1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
3.
Federal subjects of Russia
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Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation constitutionally consists of 85 federal subjects, although the two most recently added subjects are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Three Russian cities of importance have a status of both city and separate federal subject which comprises other cities and towns within federal city keeping old structure of postal address. In 1993, there were 89 federal subjects listed, by 2008, the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of several mergers. In 2014, Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea became the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Federal subjects have their own constitution and legislation, subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council and they do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Composition of post-Soviet Russia was formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR, the Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government in the world. There are several groupings of Russian regions, Federal subjects should not be confused with the eight Federal districts which are not subdivisions of Russia, are much larger and each encompass many federal subjects. Federal districts were created by Executive Order of the President of Russia specially for presidential envoys, an official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states,1. Another translation of the Constitution of Russia gives for article 65, each federal subject belongs to one of the following types, b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, however, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, however, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ Not recognized internationally as a part of Russia, the merging process was finished on March 1,2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008, Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от30 декабря2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Российская газета, №237,25 декабря1993 г
4.
Magadan Oblast
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Magadan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Far Eastern Federal District. It borders Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the north, Kamchatka Krai in the east, Khabarovsk Krai in the south and its administrative center is the city of Magadan. Its population is 156,996 making it the least populated Oblast in Russia, Magadan Oblast was established on December 3,1953 in what had popularly been known as Kolyma. Upon Stalins death, Dalstroy was disbanded and the administration took over many of its former responsibilities. From then on, paid labor replaced most of the manpower, attracted by the regions rapid economic expansion. As a result, many of those who can no longer rely on sources of income are now unemployed. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was formerly administratively subordinated to Magadan Oblast, Magadan Oblast consists principally of mountainous desert, tundra, and taiga. The southern part of the region is forested with birch, willow, mountain ash, larch. The animal species in the south include snow sheep, reindeer, moose, there are also many varieties of birds, including ducks and seabirds. The Sea of Okhotsk has rich fishing grounds for pollock, herring, cod, flounder and salmon, as well as crabs, the economy is centered on mining interests for gold, silver and other non-ferrous metals. The city of Magadan is the large industrial center. Agriculture is not well developed in the region, on April 2014 the Russian government has endorsed bills for extending the operations of the Special Economic Zone in Magadan Oblast through to December 31,2025. Magadan Oblast is considered one of the worlds richest mining areas, gold is the regions main resource, although silver and tin deposits are also being developed. There are nearly 2,000 placer gold deposits,100 gold ore deposits, recently, there has been interest in exploiting the coal resources in the region. Over the medium term, there seem to be excellent opportunities for petroleum, the fishing industry is the regions only food sector and is second in importance after mining. The 600,000 square kilometers area of the Sea of Okhotsk that borders on Magadan Oblast is one of the most productive regions of the worlds oceans, Magadan Oblast has more than 15,900 kilometers of coastline and 29,016 kilometers of rivers of commercial importance. The catching vessels of the fishing companies operate mainly in Russias economic zone, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Most of the catch comes from coastal waters, fishing industry companies are concentrated in Magadan, Ola, Yamsk, and Evensk
5.
Omsukchan
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Omsukchan is an urban locality and the administrative center of Omsukchansky District of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located 576 kilometers north of Magadan. The settlements name comes from Omchikan, which means little marsh in the Even language, omsukchan was founded in the 1930s after natural resources were discovered in the region. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1953, omsukchan has a subarctic climate, with average temperatures ranging from −29.6 °C in January to +13.4 °C in July
6.
Subdivisions of Russia
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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions. Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation consisted of eighty-five federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation, however, two of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy, there are 6 types of federal subjects—22 republics,9 krais,46 oblasts,3 federal cities,1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs. According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries and this was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. Autonomous okrugs, while being under the jurisdiction of federal subject, are still constitutionally recognized as federal subjects on their own right. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is an exception in that it is not administratively subordinated to any federal subject of Russia. Okrugs are usually former autonomous okrugs that lost their federal subject status due to a merger with another federal subject. According to the law, the units of the division are as follows, Municipal district. In practice, municipal districts are formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts. In practice, urban okrugs are usually formed within the boundaries of existing cities of federal subject significance, intra-urban territory of a federal city, a part of a federal citys territory. In Moscow, these are called municipal formations, in St. Petersburg—municipal okrugs, towns, in Sevastopol, they are known as municipal okrugs and a town. Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories and this municipal formation type would typically be established within the borders of existing city districts. In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions, all of the federal subjects are grouped into nine federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions, economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones. In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of units, their training, and other operational activities
7.
Area
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Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus. For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions. Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms, area can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties, For all S in M, a ≥0. If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, if S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a = a − a. If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M, every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a = hk, let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T
8.
Russian Census (2010)
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The Russian Census of 2010 is the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2002 and the second after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preparations for the census began in 2007 and it took place between October 14 and October 25, the census was originally scheduled for October 2010, but was moved to 2013 allegedly for financial reasons, although it was also speculated that political motives were influential in the decision. However, in late 2009 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that the Government of Russia allocated 10.5 billion rubles in order to conduct the census as originally scheduled, Results showed the population to stand at 142.9 million. Since the previous 2002 census, population has decreased by 2.3 million, according to the 2010 census, urban population is 105.3 million, rural population is 37.5 million. The urbanisation rate is currently 73. 7%, the median age is 38 years. The ethnic composition is dominated by Russians, demographics of Russia Russian Census 2010 final results Results of 2010 All-Russia population census Official website of the 2010 Census
9.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
10.
Time in Russia
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There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02,00 to UTC+12,00. Daylight saving time is not used in Russia, since 4 December 2016, the time zones are as follows, Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 30 June 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a Decree of the Soviet government five months later, Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR on 1 April 1981, by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The usage of daylight saving time continued after the Soviet collapse but ended in 2011, on 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+4 permanently. In the Russian Empire, most of the observed solar time. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January 1880,2,30,17 corresponds to 37. 6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. At this time, Russia had the Julian calendar with 12 or 13 days less date compared to Western Europe, so it is possible to say the Moscow actually had GMT-285,29,43, GMT-309,29,43 and GMT-309,28,41. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on Thursday,14 February 1918, after the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+2 and the various other time zones were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time GMT+7. Between 1917-1922 the time was ordered, with daylight savings time some of those years. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, Moscow Time was now GMT+3 and Irkutsk Time GMT+8. On 1 April 1981, daylight saving time was re-introduced, clocks were moved one hour forward on 1 April, on 1 April 1981,00,00,00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+9 to UTC+12, on 1 April 1982,00,00,00, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changed its time zone from MSK+10 to MSK+9, thus eliminating Anadyr Time. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+14 to UTC+13, on 27 March 1988,02,00,00, Saratov and Volgograd oblasts changed its time zone from MSK+1 to MSK. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+5 to UTC+4, on 23 May 1993,00,00,00, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+8 to UTC+7, on 28 May 1995,00,00,00, Altai Krai and Altai Republic changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 30 March 1997,02,00,00, Sakhalin Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+8 to MSK+7, on 1 May 2002,03,00,00, Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 1 January 2004,00,00,00, New Siberian Islands, Tomponsky District, the following time zone changes occurred on 28 March 2010, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones
11.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
12.
Russian Census (2002)
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Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16,2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics, the census data were collected as of midnight October 9,2002. The census was intended to collect statistical information about the resident population of Russian Federation. All detailed census tables are for the resident population, a sample of the participants were also asked more detailed questions about their economic and housing situation. Also, the census also counted two more groups of people, Russian citizens currently living abroad for more one year in connection with the employment with the federal government. Persons permanently residing abroad, but temporarily present in Russia, Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members of their household, were excluded from the census altogether. The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons and that included urban population of 106,429,000 and rural population of 38,738,000. The non-resident populations included, Russian citizens living abroad in connection with the government service,107,288. Census participants were asked what country they were citizens of,142,442,000 respondents reported being Russian citizens, among them,44,000 also had citizenship of another country. Among Russias resident population,1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted,1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship. Among the questions asked were Are you competent in the Russian language, and What other languages are you competent in. As the census manual explained, competence meant either the ability to speak, read and write a language, the questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers, nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the answer was based on the language spoken by the parents. 142.6 million of the responders claimed competence in Russian, other widely reported languages are listed in the table below. 1.42 million responders did not provide language information, for a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia. Demographics of Russia Russian Empire Census Soviet Census Official census home page Population of Chechnya, was the Census correct
13.
Soviet Census (1989)
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The census found the total population to be 286,730,819 inhabitants. In 1989, the Soviet Union ranked as the third most populous in the world, above the United States, although it was well behind China and India. In 1989, about half of the Soviet Unions total population lived in the Russian SFSR, almost two-thirds of the population was urban, leaving the rural population with some 34. 3%. In this way, its gradual increase continued, as shown by the represented by 47. 9%,56. 3% and 62. 3% of 1959,1970 and 1979 respectively. The previous postwar censuses, conducted in 1959,1970 and 1979, had enumerated 208,826,650,241,720,134, and 262,436,227 inhabitants respectively. In 1990, the Soviet Union was more populated than both the United States and Canada together, having some 40 million more inhabitants than the U. S. alone. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the next census was possibly planned for 1999. Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses, Ithaca, Cornell University Press,1986, dewdney, Population change in the Soviet Union, 1979-1989, Geography, Vol.75, Pt.3, No. Subjects of Russia, on the www. statoids. com website
14.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
15.
Severo-Evensky District
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Severo-Evensky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast, the area of the district is 102,000 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the locality of Evensk. The population of Evensk accounts for 67. 3% of the total population. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г, Закон №512-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г. «О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Закона №1596-ОЗ от18 марта2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью4 Закона Магаданской области О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
16.
Dacha
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A dacha is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of Russian and other post-Soviet cities. In some cases, dachas are occupied for part of the year by their owners, people in dachas are colloquially called dachniks, the term usually refers not only to presence in dacha, but to a whole distinctive lifestyle. The Russian term is said to have no exact counterpart in English. Dachas are very common in Russia, and are widespread in most parts of the former Soviet Union. It was estimated that in 1995 about 25% of Russian families living in cities had dachas. Most dachas are in colonies of dachas and garden plots near large cities, that have existed since the Soviet era and they were initially intended only as recreation getaways of city dwellers and for the purpose of growing small gardens for food. Dachas are used today for fishing, hunting, and other leisure activities, dachas originated as small country estates given as a gift by the tsar, and have been popular among the upper and middle classes ever since. During the Soviet era, many dachas were state-owned, and were given to the elite of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, state dachas continue to be owned by the government of the Russian Federation, for use by the president and other officials. In the 1980s, the rules were loosened, and since 1990, the first dachas in Russia began to appear during the 17th century, initially referring to small estates in the country that were given to loyal vassals by the tsar. In archaic Russian, the word means something given, from the verb дать - to give. During the Age of Enlightenment, Russian aristocracy used their dachas for social and cultural gatherings, by the end of the 19th century, the dacha became a favorite summer retreat for the upper and middle classes of Russian society. In the tsarist era, dachas tended to have pleasure gardens, anton Chekhov wrote a novelette entitled Dachniki, about newlywed city-dwellers living a simple summer life of walks in the countryside. Following the Russian Revolution, most dachas were nationalised, all but a few dachas remained the property of the state and the right to use them was usually revoked when a dacha occupant was dismissed or fell out of favour with the rulers of the state. Building new dachas required permission from officials and was rarely granted during the early years of the Soviet Union. The seniormost Soviet leaders all had their own dachas, and Joseph Stalins favourite was in Gagra, new dachas started to build in larger numbers during the 1930s, and dacha colonies for artists, or soldiers, or various classes of party functionaries, started to form. There were legal restrictions for dacha houses in the Soviet era. They had to have not more than 60 m2 of living area, for that reason, they usually had a mansard roof, which was considered by authorities as just a large garret or attic, not a second storey. Often ill-equipped and without indoor plumbing, dachas were nevertheless a solution for millions of working-class families, having a piece of land also offered an opportunity for city dwellers to indulge themselves in growing their own fruits and vegetables
17.
Russian Federal State Statistics Service
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Russian Federal State Statistics Service is the governmental statistics agency in Russia. Goskomstat was the centralised agency dealing with statistics in the Soviet Union and this renaming amounted to a formal demotion of the status of the agency. In addition to overseeing the collection and evaluation of state statistics, Goskomstat was responsible for planning and carrying out the population and it carried out seven such censuses, in 1926,1937,1939,1959,1970,1980, and 1989. 39, on Ulitsa Myasnitskaya, Tsentrosoyuz building, home to Goskomstat, was designed by the Swiss-born architect, Federal State Statistics - Soviet period of activity Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation
18.
Government of Russia
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The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation, also known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, the deputy ministers. It has its basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution, the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch, according to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia, the President is not a part of the Government of Russia, which exercises executive power. But, the President does appoint the Prime Minister, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Council of Ministers had become the main executive body. At some points it contained over 69 state committees, 16–17 ministers,5 federal services, after the 2004 reform, government duties were split between 17 ministries,5 federal services, and over 30 governmental agencies. The Russian Federation practices asymmetrical federalism and this means that not all regions are treated fairly and that some regions have been given more autonomy than others. There are 7 super regions with a governor that answers to the President. Those super regions include the South, Central, North-West, Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga and they were established in May of 2000. The prime minister, currently Dmitry Medvedev, is appointed by the president and he or she succeeds to the presidency if the current president dies, is incapacitated, or resigns. Corruption is common and widespread in the government, according to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Russia ranked 131th place out of 176 countries with score 29. Multiple anti-corruption campaigns have launched to try to curb corruption. One of the biggest stances taken against corruption is the formation of the Anti-Corruption Council in 2008, the large body was preceded by Government of the Soviet Union. Since the Russian Federation emerged in 1991 to 1992, the structure has undergone several major changes. In the initial years, an amount of government bodies, primarily the different ministries. On 28 November 1991, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed presidential decree No.242 On reorganization of the government bodies of the RSFSR, Yeltsin officially declared the end of the Soviet Union and became the President of the Russian Federation. Yeltsin was a reformer and promised Western-styled democracy, in 1993 the new Russian Constitution was adopted. The new Constitution gained legitimacy through its legislature, independent judiciary, the position of the president and the prime minister
19.
Magadan
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Magadan is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayevo Bay in Taui Bay and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region. Magadan was founded in 1930 in the Magadan River valley, near the settlement of Nagayevo, during the Stalin era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. From 1932 to 1953, it was the center of the Dalstroy organization—a vast and brutal forced-labor gold-mining operation. The town later served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region and its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14,1939, Magadan was visited by U. S. Vice-President Henry Wallace in May 1944. He took an instant liking to his secret policeman host, admired handiwork done by prisoners, Magadan is the administrative center of the oblast. As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Magadan is incorporated as Magadan Urban Okrug, ship building and fishing are the major industries. The town has a seaport and an international airport, Sokol Airport. There is also an airport nearby, Magadan 13. The unpaved Kolyma Highway leads from Magadan to the rich gold-mining region of the upper Kolyma River and then on to Yakutsk. The nearest major city available by road is Yakutsk,2,000 kilometers away via a road which is best used in the winter. The principal sources of income for the economy are gold mining. Fishing production, although improving from year to year, is well below the allocated quotas. Other local industries include pasta and sausage plants and a distillery, although farming is difficult owing to the harsh climate, there are many public and private farming enterprises. The town has a number of institutions including the Regional Museum of Anthropology, a geological museum, a regional library. The Church of the Nativity is actually a part of the diocese of Anchorage, Alaska and it is staffed by several priests and nuns. The climate of Magadan is subarctic, winters are prolonged and very cold, with up to six months of sub-zero high temperatures, so that the soil remains permanently frozen. Permafrost and tundra cover most of the region, the growing season is only one hundred days long
20.
Susuman
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The town lies in the Kolyma region near where the Susuman River joins the Berelyokh. It was founded in 1936 as a settlement of a sovkhoz called Susuman, in 1938, the settlement was greatly expanded to become a center of gold mining in the western part of what is now Magadan Oblast under the control of Dalstroy. Gold mining and other operations in the region were largely reliant on corrective labor camps of the Gulag system. From 1949 until 1956, Susuman was the base for one of the Soviet Unions largest corrective labor camps, during this time, up to 16,500 prisoners were kept in the camps. Susuman was granted town status in 1964, in the post-Soviet period, the population dropped significantly, from a high of around 18,000 inhabitants in 1991, down to 5,855 as of the 2010 Census. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Susuman serves as the center of Susumansky District. As a municipal division, the town of Susuman is incorporated within Susumansky Municipal District as Susuman Urban Settlement, the towns economy relies mainly on its status as one of the centers of gold mining in the Kolyma region. The town was served by the Susuman Airport, which now has been turned into a Russian Orthodox church. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г, Закон №512-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г. «О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Закона №1596-ОЗ от18 марта2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью4 Закона Магаданской области О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г, official website of Susuman Unofficial website of Susuman
21.
Khasynsky District
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Khasynsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast, the area of the district is 19,252 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the locality of Palatka. The population of Palatka accounts for 52. 1% of the total population. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
22.
Olsky District
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Olsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is 75,900 square kilometers and its administrative center is the urban locality of Ola. The population of Ola accounts for 59. 2% of the total population. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
23.
Srednekansky District
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Srednekansky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is 91,800 square kilometers and its administrative center is the urban locality of Seymchan. The population of Seymchan accounts for 87. 3% of the total population. The main industries of the district are gold, silver, tin, cobalt, bismuth, tungsten, lead, zinc, in addition, under the protection of the mountain ranges, the area in the valley of the Kolyma River lends itself for agricultural production. The district is served by the Seymchan Airport in Seymchan, Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред, Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г, Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г. «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред, Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области», Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г. за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу, Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
24.
Susumansky District
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Susumansky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast, the area of the district is 46,800 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Susuman, the population of Susuman accounts for 65. 0% of the districts total population. The district was established on December 3,1953, despite being rich in natural resources, the economy of the district suffered in recent years. The main industries of Susumansky District are gold and coal mining, Susuman Myaundzha Kholodny Shiroky Arkagala, Belichan, Bolshevik, Burkandya, Kadykchan, Kamenisty, Kemendzha, Kerdovy, Kontrandya, Maldyak, Neksikan, Ozyornoye, Udarnik, Ust-Khakchan. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г, Закон №512-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г. «О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Закона №1596-ОЗ от18 марта2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью4 Закона Магаданской области О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
25.
Tenkinsky District
–
Tenkinsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast, the area of the district is 35,600 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the locality of Ust-Omchug. The population of Ust-Omchug accounts for 72. 2% of the total population. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г, Закон №512-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г. «О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Закона №1596-ОЗ от18 марта2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью4 Закона Магаданской области О границах и статусе вновь образованных муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
26.
Yagodninsky District
–
Yagodninsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 29,500 square kilometers and its administrative center is the urban locality of Yagodnoye. The population of Yagodnoye accounts for 42. 8% of the total population. Закон №1292-ОЗ от9 июня2010 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от9 июня2014 г, «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области». Вступил в силу через10 дней после дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Приложение к газете Магаданская правда, №63,16 июня2010 г. Закон №511-ОЗ от28 декабря2004 г, «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1544-ОЗ от2 ноября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Магаданской области». Вступил в силу с31 декабря2004 г, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован, Магаданская правда, №146,29 декабря2004 г
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