1.
Canary Wharf
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Canary Wharf is a major business district located in Tower Hamlets, East London. Canary Wharf contains around 16,000,000 square feet of office and retail space, Morgan, KPMG, MetLife, Moodys, Morgan Stanley, RBC, S&P Global, Skadden, State Street, and Thomson Reuters. Canary Wharf is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, from 1802 to 1939, the area was one of the busiest docks in the world. After the 1960s, the industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980. Canary Wharf itself takes its name from No.32 berth of the West Wood Quay of the Import Dock and this was built in 1936 for Fruit Lines Ltd, a subsidiary of Fred Olsen Lines for the Mediterranean and Canary Islands fruit trade. The Canary islands were so named after the dogs found there by the Spanish and as it is located on the Isle of Dogs. The Canary Wharf of today began when Michael von Clemm, former chairman of Credit Suisse First Boston, further discussions with G Ware Travelstead led to proposals for a new business district. The first buildings were completed in 1991, including One Canada Square, which became the UKs tallest building at the time, by the time it opened, the London commercial property market had collapsed, and Olympia and York Canary Wharf Limited filed for bankruptcy in May 1992. Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as an existential threat and it modified its planning laws to expand the provision of new offices in the City of London, for example, creating offices above railway stations and roads. The resulting oversupply of office space contributed to the failure of the No 1 Canada Square project, in 1997, some residents living on the Isle of Dogs launched a lawsuit against Canary Wharf Ltd for private nuisance because the tower interfered with television signals. In December 1995 an international consortium, backed by the owners of Olympia & York and other investors. The new company was called Canary Wharf Limited, and later became Canary Wharf Group, recovery in the property market generally, coupled with continuing demand for large floorplate Grade A office space, slowly improved the level of interest. A critical event in the recovery was the start of work on the Jubilee Line Extension. At the peak of property prices in 2007, the HSBC building sold for a record £1.1 billion, in March 2014 planning permission was granted for the second residential building on the Canary Wharf estate, a 58-storey tower including 566 apartments plus shops and a health club. In July 2014 Canary Wharf Group was granted planning permission for a major expansion of the Canary Wharf estate. The plans include the construction of 30 buildings comprising a total of 4.9 million square feet, construction is planned to commence in autumn 2014 with the first buildings to be occupied at the end of 2018. In 2014, Singapore listed Oxley Holdings, together with developer Ballymore UK, have a joint venture to set up a new waterfront township of Royal Wharf with 3385 new homes housing over 10,000 people. This table lists completed buildings in Canary Wharf that are over 60 metres tall, the Canary Wharf developers played a pro-active role in improving transport links, which they recognised as essential to the success of the project
2.
Tower 42
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Tower 42 is the third-tallest skyscraper in the City of London and the eighth tallest in Greater London. Its original name was the NatWest Tower, having built to house NatWests international headquarters. It is still referred to as the NatWest Tower. Seen from above, the shape of the tower resembles that of the NatWest logo, the tower, designed by Richard Seifert and engineered by Pell Frischmann, is located at 25 Old Broad Street. It was built by John Mowlem & Co between 1971 and 1980, first occupied in 1980, and formally opened on 11 June 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II, the construction cost was £72 million. It is 183 metres high, which made it the tallest building in the United Kingdom until the topping out of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1990 and it was the tallest building to have been built in London in the 1980s. It held the status of tallest building in the City of London for 30 years, in 2011 it was bought by the South African businessman Nathan Kirsh for £282.5 million. The original concept dates back to the early 1960s, predating the formation of the National Westminster Bank, the site was then the headquarters of the National Provincial Bank, with offices in Old Broad Street backing onto its flagship branch at 15 Bishopsgate. Early designs envisaged a tower of 137 m, this developed into a design with a 197 m tower as its centrepiece, visitors were invited to vote and overwhelmingly chose the single tower design. The final design preserved the Gibson banking hall and the height was reduced to 183 m. An annual fundraising event called Vertical Rush takes place inside Tower 42 and it is a vertical run of 932 steps to the top of the tower. Demolition of the site commenced in 1970 and the tower was completed in 1980, in total, there are 47 levels above ground, of which 42 are cantilevered. The lowest cantilevered floor is designated Level 1, but is in fact the fourth level above ground, the cantilevered floors are designed as three segments, or leaves, which approximately correspond to the three chevrons of the NatWest logo when viewed in plan. The two lowest cantilevered levels are formed of a leaf, and the next two are formed of two leaves. This pattern is repeated at the top, so that only levels 5 to 38 extend around the whole of the building and this unit remained in its existing location at 53 Threadneedle Street. Other international banking units, such as International Westminster Banks London Branch, innovative features in the design included double-decked elevators, which provide an express service between the ground/mezzanine levels and the sky lobbies at levels 23 and 24. Double decked elevators and sky lobbies were both new to the UK at the time, the tower also had its own telephone exchange in one of the basement levels – this area was decorated with panoramic photographs of the London skyline, creating the illusion of being above ground. Fire suppression design features included pressurised stairwells, smoke venting and fire retardant floor barriers, however, at the time of design, fire sprinkler systems were not mandatory in the UK and so were not installed
3.
The Shard
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Standing 309.7 metres high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, the fourth-tallest building in Europe and the 107th-tallest building in the world. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, the Shards construction began in March 2009, it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 6 July 2012. Practical completion was achieved in November 2012, the towers privately operated observation deck, The View from The Shard, was opened to the public on 1 February 2013. The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors, with a gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor. It was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano and replaced Southwark Towers, the Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd and is jointly owned by Sellar Property and the State of Qatar. Sellar flew to Berlin in the spring of 2000 to meet the Italian architect Renzo Piano for lunch, the inquiry took place in April and May 2003, and on 19 November 2003, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister announced that planning consent had been approved. The government stated that, Mr Prescott would only approve skyscrapers of exceptional design, for a building of this size to be acceptable, the quality of its design is critical. He is satisfied that the tower is of the highest architectural quality. This enabled them to pay off the costs incurred and to buy out the Southwark Towers occupational lease from the buildings tenants. Vacant possession of the site was secured a year later, after PricewaterhouseCoopers completed the relocation of their operations, in September 2007, preparations for the demolition of Southwark Towers began. However, later that month, turbulence in the financial markets reportedly put the Shards construction in jeopardy. In November 2007, building contractor Mace was awarded the contract to build the Shard for a price of no more than £350 million. However, this increased to almost £435 million in October 2008. In April 2008, demolition of Southwark Towers was visibly under way, and by October, the building had been reduced in height. The demolition was completed in early 2009, and site preparation began for the construction of the Shard, in late 2007, the gathering uncertainty in the global financial markets sparked concerns about the viability of the Shard. However, in January 2008, Sellar announced that it had secured funding from a consortium of Qatari investors, the consortium included Qatar National Bank, QInvest, Qatari Islamic Bank and the Qatari property developer Barwa Real Estate, as well as Sellar Property. The deal involved a buyout of the Halabi and CLS Holdings stakes, the new owners promised to provide the first tranche of finance, allowing construction of the tower to begin. In 2009, the State of Qatar consolidated its ownership of London Bridge Quarter, including the Shard, London Bridge Quarter is today jointly owned by the State of Qatar and Sellar Property
4.
E postcode area
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The E postcode area, also known as the London E postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering much of the eastern part of Greater London, England and also Sewardstone in Essex. Since the closure of the East London mail centre during the summer of 2012, inward mail for the E postcode area is now sorted at Romford Mail Centre, with the IG and RM postcode area mail. The current E postcode area was formed in 1866 as a merger of the E. In 1917, the districts were numbered alphabetically by their location. As of 2004, the names do not form part of the postal address. Where districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs, E1. The E postcode area contains two non-geographic postcode districts for business users, E77 and E98. The Eastern District Office is located on Whitechapel Road and was the terminus for the former London Post Office Railway. The railway ran 10.5 kilometres to the Paddington Head District Sorting Office, the E20 postcode has been used fictionally as the postcode on the television soap-opera series EastEnders. However, it became a real postcode in 2011, being created for the new Olympic Park in Stratford, site of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Postcode districts E6, E14 and E16 also have river frontages in the south. The River Roding and the North Circular Road form part of the boundary in the east, the postcode area maps roughly to the combined area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London Borough of Newham and London Borough of Waltham Forest. The 1990s pop band East 17, formed in Walthamstow, take their name from the postcode district E17, the postcode area does not cover all of East London. The postcode area is a sub-set of East London, with notable exclusions, hoxton in Shoreditch which is part of the N postcode area, despite usually being seen as being part of the East End. The eastern suburbs built after the introduction of the E postcode area, Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district North East Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Canary Wharf Group
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Canary Wharf Group plc is a British property company headquartered in London, England. It is the owner and developer of nearly 100 acres of property at Canary Wharf, over the last 10 years it has constructed more office space in London than any other developer. The group owns 7,900,000 square feet of property which is worth £4.9 billion, the company was formed in 1993 as Canary Wharf Limited to acquire the former assets of Olympia and York from its Administrator. In December 1995, the company was acquired by a consortium, including Olympia. In April 1999, the company floated on the London Stock Exchange, the group owns Canary Wharf Contractors, a business which has built most of the buildings at Canary Wharf. Several large transport projects have been constructed which link to Canary Wharf, including the Jubilee Line Extension, the Canary Wharf Group agreed to pay £500m over 24 years towards the £3. 5bn cost of the Jubilee Line extension. The actual payments was reduced by at least £25m because the line was unable to run at the capacity agreed, mostly due to the collapse of Metronet. The links between Canary Wharf Group and Transport for London remain strong, with Canary Wharfs Finance Director Peter Anderson on the board of TfL and chairing its finance, in 2014, the Canary Wharf Group campaigned against two Cycle Superhighway routes in central London, dubbed Crossrail for bikes. The Group anonymously distributed a briefing paper claiming the project would be damaging to London. Notable property addresses are, Outside Canary Wharf itself, CWG also developed 20 Fenchurch Street and is redeveloping the Shell Centre site in central London, Paul Reichmann Canary Wharf Group website Canary Wharf - Official Information Site
7.
Ordnance datum
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In the British Isles, an ordnance datum or OD is a vertical datum used by an ordnance survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. A spot height may be expressed as AOD for above ordnance datum, usually mean sea level is used for the datum. In particular, In Great Britain, OD for the Ordnance Survey is ODN, prior to 1921, OD was taken from the level of the Victoria Dock, Liverpool. The difference between the different data varies across the country, full details are available from the Ordnance Survey website, in Northern Ireland, OD for the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland is Belfast Ordnance Datum, the MSL at Clarendon Dock, Belfast between 1951 and 1956. Poolbeg OD was about 2.7 metres lower than Malin OD, tunnel datum is a datum based on an ordnance datum and used in designing tunnels which pass below sea level. By using a lower datum as the point, negative numbers can be avoided in calculations
8.
Olympia and York
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Olympia & York was a major international property development firm based in Canada. The firm built major financial office complexes including Canary Wharf in London, the World Financial Center in New York City and it went bankrupt in the early 1990s and was recreated to eventually become Olympia & York Properties. The company was founded by Paul Reichmann and his brothers, Albert and Ralph, in Toronto in the early 1950s as an outgrowth of their flooring and it first built and operated warehouses and other commercial buildings in Toronto. Its first major project was the development of the vast Flemingdon Park project on Don Mills Road, the company then took a major gamble, winning the fierce bidding war for the final undeveloped property at the corner of King and Bay street. The Reichmans won the contract to build Canadas tallest building, First Canadian Place in 1971, the project almost collapsed, however, when reformist mayor David Crombie put a halt to major development projects. After three years of lobbying the project went ahead to great success. In the 1980s, Olympia & York grew to be the largest property development firm in the world, in the early 1980s, the New York real estate market was severely depressed, and the Reichmanns bought a group of nine skyscrapers for the low price of 300 million dollars. In only a few years the group rose in value to 3.5 billion, the company became centred on New York opening an office on Park Avenue. The company won the rights to the largest development project in the city when they were awarded the contract to develop the Battery Park City infill next door to the World Trade Center and this project became the World Financial Center and was another great success for the firm. Both Reichmann brothers were strongly religious Haredi Jews and shut down their sites for the Jewish Sabbath. Even while the success of O&Y made them one of the worlds richest families they continued to live relatively austere lives, in the mid-1980s the company diversified. In 1985 it bought Gulf Canada, a deal that attracted controversy because it earned the company multimillion-dollar tax breaks. They also acquired a 50. 1% control of Brinco Ltd. in 1980 then the year an 82% controlling interest in Abitibi-Price Inc. As well, they held a significant shareholding in the Royal Trust Company, in 1980, they had also acquired English Property Corp, one of the largest British developers, which would eventually lead to the Canary Wharf property development. In the late 1980s the company undertook to develop the Canary Wharf site in the east of London, the 83 acre site would become the largest development project in the world, which would incorporate One Canada Square, Britains tallest skyscraper at the time. The project ran into problems however, the office space at Canary Wharf remained largely empty and Olympia & York began to run out of cash. In March 1992, Paul Reichmann was forced to resign as president, in May, the company filed for bankruptcy and it owed over 20 billion dollars to various banks and investors. The company was finally dismembered in February 1993, and the Reichmanns were left only a small rump known as Olympia & York Properties Corporation
9.
200 Vesey Street
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200 Vesey Street, formerly known as Three World Financial Center and also known as American Express Tower, is a skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Located on West Street between Liberty Street and Vesey Street, the 739-foot building is the tallest in the Brookfield Place complex and it is similar in design to 225 Liberty Street, except that it is capped by a solid pyramid whereas 225 Liberty is capped by a dome. The building is an example of architecture, as designed by Cesar Pelli & Associates. It is notably similar in design to One Canada Square in Londons Canary Wharf development, Canary Wharf was, like the World Financial Center, a project by Canadian developers Olympia & York, and One Canada Square was designed by the same principal architect. Due to its status as the tallest tower in the complex, in 1985, the New York Times published an article lambasting the tower. ‟Not too long ago, it was possible to all the way from mid-Manhattan to the skies over the harbor. Now, that vista has been pierced by the American Express tower being built in the World Financial Center at Battery Park City, at the moment, the skyscraper resembles a gigantic, upended, rectilinear fish skeleton. As construction proceeds, however, and the fill in. The buildings southeast corner took heavy damage, though the effects were not enough to create a threat of collapse. The building had to be closed for repairs from September 11,2001 until May 2002 as a result of damage sustained in the terrorist attacks,3 World Financial Center is today the world headquarters of American Express, and was once World Headquarters of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. It was renamed 200 Vesey Street when the rest of the complex became Brookfield Place in 2014
10.
Big Ben
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Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London and is usually extended to refer to both the clock and the clock tower as well. The tower is known as Elizabeth Tower, renamed to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012, previously. When completed in 1859, it was, says clockmaker Ian Westworth, “the prince of timekeepers, a British cultural icon, the tower is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London. The new parliament was built in a neo-gothic style, the tower is designed in Pugins celebrated Gothic Revival style, and is 315 feet high. The bottom 200 feet of the structure consists of brickwork with sand-coloured Anston limestone cladding. The remainder of the height is a framed spire of cast iron. The tower is founded on a 50 feet square raft, made of 10 feet thick concrete, the four clock dials are 180 feet above ground. The interior volume of the tower is 164,200 cubic feet, however, the tower currently has no lift, though one is planned, so those escorted must climb the 334 limestone stairs to the top. Due to changes in conditions since construction, the tower leans slightly to the north-west, by roughly 230 millimetres over 55 m height. This includes a maximum of 22 mm increased tilt due to tunnelling for the Jubilee line extension. Due to thermal effects it oscillates annually by a few millimetres east and west, journalists during Queen Victorias reign called it St Stephens Tower. As MPs originally sat at St Stephens Hall, these referred to anything related to the House of Commons as news from St. Stephens. The usage persists in Welsh, where the Westminster district, and this was thought to be appropriate because the large west tower now known as Victoria Tower was renamed in tribute to Queen Victoria on her diamond jubilee. On 26 June 2012, the House of Commons confirmed that the change could go ahead. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, announced the change of name on 12 September 2012 at the start of Prime Ministers Questions. The change was marked by a ceremony in which the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow. The clock and dials were designed by Augustus Pugin, the clock dials are set in an iron frame 23 feet in diameter, supporting 312 pieces of opal glass, rather like a stained-glass window. Some of the pieces may be removed for inspection of the hands
11.
Lobby (room)
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A lobby is a room in a building used for entry from the outside. Sometimes referred to as a foyer or a hall, it often is a large. It is an area for spectators and place of venues, especially used before performance and during intermissions. Many office buildings, hotels and skyscrapers go to lengths to decorate their lobbies to create the right impression. This is known as a power lobby, since the mid-1980s, there has been a growing trend to think of lobbies as more than just ways to get from the door to the elevator but instead as social spaces and places of commerce. Some research has even been done to develop scales to measure lobby atmosphere to improve hotel lobby design, many places that offer public services, such as a doctors office, use their lobbies as more of a waiting room for the people waiting for a certain service. In these lobbies it is common for there to be comfortable furniture, such as couches and lounge chairs, also, there may be television sets, books, and/or magazines to help the customer pass time as they wait to be served. Usually a foyer is a large, specially designed hall, but sometimes and it is furnished and big enough to enable spectators to stroll, get together and relax. Foyers are commonly adorned with art works, permanent or temporary exhibitions related to the activity of the institution, moreover, the foyer can be the main place of some events such as vernissage, meetings with the artists, actors benefit, etc. A foyer in a house is usually a small area or room by the front door. Other public rooms such as the room, dining room. It was initially intended as an airlock, separating the rooms from the front entrance. It is commonly used for outer garment and umbrella storage for both residents and guests, the word foyer comes from the French language and means the place where the fire is kept. Given its French etymology, it should always be pronounced Foy eh as the r is silent
12.
Marble
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Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
13.
Keith Milow
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Keith Milow is a British artist, born in London, grew up in Baldock, Hertfordshire, lived in New York City and Amsterdam, now lives in London. He is a sculptor, as well as a painter and printmaker. His work has characterized as architectural, monumental, procedural, enigmatic. Keith Milow was educated at Knights Templar School in Baldock, Camberwell School of Art, 1962–1967, in 1970 he received a Gregory Fellowship from Leeds University, which was followed in 1972 by a Harkness Fellowship to the USA. Awards included the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation award, the Arts Council of Great Britain major award, throughout his career Keith Milow has been pre-occupied with the form of the Latin cross. Throughout his career he has produced several hundred cross sculptures as well as cross drawings, during the 1990s, he produced series of disc-shaped sculptures and paintings that pay tribute to what he considered the great artists of the 20th century. Some of his painting and drawing demonstrate a mathematical precision that has the appearance of being computer-generated, some of his work is the result of a direct response to other artists oeuvres, most notably the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian. In the words of Jo Melvin, Milows work is infused in the history of painting, something else slips through in the game of chance. It is a piece of magic - the combination of mystery with structure, order, in 1970 Keith Milow had his first solo show with Nigel Greenwood Gallery, an exhibition that sold out with Tate being one of the buyers. Greenwood continued to show Milow until 1992, an important commission of 1998 consisted of four tondi in the lobby of One Canada Square. Debretts People of Today 2006, ed. Charles Mosley, London 2006 Official website Dadiani Fine Art
14.
Accenture
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Accenture PLC is a global management consulting and professional services company which provides strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations services. A Fortune Global 500 company, it has incorporated in Dublin, Ireland. In 2016, the company reported net revenues of $32.9 billion, in 2015, the company had about 130,000 employees in India, about 48,000 in the US, and about 50,000 in the Philippines. Accentures current clients include 94 of the Fortune Global 100 and more than three-quarters of the Fortune Global 500, Accenture common equity is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol ACN, and was added to the S&P500 index on 5 July 2011. In 2016, Fortune magazine named it as the worlds most admired Information Technology Services company, Accenture began as the business and technology consulting division of accounting firm Arthur Andersen. S. Joseph Glickauf, a pioneer of computer consulting, held a position as head of Arthur Andersens administrative services division. In 1989, Arthur Andersen and Andersen Consulting became separate units of Andersen Worldwide Société Coopérative, throughout the 1990s, there was increasing tension between Andersen Consulting and Arthur Andersen. This dispute came to a head in 1998 when Andersen Consulting claimed breach of contract against AWSC, Andersen Consulting put the 15% transfer payment for that year and future years into escrow and issued a claim for breach of contract. In August 2000, as a result of the conclusion of arbitration with the International Chamber of Commerce, Andersen Consulting broke all ties with AWSC. As part of the settlement, Andersen Consulting paid the sum held in escrow to Arthur Andersen. On 1 January 2001, Andersen Consulting adopted its current name, the word Accenture is supposedly derived from Accent on the future. The name Accenture was submitted by Kim Petersen, a Danish employee from the companys Oslo, Norway office, Accenture stock closed the day at $15.17, with the days high at $15.25. On the first day of the IPO, Accenture raised nearly $1.7 billion, in October 2002, the Congressional General Accounting Office identified Accenture as one of four publicly traded federal contractors that were incorporated in a tax haven country. The other three, unlike Accenture, were incorporated in the United States before they re-incorporated in a tax haven country, the government of the United Kingdom ultimately abandoned the project 5 years later for the same reasons. Accenture announced on 26 May 2009 that its Board of Directors unanimously approved changing the place of incorporation to Ireland from Bermuda. Accenture was chosen to replace CGI Group as the contractor for HealthCare. gov in January 2014. In December 2014, Accenture won a million contract to provide ongoing maintenance, software development. In July 2015 the United States Department of Defense awarded a major Electronic Health Records contract to Cerner, Leidos, the contract valued $4.33 billion will serve 55 hospitals and 600 clinics
15.
The Bank of New York Mellon
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The Bank of New York was a global financial services company established in 1784 by the American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. It existed until its merger with the Mellon Financial Corporation on July 2,2007, the company now continues under the new name of The Bank of New York Mellon or BNY Mellon. The Bank of New York was founded on June 9,1784, Alexander Hamilton wrote the new banks constitution, and became the individual most actively involved in the organization of The Bank of New York, guiding it through its early stages. The bank opened for business at the Walton House in Lower Manhattan only a few months after the departure of British troops from American soil and it opened with a capitalization of $500,000. William Seton, future father-in-law of Saint Elizabeth Seton, was named director in 1786,1792, The Bank of New York was the first corporate stock to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. 1922, The Bank merged with the New York Life Insurance & Trust Company,1948, The Bank acquired The Fifth Avenue Bank. 1966, The Bank acquired the Empire Trust Company,1968, The Bank formed its holding company, The Bank of New York Company, Inc. 1990s, The Bank acquired the National Community Banks in New Jersey,2003, The Bank of New York acquired Pershing LLC, a provider of correspondent clearing and outsourcing services for broker dealers, asset managers. That same year, the Bank integrated Lockwood Financial Services, Inc. into Pershing, creating one of the largest providers of managed account programs with client assets totaling nearly US$18 billion. Late 2005, The Bank of New York settled with federal regulators for US$38 million regarding a money laundering scandal that began in 1996. The illegal operation involved two Russian emigres—one who was a Vice President of the bank—moving over US$7 billion via hundreds of wires, and ended in the prosecution of at least nine individuals. April 7,2006, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. announced they would swap their corporate trust unit for Bank of New York Co. s retail, may 2007, Russia filed a US$22.5 billion lawsuit against the bank for money laundering. The suit was settled for $14 million. Talks of a merger began when Tom Renyi approached Robert Kelly about an amalgamation between the Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation. The US$16.5 billion deal was finalized on July 1,2007, with Kelly as the Chief Executive Officer of the new company, and Renyi as Executive Chairman. Per the deal, the new Board of Directors is composed of ten directors appointed by the Bank of New York, the Bank of New York Mellon launched its new brand identity as on October 1,2007. In October,2011, the Justice Department and New Yorks attorney general filed civil lawsuits against the Bank of New York, the suits hold that the bank deceived pension-fund clients by manipulating the prices assigned to them for foreign currency transactions. Allegedly, the selected the days lowest rates for currency sales and highest rates for purchases
16.
HSBC
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HSBC Holdings PLC is a British multinational banking and financial services holding company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the sixth largest bank by total assets and the largest in Europe with total assets of US$2.374 trillion. It was established in its present form in London in 1991 by The Hongkong, the origins of the bank lie mainly in Hong Kong and to a lesser extent in Shanghai, where branches were first opened in 1865. The HSBC name is derived from the initials of the Hongkong, the company was first formally incorporated in 1866. The company continues to see both the United Kingdom and Hong Kong as its home markets, HSBC has around 4,000 offices in 70 countries and territories across Africa, Asia, Oceania, Europe, North America and South America, and around 37 million customers. As of 2014, it was the worlds sixth-largest public company, HSBC is organised within four business groups, Commercial Banking, Global Banking and Markets, Retail Banking and Wealth Management, and Global Private Banking. HSBC has a primary listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Hang Seng Index. As of 6 July 2012 it had a capitalisation of £102.7 billion. It has secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris, in February 2015 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists released information about the business conduct of HSBC under the title Swiss Leaks. The ICIJ alleges that the bank profited from doing business with tax evaders, in 2016, HSBC was sued by Mexican families involved in deaths by organised-crime gangs for processing funds for the Sinaloa Cartel. It was formally incorporated as The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation by an Ordinance of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong on 14 August 1866, in 1980, HSBC acquired a 51% shareholding in US-based Marine Midland Bank, which it extended to full ownership in 1987. HSBC Holdings acquisition of Midland Bank was completed in 1992 and gave HSBC a substantial presence in the United Kingdom. As part of the conditions for the acquisition, HSBC Holdings plc was required to relocate its world headquarters from Hong Kong to London in 1993. In May 1999, HSBC expanded its presence in the United States with the purchase of Republic National Bank of New York for $10. 3bn. Expansion into Continental Europe took place in April 2000 with the acquisition of Crédit Commercial de France, in July 2001 HSBC bought Demirbank, an insolvent Turkish bank. In July 2002, Arthur Andersen announced that HSBC USA, Inc. through a new subsidiary, Wealth, the new HSBC Private Client Services Group would serve the wealth and tax advisory needs of high-net-worth individuals. Then in August 2002 HSBC acquired Grupo Financiero Bital, SA de CV, in November 2002, HSBC expanded further in the United States. Under the chairmanship of Sir John Bond, it spent £9 billion to acquire Household Finance Corporation, in a 2003 cover story, The Banker noted when banking historians look back, they may conclude that was the deal of the first decade of the 21st century
17.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
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The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is an international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. Its stated mission is to study and report on all aspects of the planning, design, the Council was founded at Lehigh University in 1969 by Lynn S. Beedle, where its office remained until October 2003 when it moved to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The CTBUH ranks the height of buildings using three different methods, Height to architectural top, This is the criterion under which the CTBUH ranks the height of buildings. Heights are measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the top of the building, inclusive of spires but excluding items such as flagpoles and antennae. Highest occupied floor, Height to the level of the highest floor that is occupied by residents. Height to tip, Height to the highest point of the building, including antennae, flagpoles, a category measuring to the top of the roof was removed from the ranking criteria in November 2009. This became the CTBUH official definition of a building’s completion, the CTBUH maintains an extensive database of the tallest buildings in the world, organized by various categories. Buildings under construction are included, although not ranked until completion. The CTBUH also produces an annual list of the ten tallest buildings completed in that particular year. Second on the 2008 list was the 363-metre Almas Tower in Dubai, third was the Minsheng Bank Building in Wuhan which stands at 331 metres, whilst fourth was The Address Downtown Burj Dubai. All in all, six of the ten tallest buildings completed in 2008 are located in Asia, the CTBUH also hosts annual conferences and a World Congress every three to five years. The most recent World Congress was held in Shanghai between 19 and 21 September 2012, the next World Congress will be held in Shanghai between 16 and 19 September 2014. The CTBUH also bestows Tall Building Awards each year, with four awards to the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Among these four regional awards, one is given the Best Tall Building Award Overall, there are also two lifetime achievement awards. Starting in 2010, these awards are presented at a symposium, in 2012 the CTBUH added two new awards for Innovation and Performance. In addition to the newsletter and daily updated global news archive. The Journal includes peer-reviewed technical papers, in-depth project case studies, book reviews, interviews with prominent persons in the building industry. The CTBUH also publishes guidebooks, reference manuals, and monographs related to the building industry
18.
22 Bishopsgate
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22 Bishopsgate is a commercial skyscraper under construction in London, United Kingdom. It will occupy a prominent site on Bishopsgate, in the City of London financial district, the structure was later subjected to a re-design, out of which it became known by its postal address,22 Bishopsgate. Under the original plans, The Pinnacle was to become the second-tallest building in both the United Kingdom and the European Union after The Shard, also in London. The Economic Development Corporation of Saudi Arabia and its development manager, Arab Investments, however, the build was put on hold due to a lack of additional funding and letting commitments. In April 2016, it was confirmed that property company Lipton Rogers and its joint venture partner, AXA IM — Real Assets, would complete the £1bn development in 2019. However, City of London granted permission after considering the benefits of developing the building including the introduction of more floorspace to the area. The architects of The Pinnacle were Kohn Pedersen Fox and the developer was the management company Union Investment. The height of the tower was proposed at 307 metres. The revised design included approximately 88,000 square metres of office space, the Bishopsgate Tower, as it was first called, was submitted for planning permission in June 2005 and approved in April 2006. The upper floors were to contain restaurants and the highest public viewing platform in the UK, to control construction costs, every panel on the tower would be of exactly the same size. In August 2006 Keltbray began test-piling on site, demolition began on the smaller of the two existing buildings in November 2006. In February 2007 it was reported that the Bishopsgate Tower had been purchased by Arab Investments, in May 2007 it was announced that full funding had been secured and that The Pinnacle was likely to be built speculatively. In June 2007 demolition began on Crosby Court, the larger of the two existing buildings on the site, in August 2007 Arab Investments signed a pre-construction contract with Multiplex to build the tower. Demolition of the site began in mid-2007. The company complained about noise pollution from the work, the injunction was successfully varied at a hearing in June 2008. An application to vary the terms of the injunction in connection with access was granted, alternative access across the site ensured that access to the car park entrance was maintained whilst demolition above and adjacent to the highway continued. Demolition was completed by June 2008, in late May 2008, a mobile crane and piling rig were on site preparing for construction. It was reported that law firm Davies Arnold Cooper was to take up 80,000 sq ft of office space, and subsequently that the restaurant which was to be at the top of the tower was let
19.
Stainless steel
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In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel is notable for its resistance, and it is widely used for food handling. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, however, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. There are various grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure, Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present, unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form, since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation and this layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal. Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough, Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are made of stainless steel. This also influences its use in kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized. High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is achieved with addition of a minimum of 13% chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium oxide when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous, the layer is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel bolts buried in timber. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, when forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, a destructive effect known as galling. Galling can be avoided by the use of materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and stainless steel. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a humid, even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile, nitronic alloys, made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen, may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling, low-temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication
20.
Television antenna
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They can also be mounted in a loft or attic, where the dry conditions and increased elevation are advantageous for reception and antenna longevity. Outdoor antennas are more expensive and difficult to install, but are necessary for adequate reception in areas far from television stations. The most common types of antennas are the dipole and loop antennas, and for outdoor antennas the yagi, log periodic. To cover this range, antennas generally consist of multiple conductors of different lengths which correspond to the range the antenna is intended to receive. The length of the elements of a TV antenna are usually half the wavelength of the signal they are intended to receive, the wavelength of a signal equals the speed of light divided by the frequency. The design of a television broadcast receiving antenna is the same for the analog transmissions. Simple half-wave dipole antenna for VHF or UHF loop antennas that are made to be placed indoors are often used for television, these are often called rabbit ears or bunny aerials. The length of the ears can be adjusted by the user. These are not as efficient as a rooftop antenna since they are less directional. Dipole antennas are bi-directional, that is, they receive evenly forward and backwards and this makes them less efficient than antennas designed to maximize the signal from a narrower angle in one direction. These simple antennas are called set-top antennas because they were placed on top of the television set or receiver. The actual length of the ears is optimally about 91% of half the wavelength of the channel in free space. Quarter-wave television antennas are also used and these use a single element, and use the earth as a ground plane, therefore, no ground is required in the feed line. See also, Dipole antenna#Quarter-wave monopole Soon after television broadcasting switched from analog to digital broadcasting, RCA is one manufacturer which has commercially sold a flat antenna. Flat antennas are very lightweight, very thin, and square-shaped like a thin notebook and they connect to televisions, or to digital converter boxes, with a single coaxial cable, and may be sold with an optional signal amplifier. The amplifier must be plugged into a source, but the flat antenna does not require a power source. The flat antenna may need some moving around to achieve an optimum reception, an outdoor TV antenna generally consists of multiple conductive elements that are arranged such that it is a directional antenna. The length of the elements is one half of the signal wavelength
21.
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
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Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Michael Goldenberg and produced by David Heyman, the story follows Harry Potters fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemorts return. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Post-production on the film continued for months afterwards to add in visual effects. The films budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million. Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July, the film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008. While trying to outrun a storm Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors, back at the dursleys Harry recevies a letter saying he is expelled from Hogwarts. The Order of the Phoenix, an organization founded by Albus Dumbledore. Then they take him to their headquarters and inform him that the Ministry of Magic is oblivious to Lord Voldemorts return, Harrys godfather, Sirius Black, mentions that Voldemort is after an object he did not have during his previous attack. Dumbledore arrives at the hearing and convinces the Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge to let Harry return to Hogwarts, at the school Harry learns that Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Dolores Umbridge. She and Harry immediately clash, and she punishes Harry for his lies by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. When Ron and Hermione notice Harrys scars they are outraged, but Harry refuses to go to Dumbledore, as Umbridges control over the school increases, Ron and Hermione aid Harry in forming a secret group to train students in defensive spells, calling themselves Dumbledores Army. Umbridge recruits the Slytherin students to expose the group, meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other. Harry has an involving a attack upon Arthur Weasley, from the point of view of Arthurs attacker. Concerned that Voldemort will exploit this connection to Harry, Dumbledore instructs Severus Snape to give Harry Occlumency lessons to defend his mind from Voldemorts influence, the connection between Harry and Voldemort leads Harry to further isolate himself from his friends. Meanwhile, Bellatrix Lestrange, Siriuss deranged Death Eater cousin, escapes from Azkaban along with nine other Death Eaters, at Hogwarts, Umbridge and her Inquisitorial Squad expose Dumbledores Army. Dumbledore escapes as Fudge orders his arrest, Harrys relationship with Cho falls apart, as he believes she betrayed Dumbledores Army to Umbridge
22.
Doctor Who
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Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series
23.
The Apprentice (UK TV series)
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Rumours of a UK version of The Apprentice were confirmed in early 2004 by FremantleMedia, with the BBC successfully outbidding Channel 4 to secure the rights for the show. During the broadcast of the series in late 2016, it was confirmed that applications had opened for a thirteenth series. Since its broadcast, the show has spawned two celebrity versions for Comic Relief and Sport Relief, a discussion show entitled The Apprentice. Candidates who successfully make it into the show are split into two teams, normally by gender, in which they pick a team name at the start of the process. The BBC Comedy website published a video at the beginning of Series 6 revealing more about the candidate selection process. After summarising the arguments and his own thoughts, Lord Sugar eventually fires a candidate by pointing his finger at them, thus a candidate could be fired during the first or second stage of the boardroom, rather than as a part of the final three. Reward - Lord Sugar may withdraw the reward, if the teams performance on the task is considered to be too inadequate to his liking. In this case, they return to the candidates accommodation after the results. The aim being to determine the suitability of the candidate for the prize being offered by Lord Sugar, for Series 7 &8, where the Interviews was the final task, his decision determined who won the competition. For Young Apprentice, no interviews are conducted, instead, the candidates are given a task for this stage of their competition instead. Or in the case of Series 7-8, who has won the competition, for Series 1-6, the final stage was a purely business-styled task, as a final test of a candidates skill set and their suitability to the job being offered as a prize in these series. For Series 7-8, following the change of prize, the task primarily focused on determining how potential a candidates business plan was for investment, at which point the winner departs in Lord Sugars limousine and conducts a brief victory interview, reflecting on their success in the competition. This format was repeated for the first and third series of Young Apprentice which had the same condition for the Final in the spin-off show. Since the birth of the discussion show, Lord Sugar appears on every Youre Hired during the time when the winner of the series is being interviewed. Nick Hewer - After Alan Sugar signed up for the programme, Hewer was brought in as one of his advisers, as he had closely worked with since being chosen to represent Amstrad in 1983. He remained with the show until he revealed on his Twitter page on 18 December 2014 that his series would be his last. His decision to leave was confirmed in the shows sister discussion programme. Despite departing from the role, she remained with the show for Series 6-9, Karren Brady - Following Margaret Mountfords departure from the role, Alan Sugar assigned Karren as his new adviser
24.
Louver
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A louver or louvre is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain and direct sunshine. The angle of the slats may be adjustable, usually in blinds and windows, louvers originated in the Middle Ages as lantern-like constructions in wood that were fitted on top of roof holes in large kitchens to allow ventilation while keeping out rain and snow. They were originally rather crude constructions consisting merely of a barrel, modern louvers are often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or glass. They may be opened and closed with a lever, pulleys. Often used interchangeably by mistake, the key difference between louvers and jalousies is that louvers are fixed position, jalousies are installed within a movable adjustable mechanism which positions all jalousies into any parallel position with respect to each other. Louvers are rarely seen as primary design elements in the language of modern architecture, some modern louver systems serve to improve indoor daylighting. Fixed mirrored louver systems can limit glare and of redirect diffuse light, such louvers may be integrated in between two panes of double glazing. In industrial facilities such as foundries and power plants, louvers are very common. They are utilized for natural ventilation and temperature control, louvers may be used as a type of flood opening, usually covered by one or more moving flaps. They are designed to allow floodwaters to enter and leave the building, equalizing hydrostatic pressure on the walls, louvers are used as semi-passive means of thermal control on spacecraft as well. They are also available as an accessory for some automobiles, louvers may also be used on traffic light lenses to prevent traffic from seeing the wrong traffic signal. There are examples of architects who use louvres as part of the aesthetic effect of their buildings. A second example, taking influence from Aalto, is the second-generation modernist architect Juha Leiviskä, air conditioning Jalousie window Window shutter Notes Bibliography Henisch, Bridget Ann Fast and Feast, Food in Medieval Society. The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park, national Association of Home Builders Research Center
25.
HVAC
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Heating, ventilation and air conditioning is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, Refrigeration is sometimes added to the fields abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as in HACR. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings, methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. HVAC systems can be used in domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces, the means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution. In modern buildings the design, installation, and control systems of functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity, engineer, for larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors then fabricate and commission the systems, Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of building. HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat for the building. This can be done via central heating, such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation, heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases. Another type of source is electricity, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire. This principle is used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters. Electrical heaters are used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States, heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms, most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system
26.
Army of Ghosts
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Army of Ghosts is the twelfth and penultimate episode in the second series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who which was first broadcast on 1 July 2006. It is the first episode of a story, the concluding episode. The episode takes place on contemporary Earth, some time after the Doctors, during this time, the public have become accustomed to intermittent appearances of ghosts. The episode begins with a cold open in which Rose, via narration, recollects her life with the Doctor and she then mentions that this episode is the story of how I died. Rose Tyler and the Doctor decide to visit Roses mother Jackie, Jackie is pleased to see them, but makes a strangely happy remark that her deceased father will be joining them shortly. Despite Roses protestations that her grandfather is dead, Jackie insists that he has returned and has been visiting her for some time, a vaguely humanoid and luminous silhouette appears in the flat, surprising both the Doctor and Rose but delighting Jackie before disappearing. TV broadcasts confirm that this is a phenomenon and Jackie explains that a few months previously millions of ghosts began appearing all over the world. Humans have come to them and believe that they are the manifestations of loved ones. The Doctor dismisses the possibility that these are ghosts and conducts an experiment with the help of the TARDIS and he attempts to trap a ghost and determines that they are not ghosts but are impressions of something forcing its way into this universe. The Doctor tracks the signal back and uses the TARDIS to travel there, the Doctor introduces himself and tells everyone that Jackie is Rose, his companion. They are taken by soldiers to see Torchwoods current director Yvonne Hartman, Ms. Hartman shows the Doctor the source of the ghost energy, an invisible breach in the universe through which a mysterious spherical object has arrived. The Doctor inspects the sphere, declaring it to be a Void ship—which and it is designed to exist in the space between universes, a nothingness called the Void. The ship is completely undetectable by all scientific instruments, Torchwood has no explanation for what the sphere is or how it got there, but they claim responsibility for the ghosts. Torchwood has been conducting experiments on the breach, forcing it open in an attempt to harness it as a source of energy. Ms. Hartman also reveals to the Doctor that his encounter with Queen Victoria in Tooth, unbeknownst to all at this point, an unseen party has infiltrated the institute and has been successful in subverting three Torchwood staff. Meanwhile, Rose slips out of the TARDIS and uses a lab coat she found to masquerade as an employee to explore Torchwood and she gains access to the sphere chamber with the Doctors psychic paper, but is detained by a Dr. Singh. He discovers that Rose is an imposter and informs Ms. Hartman of her presence, Dr. Singh then asks his colleague Samuel, whom Rose recognises as Mickey Smith, to seal the doors. Ms. Hartman questions the Doctor, who admits that the woman in the chamber is really Rose
27.
Doomsday (Doctor Who)
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Doomsday is the thirteenth and final episode in the second series of the revival of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was first broadcast on 8 July 2006 and is the conclusion of a two-part story, both species unexpectedly arrive on Earth at the conclusion of Army of Ghosts. The concept of the Daleks and the Cybermen both appearing on-screen was first proposed in 1967, but was vetoed by Terry Nation, the creator of the Daleks. The episode was filmed in December 2005 and January 2006, alongside the episodes Rise of the Cybermen, the plot consists mostly of the Daleks and Cybermen waging a global war, with humanity caught in the crossfire. The Doctor, the Tyler family, and Mickey Smith fight for their lives trying to reverse the situation and they are successful, but at an emotional cost to the Doctor and Rose, as they are left in separate universes. The episode is one of the most popular Doctor Who episodes since the shows revival. It was nominated, along with Army of Ghosts, for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form, the award was won by the fourth episode in the series, The Girl in the Fireplace. Continuing the events of Army of Ghosts, the opens with Dr. Singh, Mickey Smith. Four Daleks, accompanied by a known as the Genesis Ark, have emerged from the Void ship. A black Dalek called Dalek Sec extracts information about Earth from Dr. Singh, Dalek Sec discovers that a separate invasion is in progress, and sends Dalek Thay to investigate. The Cybermen who took control of Torchwood detect the Dalek technology and confront them, the Daleks decline and kill two Cybermen, causing the Cyber Leader to declare war on the Daleks. Ms. Hartman and Jackie are taken by the Cybermen for conversion, the Cyber Leader is destroyed by a strike team led by Jake Simmonds, who have travelled from their universe in pursuit of the Cybermen. Ms. Hartman is converted, but Jackie escapes into a stairwell, Jake uses a device around his neck to take the Doctor to the parallel universe and their version of Torchwood. The Doctor meets with the alternate universe Pete Tyler, who tells him that after he left the Cybermen were sealed in their factories while humanity decided what to do with them, Pete demands the Doctor seal the breach before his Earth is destroyed. Meanwhile, Rose deduces that she and Mickey were kept alive because their touch can activate the Genesis Ark, Dalek Sec explains that they cannot open the Ark because it is stolen Time Lord technology. He demands that Rose open it, but she refuses and mocks the Daleks until the Doctor arrives, the Doctor realises that these Daleks are the enigmatic Cult of Skaro, and uses his sonic screwdriver to allow the Cybermen into the sphere chamber. As the Cybermen attack the Daleks, Mickey accidentally activates the Ark while escaping, the Daleks battle the Cybermen and Dalek Sec takes the Ark outside. The Doctor and his companions flee into the tower, along the way, Pete saves Jackie from the Cybermen and the two embrace
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
SimCity 3000
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SimCity 3000 is a city building simulation personal computer game released in 1999, and the third major installment in the SimCity series. It was published by Electronic Arts and developed by series creator Maxis and it was released for Windows, Macintosh, and, through an arrangement with Loki Games, Linux. SimCity 3000 Unlimited got its premiere on GOG. com on July 14,2016. There are many changes between SimCity 3000 and its immediate predecessor SimCity 2000 and these changes span both the integral city management aspects of the game, as well as its graphical and landscape aspects. More and newer city services are featured and these changes create a greatly different experience from that of SC2K. The most notable change is the addition of the concept of waste management, in SC3K, garbage begins to accumulate when the city grows to a medium size, and must be disposed of at the expense of the city. Farms and agricultural structures are also introduced, appearing on large industrial zones in a city with low land value. A new zoning density was also added, totaling three densities, compared to SC2Ks two, in addition to their limited life span, power plants and other utility buildings were also made vulnerable to decreasing maximum output due to age. All power plants have a life span compared to SimCity 2000, the power plants now have to be manually replaced, even if the disaster setting is turned off. Additionally, the facilities now have a life span. Although the concept of cities was introduced in SC2K, it was greatly expanded upon in SC3K. New for players is interaction with neighbouring cities, negotiating rudimentary business deals with other mayors, such as the sale or purchase of water and these generate a monthly charge which is either added to or deducted from the players treasury, in accordance with the deal. Canceling a neighbor deal would incur a penalty, although not strictly a city management aspect, SimCity 3000 simulates the effect of land value on construction much more realistically than in SimCity 2000. In SC3K, land value creates very distinct neighborhoods which tend to contain narrow bands, creating well-defined slums, middle class areas. Land value is determined by the city center effect where buildings that are at the city center have higher land values. Business deal structures, however, tend to have effects on the city. There are several changes to the interface in SC3K. Although the game retains the pseudo-isometric dimetric perspective of its predecessor, in SC2K, land could either be flat or sloped, and all slopes were of the same steepness
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Electronic Arts
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Electronic Arts Inc. is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Currently, EA develops and publishes games under several labels including EA Sports titles FIFA, Madden NFL, NHL, NCAA Football, NBA Live, and SSX. EA also owns and operates major gaming studios, EA Tiburon in Orlando, EA Canada in Burnaby, BioWare in Edmonton as well as Montreal, the company began developing games in-house and supported consoles by the early 1990s. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers, by the early 2000s, EA had become one of the worlds largest third-party publishers. In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this an important milestone for the company. EA began to move toward direct distribution of games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo. com in 2001. In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish, and in June 2011, EA launched Origin, there is also a On The House feature in Origin that lets you download full versions of EA games for free, it is updated regularly. In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games, in February 1982, Trip Hawkins arranged a meeting with Don Valentine of Sequoia Capital to discuss financing his new venture, Amazin Software. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple Inc. in which Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, on May 28,1982, Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated US$200,000. The company was not named Amazin Software, but instead Electronic Arts, seven months later in December 1982, Hawkins secured US$2 million of venture capital from Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Sevin Rosen Funds. For more than seven months, Hawkins refined his Electronic Arts business plan, with aid from his first employee, Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capitals office in August 1982. The business plan was refined in September and reissued on October 8,1982. By November, employee headcount rose to 11, including Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, having outgrown the office space provided by Sequoia Capital, the company relocated to a San Mateo office that overlooked the San Francisco Airport landing path. Headcount rose rapidly in 1983, including Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner and he recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Hawkins was determined to sell directly to buyers, combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners, after more flyers were handed out, former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1984 and helped the company sustain growth into US$18 million in its third full year. This policy of dealing directly with retailers gave EA higher margins and better market awareness, in December 1986, David Gardner and Mark Lewkaspais moved to the UK to open a European headquarters. Up until that point publishing of Electronic Arts Games, and the conversion of many of their games to compact cassette versions in Europe was handled by Ariolasoft
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Victoria Tower
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The Victoria Tower is the square tower at the south-west end of the Palace of Westminster in London, facing south and west onto Black Rods Garden and Old Palace Yard. At 98.5 metres, it is taller than the more famous Elizabeth Tower at the north end of the Palace. It houses the Parliamentary Archives in archive conditions meeting the BS5454 standard, all 14 floors of the building were originally linked via a single wrought-iron Victorian staircase of 553 steps, of which five floors survive. The main entrance at the base of the tower is the Sovereigns Entrance, on top of the Victoria Tower is an iron flagstaff from which flies the Union Flag or, when the Sovereign is present in the Palace, the Royal Standard. The flag used to be only on days when either House of Parliament sat. Charles Barrys design for the new Palace of Westminster featured a tower over the Sovereigns Entrance,12 floors of which incorporated record storage, augustus Pugin produced most of the architectural designs and elevations for the project and also the interior design. The first stone of the Tower was laid by Queen Victoria on 22 December 1843, the tower was originally named The Kings Tower because the fire of 1834 which destroyed the old Palace of Westminster occurred during the reign of King William IV. The Victoria Tower incorporates a cast-iron framework which, rather than the visible stonework, in 1897, the Kings Tower was officially renamed as the Victoria Tower in tribute to Queen Victoria in her Diamond Jubilee year
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Shell Centre
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The Shell Centre, in London, is one of the two central offices of oil major Shell. It is located on Belvedere Road in the London Borough of Lambeth and it is a prominent feature on the South Bank of the River Thames near County Hall, and now forms the backdrop to the London Eye. The current Shell Centre comprises the building and three adjoining nine-storey wings. The Downstream Building was disposed of by Shell in the 1990s and is now a block of apartments known as the White House. The Shell Centre occupies part of the site cleared for the 1951 Festival of Britain, the areas closer to the River Thames now include Jubilee Gardens and the South Bank Centre. The naming of the Shell Centre buildings perpetuated the split of the Festival site into distinct Upstream and Downstream areas – separated by the railway approach to Hungerford Bridge. During construction, parts of abandoned works for the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway were discovered and this was a prototype for a proposed pneumatic railway that would have run under the River Thames linking Waterloo and Charing Cross. Digging was started in 1865 but was stopped in 1868 due to financial problems, from here the water is sent through filters and heat exchangers to provide cooled air in the building. The choice of Portland Stone cladding, and bronze framed individual upright windows were denounced by Modern Movement critics, however, the extremely traditional cladding has meant that the buildings have weathered better than most of their contemporaries with concrete or aggregate-faced façades or curtain-wall glazing. The original interiors were appointed, and as well as contributions from a British design team. Facilities for staff were lavish by the standards of the time, and the basement of the building was designed with a swimming pool. The basement also housed a rifle range, snooker room, a small supermarket for staff. Until 1998 there was also a fully equipped theatre which – unusually for a dedicated to amateur productions – had full fly tower facilities. The public realm of the Upstream Building has been degraded over the years. The tower was the first London office tower to exceed the height of the Victoria Tower of the Palace of Westminster and it replaced the Midland Grand Hotel as the tallest storied building in London, and the Royal Liver Building as the tallest in the United Kingdom. On completion the building held the record for the largest office building, by floor space. Parts of Shells business which are run from the Shell Centre include refining and marketing along with a number of support activities such as finance. The Shell Centre is also the office of Shell’s United Kingdom business
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CIS Tower
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The CIS Tower is an office skyscraper on Miller Street in Manchester, England. It was completed in 1962 and rises to 387 feet in height, the Grade II listed building, which houses the Co-operative Banking Group, is Manchesters second-tallest building and the tallest office building in the United Kingdom outside London. The tower remained as built for over 40 years until maintenance issues on the tower required an extensive renovation which included covering its facade in photovoltaic panels. The tower was designed as a headquarters to showcase the Co-operative movement in Manchester. In 1958 the company proposed building a tower block, construction began the following year and was completed in 1962. It was designed by Gordon Tait of Burnett, Tait & Partners and Co-operatives own architect, in the 1990s, it was granted Grade II listed building status by English Heritage. The tower, described as the best of the Manchester 1960s office blocks, was listed for its discipline and it is part of a group with New Century House and its Conference Hall on Corporation Street. The towers design was influenced by Skidmore, Owings & Merrills Inland Steel Building in Chicago after a visit by the architects in 1958. In 1962, at 387 feet, the CIS Tower overtook the Shell Centre as the tallest building in the United Kingdom, in 2006 the Beetham Tower became the tallest building in Manchester. The office tower building rises above a five-storey podium block and it has a steel frame and glass curtain walls with metal window frames. Black vitreous enamel panels demarcate the floor levels, the building materials, glass, enamelled steel and aluminium, were chosen so that the building could remain clean in the polluted Manchester atmosphere. The projecting reinforced concrete service shaft houses lifts and emergency stairs, the ground floor is set back behind six pillars. A green bronze-like, abstract mural sculpted by William George Mitchell made from fibreglass covers the entrance halls rear wall, the building has 700,000 square feet of floor area with clear open spaces on the office floors. Interiors were designed by Misha Black of the Design Research Unit, the executive areas are delineated by the use of teak and cherry wood veneers. Within six months of some of the mosaic tiles on the service tower became detached owing to cement failure. Although the tower was granted listed building status in 1995, falling tiles were an ongoing problem, English Heritage had to be consulted as alterations could change the buildings appearance. The work was completed by Arup and at time was the largest commercial solar façade in Europe. The PV cells made by Sharp Electronics began feeding electricity to the National Grid in November 2005, the solar power project was chosen by the DTI as one of the 10 best green energy projects of 2005
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Millbank Tower
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Millbank Tower is a 118-metre high skyscraper in the City of Westminster at Millbank, by the River Thames in London. The tower was constructed in 1963 for Vickers and was known as the Vickers Tower. It was designed by Ronald Ward and Partners and built by John Mowlem & Co and it is a landmark on the London skyline, standing beside the River Thames, half a mile upstream from the Palace of Westminster. The tower has been owned by David and Simon Reuben since 2002 and it is a Grade II listed building. Throughout its history, the Millbank Tower has been home to many high-profile political, from 1995 the Labour Party rented two floors in the base at the south of the site, for use as a general election campaign centre. Labour ran its 1997 General Election campaign from these offices, after the election, the United Nations also had offices in the tower, but moved out in June 2003, also citing high rents. Since 2006, the Conservative Party has based its headquarters at 30 Millbank. The building also houses the studios for RT UK, the tower featured in the 1973 film, The Vault of Horror, in which several characters are trapped in a lift in the building. It was also used for the filming of the Doctor Who serials The Invasion. The tower also featured in The Persuaders, episode Someone Like Me, in which Danny Wilde is seen going into the building to stop Lord Brett Sinclair who has been programmed to shoot his friend Sam Milford. In 2016, the Reuben brothers made an application to redevelop the building, notwithstanding its listed status
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BT Tower
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The BT Tower is a communications tower located in Fitzrovia, London, owned by BT Group. It has been known as the GPO Tower, the Post Office Tower. The main structure is 177 metres high, with a section of aerial rigging bringing the total height to 191 metres. It should not be confused with the BT Centre and its Post Office code was YTOW. Upon completion it overtook the Millbank Tower to become the tallest building in both London and the United Kingdom, titles it held until 1980, when it in turn was overtaken by the NatWest Tower, the tower was commissioned by the General Post Office. Its primary purpose was to support the microwave aerials then used to carry traffic from London to the rest of the country. The taller structure was required to protect the radio links line of sight against some of the buildings in London then in the planning stage. These links were routed via other GPO microwave stations at Harrow Weald, Bagshot, Kelvedon Hatch and Fairseat, the tower was designed by the architects of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, the chief architects were Eric Bedford and G. R. Yeats. Typical for its time, the building is clad in glass. The narrow cylindrical shape was chosen because of the requirements of the communications aerials, initially the first 16 floors were for technical equipment and power. Above that was a 35-metre section for the aerials, and above that were six floors of suites, kitchens, technical equipment. To prevent heat build-up the glass cladding was of a special tint, the construction cost was £2.5 million. In August 1963 there was even a question raised in parliament about the crane, Doctor Reginald Bennett MP asked the Minister of Public Building and Works how, when the crane on the top of the new Post Office tower had fulfilled its purpose, he proposed to remove it. Mr Geoffrey Rippon replied, This is a matter for the contractors, the problem does not have to be solved for about a year but there appears to be no danger of the crane having to be left in situ. The tower was topped out on 15 July 1964 and officially opened by the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson on 8 October 1965, the main contractor was Peter Lind & Co Ltd. The tower was opened to the public on 16 May 1966 by Tony Benn. It made one revolution every 22 minutes, an annual race up the stairs of the tower was established and the first race was won by UCL student Alan Green. Tony Benn also designated the tower a mascot of UCL after lobbying by students, comedian Pat Condell washed dishes in the kitchen for his first job
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8 Canada Square
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8 Canada Square is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. The building serves as the headquarters of the HSBC Group. The tower was designed by Sir Norman Fosters team of architects, construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2002. There are 45 floors in the 200-metre-high tower, the joint fourth tallest in the United Kingdom with the nearby Citigroup Centre, and the second tallest in Canary Wharf. With the movement of HSBC Groups headquarters from Hong Kong to London in 1993, between 1995 and 1997 a number of proposals were considered, including the redevelopment of the previous Group Head Office at 10 Lower Thames Street, London. However the DS-2 plot at Canary Wharf was chosen for the location, arup became structural engineers for the project, and Davis Langdon & Everest quantity surveyors. Construction began in January 1999, with beginning on the installation of the 4,900 glass panels commencing in summer 2000. The work was carried out by Canary Wharf Contractors, in May 2000, three workmen were killed in a crane accident. The topping out took place on 7 March 2001, with the hoisting in of the final steel girder attended by bankers, journalists. Standing nearby the HSBC Tower are One Canada Square, and the Citigroup Centre and it is also next door to Bank of America. The tower is not open to the public, counting from its official opening in April 2003, it was only four years before difficulties emerged in managing the building and its associated costs. In April 2007, HSBC Tower was sold to Spanish property company Metrovacesa, on 5 December 2008, HSBC Holdings re-acquired ownership of the building, declaring that the agreement had resulted in a £250 million profit in the second half of the year. However, on 13 November 2009, HSBC once again sold the building, this time to the National Pension Service, hSBCs income statement on completion declared a gain of approximately £350million resulting from the transaction, which was finalised shortly before the end of the year 2009. In December 2014, Qatar Investment Authority, completed the purchase of building at an undisclosed price. NPS was advised by the estate agents Jones Lang LaSalle and GM Real Estate, the wall is 6.6 metres tall, with 3,743 images, including documents, photographs, portraits and illustrations of staff, buildings, businesses and events. The wall was manufactured and installed by Supersine Duramark – a company specialising in commercial graphics,8 Canada Square has a pair of bronze lions guarding the main entrance. These are copies of a pair nicknamed Stephen and Stitt which have stood outside the Banks Headquarters at 1 Queens Road Central in Hong Kong since 1935. The Hong Kong lions are named after yet another pair of lions that guarded the Banks Shanghai headquarters on The Bund after it opened in 1923
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Citigroup Centre, London
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The Citigroup Centre is a building complex in London. It houses Citigroups EMEA headquarters and is located in Canary Wharf in the citys Docklands, the centre provides 170,000 square metres of floor space across two merged buildings -33 Canada Square and 25 Canada Square, and houses the bulk of Citis UK employee base. Together, both form the Citigroup Centre complex. 25 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 2, stands at 200 metres and, the building was bought by RBS in 2004 along with 5 Canada Square for $1.12 billion. Subsequently, on 2 July 2007, CGC2 was individually sold to a joint venture between Quinlan Private and PropInvest for £1 billion, Citigroup pay £46.5 million a year in rent for the tower, generating a yield of 4. 6% to the owners. The east facing side of 25 Canada Square up to level 40 is configured for use by tenants. 33 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 1, is the smaller of the two buildings in the complex, designed by Norman Foster and completed in 1999, two years before its neighbour. At 105 metres tall, the building is made up of eighteen floors, the building is owned by Citigroup, and was built before the completion of the Jubilee line extension in late 1999. The Centre is also close to DLR stations Canary Wharf and Heron Quays, which provide connections with the City, London City Airport and surrounding areas
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One Churchill Place
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One Churchill Place is a 156 m tall skyscraper with 32 floors, serving as the headquarters of Barclays Bank. It is in the Docklands area of London Borough of Tower Hamlets in Canary Wharf, the building is the 13th-tallest office block in the United Kingdom and the sixth tallest building in the Docklands. The building was opened in June 2005 by the Chairman of Barclays, Matthew Barrett. The former corporate HQ was at 54 Lombard Street in the City of London, Barclays occupy approximately 90% of the building, floors 18-20 are leased to BGC Partners/Cantor Fitzgerald. The building was designed by HOK International and constructed by Canary Wharf Contractors, designed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the building is constructed around four staircase columns with a large, central column containing the lifts and toilet facilities. The building manual states that there is room in these columns to contain everyone who works in the building. The building was planned to be 50 storeys in height, but was scaled down to 31 after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, increasingly the premises are now used on a hotdesking basis to accommodate more agile and collaborative working. Tall buildings in London From emporis. com Wildlife on top of One Churchill Place Barclays Group Archives, Head Office
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25 Bank Street
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25 Bank Street is an office tower in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It is currently home to the European headquarters of the investment bank J. P. Morgan & Co, the building was developed in 2001–2003 by Canary Wharf Group as one of five new buildings on its Heron Quays site. The building was designed by architects Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects, before construction,25 Bank Street had been earmarked by Canary Wharf Group for occupation by Enrons European subsidiary. This plan was abandoned in 2001, prior to Enrons collapse later that year, from 2004,25 Bank Street served as the European headquarters of Lehman Brothers until the banks insolvency in September 2008. The building continued to be used by the administrators and various sub tenants before being sold to JPMorgan Chase for £495 million in 2010. In July 2000, Canary Wharf Group formally announced the development of the 11-acre Heron Quays site and this would involve the construction of five buildings providing a total of 3,300,000 sq ft of Grade A office space. During the development phase, the five buildings were designated HQ1 to HQ5,25 Bank Street, along with its neighbours HQ3 and HQ4 were all designed by César Pelli in the International style, featuring complementary external cladding of stainless steel, glass and stone. 25 Bank Street and 40 Bank Street, which are of equal height, are conjoined by the West Winter Garden glass-enclosed concourse, and all provide enclosed access to an underground retail mall. The building is designed around a concrete core containing elevators, washrooms and services. There are 5 basement levels, a floor, mezzanine. The lower levels, up to level 8, incorporate large podium areas on the south and this allows large trading floors to be accommodated, each with a 50,000 sq ft floorplate. The south podium incorporates a secondary core, in July 2000 Enron Europe opened negotiations with Canary Wharf Group to take 130,060 sq m of space on the Canary Wharf estate. The HQ1 and HQ2 sites were earmarked for use by Enron in a mixed use development that would include a mini-power station and this development was planned to supplement Enron’s Victoria headquarters at 40 Grosvenor Place. The negotiations were discontinued early in 2001, prior to Enron’s insolvency later that year. On 3 April 2001, Canary Wharf Group announced that it had concluded a 30-year lease agreement with Lehman Brothers for the entirety of the space in HQ2, the construction of 25 Bank Street was undertaken by Canary Wharf Contractors, with an overall build time of 32 months. The geography of the site presented considerable access challenges in that it was surrounded by water on three sides, with two thirds of the side in the former dock. A coffer dam was constructed in the dock to enable the water to be pumped out, at the end of the project the coffer dam was removed and the fill loaded onto barges for removal. The construction of the concrete core was subcontracted to Byrne Bros Ltd
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10 Upper Bank Street
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10 Upper Bank Street is a 32-story office building located in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It was completed in 2003 and is 151 m tall and it was designed by the architects Kohn Pedersen Fox and built by Canary Wharf Contractors. Most of the building is occupied by the law firm Clifford Chance, Clifford Chance FTSE MasterCard UK Total Infosys Deutsche Bank Tall buildings in London http, //www. 10upperbankstreet. com From emporis. com
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1 Cabot Square
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1 Cabot Square is a 21 floor office building occupied by Credit Suisse in the Canary Wharf development in London, England. Original plans called for a skyscraper on this site for CSFB, the architect on the project was Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, and the building was completed in 1991. It is 89 metres tall with a floorspace of 50,166 square metres, the building has large, open plates on the floor that range in size from 64,500 square foot to 24,000 square foot in the executive offices. It is internally connected to the west, to 20 Columbus Courtyard, Canary Wharf Credit Suisse From skyscrapernews. com
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5 Canada Square
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5 Canada Square is a 15-storey,87.7 m office building in the Canary Wharf financial district development of London, England. 5 Canada Square was completed in 2003, the steel- framed building has an aluminum curtain wall and it features a large atrium on its south side with 46,450 m2 of floorspace. The principal tenant at 5 Canada Square is the European arm, the building is used for the bank’s global cash-management business for clients. Credit Suisse also occupies part of the building,5 Canada Square was originally leased by Credit Suisse First Boston but after a banking downturn and not needing the space, Credit Suisse let the space to Bank of America. In July 2007, the building was sold by RBS to Evans Randall, in 2011, Bank of America chose to renew its lease at 5 Canada Square instead of move to another London location. The building was sold to St Martins Property Group in January 2013. From late 2016 Thomson Reuters is due to sublease 350,000 sq ft from Credit Suisse until 2020, consolidating all of its London operations under one roof for the first time
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25 Cabot Square
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25 Cabot Square is a 17-floor office building occupied by Morgan Stanley in the Canary Wharf development in London, England. The architect on the project was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and it is 81 metres tall with a floorspace of 41,666.00 m². For several years,25 Cabot Square was connected at the first floor level to neighbouring 20 Cabot Square by a pedestrian footbridge. This pedestrian link was removed in early 2010 when Morgan Stanley moved out of 20 Cabot Square, Canary Wharf Morgan Stanley From skyscrapernews. com Black and white photograph by Sheena Woodhead
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