 1981 in Waterloo, Iowa, overseen by USA Weightlifting. Competing against 28 other competitors she achieved the title of best lifter and a gold. In the subsequent year she lifted a National record snatch.5 kg, Snatch,82.5.0 kg, Total,172.5 kg From 1983 to 1989, Judy served as the chairwoman of the USWF Womens Committee. In 1986 and 1987, she served as coach and official for the women who competed at the Pannonia Cup Tournament in Budapest and she officiated at the first womens World Championships in Daytona Beach, Florida, thus becoming the first woman to referee an international competition. Judy and Gary were Commissioners for the 1998 Nike World Masters Games held in Portland, Judy also served as a referee for the US Olympic team in the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the first Olympic Games to include womens weightlifting. Throughout the mid 1980s Glenney wrote articles on fitness, focusing on the body as related to weightlifting. In 1989 she wrote a book titled So you want to be a female weightlifter published by Glennco Enterprises, the book describes Olympic technique designed for the female anatomy. Judy currently lives in Vancouver, Washington with her husband Gary and she teaches childrens Sunday school classes at Portland Bible Church where Gary is the pastor. Judy is a teacher at Clark College with classes including tennis, walking, core conditioning, circuit fitness and she is also involved with Stonecroft Ministries and holds regular Bible study classes at her home following with the teachings of her husband
19.
2000 Olympic Games
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
20.
Knurling
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Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of straight, angled or crossed lines is cut or rolled into the material. The operation is performed for producing indentations on a part of a workpiece, Knurling allows hands or fingers to get a better grip on the knurled object than would be provided by the originally smooth metal surface. Occasionally, the pattern is a series of straight ridges or a helix of straight ridges rather than the more-usual criss-cross pattern. Knurling may also be used as a method, because a rolled-in knurled surface has raised-up areas surrounding the depressed areas. As auto parts have become less expensive, knurling has become less prevalent than it once was, Knurling can also be used when a component will be assembled into a low precision component, for example a metal pin into a plastic molding. The outer surface of the pin is knurled so that the raised detail bites into the plastic irrespective of whether the size of the hole in the plastic closely matches the diameter of the pin. Tool handles, mechanical pencils, barbell bars, and the knobs on electronic equipment are frequently knurled. Knurling is also used on the grips of darts and the footpegs of BMX bicycles, aside from adding functionality to an object, knurling also adds a decorative pattern to the material. The knurled nut is one application, which uses a knurled finish instead of hexagonal or square edges which helps in tightening or loosening the nut without the use of a tool. The knurled surfaces provide enough grip to hold the nut between the thumb and forefinger, hence it is also called a thumb nut. It is mainly used on small diameter bolts, knurled nuts are typically used in electrical components, musical instruments and in automobiles. More common than knurl cutting, knurl rolling is usually accomplished using one or more very hard rollers that contain the reverse of the pattern to be imposed. It is possible for a straight knurl to be pressed with a roller, however the material needs to be supported adequately to avoid deformation. A criss-cross pattern can be accomplished using any of, A single roller that contains the reverse of the desired pattern. The integer number of knurls for any given diameter typically varies by three repetitions from the bottom to the top of the pattern. By comparison, for cut knurls, the spacing of the cuts is not preset and these resemble pipecutters but contain knurling wheels rather than cutting wheels. Usually, three wheels are carried by the tool, two left-handed wheels and one right-handed wheel or vice versa, Annular rings Frequently used when the mating part is plastic. Rings allow for easy mating but ridges make it difficult to pull the components apart, Linear knurl Used with mating plastic pieces, the Linear Knurl allows greater torsion between components
21.
Jang Mi-ran
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Jang Mi-ran is a South Korean Olympic weightlifter. She is currently based in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, competing for the Goyang City Government Sports Club, at the 2004 Summer Olympics, she won the silver medal in the +75 kg category, with a total of 302.5 kg. On September 26,2007, Jang won her third world championship overall title in the womens +75 kg category by lifting 319 kg of overalls in total. She also surpassed the record, which was set by herself in May 2006 in Wonju, Korea. Mu Shuangshuang, who lifted 319 kg in overalls as well, ranked second because of bodyweight, at the 2008 Summer Olympics, she won the gold medal in the +75 kg category. She broke the records in the snatch with 140 kg, in the clean and jerk with 186 kg. She won the medal in the +75 kg division at the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. With this medal, which was her first gold in Asian Games, she completed the equivalent of a grand slam as champion in the Summer Olympics, world championships. In February 2012, Jang announced the launch of her new foundation, Jang Miran Foundation, and stated that the mission of the Jang Miran Foundation is young athletes in minor sports. After failing to get a medal in the 2012 London Olympics, Jang decided to retire in January 2013, saying she wanted to focus on her foundation, in 2016, a Korean drama based around her life called Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo, aired
22.
Wrestling singlet
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A wrestling singlet is a one-piece, tight-fitting, colored uniform, usually made of spandex/lycra, or nylon, used in amateur wrestling. The uniform is tight fitting so as not to get grasped accidentally by ones opponent, unlike judo, it is illegal to grasp an opponents clothing in all styles of amateur wrestling. In most high school and college wrestling matches, the competitors wear singlets in their team colors, to designate a competitors color for scoring purposes a red or green anklet is also worn. Outside school competition wrestlers bring a red and a singlet and are told before the match which color to wear. Singlets are also common among professional wrestlers, many of these are much more stylized than those worn by amateurs, although the use of singlets in professional wrestling has declined in the last two decades. The singlet did not become common in wrestling until the late 1960s and early 1970s, in fact. Shirtless uniforms, including trunks and tights, were common until the NCAA banned shirtless wrestling in the mid-1960s, a new style of singlet, known as a double or doublet, has recently emerged in college wrestling that covers more of the upper body. Made of the same Lycra material, this singlet has more of a t-shirt covering than the traditional thin-strap singlet more commonly worn and this type of singlet is usually worn with accompanying tight-fitting shorts. This style of singlet is currently allowed on the college level. Only with special permission are wrestlers allowed to wear a t-shirt under their singlet, there are three different traditional cuts to wrestling singlets, the high cut, the FILA cut, and the low cut. The high-cut covers most of the chest and reaches up to the under-arms on the side, the FILA-cut is like the high cut but does not rise up as high beneath the arms. The low-cut singlet is a singlet, that allows greater range of mobility, keeps its wearer cooler. The low-cut reaches down to the abdomen in the front, reaches down to the hips on the sides. Low-cut singlets can no longer be worn at the Olympics or World Championships, a high-cut or FILA-cut singlet is required for this level. Generally, low-cut singlets are not legal for high school wrestling in the United States, underneath the singlet, wrestlers can wear nothing, a jockstrap, compression shorts, or regular briefs. A jockstrap used to be required for youth, high school, because of this change, as well as a change in trends, jockstrap use has sharply declined in wrestling. During a telecast between the Arizona Wildcats and Washington Huskies in Seattle for ESPN commentator Bill Walton wore a Husky singlet while commentating the game and he and announcer Dave Pasch had practiced with the Washington crew team earlier that day. Wrestling shoes Wrestling headgear Amateur wrestling Collegiate wrestling Freestyle wrestling Greco-Roman wrestling
23.
Hook grip
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In Olympic weightlifting, the hook grip is a method of holding a barbell by gripping the thumb between the barbell and the remaining fingers. It can be used in weightlifting events, including the snatch. It can also be used in powerlifting, in the deadlift, when used in the deadlift, the hook grip has a number of advantages. Traditionally, lifters tend to use a grip when working with heavy loads on the deadlift, that is, one hand being supine. This mixed grip creates an imbalance of the shoulders, with one shoulder being externally rotated and this difference in rotation between the shoulders can create imbalances in the muscles of the back over time. The hook grip is more secure than grips in which the thumb remains outside the other fingers, the hook grip does this by preventing the bar from rolling in the hands, whereas the bar would have a tendency to roll towards the fingertips in a normal overhand grip. The hook grip places a large amount of pressure on the thumb. As a result, it may cause pain or injury to the skin or thumbnail, although this can be overcome by regular training and it generally takes up to 2 weeks to grow accustomed to the hook grip. Many Olympic weightlifters tape their thumbs with athletic tape
24.
Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
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In physics, the degree of freedom of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration. The position of a car moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track. A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track. An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a body traveling on a plane. This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation, skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobiles three independent degrees of freedom. The position and orientation of a body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation, which means that it has six degrees of freedom. The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device, the number of rotational degrees of freedom comes from the dimension of the rotation group SO. A non-rigid or deformable body may be thought of as a collection of many minute particles, when motion involving large displacements is the main objective of study, a deformable body may be approximated as a rigid body in order to simplify the analysis. The degree of freedom of a system can be viewed as the number of coordinates required to specify a configuration. This reduces the degree of freedom of the system to five, see also Euler angles The trajectory of an airplane in flight has three degrees of freedom and its attitude along the trajectory has three degrees of freedom, for a total of six degrees of freedom. The mobility formula counts the number of parameters that define the configuration of a set of bodies that are constrained by joints connecting these bodies. Consider a system of n rigid bodies moving in space has 6n degrees of freedom measured relative to a fixed frame. In order to count the degrees of freedom of this system, include the frame in the count of bodies. Then the degree-of-freedom of the system of N = n +1 is M =6 n =6. Joints that connect bodies in this system remove degrees of freedom, specifically, hinges and sliders each impose five constraints and therefore remove five degrees of freedom. It is convenient to define the number of constraints c that a joint imposes in terms of the joints freedom f, where c =6 − f. In the case of a hinge or slider, which are one degree of freedom joints, have f =1, the result is that the mobility of a system formed from n moving links and j joints each with freedom fi, i =1. J, is given by M =6 n − ∑ i =1 j =6 + ∑ i =1 j f i Recall that N includes the fixed link, there are two important special cases, a simple open chain, and a simple closed chain
25.
Anatomical terms of location
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Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. All vertebrates have the basic body plan – they are strictly bilaterally symmetrical in early embryonic stages. That is, they have left and right halves if divided down the centre. For these reasons, the directional terms can be considered to be those used in vertebrates. By extension, the terms are used for many other organisms as well. While these terms are standardized within specific fields of biology, there are unavoidable, sometimes dramatic, for example, differences in terminology remain a problem that, to some extent, still separates the terminology of human anatomy from that used in the study of various other zoological categories. The vertebrates and Craniata share a heritage and common structure. To avoid ambiguities this terminology is based on the anatomy of each animal in a standard way, for humans, one type of vertebrate, anatomical terms may differ from other forms of vertebrates. Thus what is on top of a human is the head, whereas the top of a dog may be its back, for example, many species are not even bilaterally symmetrical. In these species, terminology depends on their type of symmetry, all descriptions are with respect to the organism in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to the body in a position with arms at the side. While the universal vertebrate terminology used in medicine would work in human medicine. Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body, for example, anterolateral indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis. There is no limit to the contexts in which terms may be modified to qualify each other in such combinations. Generally the modifier term is truncated and an o or an i is added in prefixing it to the qualified term, where desirable three or more terms may be agglutinated or concatenated, as in anteriodorsolateral. Such terms sometimes used to be hyphenated, but the tendency is to omit the hyphen. There is however little basis for any rule to interfere with choice of convenience in such usage
26.
Connective tissue
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Connective tissue is one of the four types of biological tissue that supports, connects or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body. The other three types are epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue, Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central system, the three outer membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. All connective tissue consists of three components, fibers, ground substance and cells. Blood and lymph lack the fiber component, all are immersed in the body water. The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue. Connective tissue proper consists of connective tissue and dense connective tissue Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone. Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues, new vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue. Fibroblasts are the responsible for the production of some CT. Type I collagen, is present in forms of connective tissue. Characteristics of CT, Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid, ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens, not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood, adipose tissue gives mechanical cushioning to the body, among other functions. Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of cells are kept together by collagen fibers. The matrix of blood is plasma, both the ground substance and proteins create the matrix for CT. Types of fibers, Connective tissue has a variety of functions that depend on the types of cells. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces, elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and in certain ligaments
27.
Powerlifting
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Powerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three attempts at maximal weight on three lifts, squat, bench press, and deadlift. As in the sport of Olympic weightlifting, it involves the athlete attempting a maximum weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. Powerlifting evolved from a known as odd lifts, which followed the same three-attempt format but used a wider variety of events. Eventually odd lifts became standardized to the current three, in competition, lifts may be performed equipped or un-equipped. Equipment in this context refers to a bench shirt or squat/deadlift suit or briefs. In some federations, knee wraps are permitted in the equipped but not un-equipped division, in others, Weight belts, knee sleeves, wrist wraps and special footwear may also be used, but are not considered when distinguishing equipped from un-equipped lifting. Powerlifting has been a Paralympic sport since 1984 and, under the IPF, is also a World Games sport, local, national and international competitions have also been sanctioned by other federations operating independently of the IPF. The roots of powerlifting are in traditions of strength training stretching back as far as Greek, the modern sport originated in the United States and the UK in the 1950s. Previously, the governing bodies in both countries had recognized various odd lifts for competition and record purposes. During the 1950s, Olympic weightlifting declined in the United States, in 1958, the AAUs National Weightlifting Committee decided to begin recognizing records for odd lifts. A national championship was scheduled for 1959, but it never happened. The first genuine national meet was held in September 1964 under the auspices of the York Barbell Company, ironically, Bob Hoffman, the owner of York Barbell, had been a long-time adversary of the sport. But his company was now making powerlifting equipment to make up for the sales it had lost on Olympic-style equipment, the magazines first Editor was the world-renowned John Grimek. During the late 1950s and early 1960s various odd lift events gradually developed into the specific lifts – the bench press, the squat, in 1965 the first named USA National Championships were held. During the same period, lifting in Britain also had factions, although at that time there were 42 recognized lifts, the Strength Set soon became the standard competition lifts, and both organizations held Championships on these lifts until 1965. In 1966, the Society of Amateur Weightlifters re-joined BAWLA and, in order to fall into line with the American lifts, the first British Championship was held in 1966. During the late 1960s and at the beginning of the 1970s, at the same time, in early November of each year and to commemorate Bob Hoffmans birthday, a prestige lifting contest was always held as part of Bob Hoffmans Birthday Party. In 1971, it was decided to make this event the World Weightlifting Championships, there was no such thing as teams and thus was predominantly a whole bunch of American lifters, plus four from Great Britain and one from the West Indies
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Strength training
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Strength training is a type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance to induce muscular contraction which builds the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles. Strength training is primarily an activity, although some proponents have adapted it to provide the benefits of aerobic exercise through circuit training. Strength training is associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training, Sports where strength training is central are bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, strongman, Highland games, shotput, discus throw, and javelin throw. Strength training for sports and physical activities is becoming increasingly popular. The benefits of training include greater muscular strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance. Many people take up training to improve their physical attractiveness. Workouts elevate metabolism for up to 14 hours following 45-minutes of vigorous exercise, Strength training also provides functional benefits. Stronger muscles improve posture, provide support for joints. Older people who take up weight training can prevent some of the loss of tissue that normally accompanies aging—and even regain some functional strength—and by doing so become less frail. They may be able to some types of physical disability. Weight-bearing exercise also helps to prevent osteoporosis and to improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis, the benefits of weight training for older people have been confirmed by studies of people who began engaging in it even in their 80s and 90s. Central catheter monitoring during resistance training reveals increased cardiac output, suggesting that strength training shows potential for cardiovascular exercise, however, a 2007 meta-analysis found that, though aerobic training is an effective therapy for heart failure patients, combined aerobic and strength training is ineffective. Strength training may be important to metabolic and cardiovascular health, recent evidence suggests that resistance training may reduce metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. Overweight individuals with high strength fitness exhibit metabolic/cardiovascular risk profiles similar to normal-weight, for many people in rehabilitation or with an acquired disability, such as following stroke or orthopaedic surgery, strength training for weak muscles is a key factor to optimise recovery. For people with such a condition, their strength training is likely to need to be designed by an appropriate health professional. Stronger muscles improve performance in a variety of sports, sport-specific training routines are used by many competitors. These often specify that the speed of contraction during weight training should be the same as that of the particular sport
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