1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
3.
Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino
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The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel and casino in Winchester, Nevada. It is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Navegante Group and it has 2,956 hotel rooms, including 305 suites. It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel, and was known for years as the Las Vegas Hilton, then briefly as the LVH – Las Vegas Hotel. It was renamed the Westgate Las Vegas on July 1,2014, the hotel is 30 stories tall with a height of 114.30 meter /375.00 feet. Located on 64 acres, it has a 74,000 square feet casino and is home to the largest sports book in Las Vegas. The hotel is located next to the Las Vegas Convention Center and has its own 200,000 sq ft convention center, the hotel, designed by architect Martin Stern, Jr. was built in 1969 by Kirk Kerkorian and opened originally as the International Hotel. When it opened, the International was the largest hotel in the world, barbra Streisand was the opening-night performer, along with Peggy Lee performing afterwards in the hotels lounge. He broke his own record in February 1970, and again in August 1970. When playing Las Vegas, he lived in the suite, located on the 30th floor. Elvis was due to perform again in 1978, to celebrate the opening of the North tower. His manager, Colonel Tom Parker lived in the hotel on the 4th floor from the 1970s to mid-1980s, the International Hotel was sold to Hilton Hotels Corporation in 1970 and renamed the Las Vegas Hilton in 1971. Liberace headlined in the showroom during the 1970s, drawing sold-out crowds twice per night, when he signed his contract at the Hilton in 1972 he earned $300,000 per week, a record amount for individual entertainers in Las Vegas. The Las Vegas Hilton was the site in 1978 where Leon Spinks defeated Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight Championship and it was also the site in which Mike Tyson defeated Tony Tucker to unify and become the Undisputed Heavyweight Champion in 1986. Also, Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Las Vegas Hilton to unify, in 1998, Hilton Hotels Corporation split their properties and stock into two different companies. Shortly after the split, Hilton Gaming Company merged with Bally Entertainment Corporation, the company was renamed Park Place Entertainment. In 2000, Park Place Entertainment purchased Caesars World, in 2003 Park Place Entertainment changed their name to Caesars Entertainment. In 2004, Caesars Entertainment sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital LLC for $280 million, Colony Capital transferred the property to its subsidiary, Resorts International Holdings. The Las Vegas Hilton became Resorts Internationals anchor property, with their office located on the second floor of the east tower
4.
Las Vegas
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The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
5.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
6.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
7.
Almost in Love
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Almost in Love is the 39th album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released in November 1970 on budget label RCA Camden. It was the first of several albums on the RCA Camden subsidiary to make available in LP format tracks that had previously been only on 45 rpm singles or EPs. The song would later be remixed by Paul Oakenfold in 2003, the title track of the album is a song from Presleys 1968 film, Live a Little, Love a Little. The album was re-released by Pickwick Records with different cover art in 1975 and was issued on disc in 2006. It was certified Gold and Platinum on January 6,2004 by the Recording Industry Association of America. The final track was replaced by the following on the 1973 LP re-release and the 2006 compact disc release, CAS-2440 Almost in Love Guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database
8.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
9.
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
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The Rolling Stone Album Guide, previously known as The Rolling Stone Record Guide, is a book that contains professional music reviews written and edited by staff members from Rolling Stone magazine. Its first edition was published in 1979 and its last in 2004, the guide can be seen at Rate Your Music, while a list of albums given a five star rating by the guide can be seen at Rocklist. net. The Rolling Stone Record Guide was the first edition of what would later become The Rolling Stone Album Guide and it was edited by Dave Marsh and John Swenson, and included contributions from 34 other music critics. It is divided into sections by musical genre and then lists artists alphabetically within their respective genres, Albums are also listed alphabetically by artist although some of the artists have their careers divided into chronological periods. Dave Marsh, in his Introduction, cites as precedents Leonard Maltins book TV Movies and he gives Phonolog and Schwanns Records & Tape Guide as raw sources of information. The first edition included black and white photographs of many of the covers of albums which received five star reviews and these titles are listed together in the Five-Star Records section, which is coincidentally five pages in length. The edition also included reviews for many artists including Lenny Bruce, Lord Buckley, Bill Cosby, The Firesign Theatre, Spike Jones. Comedy artists were listed in the catch-all section Rock, Soul, Country and Pop, which included the genres of folk, bluegrass, funk, traditional pop performers were not included, with the notable exceptions of Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole. Included too were some artists who might now be considered as world music. Big band jazz was handled selectively, with certain band leaders omitted, many other styles of jazz did appear in the Jazz section. The book was notable for the time in the provocative, in your style of many of its reviews. For example, writing about Neil Youngs song, Down by the River and his colleague, Dave Marsh, in reviewing the three albums of the jazz fusion group Chase, gave a one-word review, Flee. Good, a record of average worth, but one that might possess considerable appeal for fans of a particular style, mediocre, a record that is artistically insubstantial, though not truly wretched. Poor, a record where even technical competence is at question or it was remarkably ill-conceived, worthless, a record that need never have been created. Reserved for the most bathetic bathwater, Dave Marsh John Swenson Billy Altman Bob Blumenthal Georgia Christgau Jean-Charles Costa Chet Flippo Russell Gersten Mikal Gilmore Alan E. Like the first edition, it was edited by Dave Marsh and it included contributions from 52 music critics and featured chronological album listings under the name of each artist. In many cases, updates from the first edition consist of short, the only difference is that in addition to a rating, the second edition employs the pilcrow mark to indicate a title that was out of print at the time the guide was published. Many records had their ratings lowered as the book now offered a revisionist slant to rocks history and it included contributions from 16 music critics and featured alphabetical album listings under the name of each artist
10.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
11.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
12.
Yesterday (Beatles song)
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Yesterday is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney, and first released on the album Help. in the United Kingdom in August 1965. Yesterday, with the B-side Act Naturally, was released as a single in the United States in September 1965, while it topped the American chart in October the song also hit the British top 10 in a cover version by Matt Monro. The song also appeared on the UK EP Yesterday in March 1966, McCartneys vocal and acoustic guitar, together with a string quartet, essentially made for the first solo performance of the band. It remains popular today with more than 2,200 cover versions and is one of the most covered songs in the history of recorded music, in 1997, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Broadcast Music Incorporated asserts that it was performed over seven times in the 20th century. Yesterday is a ballad about the break-up of a relationship. The singer laments for yesterday when he and his love were together, McCartney is the only member of the Beatles to appear on the recording. It was issued as a single in the US in September 1965, upon waking, he hurried to a piano and played the tune to avoid forgetting it. McCartneys initial concern was that he had subconsciously plagiarised someone elses work, as he put it, For about a month I went round to people in the music business and asked them whether they had ever heard it before. Eventually it became like handing something in to the police, I thought if no one claimed it after a few weeks then I could have it. Upon being convinced that he had not robbed anyone of their melody, as Lennon and McCartney were known to do at the time, a substitute working lyric, titled Scrambled Eggs, was used for the song until something more suitable was written. In his biography, Paul McCartney, Many Years from Now, McCartney recalled, So first of all I checked this melody out, and people said to me, No, its lovely, and Im sure its all yours. It took me a little while to allow myself to claim it, I used to call it Scrambled Eggs. The original song, Scrambled Eggs, was written to hold the music and it was performed by Paul McCartney and Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and has been recorded and released by the Brittles, a Beatles-pastiche band. A piano was placed on one of the stages where filming was being conducted, richard Lester, the director, was eventually greatly annoyed by this and lost his temper, telling McCartney to finish writing the song or he would have the piano removed. The patience of the other Beatles was also tested by McCartneys work in progress, George Harrison summed this up when he said, Blimey, youd think he was Beethoven or somebody. McCartney originally claimed he had written Yesterday during the Beatles tour of France in 1964, however, during the intervening time, the Beatles released two albums, A Hard Days Night and Beatles for Sale, both of which could have included Yesterday. Lennon later indicated that the song had been around for a while before, every time we got together to write songs for a recording session, this one would come up
13.
Tony Joe White
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Polk Salad Annie was also recorded by Elvis Presley and Tom Jones. Tony Joe White was the youngest of seven children who grew up on a farm near Oak Grove. He first began performing music at dances, and after graduating from high school he performed in night clubs in Texas. Over the next three years, White released four singles with no success in the U. S. although Soul Francisco was a hit in France. Polk Salad Annie had been released for nine months and written off as a failure by his record label and it climbed to the Top Ten by early August, and eventually reached No. Willie and Laura Mae Jones was covered by Dusty Springfield on her album Dusty in Memphis also recorded in 1969, in 1973, White appeared in the film Catch My Soul, a rock-opera adaption of Shakespeares Othello. White played and sang four and composed seven songs for the musical, in late September 1973, White was recruited by record producer Huey Meaux to sit in on the legendary Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewiss landmark Southern Roots album. From 1976 to 1983, White released three albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the disco music at the time. In 1989, White produced one track on Tina Turners Foreign Affair album. Playing a variety of instruments on the album, he wrote four songs, including the title song. As a result of this he managed by Roger Davies, who was Turners manager at the time. The resulting album, 1991s Closer to the Truth, was a commercial success and he released two more albums for Polydor, The Path of a Decent Groove and Lake Placid Blues which was co-produced by Roger Davies. In the 1990s, White toured Germany and France with Joe Cocker and Eric Clapton, in 1996, Tina Turner released the song On Silent Wings written by White. In 2000, Hip-O Records released One Hot July in the U. S. giving White his first new major-label domestic release in 17 years. In 2004, White was the featured guest artist in an episode of the Legends Rock TV Show and Concert Series, in 2007, White released another live recording, Take Home the Swamp, as well as the compilation Introduction to Tony Joe White. Elkie Brooks recorded one of Whites songs, Out of The Rain, on July 14,2006, in Magny-Cours, France, White performed as a warm-up act for Roger Waters The Dark Side of the Moon concert. Whites album, entitled Uncovered, was released in September 2006 and featured collaborations with Mark Knopfler, Michael McDonald, Eric Clapton, the song Elements and Things from the 1969 album. Continued features prominently during the horse-racing scenes in the 2012 HBO television series Luck
14.
Del Shannon
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Del Shannon was an American rock and roll and country musician, and singer-songwriter who is best known for his 1961 No.1 Billboard hit Runaway. Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville and he learned ukulele and guitar and listened to country and western music, including Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while in Germany played guitar in a band called The Cool Flames, when his service ended, he returned to Battle Creek, Michigan, and worked as a carpet salesman and as a truck driver in a furniture factory. He found part-time work as a rhythm guitarist in singer Doug DeMotts group called The Moonlight Ramblers, when DeMott was fired in 1958, Westover took over as leader and singer, giving himself the name Charlie Johnson and renaming the band into The Big Little Show Band. In early 1959 he added keyboardist Max Crook, who played the Musitron, Crook had made recordings, and he persuaded Ann Arbor disc jockey Ollie McLaughlin to hear the band. McLaughlin took the demos to Harry Balk and Irving Micahnik of Talent Artists in Detroit. In July 1960, Westover and Crook signed to recording artists. He flew to New York City, but his first sessions were not successful, McLaughlin then persuaded Shannon and Crook to rewrite and re-record one of their earlier songs, originally called Little Runaway, using the Musitron as lead instrument. On 21 January 1961, they recorded Runaway, which was released as a single in February 1961, reaching #1 in the Billboard chart in April. Shannon followed with Hats Off to Larry, which peaked at #5 and #2 on Cashbox in 1961, Runaway and Hats Off to Larry were recorded in a day. Little Town Flirt, in 1962, reached #12 in 1963, after these hits, Shannon was unable to keep his momentum in the U. S. but continued his success in England, where he had always been more popular. In 1963, he became the first American to record a version of a song by the Beatles. By August 1963, Shannons relationship with his managers and Bigtop had soured, so he formed his own label, Berlee Records, named after his parents and distributed by Diamond Records. Two singles were issued, the apparently Four Seasons-inspired Sues Gotta Be Mine was a hit, attaining #71 in the US. The second single, Thats the Way Love Is, did not chart, in early 1964, he was placed on Amy and the Berlee label disappeared. He returned to the charts immediately with Handy Man, Do You Wanna Dance. in late 1964, Shannon produced a demo recording session for a young fellow Michigander named Bob Seger, who would go on to stardom much later. Also in late 1964 Shannon paid tribute to one of his own musical idols with Del Shannon Sings Hank Williams, the album was recorded in hardcore country honky-tonk style and no singles were released. Shannon opened with Ike and Tina Turner at Dave Hulls Hullabaloo in Los Angeles, California, Shannon signed with Liberty in 1966 and revived Toni Fishers The Big Hurt and the Rolling Stones Under My Thumb
15.
Runaway (Del Shannon song)
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Runaway is a number-one Billboard Hot 100 song made famous by Del Shannon in 1961. It was written by Shannon and keyboardist Max Crook, and became an international hit. It is No.472 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, westover took the new stage name Del Shannon, and Crook, who had invented his own clavioline-based electric keyboard called a Musitron, became Maximilian. Other musicians on the record included Al Casamenti and Bucky Pizzarelli on guitar, Milt Hinton on bass, bill Ramall, who was the arranger for the session, also played baritone sax. After recording in A minor, producer Balk sped up the recording to pitch just below a B-flat minor, Runaway was released in February 1961 and was immediately successful. On April 10 of that year, Shannon appeared on Dick Clarks American Bandstand helping to catapult it to the one spot on the Billboard charts where it remained for four weeks. Two months later, it reached number one in the UK. On the R&B charts, Runaway peaked at number three, the song was #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year-End Chart in 1961. Appearing on David Letterman in 1986, Shannon reprised his hit backed by Paul Schaeffer and he was introduced as having sold as many as 80,000 singles of Runaway per day at its height. Del Shannon re-recorded it in 1967 as Runaway 67 and this version was issued as a single but failed to make the Hot 100. The song is sung from the point of view of a man whose lover has left him. She is mostly referred to in the person, but she is briefly addressed in the second person in the lyric wishin you were here by me. Directly referenced in the Tom Petty song Runnin Down a Dream, lyric, It was a beautiful day, the sun beat down, I had the radio on, I was driving. 56, while reaching No.5 in Hong Kong, elvis Presley covered the song while performing at the International Hotel in Las Vegas in August,1969, appearing on the album On Stage February,1970. During Presleys August 26,1969 Midnight Show, Presley performed Runaway and this performance was later released on Collectors Gold. Years later, Shannon would relate this story to Bob Costas on his late night television program, the Beach Boys in 1965 recorded a live version of Runaway in Chicago. This wasnt released till in 2013, on the box set, dave, a Dutch singer who sings in French, covered the song under the title Vanina, the song having been adapted by Patrick Loiseau. Dave also covered the song in German and Spanish, in 1975, Charlie Kulis, a schoolteacher from New York, reached #46 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 with his cover version, released on Playboy Records
16.
Sweet Caroline
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Sweet Caroline is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and officially released on September 16,1969, as a single with the title Sweet Caroline. It was arranged by Charles Calello, and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis, the song reached #4 on the Billboard chart and eventually went platinum for sales of one million singles. In the autumn of 1969, Diamond performed Sweet Caroline on several television shows and it later reached #8 on the UK singles chart in 1971. In a 2007 interview, Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedys daughter, Caroline, Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007. However, in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then-wife Marsha, the song has proven to be enduringly popular, and as of November 2014 has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States. There are three distinct mixes of this song, the original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Loves Travelling Salvation Show LP. The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamonds His 12 Greatest Hits and this version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up. It has a fade as well. A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP, the playing of Sweet Caroline has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States. This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played, the song has been played at Fenway Park, home of Major League Baseballs Boston Red Sox, since at least 1997, and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002. On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park, the song was performed by Diamond himself, Sweet Caroline was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012, halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013, however, the song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field. The main chorus is changed to LETS GO PITT and GO PITT, GO PITT, on Saturday, April 20,2013, during the 8th inning of the Red Sox-Kansas City game in Fenway Park, Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song. The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings and it was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg, Germany, on Sunday, April 21,2013, subsequent to a minute of silence. The song was played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm, Sweden, on Saturday, June 1,2013. On April 25,2013, Sweet Caroline was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft. Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings. Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings, to 19,000 copies, up from 2,800 the week before
17.
Neil Diamond
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Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. One of the worlds best-selling artists of all time, he has sold over 120 million records worldwide since the start of his career in the 1960s. With 38 songs in the Top 10, he is the second most successful artist in the history of the Billboard Adult Contemporary Top 10 charts and his songs have been covered internationally by many performers from a variety of musical genres. Diamond was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984 and into the Rock, additionally, he received the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000 and in 2011 was an honoree at Kennedy Center. On the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, he has had eleven No, Sweet Caroline is played frequently at sporting events, and has become an anthem for the Boston Red Sox. Diamond was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family descended from Russian and his parents were Rose and Akeeba Kieve Diamond, a dry-goods merchant. He grew up in homes in Brooklyn, having also spent four years in Cheyenne, Wyoming. In Brooklyn he attended Erasmus Hall High School and was a member of the Freshman Chorus and they were not close friends at the time, Diamond recalls, We were two poor kids in Brooklyn. We hung out in the front of Erasmus High and smoked cigarettes, after his family moved he then attended Abraham Lincoln High School, and was a member of the fencing team. For his 16th birthday, he received his first guitar, and the next thing, I got a guitar when we got back to Brooklyn, started to take lessons and almost immediately began to write songs, he said. He adds that his attraction to songwriting was the first real interest he had growing up, Diamond also used his newly-developing skill at writing lyrics to write poetry. By writing poems for girls he was attracted to in school and his male classmates took note and began asking him to write poems for them which they would sing and use with equal success. He spent the following his graduation as a waiter in the Catskills resort area. There he first met Jaye Posner, who would, years later, Diamond next attended New York University as a pre-med major on a fencing scholarship. His skill at fencing made him a member of the 1960 NCAA mens championship team, however, he was often bored in classes, and found writing song lyrics more to his liking. He began cutting classes and taking the train up to Tin Pan Alley where he tried to get some of his songs heard by music publishers. By his senior year, and just 10 units short of graduation, Sunbeam Music Publishing offered him a 16-week job writing songs for $50 a week, and he dropped out of college to accept it. After his 16 weeks at Sunbeam Music were up, he was not rehired, I never really chose songwriting, he says
18.
Proud Mary
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Proud Mary is a rock song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the second studio album, Bayou Country. The single is considered to have been released in early January 1969 although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1969. In a 1969 interview, Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the National Guard. The line Left a good job in the city was written following Fogertys discharge from the National Guard, Burke recalls, “We went to Muscle Shoals and recorded Proud Mary, which they didn’t like at all. They thought it was stupid to record a song Proud Mary, I was explaining to them that it was a very big record, but it’s a very white record, a pop record. We will redo the record, open up the doors for it to get on the r&b charts and it was a Solomon Burke record made in Muscle Shoals. We proved that we can make a hit record without Jerry Wexler eating sandwiches with us and this record was a hit without anybody’s help. Proud Mary was only promoted by Tamiko Jones and myself, John Fogerty, the songs composer, was impressed by Burkes version of his song, Two thousand miles away this man had crawled right up inside my head to learn what Proud Mary was all about. Sure, its great when someone sings your song, but when he understands it, reworked as a celebration of black consciousness, his potent mix of gospel and country – the kind that defined his earlier sides for Atlantic – and driven by a Southern funk-like strut. It returned Burke to the US R&B Top 20, with the single reaching #15 on the R&B charts, according to Burke in a 2002 interview, I was in Vegas for sixteen weeks at the Sands Hotel. I missed this record being a hit, because we weren’t there to promote the record, we had no backing. The greatest thing I ever did was tell Ike Turner, “Hey man, you should get on this record… I think you, Ike & Tina Turner first covered Proud Mary in 1970. The Turners version was rearranged by Soko Richardson and Ike Turner. After the lyrics are first sung softly by the Turners, the song is turned into a funk rock vamp with Tina. Following the original release and its success, Ike and Tina included the song in their live act. It was also performed in 1971 and 1974, the Turners performed the song on Soul Train on April 22,1972
19.
John Fogerty
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Fogerty was listed on Rolling Stone magazines list of 100 Greatest Guitarists and the list of 100 Greatest Singers. Galen Fogerty was a native of South Dakota and Lucile Fogerty was a native of Great Falls, after one year, he was enrolled in nearby Harding Grammar School. He spent summer vacations at Putah Creek, near Winters, California, after signing with the jazz label Fantasy in 1965, they became The Golliwogs and released a few singles that were largely ignored. He joined an Army Reserve unit and he served at Fort Bragg, Fort Knox, and Fort Lee. Fogerty was discharged from the Army in July 1967, in the same year, the band changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. At this time, John took his brothers place as singer for the band. By 1968, things started to pick up for the band, the band released their eponymous debut album and also had their first hit single, Susie Q. Many other hit singles and albums followed, beginning with Proud Mary, Fogerty, as writer of the songs for the band, felt that his musical opinions should count for more than those of the others, leading to resentments within the band. These internal rifts, and Toms feeling that he was being taken for granted, caused Tom to leave the group in January 1971, the two other group members, bassist Stu Cook and drummer Doug Clifford, wanted a greater role in the bands future. Cook and Clifford told Fogerty that the fans would not accept Mardi Gras as a CCR LP, but he said, My voice is a unique instrument and he gave them an ultimatum, either they would do it or he would quit immediately. They accepted his ultimatum, but the album received poor reviews and it was a commercial success, however, peaking at #12 and achieving gold record status. It generated weaker sales than their previous albums, the only reunion of all four original members would be at Tom Fogertys wedding in 1980. John, Doug and Stu played a 45-minute set at their 20th class reunion in 1983, as CCR was coming to an end, Fogerty began working on a solo album of country & western covers, on which he produced, arranged, and played all of the instruments. Despite the solo nature of the recordings, however, Fogerty elected to credit the album to The Blue Ridge Rangers—a band of which he was the only member. The group released The Blue Ridge Rangers, its album, in 1973, it spun off the Top 20 hit Jambalaya. Fogerty, still using The Blue Ridge Rangers name, then released a self-penned rock & roll single, You Dont Owe Me b/w Back in the Hills. It was a flop, failing to make the Hot 100 in the U. S. Fogerty thereafter abandoned the Blue Ridge Rangers identity. In early 1974, Fogerty released Comin Down The Road—backed with the instrumental Ricochet and his second solo album, John Fogerty, was released in 1975
20.
Walk A Mile In My Shoes
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For the Elvis Presley box set, see Walk a Mile in My Shoes, The Essential 70s Masters. Walk a Mile in My Shoes is a written by Joe South. South was also producer and arranger of the track, and of its B-side, the single was credited to Joe South and the Believers, the Believers included his brother Tommy South and his sister-in-law Barbara South. Its highest position on the Billboard Hot 100 was #12, which was also its highest position in the Cashbox chart and it also reached highs of #56 country and #3 Adult Contemporary in Billboard, and made #10 in the RPM chart in Canada. It was Souths second and final record to reach the top 20 of the Billboard chart, the song concerns racial tolerance and the need for perspective and compassion. Elvis Presley on his 1970 live album On Stage Harry Belafonte, otis Clay on his 2007 album Walk a Mile in my Shoes Coldcut on their 2006 album Sound Mirrors, featuring vocals from Robert Owens. De Dijk on their 2002 album Muzikanten dansen niet Greg Page in his 2004 Nashville concert Kentucky Headhunters on their 2011 album Midnight Special
21.
Joe South
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Joe South was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. Best known for his songwriting, South won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1970 for Games People Play and was nominated for the award in 1972 for Rose Garden. South started his pop career in July 1958 with the NRC Records novelty hit The Purple People Eater Meets the Witch Doctor, after this hit, Souths music grew increasingly serious. South had met and was encouraged by Bill Lowery, an Atlanta music publisher and he began his recording career in Atlanta with the National Recording Corporation, where he served as staff guitarist along with other NRC artists Ray Stevens and Jerry Reed. Souths earliest recordings have been re-released by NRC on CD and he soon returned to Nashville with The Manrando Group and then onto Charlie Wayne Felts Promotions. South was also a prominent sideman, playing guitar on Tommy Roes Sheila, Bob Dylans Blonde on Blonde album, South played electric guitar on Simon & Garfunkels second album, Sounds of Silence, although Al Gorgoni and/or Vinnie Bell feature on the title track. Billy Joe Royal recorded four South songs, Down in the Boondocks, I Knew You When, Yo-Yo, and Hush. Responding to late 1960s issues, Souths style changed radically, most evident in his biggest single, 1969s pungent, no-nonsense Games People Play, a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. Accompanied by a lush string sound, an organ, and brass, the won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Song. South followed up with Birds of a Feather and two other soul-searchers, the back-to-nature Dont It Make You Want to Go Home and the socially provocative Walk a Mile in My Shoes. Souths most commercially successful composition was Lynn Andersons 1971 country/pop monster hit, Rose Garden, Anderson won a Grammy Award for her vocals, and South earned two Grammy Nominations for it, as Best Country Song and Song of the Year. South wrote more hits for Anderson, such as How Can I Unlove You, riley, and Penny DeHaven also had hits on the Billboard country chart with South songs. James Taylor, and k. d. lang, although most covered versions of Souths best known songs, the 1971 suicide of Souths brother, Tommy, resulted in him becoming clinically depressed. South was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1979, in 1988, a Dutch DJ, Jan Donkers, interviewed South for VPRO-radio. The radio show aired the interview also played four new songs by South. On September 13,2003, South performed during the Georgia Music Hall of Fame induction ceremony and played with Buddy Buie, James B. Souths final recording, Oprah Cried, was made in 2009 and released as a track on the re-release of the albums So the Seeds are Growing. South died at his home in Buford, Georgia, northeast of Atlanta, on September 5,2012, official website Joe South at AllMusic Entry at Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Joe South and the Believers
22.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
23.
Electric guitar
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The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
24.
Acoustic guitar
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An acoustic guitar is a guitar that produces sound acoustically—by transmitting the vibration of the strings to the air—as opposed to relying on electronic amplification. The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitars body and this typically involves the use of a sound board and a sound box to strengthen the vibrations of the strings. The main source of sound in a guitar is the string. The string vibrates at a frequency and also creates many harmonics at various different frequencies. The frequencies produced can depend on string length, mass, gitterns, a small plucked guitar were the first small guitar-like instruments created during the Middle Ages with a round back like that of a lute. Modern guitar shaped instruments were not seen until the Renaissance era where the body, the earliest string instruments that related to the guitar and its structure where broadly known as the vihuelas within Spanish musical culture. Vihuelas where string instruments that were seen in the 16th century during the Renaissance. Later, Spanish writers distinguished these instruments into 2 categories of vihuelas, the vihuela de arco was an instrument that mimicked the violin, and the vihuela de penola was played with a plectrum or by hand. When it was played by hand it was known as the vihuela de mano, vihuela de mano shared extreme similarities with the Renaissance guitar as it used hand movement at the sound hole or sound chamber of the instrument to create music. The real production of guitars kicked off in France where the popularity, the production became so large that early famous creators such as Gaspard Duyffooprucgars instruments were being sold as copies by other guitar makers in Lyon. Benoist Lejeune, a maker, offered and sold guitar copies of Duyffoprucgars instruments and was later imprisoned for using his mark and work. During this time, the production was increasing tremendously but it was not until Robert and Claude Denis appeared overproducing the early Renaissance guitar in Paris, as father and son, Robert and Claude produced hundreds of guitars that increased the popularity of the instrument greatly. Because of them and the great many guitar inventors of this time, by 1790 only six-course vihuela guitars were being created and had become the main type and model of guitar used in Spain. Most of the older 5-course guitars where still in use but were also being modified to a six-coursed acoustical guitar, by the 19th century, coursed strings where evolved into 6 single-stringed instruments much like that of the guitar today. It had evolved into the modern look except for size, retaining a smaller frame, the acoustic guitars soundboard, or top, also has a strong effect on the loudness of the guitar. No amplification actually occurs in this process, because no energy is added to increase the loudness of the sound. All the energy is provided by the plucking of the string, but without a soundboard, the string would just cut through the air without actually moving it much. The soundboard increases the surface of the area in a process called mechanical impedance matching
25.
James Burton
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James Edward Burton is an American guitarist. A member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame since 2001, Burton has also recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Critic Mark Demming writes that Burton has a reputation as one of the finest guitar pickers in either country or rock. Burton is one of the best guitar players to touch a fretboard. Burton was born in Dubberly in south Webster Parish near Minden, Louisiana, to Guy M. Burton and the former Lola Poland and she was the daughter of James and Althius Poland. Self-taught, Burton began playing guitar in childhood, by the time he was thirteen, he was playing semi-professionally. A year later he was hired to be part of the band for the popular Louisiana Hayride radio show in Shreveport. While he was still a teenager, Burton left Shreveport for Los Angeles, there, he made numerous recordings as a session musician. Burton created and played the solo on Dale Hawkins 1957 hit song Susie Q. In 1965 he started working on the television program Shindig, which curtailed his touring with Nelson. However, Burton continued contributing to his friends studio albums through the Perspective sessions in April 1968, exposure led to recording session work with a variety of artists, mostly as an unattributed sideman. In 1967 Burton played Dobro on the Richie Furay song, A Childs Claim To Fame on Buffalo Springfields second album, Buffalo Springfield Again. Due to the volume of work, Burton turned down an offer to join Bob Dylans first touring band, in 1969, Presley again asked Burton to join his show in Las Vegas, and, this time, Burton accepted. Burton organized the TCB Band, serving as its leader, a hallmark of Elvis live shows during this period was his exhortation, Play it, James, as a cue for the guitarists solos. For the first season in Vegas in 1969, Burton played his red standard Telecaster, shortly thereafter, he purchased the now familiar pink paisley custom Telecaster. Burton was not sure that Elvis would like it, however, since Elvis did, since 1998, Burton has played lead guitar in Elvis, The Concert which reunited some of Elvis former TCB bandmates, background singers and Elvis orchestral conductor Joe Guercio live on stage. He was joined by a cast of talented musicians which included his bandmate with Presley, Glen D. Hardin, and newer musicians which included Rodney Crowell. However, once Presley was ready to return to the road, Burton returned to perform with him, although the others, including Hardin, just before Presley died in 1977, Burton was called to play on a John Denver television special
26.
Backing vocalist
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Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalists entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a range of popular music, traditional music. Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts, in many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums, or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing, in some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song, in pop and country songs, backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus section of the songs. While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as In My Room. All five members would sing lead, although most often Brian Wilson or Mike Love would sing lead with guitarists Carl Wilson and Al Jardine, examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include Nowhere Man, Because, Day Tripper, and This Boy. Former guitarist John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers sang nearly all backing vocals often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist Anthony Kiedis, the bands bassist Flea occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts, another example is No Frontiers by The Corrs, which is sung by Sharon and Caroline. In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing, one famous example is Freddie Mercury of Queen singing the first part of Bohemian Rhapsody himself by overdubbing. With the exception of a few songs on album, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie. Some bands, such as Hawthorne Heights and Finch have the backup singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics. Pop and R&B vocalists such as Diana Ross, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé Knowles, Brandy, Faith Evans, DAngelo, when they perform live, they may have backing vocalists that impersonate their voices. Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. In rap music, a rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as hype man
27.
Glen Hardin
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Glen Dee Hardin is an American piano player and arranger. He has performed and recorded with notable artists as Elvis Presley, Emmylou Harris, John Denver. Hardin was born in Wellington, Texas, a town in the Texas panhandle. Shortly afterwards, he became a member of the Shindogs, the band on Shindig. An American music variety show aired on the ABC network from 1964 to 1966. The series house band, the Shin-diggers, also featured a young Glen Campbell, James Burton, Billy Preston, Delaney Bramlett, Joey Cooper, an early episode was taped in Britain with The Beatles as the guests. The series featured other British Invasion bands including the Who and the Rolling Stones, would continue to broadcast episodes from London throughout its run. Many popular performers of the day played on the show including Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Lesley Gore, Bo Diddley and Sonny and it notably featured both black and white acts during a time of racial segregation in the United States. A native of West Texas, Hardin had grown up with drummer Jerry Allison, mauldin, both members of Buddy Hollys band the Crickets. After Hollys death in 1959, they continued to perform and record with guitarist/songwriter Sonny Curtis, during this period Hardin was made an honorary member of the Crickets and has played with them off and on for many years. Hardin found his first success as a songwriter in 1965 with Count Me In, where Will The Words Come From and My Hearts Symphony were also hits that Hardin penned for Lewis. In 1970 Hardin got a call from Elvis Presley to replace Larry Muhoberac in the TCB Band, featuring James Burton, Jerry Scheff, Hardin remained with the band until 1976, touring and recording with Presley and appearing in the Aloha From Hawaii TV special. Hardin studied arranging and arranged many of Presleys hits such as The Wonder of You, Let It Be Me and this high-profile position soon led to many other opportunities. In 1972 Gram Parsons, widely regarded as the father of rock, hired the TCB Band to record his first album. Hardin played piano and was director on the sessions for this as well as Parsons second album. Through his work with Parsons, Hardin was introduced to Emmylou Harris, with whom he would work after Parsons death in the highly praised and influential Hot Band. Across several years this band included such notables as James Burton, John Ware, Rodney Crowell, Hank deVito, Emory Gordy, Jr. Albert Lee, Larrie Londin, Hardin also played piano on the Roy Orbison television special, A Black and White Night. Hardin toured in Sweden with the Cadillac band in 2007 and 2008, Hardin continues to tour, regularly performing in Europe
28.
Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
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Jerry Scheff
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Jerry Obern Scheff is an American bassist, best known for his work with Elvis Presley in the 1960s and 1970s as a member of his TCB Band and his work on The Doors final recordings. Scheff grew up in the Vallejo, California, after serving in the U. S. Navy he returned to California, ending up in Los Angeles as a session musician. After working at the Sands nightclub in Los Angeles with 16-year-old Billy Preston, Merry Clayton and that success led to other early record appearances with Bobby Sherman, Johnny Mathis, Johnny Rivers, Neil Diamond, Nancy Sinatra, Pat Boone, Sammy Davis Jr. Bobby Vinton, The Monkees, The Everly Brothers, and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, in 1971, he appeared on L. A. Woman, the final album recorded by The Doors, playing bass on every track. In July 1969, Scheff became a member of Elvis Presleys touring TCB Band, with the band, he performed in concert with Presley from July 1969 to February 1973 and from April 1975 until Presleys final show on June 26,1977 at the Market Square Arena in Indianapolis. He appears on Aloha from Hawaii, Back In Memphis, Thats The Way It Is, Elvis As Recorded At Madison Square Garden, the movie from 1972 Elvis On Tour. In later years, Scheff worked with Willy DeVille, Bob Dylan, John Denver, Elvis Costello, The Doors, Sam Phillips, Richard Thompson, Scheff also was a bassist for Southern Pacific on their debut album. He also participated in the 1987 cable television concert Roy Orbison and Friends, A Black, in June 2009 he gave a sold out performance in Breda, Netherlands with the remaining TCB bandmembers. Scheff has stopped touring with the TCB band due to creative, Scheff has three sons, Jason, Darin, and Lauren Scheff. Jason was the bassist for the band Chicago from 1985 until May 2016, Jason Scheff co-wrote the song Bigger Than Elvis as a tribute to his father Jerry, featuring himself on vocals and Jerry on the bass guitar. As of 2010, Scheff splits his time between his native California and his home in a village in Northumberland, England with his wife Natalie. Scheff wrote the 2012 musical autobiography titled Way Down, Playing Bass with Elvis, Dylan, the Doors, in 2013 and 2014, Scheff performed two concerts in Birmingham with the singer Janson Bloomer, playing the greatest hits of Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, and the Doors
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Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
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